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M. mRj HTML dvBjwU KxfvGe ŠZwi KiGjv eÅvLÅv Welcome to AIUB
KGiv| Department of Computer
N. mRGji IGqe ˆcBGRi gGbvMÉvGg wKÑK KiGj
Science, American International
KGjGRi BwZnvm cÉ`wkÆZ nGZ nGj Avi Kx eÅeÕ©v
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Name
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No 0161234567 N/A 0191234567
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int ID[max];
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int i,j;
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for(i=1;i<=100;i++){
RbGK wewf®² UvKvi e†wî cÉ`vb Kiv nGe| djvdGji if(i<=3){
scolarship[i]=5000;
KÌgvbymvGi cÉ^g wZbRbGK 5000 UvKv e†wî ˆ`Iqv nGe| }
else if(i>3 && i<=13){
cieZÆx `kRbGK 2500 UvKv e†wî ˆ`Iqv nGe| evwK scolarship[i]=2500;
}
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scolarship[i]=1000;
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else
‰i wfwîGZ ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGeb ˆhLvGb cÉ^g 100 RGbi scolarship[i]=0;
bvg, AvBwW bÁ¼i ‰es cÉvµ¦ e†wî ‰KwU ZvwjKvq ˆ`LvGbv nGe| }
for(i=1;i<=100;i++){
wkLbdj: 5
printf("Name:%s\n",Name[i];
K. KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ Kx? 1 printf("the ID of the student is
:%d\n",ID[i]);
L. KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ wiGjkbvj AcvGiUGii f„wgKv Kx?2 printf("the scolarship of the student is
:%d\n",scolarship[i]);
M. if....else ‰i gvaÅGg DcGii DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ }
}
mgmÅvwUi ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| 3
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KGi ZLb wiGjkb ˆeËK nq ‰es Zv AvDUcyGU PGj hvq| hw`
1 bs cÉGk²i Dîi switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰ ‰KwU case wg^Åv nq ZLb Zv H case
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆ^GK ˆei nGq hvq ‰es Zv AbÅ ‰KwU case
K wm ˆcÉvMÉvwgs jÅvsàGqGR ˆjLv ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸàGjv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰ wiGjkb ˆPK KGi| ‰fvGe switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ MVb
avivevwnK fvGe mvRvGbv ^vKGj wmKGz q´Ö Abyhvqx ‰GKi ci Kiv nq|
‰K wbeÆvn nq| ‰GÞGò ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸàGjv cybive†wîi cÉGqvRb DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ mgmÅvwU hw` if.....else ‰i cwieGZÆ switch
nGj wKQy kZÆhyÚ Kiv nq| ‰àGjvGK KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eGj| ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ w`Gq mgvavb Kiv nq ZvnGj ˆcÉvMÉvgwU
ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe mnR nGq hvq| DóxcGK wkÞv^Æxi djvdGji
L wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg `ywU AcvGiG´£i gGaÅ wewf®² iKg mÁ·KÆ Dci wfwî KGi ZvGK e†wî cÉ`vb Kiv nq| hLb wkÞv^Æxi
ˆhgb : ˆQvU, eo, mgvb BZÅvw` ˆevSvGbvi RbÅ ˆh AcvGiUi djvdjGK switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ w`Gq ˆPK Kiv nq ZLb switch
eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆmàGjvGK wiGjkbvj AcvGiUi ejv nq| ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ wewf®² case ŠZwi KiGe|
wewf®² iKg wiGjkbvj AcvGiUi nGœQ <, >, < =, > =, =,
! = BZÅvw`| wm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wfZi hLb ˆKvGbv KG´ŸÈvj
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆjLv nq ZLb ˆmGÞGò KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰i wfZi
‰B wiGjkbvj AcvGiUiàGjv eÅenvi Kiv nGq ^vGK wewf®²
kZÆ hvPvB Kivi RbÅ| KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰i wfZi hLb ‰K
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆ^GK AbÅ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰ hvIqv `iKvi nq ZLb ‰B
wiGjkbvj AcvGiUiàGjv eÅenvi Kiv nq| myZivs ejv hvq
ˆh, KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ wiGjkbvj AcvGiUiàGjv ài‚Zc½ ƒYÆ
f„wgKv cvjb KGi|
M #include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int max = 1000;
2 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
cÉk² 2 AvwZK I bvwdqv fvB ˆevb| bvwdqv Zvi KÑvGmi cÉk² 3
eBGZ cGoGQ c†w^ex mƒGhÆi Pvwiw`GK ˆNvGi 365 w`b 5 N´Ÿv mgmÅv bs 1 ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvwWs fzj ˆLuvRv msGkvab
48 wgwbGU| 365 w`Gbi evowZ mgq mg¯¼q Kivi RbÅ Pvi n chƯ¦ msLÅvi ˆhvMdj wbYÆq
eQi ci ‰KwU w`b evowZ ˆhvM KiGZ nq hvGK eGj wjc-
KiGZ nGe|
Bqvi| ˆm Zvi fvB AvwZKGK cÉk² Kij ZvnGj 2013 nGZ K. Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg KvGK eGj? wkLbdj: 4
5000 eQi AvGMi eQiwU Kx mvj wQj? AvwZK mgmÅvwU
1
mgvavb Kivi RbÅ ‰KUv ˆQvGUv ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLj| wkLbdj: 4 I 5 L. %f ejGZ Kx eySvq? 2
K. KÁ·vBjvi Kx? M. mgmÅv bs 1 ‰i AvGjvGK AÅvjMwi`g eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
L. ˆcÉvMÉvwgs BbfvqibGgG´Ÿi cÉGqvRbxqZv eÅvLÅv N. ˆcÉvMÉvg D®²qGb ˆdÑvPvUÆwUi KvhKÆ vwiZv gjƒ Åvqb Ki|4
KGiv|
3 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
M. AvwZK ˆcÉvMÉvgwU KxfvGe wjGLGQ?
N. mgmÅvwUi ‰KwU AÅvjMwi`g ˆjL| K Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg nGjv ‰K aiGbi KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvg hv
‰K ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvq wjwLZ ˆmvmÆ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK AbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs
2 bs cÉGk²i Dîi fvlvi AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvGg i…cv¯¦i KGi|
K KÁ·vBjvi nGjv ‰K aiGbi Abyev`K hv nvBGjGfj L '%f' ˆK diGgU ˆÕ·wmdvqvi ejv nq| float UvBGci
fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ˆgwkb fvlvq iƒcv¯¦i KGi| ˆfwiGqej ‰i gvb AvDUcyU ˆcGZ %f eÅen†Z nq| gƒjZ
`kwgK wewkÓ¡ msLÅv/cÉK‡Z msLÅv wbGq KvR Kivi RbÅ float
L ˆcÉvMÉvwgs BbfvqibGg´Ÿ-‰i A^Æ nGjv ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ˆjLvi UvBc ˆfwiGqeGj %f ˆNvlYv Kiv nq|
‰KwU weGkl cwiGek| AvgvG`iGK ‰B cwiGeGk ev DBG´£vGZ
ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ nq| ‰B DBG´£vGZ ‰KwU ev ‰KvwaK ˆgbyevi
^vGK| ‰me ˆgbyevGii wewf®² aiGbi Ackb ^vGK hv ˆcÉvMÉvg M DóxcGKi mgmÅv bs -1 ‰KwU n chƯ¦ msLÅvi ˆhvMdj|
ˆjLvi KvGR eÅen†Z nq| File, Edit, Search, Run, Compile, wbGÁ² n chƯ¦ msLÅvi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi AÅvjMwi`g eÅvLÅv Kiv
Debug, Project, Option, Window ‰es Help DGÍÏLGhvMÅ nGjv:
KGqKwU ˆgbyi bvg hv ˆgbyevGii A¯¦ÆfzÚ| ‰me ˆgby ˆcÉvMÉvg
ˆjLvi mgq wewf®² Ackb cÉ`vGbi gvaÅGg AvgvG`i KvRGK avc-1 : ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ (Start)
AviI mnR KGi ˆ`q| avc-2 : ˆfwiGqej 'n' ‰i gvb MÉnY (Input)|
avc-3 : cÉviwÁ¿K gvb wnGmGe
M AvwZK wm ˆcÉvMÉvwgs jÅvãyGqR eÅenvi KGi wbGPi
ˆcÉvMÉvgwU wjLGjv: Sum = 0 wbaÆviY
i = 1 wbaÆviY
#include<stdio.h> avc-4 : hZÞY chƯ¦ i ‰i gvb n ‰i ˆPGq ˆQvU
#include<conio.h>
int main() Sum = Sum + 1
{ i = i + 1 nGe
int year; avc-5 : Sum gvb cÉ`kÆb
printf("Enter the year(4 digit) to check:"); avc-6 : ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl (End)|
scanf("%d",&year);
if((year%4==0 && year%100!=0) || N ˆcÉvMÉvg D®²qGb DóxcGKi ˆdvÑ PvUÆwUi KvhÆKvwiZv gƒjÅvqb
(year%400==0)) Kiv nGjv:
printf("year %d is a leap year",year);
else ˆcÉvMÉvg D®²qGbi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvwWs ‰KwU AcwinvhÆ Ask|
printf("year %d is not a leap year",year);
getch(); ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBGbi AÅvjMwi`g, ˆdÑvPvUÆGK ˆKvGbv ‰KwU
} wbw`ÆÓ¡ DœPZi fvlvi gvaÅGg wjLGZ nq| hvGK ˆKvwWs ejv
N DÚ mgmÅvwUi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g wbGP ˆjLv nGjv: nq| ˆKvwWs ‰i gvaÅGg ˆcÉvMÉvGgi DGókÅ cÉwZdwjZ nq|
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi| ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi mwVK DGókÅ evÕ¦evwqZ nGjv wKbv Zv hvPvB Kivi
avc-2: BbcyU wnGmGe y-‰i gvb MÉnY Kwi| RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fzj ˆLvu Rv nq| fzj ˆLvu RvGK ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆUwÕ¡s
avc-3: hw` (y % 400 == 0) ZGe 7 bs avGc hvB| ejv nq| A^Ævr ‰i BbcyU I AvDUcyU djvdj wVKgGZv KvR
avc-4: hw` y %100! = 0 ‰es y % 4 = 0 cvB, ZGe KiGQ wKbv Zv chÆGeÞY Kiv nq| chÆGeÞGYi gvaÅGg
7bs avGc hvB|
avc-5: “NOT LEAP YEAR” QvcvB| ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ò‚wU-wePzÅwZ ˆei KGi Zv msGkvab Kiv nq|
avc-6: avc 8 hvB ‰fvGeB ˆcÉvMÉvg D®²qGbi KvRwU mÁ·ƒYÆ KiGZ nq| ZvB ejv
avc-7: “LEAP YEAR” QvcvB| hvq ˆh, ˆcÉvMÉvg D®²qGb DóxcGKi ˆdÑvPvUÆwUi KvhKÆ vwiZv
avc-8: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi| iGqGQ|
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 3
cÉk² 4
A^Ævr Mo wbYÆGqi RbÅ avg = (A + B + C)/3 eÅen†Z nGe|
Start wbGP ˆ`LvGbv nGjv:
Input Start
A.B.C
Input
S=A+B+C A.B.C
Print S avg = (A + B + C)/3
End Print avg
wkLbdj: 4
K. AÅvjMwi`g Kx? 1 End
L. cÉZxK eÅenvGi cÉevnwPò mnR nq- eywSGq ˆjL| 2 cÉk² 5
M. DóxcGKi DGÍÏwLZ cÉevn wPGòi cÉwKÌqvwU eÅvLÅv #include<stdio.h>
Ki| 3 #include<conio.h>
N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK wZbwU msLÅvi Mo ˆei Kivi main()
RbÅ cÉevn wPGò wK cwieZÆb nGe Zv weGkÏlY Ki| 4 { int 1c;
4 bs cÉGki² Dîi printf("Enter your value=");
scanf("%d",&1c);
K KwÁ·DUvGii mvnvGhÅ ˆKvGbv mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ if(1c>0)
mgmÅvwUGK ˆQvU ˆQvU avGc wefÚ KGi hwy ÚmãZfvGe
chÆvqKÌGg wjwce«¬ KivGK AÅvjMwi`g eGj| printf("%d is positive number",1c);
getch();
} wkLbdj: 3 I 5
L cÉZxK eÅenvGi cÉevn wPò mnR| KviY, cÉZxK ev K. KÁ·vBjvi Kx? 1
wPòwfwîK c«¬wZGZ ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgmÅvi mgvavb cÉevn wPGò
Kiv nq| ˆKbbv wPGòi cÉZxK wbG`kÆ KGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆKvb L. ˆgwkb fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcvÉ MÉvg `Ë‚Z wbeÆvn nq ˆKb? 2
Ask nGe BbcyU MÉnY, cÉwKÌqvKiY, I ˆKvbw`GK ˆcÉvMÉvgwU
Flow KiGe| dGj cÉevnwPòwU Lye mnGRB eySv hvq| ZvB M. DóxcGK ˆcÉvMÉvGg fzGji KviY wbi…cY Ki? eÅvLv
cÉZxK eÅenvGi cÉevn wPò mnR nq|
Ki| 3
N. DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi djvdj weGkÏlY cƒeÆK ‰i
D®²qb KG͸ ˆZvgvi wm«¬v¯¦ hwy Úmn eÅvLÅv Ki| 4
M DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ cÉevn wPGòi cÉwKÌqvwU eYbÆ v Kiv nGjv: 5 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
Start : ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ÷i‚ Kivi RbÅ ‰B wPn×wU eÅen†Z nGqGQ|
Input A, B, C : ˆcÉvMvGg wZbwU PjGKi RbÅ BbcyU I K KÁ·vBjvi nGjv ‰K aiGbi Abyev`K hv nvBGjGfj
AvDUcyGUi ˆÞGò ‰B wPn× eÅen†Z nGqGQ| fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦i KGi| A^Ævr
S= A + B + C : ˆcÉvMÉvGg wZbwU PjGKi gvb ˆhvM Kivi RbÅ ˆmvmÆ ˆcvÉ MÉvgGK AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvGg i…cv¯¦i KGi|
‰B AvqZvKvi cÉZxKwUi mvnvGhÅ MvwYwZK cÉwKÌqvKiGYi KvR
Kivi RbÅ eÅen†Z nGqGQ| DóxcGKi BbcyUK‡Z A, B I C L KwÁ·DUvGii wbRÕ¼ fvlv nGœQ ˆgwkb fvlv| ˆgwkb fvlvq
‰i gvb cÉwKÌqvKiY (ˆhvM) KGi Zv S-GZ ivLv nGqGQ| ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni RbÅ ˆKvb Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉGqvRb nq
‰QvovI cÉwKÌqv KiGYi gvb Kx iKg nGe Zv wbG`Æk Kivi bv| KwÁ·DUvi ÷aygvò ˆgwkb fvlvB mivmwi eySGZ cvGi|
RbÅI DÚ cÉZxKwU eÅenvi Kiv nGq ^vGK| ˆgwkb fvlv eÅZxZ AbÅ ˆKvGbv fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGj ZvGK
Print S : ‰wU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AvDUcyU wPn× hv «¼viv djvdj S Avevi cieZÆxGZ ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦Gii cÉGqvRb cGi| ˆm
‰i gvb cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ ‰B cÉZxKwU eÅenZ† nGqGQ| KviGY ˆgwkb fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg `Ë‚Z wbeÆvn nq|
End : ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mgvwµ¦mƒPK Kivi RbÅ ‰B wPn× eÅen†Z
nGqGQ| M DóxcGKi ‘wm’ fvlvq iwPZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fzGji KviY nGœQ
ˆfwiGqej bvgKiGY| ‰i eÅvLÅv wbi…cY Kiv nGjv:
N DóxcGKi cÉevnwPGò wZbwU msLÅvi Mo wbYÆGqi RbÅ cÉevn ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi ÷i‚GZB cÉGqvRbxq msLÅK ˆfwiGqej
wPGòi Z‡Zxq cÉZxKwU A^Ævr MvwYwZK cÉwKqÌ v KiY wPGn×i (Variable) ev PjK ˆNvlYv KiGZ nq| PjK ˆNvlYvi RbÅ
wfZGii PjKàGjvGK Mo wbYÆGqi mƒGò cwieZÆb KiGZ nGe| wKQy wbqg-bxwZ iGqGQ| ˆKbbv ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆfwiGqej
bvgKiGYi ò‚wU ^vKGj ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvn KiGe bv eis ‰wU
ˆ`LvGe| Z`Ë‚c DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ PjK eÅenvGii ò‚wU
iGqGQ| ˆfwiGqej c^É g AÞi AekÅB AvjdvGewUK KÅvGiÙvi
4 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
(a....z, A .......Z) nGj wK¯§ ˆfwiGqeGji bvg wWwRU ev AsK 6 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
w`Gq ÷i‚ nGe bv| ˆmGÞGò ˆfwiGqej 1c ‰i cwieGZÆ c1 nGj K ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdvÑ PvGUÆ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wewf®² avGci weÕ¦vwiZ weeiY
ˆcÉvMÉvGg f„Gji KviY nZ bv| ‰QvovI ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ˆnWvidvBj wPGòi gvaÅGg cÉ`wkÆZ nq| ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdvÑ PvUÆ eÅenvi KGi
<conio.h> ‰i cÉGqvRb ˆbB| ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv Kiv nq|
N DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi weGkÏlY ‰es D®²qbKG͸
ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ ˆnWvi dvBj I ˆfwiGqeGji msGkvab KGi wbGÁ² L cÉevn wPGò AGbK iKg cÉZxK I wPn× eÅenvi Kiv nq|
DcÕ©vcb Kiv nGjv: Zvi gGaÅ eüj eÅen†Z wPn×àGjvi eYÆbv wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjvt-
#include<stdio.h> cÉZxK A^Æ cÉZxK A^Æ
main()
{ Start/End Process
int c1; Decision Predefin
printf("Enter Your Value:"); ed
scanf("%d",&c1); Input/Outp
if(c1>0) ut process
printf("%d is positive number",c1); Connect
getch(); Direction
of flow or
}
Sort note
cÉk² 6 ˆKvGbv ‰KwU abvñK msLÅvi dÅvÙwiqvj gvb
wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdvÑ PvUÆ wbGP ˆ`qv nGjv| M ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdÑvPvUÆwU eÅenvi KGi C fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wbGP
ˆ`LvGbv nGjv:
÷i‚
#include<stdio.h>
n PjGKi gvb MÉnY #include<conio.h>
main()
f = 1 : C =1 {
f=fC int n, c;
C=C+1 long f=1;
printf("Enter a number\n");
C > n? bv scanf("%d", &n);
nuÅv for(c=1; c<=n; c++){
f PjGKi gvb cÉ`kÆb f=f*c;
}
ˆkl printf("\n Factorial value value is %ld", f);
getch();
wkLbdj: 5 }
K. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdÑvPvUÆ Kx? 1 N DcGii DóxcKwUGZ C PjGKi gvb 0 aGi ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi
djvdGji AeÕ©v wbGP eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv:
L. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdvÑ PvUÆwUGZ Kx Kx cÉZxK eÅenvi Kiv
#include<stdio.h>
nGqGQ, wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGiv| 2 #include<conio.h>
main()
M. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdvÑ PvUÆwU eÅenvi KGi C fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg {
ˆjL| 3 int n, c;
long f=1;
N. DcGii DóxcKwUGZ C PjGKi cÉv^wgK gvb 0 printf("Enter a number\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
aiGj ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi djvdGji Kx AeÕ©v nGe weGkÏlY for(c=0; c<=n; c++) {
KGiv| 4 f=f*c;
}
printf("\n Factorial value is %ld", f);
getch();
}
DóxcKwUGZ c PjGKi cÉv^wgK gvb 0 aiGj ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi
AvDUcyU 0 AvmGe| myZivs ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ mwVK AvDUcyU
AvmGe bv|
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 5
cÉk² 7 N DóxcGK eÅen†Z ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen†Z for ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi cwieGZÆ
do while ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi Avgiv ˆcÉvMÉvgwU KiGZ
#include<stdio.h> cvwi| ˆmGÞGò AvgvG`i i ‰i gvb MÉnGY wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi w`GZ
nGe| do ‰i wfZGi ^vKGe Avgiv hv wcÉ´Ÿ KiGZ PvwœQ ‰es
main ( ) DGÍÏL KiGZ nGe i ‰i gvb KZ KGi e†w«¬ ev nËvm cvGe ‰es
While ‰i gGaÅ kZÆ w`Gq w`GZ nGe ˆhGnZz i ‰i gvb
{ eÅenviKvix KZ‡ÆK wbaÆvwiZ nGe ˆmGnZz AvgvG`i ‰KwU
AwZwiÚ Scanf eÅenvi KiGZ nGe| ZvnGj ˆcÉvMÉvgwU nGe :
int i;
for (i =2; i<=50; i+=2)
printf("\n%d",i); wkLbdj: 5
}
K. AÅvjMwi`g Kx? 1
L. ˆKvb fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGj KwÁ·DUvi eySGZ cvGi #include<stdio.h>
main ( )
bv? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 {int i,n;
scanf ("%d",&n);
M. DóxcGKi AvDUcyU wK nGe eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 i =2;
do{
N. DóxcGK for ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi cwieGZÆ do while ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ printf ("\n%d",i);
i += 2;
eÅenvi KiGj ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ Kx cwieZÆb KiGZ nGe } while (i<=n);
}
ˆhLvGb i ‰i mGeÆvœP gvb eÅenviKvix KZ‡ÆK wbaÆviY
cÉk² 8 Two Dimension Array Elements:
Kiv nGe| 4
7 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K KwÁ·DUvGii mgmÅv mgvavGbi ˆhŒwÚK KÌg c«¬wZGKB
AÅvjMwi`g eGj|
L KwÁ·DUvi mivmwi hvw¯K¨ fvlv Qvov AbÅ ˆKvb fvlv 123
eySGZ cvGi bv| wK¯§ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii RbÅ wewf®²
aiGbi fvlv cÉPwjZ AvGQ ˆhgb: AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv, DœPÕ¦Gii 456
fvlv, PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi fvlv BZÅvw`| ˆh fvlvGZB ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi
Kiv ˆnvK bv ˆKb KwÁ·DUviGK Zv ˆevSvGbvi RbÅ ˆmUvGK 789
Avevi hvw¯K¨ fvlvq i…cv¯¦i Kivi cÉGqvRb cGi| ‰i RbÅ
wewf®² Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvGgi `iKvi nq| ZvB hvw¯¨K fvlv Qvov K. AÅvGi Kx? wkLbdj: 5
AbÅ ˆh ˆKvb fvlvGZB ˆcÉvMvg wjLGj Zv mvaviYZ KwÁ·DUvi
eySGZ cvGi bv| 1
L. AÅvGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RwUjZv Kgvq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi AvDUcyGUi AvGjvGK C fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv
KGiv| 3
N. DÚ AvDUcyGUi mvG^ AviI wZbwU gvb 10, 11 I 12
M DóxcGK cÉ`î ˆcÉvMvgwUGZ ‰KwU jyc iGqGQ| jycwU ÷i‚ hyÚ KiGZ nGj ˆcÉvMÉvGg Kx Kx cwieZÆb KiGZ nGe Zv
nGqGQ i = 2 ˆ^GK ‰es ‰wU PjGe i<=50 chƯ¦| jycwU i ‰i
gvb 2 KGi evovGbv nGqGQ| ‰es jycwUi wfZGi i ‰i ˆfjyÅ AvGjvPbv KGiv| 4
wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv nGqGQ| ZvnGj jycwU hZevi PjGe ZZevi ‰wU i
‰i gvb AvDUcyU w`Ge| ˆhGnZz i ‰i gvb ÷i‚ nGqGQ 2 ˆ^GK 8 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
‰es i ‰i gvb mGevÆ œP 50 nGZ cvGi ZvnGj ‰i AvDUcyU K ‰KB ˆWUv UvBGci KZàGjv ˆfwiGqeGji ˆmUGK AÅvGi
nGe| (Array) eGj|
L ‰KB ˆWUv UvBGci KZàGjv ˆfwiGqeGji ˆmUGK AÅvGi
2 ejv nq| ZvB AÅvGi ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆfwiGqeGji AvwaKÅ Kgvq|
‰QvovI AÅvGii Dcv`vbàGjv ˆgGgvwiGZ cvkvcvwk AeÕ©vb
4 KGi, dGj ‰KB UvBGci ˆWUvàGjv ˆgGgvwiGZ ‰KGò ^vGK
weavq ˆmàGjv wbGq KvR Kivi mgq ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvn `Ë‚Z nq|
6 ZvB ejv hvq AÅvGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RwUjZv Kgvq|
M DóxcGK ‰KwU w«¼gvwòK AÅvGi ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| AÅvGiwU
ñ cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ C fvlvq ˆKvW wbÁ²i…c:
46 # include<stdio.h>
48 # include<conio.h>
50 int main()
‰LvGb Avevi cÉGZÅKwU i ‰i gvb wcÉG´Ÿi cƒGeÆ ‰KwU "\n" {
G`Iqv AvGQ| ZvB cÉGZÅKwU gvb ‰KwU bZzb jvBGb wcÉ´Ÿ
nGe| int array [3] [3]
6 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
int i, j; M ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg fvlv ‰KwU gaÅg ÕG¦ ii fvlv nIqvq ‰i PPÆv `Þ
ˆcÉvMÉvgvi nIqvi cƒeÆkZÆ eGj ˆcÉvMÉvgvi gnGj weGewPZ| ‘wm’
array [3] [3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}} ˆcÉvMÉvGg kZÆmvGcGÞ ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ Kw´£kbvj
KG´ŸÈvj eÅen†Z nq| Kw´£kbÅvj KG´ŸÈvGj eÅen†Z kZÆ mZÅ nGj
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++){ ˆcÉvMÉvGg ‰K aiGbi djvdj cvIqv hvq ‰es wg^Åv nGj AbÅ
aiGbi djvdj cvIqv hvq| AbÅZg Kw´£kbÅvj KG´ŸÈvj
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++){ ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸàGjv nGœQ:
printf ("% d", array [i][j]); if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
‰ c«¬wZGZ ‰KwU kZÆ mvGcGÞ ‰KwU djvdj cvIqv hvq|
} printf ("\n");
if.....else ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
} ‰ c«¬wZGZ ‰KwU kZÆ mvGcGÞ `ywU djvdGji ˆhGKvGbv
‰KwU djvdj cvIqv hvq| A^Ævr kZÆ mZÅ nGj ‰KwU, wg^Åv
getch(); nGj AbÅwU|
} else if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ (ev nested if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ)
‰KvwaK kGZÆi mvGcGÞ ‰KvwaK djvdj ^vGK ZGe ˆh kZÆwU
N DóxcGK ‰KwU w«¼gvwòK AÅvGi ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| mZÅ nq ÷ay ˆm djvdjwU cvIqv hvq|
AÅvGiwUGZ bqwU Dcv`vb iGqGQ| AÅvGiwU ŠZwi Kivi mgq
ZvB wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg ‰KwU w«¼gvwòK AÅvGi wWGKqÑ vi KiGZ nGe| switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
wm ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ ZvB arrey[3][3] DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ| hw` DÚ ‰wU ˆKvGbv kZhÆ Úy ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ bv| gƒjZ ˆgby AvKvGi ‰KvwaK
AvDUcyGUi mvG^ AviI wZbwU gvb 10, 11 I 12 hÚy KiGZ Ackb ˆ^GK ‰KwU KvR ˆeGQ wbGq KiGZ ‰ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
PvB ZvnGj ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ cwieZÆb AvbGZ nGe| ˆhgb, array eÅen†Z nq|
wWGKÑqvi Kivi mgq array[4][3] wjLGZ nGe ‰es
N ‘wm’ fvlvq Kw´£kbvj KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ wnGmGe Pvi aiGbi
array[4][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {3, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}, {10, 11, 12} ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰àGjvi gGaÅ ‰KvwaK kZÆ
mvGcGÞ ‰KvwaK djvdj hyÚ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆhLvb ˆ^GK kZÆ mZÅ
wjLGZ nGe| ‰QvovI AÅvGiwU wcÉ´Ÿ Kivi mgq ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ nIqv mvGcGÞ ‰KwU djvdj cvIqv hvGe, ‰i RbÅ else_if
cwieZÆb AvmGe| (ev nested if) ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq| wbGP else_if (ev nested
if) ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi ’wm’ fvlvq ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv Kiv
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++){ nGjv:
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++){ /*Example of else_if (nested if) Control*/
printf("%d", array[i][j]); #include<stdio.h>
} #include<conio.h>
printf("\n"); void main()
} {
‰me cwieZÆb KiGj cÉ`î AvDUcyGUi mvG^ 10, 11 I 12 hÚy int Age;
nGq wc´É Ÿ KiGe|
printf("Please enter your age: ");
cÉk² 9 gyw®² ‰ eQi KGjGR 1g eGlÆ fwZÆ nGq Z^Å I
scanf("%d", &Age);
ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ welGqi mvG^ cwiwPZ nGqGQ| ‰ welGqi
if(Age<=0)
5g AaÅvqwU Zvi KvGQ ‰Kmgq Lye KwVb gGb nGZv| mgq
printf("\nYou have not borned yet!");
wbGq evmvq PPÆv Kivi KviGY ˆm ‰Lb `Þ ’wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvgvi|
else if(Age>0 && Age<=12)
’wm’ fvlvq Kw´£kbvj ˆh ˆKvGbv KvR AbÅG`i ˆPGq Lye Kg
printf("\nYou are a child.");
mgGq ˆm mgvavb KiGZ cvGi| ˆm AvMvgx eQGii KGjR
else if(Age>12 && Age<=19)
chÆvGqi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs cÉwZGhvwMZvq AskMÉnGYi RbÅ cÉÕ¦wy Z
printf("\nYou are a teen
wbGœQ| ‰ eÅvcvGi Zvi ICT wkÞK Avwid mÅvi ˆKvP wnGmGe
ager.");
`vwqZ½ cvjb KiGe|
else if(Age>19 && Age<=40)
K. C-fvlvi D«¿veK ˆK? 1
printf("\nYou are young.");
L. KwÁ·DUvi KxfvGe Abyev`GKi KvR mÁ·®² KGi? 2
else
M. ’wm’ fvlvq DwÍÏwLZ KvR eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
printf("\nWish your long
N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK ’wm’ fvlvi Kw´£kbvj KG´ŸÈvj
life.");
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL| 4
getch();
9 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
}
K C-fvlvi D«¿veK ˆWwbm wiwP|
L KÁ·vBjvi `yB avGc Abyev`GKi KvR mÁ·®² KGi| cÉ^g
avGc KÁ·vBjvi Drm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉGZÅKUv jvBb cGo ‰es
AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvGg ic… v¯¦i KGi| w«¼Zxq avGc Dcvî ev ˆWUvi
wfwîGZ AeGRÙ ˆcvÉ MÉvgGK wbeÆvn KivGbv nq djvdj
cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ|
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 7
ckÉ ² 10 bZzb ˆcÉvMÉvgvi ˆZŒwn`yävgvb `ywU Integer ˆWUv ˆhgb ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvgvi hw` Zvi ˆKvwWsGq Integer ˆWUv
UvBGci PjGK double ˆWUv UvBc PjGKi gvb ivGL ZvnGj
UvBGci PjGKi gvbGK ˆhvM, weGqvM, àY I fvM KGi Zvi Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg ò‚wU wUi ˆKvW bÁ¼imn ò‚wU evZÆv cÉ`kÆb KGi
ˆcÉvMÉvg nGZ ˆei nGe ‰es AvDUcyU cÉ`kÆb KiGe bv|
djvdj cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ wm fvlvq ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLj|
ZvB ejv hvq ˆZŒwn`yävgvb ò‚wU `ywU msGkvab KiGZ bv
ˆcÉvMÉvgwU KÁ·vBj Kivi ci wKQy wPn×vw`i ò‚wU ‰es cviGj Zvi ˆcÉvMÉvg AvDUcyU cÉ`kÆb KiGe bv|
wbeÆvnRwbZ ò‚wUevZÆv cÉ`kÆb Kij| ˆm bZzb ˆcÉvMÉvgvi nIqvq N ˆZŒwn`yävgvb wPn×vw`i ò‚wU I wbeÆvnRwbZ ò‚wU msGkvab
KiGjI ZvGK wbfzÆj AvDUcyU ev djvdj mÁ·GKÆ wbwøZ
wKQyGZB ò‚wU `ywU msGkvab KiGZ cviwQj bv| nIqv cÉGqvRb| KviY ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AvDUcyU fzj cÉ`wkÆZ nGj
Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvGbv ò‚wU evZÆv A^ev ò‚wU ˆKvW bÁ¼i
wkLbdj: 5 cÉ`kÆb KGi bv| ‰B aiGbi ò‚wUGK hywÚ msKÌv¯¦ ò‚wU ejv nq|
K. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ò‚wUàGjv Kx Kx? 1 AvDUcyU msKÌv¯¦ ò‚wU mÁ·ƒYÆB ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆKvwWsGqi Ici
wbfÆi KGi| ˆcÉvMÉvgvi Zvi ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆhfvGe KwÁ·DUviGK
L. wPn×vw`i ò‚wUi ˆPGq wbeÆvnRwbZ ò‚wU msGkvab Kiv KwVb wbG`Æk w`Ge KwÁ·DUvi ˆmfvGe AvDUcyU cÉ`kÆb KiGe| ZvB
ˆcÉvMÉvGg hw` hwy Ú msKÌv¯¦ ò‚wU ^vGK ˆhgb, cÉGqvRb AbymvGi
ˆKb? 2 Print wbG`Æk ev ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ bv ˆ`Iqv, fzj Dcvî cÉ`vb Kiv,
cÉGqvRbxq wbG`Æk ev`, MvwYwZK fzj ^vKv BZÅvw` ˆÞGò
M. ˆZŒwn`yävgvb hw` ò‚wU `ywU msGkvab KiGZ bv cvGi ˆcÉvMÉvgviGK Zvi hwy Ú msKÌv¯¦ ò‚wUàGjv wbGR kbvÚ KiGZ nGe
‰es mwVK AvDUcyU cvIqvi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvGg cÉGqvRbxq
ZvnGj Zvi wjLv ˆcÉvMÉvg wK ˆKvGbv AvDUcyU cÉ`kÆb cwieZÆb KiGZ nGe|
KiGe? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 myZivs ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni KvR mÁ·®² nIqvi ci aGi
ˆbqv wVK nGe bv ˆh djvdj mwVK| aiv hvK, ˆZŒwn`yävgvb
N. ˆZŒwn`yävgvb ò‚wU `ywU msGkvaGbi ci ˆcÉvMÉvgwU Zvi ˆcÉvMÉvGg `ywU msLÅvi ˆhvMdj ˆei Kivi ˆÞGò fzj KGi
‘+’ wPGn×i RvqMvq ‘@’ wPn× eÅenvi KGi ˆdjj| ˆcÉvMËvgwU
ˆ^GK wbfyÆj djvdj ev AvDUcyU cvIqv mÁ·GKÆ hLb Pvjbv Kiv nGe ZLb KwÁ·DUvi AvDUcyU wnGmGe `ywU
msLÅvi ˆhvMdGji cwieGZÆ weGqvMdj cÉ`kÆb KiGe| ‰RbÅB
KxfvGe wbwøZ ^vKGZ cvGi? hywÚ DcÕ©vcb KGiv| 4 djvdj mwVK wKbv Zv hvPvB KGi ˆ`Lvi RbÅ
ˆZŒwn`yävgvbGK Abyi…c Rvbv ˆKvGbv mwVK djvdGji mGã
10 bs cÉGk²i Dîi wgwjGq wbGZ nGe| wbfzÆj djvdj mÁ·GKÆ wbwøZ nIqvi ‰wU
‰KwU Dîg c«¬wZ|
K ˆcÉvMÉvGgi òywUGK wZbwU fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| h^v- cÉk² 11
1. wmbUÅvÝ ev wPn×vw`i ò‚wU 2. jwRKÅvj ev hwy Ú msKÌv¯¦ ò‚wU #include<stdio.h>
3. wbeÆvnRwbZ ò‚wU| #include<conio.h>
L wPn×vw`i ò‚wU ˆcÉvMËvGgi RbÅ kbvÚ Kiv mnR, wK¯§ main()
wbeÆvnRwbZ ò‚wU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RbÅ kbvÚ Kiv mnR bq|
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆKvGW wPn× mÁ·wKÆZ ˆKvGbv ò‚wU ^vKGj ˆhgb {
ˆKvGUkb (“ ”), ˆmwgGKvjb (;) ‰es Kgv (,) BZÅvw`
mwVKfvGe eÅenvi bv nGj KÁ·vBjvi KÁ·vBj Kivi mgq int i, j, t[30], a[30][6];
wPn×vw`i ò‚wU cÉ`kÆb KGi| wPn×vw`i ò‚wU ˆ`GL ˆcÉvMÉvgvi
mnGRB ò‚wUàGjv `ƒi KiGZ cvGi| wbeÆvnRwbZ ò‚wUi ˆÞGò clrscr();
KÁ·vBjvi ˆKvW bÁ¼imn ò‚wU cÉ`kÆb KGi| ˆhgb- 0 gvb
wewkÓ¡ ˆKvGbv PjK w`Gq AbÅ ˆKvGbv PjKGK fvM Kivi ˆPÓ¡v for ( i=1; i<=30; i++){
Kiv, AGâi msLÅv KwÁ·DUvi KZ‡ÆK MÉnYGhvMÅ msLÅvi ˆPGq
ˆewk nIqv BZÅvw` wbeÆvnRwbZ ò‚wU| ‰B aiGbi ò‚wU ˆhGnZz t[i]=0;
KwÁ·DUvi mivmwi kbvÚ KGi ˆ`q bv ZvB ˆcÉvMÉvgvGii RbÅ
msGkvab Kiv wKQyUv KwVb| for (j=1; j<=6; j++) {
M ˆZŒwn`yävgvGbi ˆcÉvMÉvGg wPn×vw`i ò‚wU I wbeÆvnRwbZ ò‚wU printf("%d student %d subject mark",
wQj| ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvGg wPn×vw`i ò‚wU ‰es wbeÆvnRwbZ ò‚wU
^vKGj Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg ò‚wU cÉ`kÆb KGi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆ^GK ˆei i, j);
nGq AvGm ‰es ˆKvGbv AvDUcyU cÉ`kÆb KGi bv| ˆhGnZz ‰B
aiGbi ò‚wU ^vKGj mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆcÉvMÉvg mwVKfvGe wbeÆvn KiGZ scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
cvGi bv ZvB ˆKvGbv AvDUcyUI cÉ`wkÆZ nq bv| ˆhgb ˆKvGbv
ˆcÉvMÉvgvi hw` PRINT UvBc KiGZ wMGq fzj KGi PRNT t[i]=t[i]+a[i][j];
UvBc KGi ZvnGj Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg H ò‚wUwU cÉ`wkÆZ KGi
ˆcÉvMÉvg nGZ ˆei nGq hvGe| cGi ò‚wU `ƒi KGi Avevi Abyev` }
KiGj ˆcÉvMÉvgwU mwVK AvDUcyU ˆ`LvGe| ‰KBfvGe
wbeÆvnRwbZ ò‚wUI ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGn evav ˆ`q ‰es ò‚wUwU }
cÉ`wkÆZ KGi ˆcÉvMÉvg nGZ ˆei nGq AvGm| ‰B aiGbi ò‚wU
AGbKUv ˆcÉvMÉvgvGii ˆcÉvMÉvwgs `ÞZvi Ici wbfÆi KGi| for ( i=1; i<=30; i++){
printf(“% student total %d\n”, i, t[i]);
}
}
wkLbdj: 5
8 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
K. AÅvGi Kx? 1 wPò : Uz WvBGgbkbvj AÅvGii ˆgGgvwiGZ AeÕ©vb
L. AÅvGiGZ ˆfwiGqeGji gvb KxfvGe wbaÆviY Kiv nq? 2 N ˆcÉvMÉvGg a ‰KwU AÅvGi| ˆcÉvMÉvGg AÅvGi eÅenvi KiGj
wKQz myweav I Amyweav cvIqv hvq| wbGg³ AÅvGii myweav I
M. DGÍÏwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvGg a ˆh gvòvi AÅvGi Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv|3 Amyweav ˆ`Iqv nGjv-
AÅvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å/myweav:
N. ˆcÉvMÉvGg a-‰i f„wgKv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 1. AÅvGi eÅenvGii dGj ˆcÉvMÉvg mnR, my±`i I ˆQvU nq|
2. mgRvZxq AGbKàGjv ˆWUvGK ‰KwU gvò PjK «¼viv
11 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
cÉKvk Kiv hvq|
K ‰KB RvZxq ZG^Åi mgvGekGK AÅvGi eGj| myZivs AÅvGi 3. ‰wU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RwUjZv Kgvq|
ˆcÉvMÉvGg AÅvGi eÅenvGii Amyweav:
nGjv ‰KB UvBGci KZàGjv ˆfwiGqeGji ˆmU| AÅvGi 1. ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰ AÅvGii gvSLvb ˆ^GK ˆKvGbv ˆWUv guyGQ
ˆNvlYvi wmbGUÝ nGjv@ ˆdjvi cÉGqvRb nGj AÅvGii AGbKàGjv ˆWUvGK mivGZ
nq|
Data type ArrayName[ArraySize]; 2. AÅvGii gvSLvGb ˆKv^vI ˆWUv msGhvGMi ˆÞGòI
AGbKàGjv ˆWUv mivGZ nq|
L AÅvGii Dcv`vGbi gvb wbaÆviGYi RbÅ wZbwU c«¬wZ 3. AÅvGii mvBR ‰Kevi wWGKÑqvi KiGj Avi ˆcÉvMÉvg
AbymiY Kiv nq| h^v- PjvKvjxb mgGq cwieZÆb Kiv hvq bv|
4. AÅvGiGZ Contiguous memory-‰i `iKvi nq ‰es
1. AÅvGi ˆNvlYvi mgq| AÅvGiGZ wewf®² UvBGci ˆWUv eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv|
2. AÅvGi ˆNvlYvi cGi| ‰GZ AGbK mgq ˆgGgvwii AcPq nq|
3. ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgq|
M ˆcÉvMÉvGg a w«¼gvwòK AÅvGi cÉKvk KGi| w«¼gvwòK AÅvGii
eYÆbv wbGg³ ˆ`Iqv nGjv@
hw` ˆKvGbv AÅvGii ˆWUvàGjv ‰KB mvG^ ˆiv ‰es Kjvg cÉk² 12
AvKvGi mwäZ ^vGK ‰es hv `yBwU mvewÕ˜¶Ÿ «¼viv cÉKvwkZ
nq ZGe ˆmB AÅvGiGK ejv nq Uz WvBGgbkbvj ev w«¼gvwòK #include<stdio.h>
AÅvGi| ˆhgb- score [5, 7], mark [5, 5] BZÅvw`|
Uz WvBGgbkbvj AÅvGiGK mvaviYZ `yBfvGe cÉKvk Kiv nGq #include<conio.h>
^vGK| h^v:
1. mvwi wfwîK (Row Major Ordering) I main()
2. KjvgwfwîK (Column Major Ordering)
R[1, 1] R[1, 2] R[1, 3] R [1, 4] {
R[2, 1] R[2, 2] R[2, 3] R[2, 4] int year;
wPò : mvwi wfwîK printf("Enter the year (4 digit) to check: ");
scanf("%d", &year);
R [1, 1] R [1, 2] R [1, 3] R [1, 4] if(year%400= =0|| (year%100 != 0 && year%4 = = 0))
printf("Year %d is a leap year", year);
R [2, 1] R [2, 2] R [2, 3] R [2, 4]
else
wPò : KjvgwfwîK printf("Year %d is not a leap year", year);
aiv hvK, order [5, 5] ‰KwU Uz WvBGgbkbvj AÅvGi hvi gGaÅ getch(); wkLbdj: 5
5 5 ev 25wU Dcv`vb msiwÞZ Kiv hvGe| jÞÅYxq, order }
[5, 5] ejGZ ˆevSv hvq ‰wU ‰KwU Uz WvBGgbkbvj AÅvGi hvi
6 wU ˆiv ‰es 6 wU Kjvg we`Ågvb| ‰wU KwÁ·DUvi ˆgGgvwiGZ K. PjK Kx?
AeÕ©vb nGe wbÁ²i…Gc :
L. PjK I aË‚eGKi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆjL|
M. ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi 8 bÁ¼i jvBb eÅvLÅv KGiv|
0 12 3 4 5 N. 8bs jvBGb if eÅenvi bv KGi AbÅ Kx Kx ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
0 order Order eÅenvi Kiv ˆhZ? weGkÏlY KGiv|
[0, 0] [0, 3]
12 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
1 K ˆhGKvGbv ˆWUvGK ˆgGgvwiGZ ivLvi RbÅ ‰KwU bvg
2 order eÅenvi Kiv nq, ‰ c«¬wZGK ejv nq PjK|
[2, 2]
L PjK I aË‚eK ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv
3 order PjK a˂eK
[3, 0]
order PjGKi gvb cwieZÆbkxj aË‚eGKi gvb AcwieZÆbkxj
4 [4, 4]
ˆhGKvGbv ˆWUvGK ˆhGKvGbv ivwki gvb
5
order ˆgGgvwiGZ ivLvi RbÅ PjK AcwieZxÆZ ivLGZ aË‚eK
[5, 5]
eÅenvi Kiv nq| eÅenvi Kiv nq|
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 9
Wm fvlvq, mKj ˆfwiGqej ‰KwU ˆcvÉ MÉvg wbeÆvGni cÉk² 13
eÅenvGii AvGMB wWGKqÑ vi ÷i‚GZ ˆfwiGqejGK cÉÕ§Z
ev ˆNvlYv KiGZ nq| KiGZ KbÕ¡Åv´Ÿ eÅen†Z AviÁ¿
nq| L, S PjGKi gvb MnÉ Y
M PjGKi 8 bÁ¼i jvBbUvi eÅvLÅv wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv - awi, T = L % S
if((year%4==0 && year%100!=0) || (year%400==0)) L=S
S=T
year%4==0
S = 0?
DÚ year ˆK 4 «¼viv fvM Kiv nGqGQ| KviY cÉwZ 4 eQi ci
ci leap year nq| bv
nÅu v
year%100!=0
DÚ year ˆK 100 «¼viv fvM bv KiGZ ejv nGqGQ| KviY cÉwZ
100 eQi ci ci DÚ year ‰ 1 w`b Kg nq|
year%400==0
DÚ year ˆK 400 «¼viv fvM KiGZ ejv nGqGQ| KviY cÉwZ
400 eQi ci ci DÚ year ‰ 1 w`b ˆewk nq|
N 8 bs jvBGb ÷ay if eÅenvi bv KGi AbÅ Kx Kx ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ M, mv, à L PjGKi
eÅenvi Kiv ˆhZ Zv wbGP ˆcÉvMÉvgmn AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv- gvaÅGg cÉ`kÆb
#include <stdio.h> mgvµ¦
int main()
{ wkLbdj: 4
int year; K. ˆcÉvMÉvg Kx? 1
printf("Enter a year to check if it is a leap year:");
scanf("%d", &year); L. wmGÕ¡g ˆdÑvPvGUiÆ ˆPGq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdÑvPvUÆ ŠZwi Kiv
ˆewk cÉGqvRb nIqvi KviY eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
if ( year%400 == 0) M. DóxcGK L = 15 ‰es S = 5 eÅenvi KGi
printf("%d is a leap year.", year);
AÅvjMwi`g wjL| 3
else if ( year%100 == 0)
printf("%d is not a leap year.", year); N. DóxcGK L-‰i gvb eo ‰es S-‰i ˆQvU BbcyU
else if ( year%4 == 0 ) wbwøZ Kivi eÅeÕ©v KGi ˆdÑvPvUÆ AsKb KGi Zvi
printf("%d is a leap year.", year);
cÉGqvRbxqZv weGkÏlY Ki| 4
else
printf("%d is not a leap year.", year); 13 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg ˆKvb mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ cÉ`î
return 0; wbw`ÆÓ¡ I ˆhŒwÚK w`K wbG`ÆkbvàGjvGK ˆcÉvMÉvg ejv nq|
} L ˆKvb msÕ©v ev msMVGbi mKj KvGRi avivevwnKZvi wPò
nGœQ wmGÕ¡g ˆdvÑ PvUÆ| AcicGÞ ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi KvGRi
DóxcGKi if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰ meàGjv condition ‰KmvG^ ˆ`Iqv avivevwnKZvi wPò nGœQ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdvÑ PvUÆ| ‰KwU msMVGbi
nGqGQ| wK¯§ DcwiDÚ ˆcÉvMÉvGg ÷ay if ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ meàGjv wmGÕ¡g ˆdÑvPvUÆ me mgq KwÁ·DUvi wbqw¯¨Z bvI nGZ cvGi
condition ‰KmvG^ ˆ`Iqv nq wb| ‰LvGb if condition-‰i ‰es ‰wU AZů¦ RwUj nIqvq ‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv Kg| Avevi
mvG^ else if condition I eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ| ˆhgb- AGbK eo ˆcÉvMÉvg wWevwMs Kivi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdvÑ PvUÆ AGbK
ˆewk eÅenZ† nq| ZvB ‰wU AGbK ˆewk cÉGqvRbxq|
if ( year%400 == 0)
M DóxcGKi ˆdÑvPvGUÆ L= 15 ‰es S = 5 eÅenvi KGi
if ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ ÷ay DÚ year ˆK 400 «¼viv fvM KiGZ ejv AÅvjMwi`g wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv:
nGqGQ|
avc-1 : ÷i‚ Ki|
else if ( year%100 == 0) avb-2 : L = 15 ‰es S = 5
avc-3 : T = L MOD S
else if ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ ÷ay DÚ year ˆK 100 «¼viv fvM bv KiGZ avc-4 : L = 5 emvB
ejv nGqGQ| avc-5 : S = T = 0 emvB
else if ( year%4 == 0 )
else if ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ ÷ay DÚ year ˆK 4 «¼viv fvM KiGZ ejv
nGqGQ|
10 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
avc-6 : ˆhGnZz S = 0 ˆmGnZz L ‰i gvb nGe M.mv.à 14 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
avc-7 : L ‰i gvb QvcvB K KwÁ·DUvi eySGZ cvGi ‰gb wKQy wbw`ÆÓ¡ kõ, msGKZ I
avc-8 : ˆkl Kwi| wPn× eÅenvi KGi weGkl wbqgvbymvGi mvwRGq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ
ZvnGj ‰wUB nGœQ L = 15 ‰es S = 5 ‰i RbÅ cÉ`î nq| ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii RbÅ eÅen†Z ‰mKj kõ, msGKZ, wPn× I
ˆdÑvPvGUÆi AÅvjMwi`g| wbqgàGjvGK ‰KGò ˆcvÉ MÉvGgi fvlv eGj|
N DóxcGK L ‰i gvb eo S ‰i gvb ˆQvU BbcyU wbwøZ L KÁ·vBjvi I B´ŸviGcÉUvGii gGaÅ Zzjbv wbGP ˆ`qv nGjv:
Kivi eÅeÕ©v KGi ˆdÑvPvUÆ AsKb Kiv nGjv : 1. cyGiv ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ‰KmvG^ cGo ^vGK KÁ·vBjvi, AbÅw`GK
AviÁ¿ B´ŸviGcÉUvi ˆcÉMÉvgwU ‰KwU ‰KwU KGi jvBb cGo
^vGK|
L,S PjGKi gvb MÉnY 2. KÁ·vBjvi mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ‰KmvG^ Abey v` KGi Avi
B´ŸviGcÉUvi ‰KwU jvBb cGo ‰es Zvi Abyev` KGi
L>S bv ^vGK|
3. KÁ·vBjvi mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆcÉMÉvgwU ‰GKevGi cGo ‰es ˆkGl
nÅu v N=L fzGji ZvwjKv cÉ`kÆb KGi| wK¯§ B´ŸviGcÉUvi ‰KwU
L=S jvBb cGo ‰es fzj c`É kÆb KGi|
S=N
M knx` DÚ avivwUi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGq wm fvlvq ˆKvW ˆjLvi
awi, T = L%S RbÅ cÉ^Gg ZvGK wm fvlvi ˆcÉvMÉvGg XzKGZ nGe| wm fvlvq
XzKvi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq Kgv´£àGjv nGjv-
L=S Start→Programs→ Turboo C++| Zvici wm fvlvq ˆKvW
S=T wjLGZ nGe| DÚ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆKvW nGjv wbÁ²i…c:
bv
S = 0?
nÅu v #include<stdio.h>
M.mv.à. PjGKi #include<conio.h>
gvaÅGg cÉKvk main()
{
mgvµ¦ int i, s=0;
‰ c«¬wZ AbymiY KiGj eo msLÅvwU memgq L ‰ ^vKGe| clrscr();
ˆhGnZz Avgiv L ˆK S «¼viv MOD KiwQ ˆmGnZz eo for(i=1; i<=100; i++)
msLÅvwUGK AekÅB L ‰ ivLGZ nGe| wK¯§ ‰wU bv KiGjI
{
s=s+i;
ˆKvb mgmÅv nGe bv| KviY L ‰i gvb hw` S ‰i ˆPGq ˆQvUI }
nq cÉ^gevi MOD nIqvi ci L ‰es S ‰i gvb ciÕ·i printf("\n Total is %d", s);
getch();
cwieZÆb KGi cieZxÆ MOD ‰ L ‰ eo gvbwUB ^vKGe| }
cÉk² 14 knx` wbfÆyjfvGe 1 + 2 + 3 + ........... + 100 N KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰i KGqKwU avc iGqGQ| ‰i gGaÅ
chƯ¦ avivi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AÅvjMwi`g I cÉevnwPò nGœQ ‰KwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ avc| ˆKvGbv ‰KwU mgmÅv
ˆdÑvPvUÆ ŠZwi Kij| Zvici wm fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆKvW wjLj| kbvÚ Kivi ci I mgmÅvwUi AÅvjMwi`g ŠZwii cGiB cÉevn
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi eÅvKiY, wbG`Æk I hywÚMZ ˆKvGbv fzj AvGQ Kx bv wPò Aâb Kiv nq| cÉevnwPGò AÅvjMwi`Ggi avcàGjvGK
LuyGR ˆei KiGZ Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi KGi| wkLbdj: 4 I 5 wPòi…Gc cÉKvk Kiv nq| ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvGg Kx aiGbi BbcyU
K. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fvlv Kx? 1 wbGZ nGe, BbcyUàGjv w`Gq Kx cÉwKÌqvKiY KiGZ nGe ‰es
L. KÁ·vBjvi I B´ŸviGcÉUvGii gGaÅ Zzjbv KGiv| 2 ˆKvb AvDUcyUwU cÉKvk KiGZ nGe Zv cÉevnwPò nGZ mnGR
M. DÚ avivwUi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGq wm fvlvq ˆKvW eÅvLÅv eySGZ cviv hvq| ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉevnwPò hw` mwVKfvGe
KGiv| 3 Aâb Kiv bv nq ZvnGj H cÉevnwPò Abyhvqx ŠZwi ˆcÉvMÉvGgI
N. ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvq ˆdÑvPvGUÆi cÉGqvRbxqZv DóxcGKi mwVK AvDUcyU cÉ`kÆb KiGe bv| ‰KwU wPò hZUv mij nGe
AvGjvGK weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 ˆcÉvMÉvgvGii RbÅ ˆKvW ˆjLv ZZUvB mnR nGe| ZvB cÉevnwPò
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 11
nGZ AcÉGqvRbxq wbG`Æk ev jyc cwinvi Kiv nq| M ˆcÉvMÉvGg (1) «¼viv wPwn×Z word àGjv cÉvBgvwi ev weΣBb
D`vniYÕ¼i…c wbGPi cÉevnwPòwU DGÍÏL Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi@ ˆWUv UvBc cÉKvk KGi| ‰B ˆWUv UvBc-‰ mvaviYZ
cƒYÆmsLÅv, f™²vsk, KÅvGiKUvi ev ˆÕ·kvj wmÁ¼j eÅen†Z nq|
weGkÏlY ÷i‚ ‰B ˆWUv UvBc ˆK mvaviYZ Pvi fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| h^v:
(K) Bw´ŸRvi (integer) ev cƒYmÆ sLÅv
START (L) ˆdÑvwUs cGq´Ÿ (floating point) ev f™²vsk
(M) Wvej wcÉwmkb (double precision)
Dcvî cvV (N) KÅvGiKUvi (character) ev AÞi
A, B Bw´ŸRvi : Bw´ŸRvi UvBc ˆWUv ejGZ c…YÆmsLÅvi ˆWUvGK
eySvq| ‰B ˆWUvi ˆié –215 ˆ^GK +215 D ch¯Æ ¦| A^Ævr –
C=A/B 32768 ˆ^GK +32767 chƯ¦| ‰B ˆWUv UvBc AGbK mgq
wewf®²fvGe eÅenvi nq| ˆhgb@ Short Integer, Long
Print C
Integer, Unsigned Integer, Long int, Unsigned int
weGkÏlY ˆkl
BZÅvw`| ˆgGgvwiGZ Integer ˆWUv ˆjLvi RbÅ 2 evBU
END RvqMv jvGM|
DcGivÚ cÉevnwPGò wK¯§ KGqKwU òywU iGqGQ| ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi ˆdÑvwUs cGq´Ÿ ˆWUv UvBc : ˆdÑvwUs cGq´Ÿ ˆWUv UvBc
ejGZ `kwgKhÚy ˆWUvGK ˆevSvGbv nq| ‰B ˆWUvi ˆié
KvR nGjv `ywU msLÅv BbcyU wbGq cÉ^g msLÅvwUGK w«¼Zxq 3.4E –38 ˆ^GK 3.4E +38. chƯ¦ nGq ^vGK| ˆdvÑ wUs ˆWUv
UvBc AGbK mgq Double Floating Data Type AvKvGi
msLÅv w`Gq fvM KGi fvMdj cÉ`kÆb Kiv| DcGivÚ cÉevnwPò eÅenvi nq| ‰G`i mswÞµ¦ bvg nGœQ Double Float| ‰B
aiGbi ˆWUv ˆgGgvwiGZ 4 evBU ev 32 weU RvqMv `Lj
Abyhvqx hw` ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆKvW wjLv nq ZvnGj `yB aiGbi òywU KGi|
nGZ cvGi| ‰GÞGò hw` B = 0 nq ZvnGj wbeÆvnRwbZ òywU Wvej wcÉwmkb ˆWUv UvBc : ‰B ˆWUv UvBc-‰i ˆWUv
nGjv `kwgK ˆWUv| ‰i mƒÞÄZv (Precession) 14 wWwRU
cÉ`wkÆZ nGe KviY cÉevnwPGò ˆh msLÅv fvM nGe Zvi gvb ˆPK chƯ¦ evovGbv mÁ¿e| ‰B ˆWUvi ˆié 1.7E –308 ˆ^GK 1.7
E +308 chƯ¦ nq|
Kivi ˆKvGbv gvaÅg ivLv nqwb| Avevi ˆhGnZz C-Gi gvb
KÅvGiKUvi ˆWUv UvBc: ‰B ˆWUv UvBc Avjdv A^Ævr (a
cÉ`kÆb Kivi ˆKvGbv evav ivLv nqwb hv wKbv hwy Ú msKÌv¯¦ – z, A – Z) Aâ (0–9) ev weGkl ˆKvGbv wPn× ˆhgb (#,
@, *) BZÅvw`GK eySvq| mvBb KÅvGiKUvi ‰es AvbmvBb
òywU| ZvB ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mwVK djvdj AGbKvsGk KÅvGiKUvi ‰B `yaiGbi KÅvGiKUvi ˆWUv UvBc nGq
^vGK|
cÉevnwPGòi Ici wbfÆi KGi| ˆmB KviGY cÉevnwPòwU
N ˆcÉvMÉvGg (2) «¼viv eÅvK ÕÏÅvk KÅvGiÙvi wPwn×Z Kiv
mwVKfvGe Aâb Kiv LyeB Riywi ‰es KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs- nGqGQ| C fvlvq eÅen†Z eÅvKÕÏÅvk KÅvGiÙvimg…n nGjv-
eÅvK ÕÏÅvk eÅenvi
‰ cÉevnwPGòi àiyZ½ Acwimxg| KÅvGiÙvi
\o bvj KÅvGiÙvi cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ
cÉk² 15 \\ eÅvK ÕÏÅvk KÅvGiÙvi cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ
\” Wvej ˆKvGUkb eÅenvGii RbÅ
main ( ) \a mZKÆ msGKZ eÅenvGii RbÅ
\b AvDUcyU wcQGb (evGg) ‰KNi mivGbvi RbÅ
{1 \f AvDUcyU jvBGb cÉ`kÆGbi RGbÅ
\n AvDUcyU bZzb jvBGbi ÷i‚GZ cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ
int a, b, sum; \r AvDUcyU cieZÆx jvBb-‰i ‰KB Kjvg
float c ; eivei cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ
scanf(“%d”,&a);
printf (“\n input the value of a : ”);
}
2
wkLbdj: 5
K. ˆWUv UvBc Kx? 1
L. puts-‰i KvR ˆjL| 2
M. ˆcÉvMÉvGg (1) «¼viv wPwn×Z word àGjv Kx cKÉ vk
KGi? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. (2) «¼viv Kx wPwn×Z Kiv nGqGQ| C fvlvq eÅen†Z
‰i…c wPGn×i QK ŠZwi KGiv| 4
15 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆWUvi aibGK ˆWUv UvBc ejv nq|
L ‰KvwaK kõ wewkÓ¡ wÕ¡Ès-‰i AvDUcyU cvIqvi RbÅ puts
eÅen†Z nq|
12 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
eÅvK ÕÏÅvk eÅenvi while ( a <= 100)
KÅvGiÙvi
AvDUcyU Wvb w`GK ‰K UÅve `ƒiGZ½ cÉ`kÆGbi {
\t RbÅ
AvDUcyU wbGPi w`GK wbw`ÆÓ¡ `iƒ GZ½ mivGbvi s=s+i;
\v RbÅ
i=i+2;
}
printf("Sum=%d", s);
getch();
}
cÉk² 16 2+4+6+ ...............+100 wkLbdj: 4 I 5 cÉk² 17 kwid I bvwej `yB e®¬y| Zviv wZbwU abvñK cƒYÆ
K. Loop Kx? 1 msLÅvi gGaÅ e†nîi msLÅvwU wbYÆGqi RbÅ c ˆcÉvMÉvg wbGq KvR
L. DóxcKwUi Algorithm wjL| 2 KiwQj|
M. DóxcKwUi Flowchart AuvK| 3 wkLbdj: 4 I 5
N. DóxcKwUGK C language eÅenvi KGi Program K. mƒGWvGKvW wK?
wjL| 4 L. ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ‰ii KZ cÉKvi I wK wK?
16 bs cÉGk²i Dîi M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK e†nîi msLÅvwU wbYÆGqi RbÅ c
K ˆcÉvMÉvGgi Ask weGkl wbw`ÆÓ¡ msLÅK evi ˆKvGbv kGZÆ bv ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv KGiv| 3
ˆcuŒQv chƯ¦ cybive†wî KivGK jywcs ev PKÌ wbq¯¨Y ejv nq| N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK ˆdvÑ PvUÆ I AÅvjMwi`g iPbv
L 2 + 4 +6+ ..................+ 100 avivwUi ˆhvMdj KGiv|
wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g
17 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: s = 0, i = 2 awi| K mƒGWv ‰KwU MÉxKkõ| mƒGWv kGõi A^Æ nGœQ AevÕ¦e
avc-3: s = s + i, i = i + 2 wbYÆq Kwi|
avc-4: hw` i <=100 nq ZGe 3 bs avGc hvB| A^Ævr hv mZÅ bq| mƒGWv ˆKvW w`Gq ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ‰gb
avc-5: s ‰i gvb QvcvB|
avc-6: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi| fvGe DcÕ©vcb Kiv nq ˆhb mKGj Zv mnGR eySGZ cvGi|
M DóxcKwUi ˆdÑvPvUÆ nGjv ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ L ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ‰iiGK wZbfvGe fvM Kiv hvq| h^v-
wmbUÅvÝ fzj (Syntax Error) t wmbUÅvÝ fzj ejGZ
s = 0, i = 1
ˆevSvq ˆcvÉ MÉvwgs fvlvi eÅvKiYMZ fzj|
s=s+i jwRGKj ev hwy ÚMZ fzj (Logical Error) tˆcÉvMÉvGg hwy Úi
i=i+2
fzj ^vKGj ZvGK eGj jwRGKj fzj| mvaviYZ mgmÅv
If nuÅv wVKgZ bv ˆevSvi RbÅB ‰B fzj nq|
i <= n ˆWUv ev Z^Å fzj (Data Error) t KwÁ·DUviGK fzj Z^Å
bv RvbvGj Zv nj Z^Å fzj| ‰GÞGòI KwÁ·DUvi ˆKvb
fzGji evZÆv Qvcvq bv|
S M #include<stdio.h>
ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl #include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf("Enter 3 integer values:");
scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);
if ((a > b) && (a > c))
printf("\n Largest Value is: %d", a);
N #include<stdio.h> else if ((b > a) && (b > c))
printf("\n Largest Value is: %d", b);
#include<conio.h>
main() else
{ printf("\n Largest Value is: %d", c);
int i, s;
s=0; getch();
i=2; }
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 13
N wZbwU msLÅvi gGaÅ eo msLÅv wbYÆGqi AÅvjMwi`g I K. ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ Kx? 1
ˆdÑvPvUÆ|
L. ˆfwiGqej Declaration-‰i mxgve«¬Zv Kx? 2
AÅvjMwi`g:
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚| M. Rv®²vwZ ˆKb ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg fvlv ˆkLvi RbÅ
avc-2: wZbwU msLÅv a, b ‰es c ‰i gvb MÉnY|
avc-3: cÉ^g msLÅvwU wK w«¼Zxq I Z‡Zxq msLÅvi ˆPGq eo? ˆiRIqvbGK DrmvwnZ KiGjv eGj Zzwg gGb KGiv?
K. nuÅv, eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
djvdj Qvc, cÉ^g msLÅvwU A^Ævr a eo ‰es 6bs
avGc hvI| N. DóxcGK D«¬†Z “ˆgwkb fvlv eÅZxZ AbÅ mKj
L. bv|
avc-4: w«¼Zxq msLÅvwU wK ZZ‡ xq msLÅvi ˆPGq eo? fvlvGK Abyev` KGi KwÁ·DUviGK eywSGq w`GZ nq”
K. nuÅv,
djvdj Qvc, w«¼Zxq msLÅvwU A^Ævr b eo ‰es 6bs K^vwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
avGc hvI|
L. bv| 18 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
avc-5: djvdj Qvc, Z‡Zxq msLÅvwU A^Ævr c eo|
avc-6: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl| K C ˆcÉvMÉvGg 32wU msiwÞZ kõ AvGQ hv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ bvGg
ˆdÑvPvUÆ: cwiwPZ|
ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷iy L ‘wm’ ˆZ eÅen†Z ˆfwiGqej bvgKiGY KZKàGjv
AvjdvGewUK KÅvGiÙvi (a, b, ......z, A, B, ......Z), wWwRU
‰es Av´£vi ˆÕ•vi eÅenvi Kiv nq| Av´£viGÕ•vi I Wjvi
wPn× Qvov AbÅ ˆKvGbv ˆÕ·kvj KÅvGiKUvi (!, @, %, *, +, -
BZÅvw`) eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv| ˆfwiGqej bvg wWwRU ev Aâ
w`Gq ÷i‚ nGZ cvGi bv|
BbcyU wnGmGe a, M ˆgavGK kvwYZ Kivi RbÅ eZÆgvGb ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi PPÆv
b ‰es c ‰i gvb LyeB cÉPwjZ| ‰gbwK Õ•zj I KGjR chÆvGqi ˆ`kxq ‰es
Av¯¦RvÆwZK ˆcÉvMÉvwgs cÉwZGhvwMZvq AvgvG`i AskMÉnY
nuÅv bv wbZÅ‹bwgwîK eÅvcvi nGq `uvwoGqGQ| ‰gb AeÕ©vq
Is ˆiRIqvGbi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv ˆkLv I PPÆv Kivi AvMÉn LyeB
Õ¼vfvweK| ZGe ‰ eÅvcvGi Rv®²vwZ ZvGK ’wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv
a>b ? ˆkLvi gvaÅGg mvweÆKfvGe ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi MVb KvVvGgv
ˆevSvi RbÅ ˆh civgkÆ w`GqGQ Zv AZů¦ ˆhŒwÚK|
nuÅv bv bv nuÅv cÉ^gZ ’wm’ ‰KwU gaÅgÕG¦ ii fvlv hv ˆcÉvMÉvgvGii RbÅ ˆevSv
Is Is ˆhgb mnR ˆZgwb ‰i mvnvGhÅ mivmwi KwÁ·DUvGii
nvWÆIqÅviGKI wbq¯¨Y Kiv hvq| ’wm’ fvlvi MVb KvVvGgv
a>c ? b>c ? Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBb gGWGji, ˆhLvGb ‰KwU eo mgmÅvGK
ˆQvU ˆQvU fvGM fvM KGi Zvi mgvavb Kiv nq| Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ gGWGj
a eo c eo b eo cyGiv mgmÅvGK wewf®² Ask ev gWyÅDGj fvM Kiv nq| cÉwZwU
gWyÅDjGK ˆQvU AvKvGii mgmÅv fvev ˆhGZ cvGi| Õ¡ÈvKPÆvW
ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰i myweav nGjv-‰GZ eo AvKvGii mgmÅv mnGR
mgvavb Kiv hvq| ‰Kevi ˆKvGbv ˆKvW wjGL Zv ‰KvwaKevi
cÉk² 18 lÓ¤ ˆkÉwYi Qvò ˆiRIqvb KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvwgsGq eÅenvi Kiv hvq| ‰GZ mgq AcPq ˆiva Kiv hvq| ˆcÉvMÉvGgi
ˆek AvMÉnx| ˆcÉvMÉvwgsGqi LyuwUbvwU welq Rvbvi RbÅ ˆm Zvi wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvVvGgv ^vKvq wWevwMs ev ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fyj msGkvab Kiv
eo ˆevb KzGqGUi Qvòx Rv®²vwZi miYvc®² nq| Rv®²vwZ ZvGK mnR nq| Õ¡ÈvKPvWÆ ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰ ‰KwU gƒj ˆcÉvMÉvg ^vGK hv
ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBb gGWj I wewf®² ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv mÁ·GKÆ aviYv wewf®² gWyÅDjGK Kj KGi| ‰K gWyÅDj Avevi AbÅ gWyÅDjGK
ˆ`q| ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvi MVb ‰es KvhcÆ «¬wZ ˆevSvi RbÅ ˆm Kj KiGZ cvGi|
ˆiRIqvbGK ’wm’ fvlv ˆkLvi RbÅ eGj ‰es ‰ eÅvcvGi ZvGK
mnGhvwMZv KiGe eGj Avk¼vm ˆ`q| ˆiRIqvGbi cÉGk²i DîGi N gvbyGli gGaÅ ciÕ·i fvewewbgq nq fvlvi gvaÅGg|
ˆm ‰UvI eGj ˆh, ˆgwkb fvlv eÅZxZ AbÅ mKj fvlvGK Avevi ‰K fvlvi gvbyl AbÅ fvlvi gvbyGli K^v e~SGZ cvGi
Abyev` KGi KwÁ·DUviGK eywSGq w`GZ nq| bv| KwÁ·DUvGii ˆÞGòI KwÁ·DUvGii wbRÕ¼ fvlv AvGQ hvGZ
eÅen†Z eYÆ nGœQ 0 ‰es 1| ‰wU ˆgwkb fvlv wnGmGe cwiwPZ|
KwÁ·DUvi eySGZ cvGi ‰gb wKQy wbw`ÆÓ¡ msGKZ I wPn× hv
eÅenvi KGi weGkl wbqgvbymvGi mvwRGq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ nq|
gvbyGli gGaÅ ˆhgb fvlvi wf®²Zv AvGQ, ˆZgwb KwÁ·DUvGiI
14 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
AGbK aiGbi fvlv eÅen†Z nq| ZGe ˆm fvlv hvB ˆnvK bv M wnGgj hvw¯¨K fvlvq ‰es kÁ·v AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg
KGiwQj| myZivs hvw¯¨K fvlv I AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ
ˆKb, Zv 0 ‰es 1 w`GqB KwÁ·DUviGK ˆevSvGZ nq| Avi ‰ wbGg³ ˆ`Iqv nGjv-
ˆÞGò wewf®² Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉGqvRb nq|
ˆgwkb fvlvq ˆjLv ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ejv nq eÕ§ ˆcÉvMÉvg ‰es AbÅ 1. evBbvwi msLÅv 0 I 1 w`Gq ŠZwi fvlvGK hvw¯¨K fvlv
eGj| Avi mswÞµ¦ mvsGKwZK wPn× ev mnvqK bvg w`Gq
ˆh ˆKvGbv fvlvq ˆjLv ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ejv nq Drm ˆcÉvMÉvg | ˆh wjwLZ fvlvGK AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv eGj|
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ Drm ˆcÉvMÉvgGK eÕ§ ˆcÉvMÉvGg cwiYZ Kiv
nq ZvGK Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj| KwÁ·DUvi ˆgwkb fvlv 2. hvw¯¨K fvlvGK mswÞµ¦ AvKvGi ˆjLv hvq| AbÅw`GK
AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv Lye Kg mgGq iPbv Kiv hvq|
Qvov AbÅ ˆKvGbv fvlv eySGZ cvGi bv| Avevi gvbyGli cGÞ
ˆgwkb fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv AZů¦ KÓ¡mvaÅ| ZvB gvbyl nvB 3. wbfÆiZvi w`K ˆ^GK hvw¯K¨ fvlv KwÁ·DUvi wbfÆi fvlv
Avi AÅvGmÁ¼wj h¯¨ wbfÆi fvlv|
ˆjGfj fvlvq A^ev AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjGL cGi
Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg «¼viv ‰GK ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦i KGi|
Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg wnGmGe AÅvGmÁ¼jvi, KÁ·vBjvi I 4. hvw¯¨K fvlvi ˆÞGò ‰K KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg
AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi PvjvGbv hvq bv| Avi AÅvGmÁ¼wj wf®²
B´ŸviGcÉUvi eÅenvi Kiv nq| wf®² hG¯¨i RbÅ wf®² wf®² AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv eÅenvi KGi
^vGK|
AÅvGmÁw¼ j fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ˆgwkb fvlvq Abyev` Kivi
RbÅ AÅvGmÁj¼ vi eÅenvi Kiv nq| KÁ·vBjvi nvB ˆjGej
fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦i KGi| N AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv mÁ·GKÆ wnGgGji DwÚwU h^v^Æ| ˆKbbv
hvw¯¨K fvlvq wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg AGbK `Ë‚Z KvR KiGZ cviGjI
KÁ·vBjvi `yB avGc AbyevG`i KvR mÁ·®² KGi| cÉ^g avGc ‰B fvlvq BbcyU ‰es wbG`Æk cÉ`vGbi RGbÅ evBbvwi c«¬wZ
eÅenvi Kiv nq weavq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ cÉPzi cwigvY msLÅv
KÁ·vBjvi Drm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉGZÅKUv jvBb cGo ‰es AeGRÙ UvBc KiGZ nq| AbÅw`GK AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv
AGbKUv mnRmvaÅ| hvw¯¨K fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii RwUjZv
ˆcÉvMÉvGg i…cv¯¦i KGi| w«¼Zxq avGc Dcvî ev ˆWUvi wfwîGZ ‰ovGbvi RbÅ ˆbGgvwbK ˆKvW eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰ fvlv wewf®²
msGKGZi mg¯¼Gq ˆjLv nGq ^vGK| ‰ RbÅ ‰ fvlvGK
AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK wbeÆvn KivGbv nq djvdj cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ| mvsGKwZK fvlvI ejv nq| KviY AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvi ˆÞGò
wbG`Æk I ˆWUvi AÅvGWÈm evBbvwi ev ˆnÝv msLÅvi mvnvGhÅ bv
B´ŸviGcÉUviI KÁ·vBjvGii gGZv nvB ˆjGej fvlvGK ˆgwkb w`Gq msGKGZi mvnvGhÅ ˆ`Iqv nq| ‰B msGKZGK eGj
mvsGKwZK ˆKvW (Symbolic Code) ev ˆbGgvwbK (Nemonic)
fvlvq i…cv¯¦i KGi| wK¯§ B´ŸviGcÉUvi ˆmvmÆ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK A^Ævr ˆh msGKGZi mvnvGhÅ ˆKvGbv eo msLÅv ev K^vGK gGb
ivLvi myweav nq| ˆhgb- AÅvwKDgyGjUGi ivLvi RbÅ,
AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvGg i…cv¯¦i KGi bv| B´ŸviGcÉUvi jvBb evB ˆbGgvwbK| ˆgwkGbi fvlvi gGZv evBbvwi msLÅv mivmwi
eÅenvi bv KGi eis KZKàGjv weGUi mgwÓ¡GK KGqKwU
jvBb wbeÆvn KGi ‰es ZvrÞwYK djvdj cÉ`kbÆ KGi| BsGiwR eGYÆi mvnvGhÅ weGkl ˆKvGW cÉKvk KGi KwÁ·DUviGK
ˆevSvGbv nq|
cÉk² 19 wnGgj ‰KRb KwÁ·DUvi Bwéwbqvi| wZwb hvw¯¨K
fvlvq ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGjb| wnGgGji ˆevb kÁ·v AÅvGmÁw¼ j
fvlvq `Þ| ˆm ‰KB ˆcÉvMÉvg AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq wjLj | wnGgj
ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ˆ`LGjv ‰es g¯¦eÅ Kij AÅvGmÁw¼ j fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg
Kiv cƒGeÆi Zzjbvq mnR| wkLbdj: 2
K. ˆgwkb fvlv Kx? 1
L. ˆgwkb fvlvi myweav ˆjL| 2
M. wnGgj I kÁ·v ˆh fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjGLGQ ZvG`i gGaÅ
cv^ÆKÅ wbG`Æk KGiv| 3
N. wnGgGji g¯¦GeÅi h^v^ÆZv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 cÉk² 20 wnGgj mÅvi ˆkËwYKGÞ covGbvi mgq wkÞv^ÆxG`i
19 bs cÉGk²i Dîi RbÅ ˆgwkb fvlvq ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLj ‰es wkÞv^ÆxG`i ˆmB
K KwÁ·DUvGii mivmwi ˆevaMgÅ fvlvGK ˆgwkb fvlv eGj| ‰KB ˆcÉvMÉvg AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq wjGL AvbGZ ejj| ciw`b
‰B fvlvq ÷ay gvò 0 ‰es 1 eÅenvi Kiv nq eGj ‰i mvnvGhÅ wnGgj mÅvi wkÞv^ÆxG`i AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq ˆjLv ˆcÉvMÉvgwU
mivmwi KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv hvq| ˆ`Lj ‰es g¯¦eÅ Kij AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv
L ˆgwkb fvlvi myweavmgnƒ wbÁ²i…c: MZKvGji ˆcÉvMÉvGgi Zzjbvq mnRmvaÅ| wkLbdj: 2
1. mivmwi KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv hvq|
2. ˆgwkb fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjGL Zv wbeÆvGni RbÅ ˆKvGbv cÉKvi K. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvGK Abyev` Kivi RbÅ ˆKvb weGkl
Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉGqvRb nq bv| mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv nq? 1
3. `ËyZ KvR KGi |
4. AwZ A͸ ˆgGgvwii cÉGqvRb nq| L. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fvlv ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
5. KwÁ·DUvGii wfZGii MVb fvGjvfvGe eySGZ nGj ‰B
M. wnGgj mÅvGii ˆcÉvMÉvGgi Amyweavmg…n eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
fvlv RvbGZ nq |
N. wkÞv^Æxiv ˆh fvlv eÅenvi KGiwQj Zvi myweav I
Amyweav weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 15
20 bs cÉGk²i Dîi K. Presidence Kx? 1
K AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvGK Abyev` Kivi RbÅ AÅvGmÁ¼jvi
(Assembler) bvgK mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv nq| L. ˆUvGKb ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
L KwÁ·DUvi eySGZ cvGi ‰gb wKQy wbw`ÆÓ¡ kõ, msGKZ I M. ivbyi ˆcÉvMÉvGg Kx Kx AvekÅKxq Ask AvGQ Zv eÅvLÅv
wPn× eÅenvi KGi weGkl wbqgvbymvGi mvwRGq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ
nq| ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii RbÅ eÅen†Z ‰ mKj kõ, msGKZ, wPn× I KGiv | 3
wbqgàGjvGK ‰KGò ˆcvÉ MÉvGgi fvlv eGj|
N. ivbyi ˆcvÉ MÉvgwUi ˆKvW weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
M wnGgj mÅvi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLvi mgq ˆgwkb fvlv eÅenvi
KGiwQj| ˆgwkb fvlvi Amyweav wbg³i…c: 21 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
1. ÷ay 0 I 1 eÅenvi Kiv nq eGj ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv KÓ¡mvaÅ|
2. ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ cÉPzi mgq jvGM| K ˆKvb AcvGiUGii KvR AvGM nGe Avi ˆKvb AcvGiUGii
3. fyj nIqvi mÁ¿ebv Lye ˆewk ^vGK |
4. fyj-ò‚wU `ƒi Kiv Lye KwVb| KvR cGi nGe ‰es ‰ÝGcÉkGbi ‰wÝwKDkb ˆKvb w`K ˆ^GK
5. KwÁ·DUvGii wfZGii msMVb mÁ·GKÆ cwiÓ•vi aviYv
(Wvb ˆ^GK evg) ÷i‚ nGe ‰i…c AcvGiUGii ‰wÝwKDkb
^vKGZ nGe|
6. ‰K aiGbi KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg AbÅ aiGbi AMÉMYÅ ZvGK AMÉMYÅZv (Presidence) eGj|
KwÁ·DUvGi eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv| L wm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wewf®² ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ eÅen†Z IqvWÆ ‰es
KÅvGiÙvimg…nGK mwÁÃwjZfvGe ˆUvGKb eGj hv ‰KK ev
N wkÞv^Æxiv ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLvi RbÅ AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv eÅenvi mwÁÃwjZfvGe wewf®² KvR KGi|
KGiwQj| AÅvGmÁw¼ j fvlvi myweav I Amyweav wbGP ˆ`Iqv
nGjv| M ivbyi ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆh ˆh AvekÅKxq Ask AvGQ Zv wbGP
myweav: AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv:
1. ‰i mvnvGhÅ mivmwi KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv wjsK ˆmKkb: ‰B AsGk ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen†Z wewf®²
hvq| dvskGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq ˆnWvi dvBj mshyÚ Kiv nq|
2. `ËyZ KvR KGi| DcGivÚ ˆcÉvMÉvGg # include <stdio.h> nGœQ wjsK
3. ˆgwkb fvlv AGcÞv mnRmvaÅ | ˆmKkb|
4. ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ mgq Kg jvGM|
5. A͸ ˆgGgvwii cÉGqvRb nq| main() dvskb ˆmKkb: cÉGZÅKwU wm ˆcÉvMÉvGgB ‰KwU
Amyweav: main() dvskb ^vGK| ‰B dvskGbi `ywU Ask iGqGQ|
1. ˆgwkb fvlvi Zzjbvq mnR nGjI ‰GZ ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv mgq h^v- ˆNvlYv Ask I wbeÆvn Ask| ˆNvlYv AsGk ‰B
dvskGbi gGaÅ eÅen†Z mKj Õ©vbxq PjK ˆNvlYv KiGZ
mvGcÞ I KÓ¡mvaÅ | nq| AvGjvPÅ ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆNvlYv AsGk hv AvGQ ZvnGjv-
2. KwÁ·DUvGii wfZGii msMVb RvbGZ nq|
3. ‰K gGWGji KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg AbÅ int a,b, sum;
KwÁ·DUvGi PGj bv| a = 30;
4. ˆhGnZz ‰GK ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nq ZvB ˆcÉvMÉvg
b = 40;
PjGZ mgq ˆewk jvGM|
Avi wbeÆvn AsGk KgcGÞ ‰KwU ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ^vKGZ nq|
cÉk² 21 ivby KwÁ·DUvGi eGm wbGg³vÚ ˆcÉvMÉvgwU UvBc AvGjvPÅ ˆcÉvMÉvGg wbeÆvn AsGk hv AvGQ ZvnGjv-
KiGjb|
sum = a+b;
# include <stdio.h> printf (“1st number = %d\n”,a);
printf (“2nd number = %d \n”,b);
main()
printf (“sum=%d”,sum);
{
Dfq AsGki cÉGZÅK ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi ˆkGl (;) ^vKGZ nq|
clrser ( ) ; dvskGbi mÁ·ƒYÆ Ask w«¼Zxq e®¬bx ev {} «v¼ iv Ave«¬ ^vGK|
int a,b, sum; N ivbyi ˆcvÉ MÉvgwUi ˆKvW weGkÏlY KGi hv hv ˆcjvg ZvnGjv-
1. stdio.h C jÅvãyGqGRi ‰KwU ˆnWvi dvBj| DÚ
a = 30; dvBGj printf() dvskGbi eYÆbv iGqGQ| dGj printf
() dvskb ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅenvi KiGj stdio.h ˆnWvi
b = 40; dvBjwU ˆcÉvMÉvGg A¯¦f~ÆÚ KiGZ nGe| ‰LvGb #
include <stdio.h> wjGL ˆcÉvMÉvGg DÚ ˆnWvi
sum = a+b; dvBjwU mshÚy Kiv nGqGQ|
printf (“1st number = %d\n”,a); 2. main() ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gƒj dvskb| main() ˆ^GK
printf (“2nd number = %d \n”,b); ˆcÉvMÉvGgi KvhKÆ vwiZv ÷i‚ nq| cÉwZwU ˆcÉvMÉvGg
main() dvskb AekÅB ^vKGe|
printf (“sum=%d”,sum);
}
wkLbdj: 5
16 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
3. clrscr ( ) dvskbwU w`Gq KwÁ·DUvGii wÕ˜b cwiÓ•vi 6. a , b ˆfwiGqGeGji gvb `ywUGK ˆhvM KGi sum-‰i
Kiv nGqGQ| gGaÅ ivLv nGqGQ|
4. int w`Gq integer UvBc ˆWUv ˆNvlYv Kiv nGqGQ| 7. printf() dvskbwU KwÁ·DUvGii c`Ævq a ,b , sum-‰i
integer A^Æ nGœQ cƒYÆ msLÅv | gvb cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ eÅen†Z nGqGQ|
5. a = 30;b = 40; ˆfwiGqej BwbwkqvjvBGRkb Kiv
nGqGQ|
cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² cÉk² 23 iweGK C ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰i gvaÅGg gÅvwUÇGÝi àY KiGZ
cÉk² 22 ‘C’ ‰KwU RbwcÉq nvBGjGfj jÅvsàGqR| ‘C’ ejv nGjv| ‰RbÅ Zvi AÅvGi bvgK ‰KwU wmwiR eÅenvi
fvlvq mnGRB AZů¦ RwUj mgmÅv mgvavb Kiv hvq| ivqnvb KiGZ nGjv|
`yBwU msLÅvi gGaÅ e†nîg msLÅv wbYÆGqi RbÅ ‘C’ fvlv eÅenvi
wkLbdj: 4 I 5
KiGQ| wkLbdj: 2 I 5
K. Rvfv Kx? 1
K. nvBGjGfj jÅvsàGqR Kx? 1
L. ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGg switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvGii ˆhŒwÚKZv
L. ˆjvKvj I ˆ™vÏ evj ˆfwiGqej ‰K bq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ fvlvwUi ŠewkÓ¡Å eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
M. iwe ˆh wmwiR eÅenvi Kij ˆm mÁ·GKÆ eÅvLÅv
N. DóxcGK ivqnvGbi ˆcÉvMÉvGg AvGiv ‰KwU PjK evwoGq
KGiv| 3
w`Gj, ZvG`i gGaÅ nGZ ˆQvU msLÅvwU wbYÆGqi RbÅ ‘C’
N. DÚ ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ eÅen†Z AÅvjMwi`gwU weGkÏlY
fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| 4
KGiv| 4
22bs cÉGk²i Dîi
23bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K gvbyGli fvlvi gZ KvQvKvwQ nGœQ nvB ˆjGfj jÅvsàGqR|
nvB ˆjGfj fvlv gvbyl `Ë‚Z wjLGZ, eySGZ I ÕÃiY ivLGZ cvGi| K Rvfv nGœQ AeGRÙ AwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv|
‰wU BsGiwR fvlvi m`†k| D`vniY-C++, BASIC, PASCAL, L ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg else if ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi Abyi…c KvGR A^Ævr
FORTRAN BZÅvw`| ‰KvwaK ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆ^GK wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ mÁ·v`Gbi
L ˆKvb dvskGbi gGaÅ ˆfwiGqej wWGKÑqvi KiGj ZvGK DÚ RbÅ switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq| gƒjZ ˆewk msLÅK else if
dvskGbi ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej ejv nq| ˆKvb dvskGbi gGaÅ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvGii cwieGZÆ switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq|
wWGKÑqvi Kiv ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej DÚ dvskGbi evBGi eÅenvi switch ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi mvG^ AwZwiÚ case, break I default
Kiv hvq bv| ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqeGji KgÆKv´£ ÷aygvò mswkÓÏ ¡ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nGZ cvGi| else if ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ ˆKvGbv
dvskGbB mxgve«¬ ^vGK| mKj dvskGbi evBGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi Kw´£kbvj wKsev wiGjkbvj ‰ÝGcÉkGbi Dci wfwî KGi
÷i‚GZ wWGKÑqvi Kiv ˆfwiGqej ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej ejv nq| DchyÚ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ wbeÆvPb Kiv nq| wK¯¦y switch ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ
ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqejGK mvaviYZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ÷i‚GZB wWGKÑqvi mvaviYZ ˆKvGbv Šea ˆfwiGqeGji gvGbi wfwîGZ DchyÚ
Kiv nq| ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqeGji KgÆKv´£ ˆKvb dvskGbi gGaÅ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ wbeÆvPb Kiv nq|
mxgve«¬ bq eGj ‰GK ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej ejv nq| ‰RbÅB
ejv nq ˆjvKvj I ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej ‰K bq| mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGki² DîGii
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGki² DîGii
M AÅvGi mÁ·GKÆ eÅvLÅv KGiv|
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
M ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg fvlvwUi ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆjL| N w«¼gvwòK AÅvGi eÅenvi KGi AÅvGiGZ 12wU msLÅv (3wU
N wZbwU msLÅvi gGaÅ e†nîg msLÅv wbYÆGqi RbÅ ‘C’ fvlvq ˆiv I 4wU KjvGg) ˆiGL DÚ 12wU msLÅv wcÉ´Ÿ Kivi RbÅ
ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| eÅen†Z AÅvjMwi`gwU ˆjL|
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 17
AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk² {
cÉk² 24 float a,b,x;
#include<stdio.h> clrscr();
#include<cono.h>
void main() printf("Enter the length & width \n");
{
int i, s; scanf("%f %f", &a, &b);
s=0;
for(i=2;i<=100;i=i+2) x=a*b;
{
s=s+i; printf("\n The area is %.2f",x);
}
getch();
} wkLbdj: 5
K. ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYvi wmbUÅvÝ ˆjL| 1
L. wewf®² cÉKvi aËyeK mÁ·GKÆ ˆjL| 2
M. DÚ ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen†Z stdio.h ‰es conio.h ˆKvb ˆKvb
printf(“The sum is=%d”,s); dvskGbi mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
getch(); N. stdio.h ‰es conio.h ˆKb eÅenviwkKLibv dnjGq:G4Q IZv54i
KviY weGkÏlY KGiv|
} 1
cÉk² 27
K. AÅvGi Kx?
int m;
L. i++ ‰es ++ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 main ( )
M. DóxcKwUi ‰KwU ˆdÑvPvUÆ AsKb KGiv| 3 {
N. DóxcKwUGZ for ‰i cwieGZÆ do...while eÅenvi int i ;
KiGj ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi Kx cwieZÆb nGe Zv weGkÏlY Ki
ˆhLvGb i ‰i mGeÆvœP gvb eÅenviKvix KZƇK float n;
wbaÆvwiZ nGe| 4 -----------
-----------
cÉk²25 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿmgƒn mvaviYZ chÆvbyKÌGg function l ( );
Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe mÁ·vw`Z nq| ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ `yB ev }
ZGZvwaK evi mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ weGkl ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq| wkLbdj: 4 I 5 function1()
K. Kw´£kbvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ Kx? {
1 i ;
int
L. DóxcGK BwãZcƒYÆ ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸàGjvi cÉavb ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv
float sum;
ˆjL| 2 -------------
M. DóxcGK ˆh weGkl ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸàGjvi K^v ejv nGqGQ -------------
ZvG`i wmbUÅvÝ ˆjL| 3 } wkLbdj: 5
N. M bs cÉGk²i DîGi wmbUÅvÝàGjvi ˆdvÑ PvUÆ Aâb K. Õ¡ÅvwUK ˆfwiGqej Kx? 1
KGiv| 4 L. wm fvlvq KGg´Ÿm& ˆjLvi wmbUÅvÝ ˆjL| 2
cÉk² 26 #include<stdio.h> M. DÚ ˆcÉvMÉvGg m ‰es i ˆKvb cÉKvi ˆfwiGqej Zv eÅvLÅv
#include<conio.h> KGiv| 3
main() N. DÚ variable-àGjvi ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY Ki| 4
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv gjƒ eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask 1
cçg AaÅvq
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi
cÉk² 1 N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉwKÌqvwU ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi avGci mvG^
wKfvGe mÁ·wKÆZ Zv wbGP AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv
wkLbdj: 5 [Xv. ˆev. 2016] KwÁ·DUvGi cÉwKÌqvKiGYi gvaÅGg mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ
KwÁ·DUvi c«¬wZi DcGhvMx KGi ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv KiGZ nq|
K. KÁ·vBjvi Kx? 1 ZvB ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi mgq cwiKw͸Z fvGe AMÉmi nGZ nq|
‰RbÅ ˆh mKj welGqi cÉwZ jÞ ivLGZ nGe Zv nGjv -
L. AÅvjMwi`g ˆKvwWs-‰i cƒeÆkZÆ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 i. mgmÅv wbw`ÆÓ¡KiY: ˆcÉvMÉvgwU wK mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ
M. DóxcGKi mgmÅvwUi “wm” fvlvq ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL| 3 iPbv Kiv nGe ˆm mgmÅvwUi ‰KwU cwiÓ•vi eYÆbv
DóxcGK ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ|
N. DóxcGKi aviYv ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi avGci mvG^ KxfvGe ii. mgmÅv weGkÏlY: mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvi
cGÉ qvRb wK bv Zv wbYÆq, mgmÅvi KvVvGgvMZ eYÆbv
mÁ·wKÆZ? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 DóxcGK cÕÉ §Z Kiv nGqGQ|
iii. ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBb: mgmÅvi gGWj A^ev MVbMZ eYÆbv
1 bs cÉGk²i Dîi nGZ myweavRbK AÅvjMwi`g ev wm«¬v¯¦KÌg wbaÆviY ‰es
cÉevn wPGòi mvnvqZvq ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cƒYvÆ ã cwiK͸bv
K KÁ·vBjvi nj ‰KwU Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg hv DœPÕ¦Gii DóxcGK cYÉ qb Kiv nGqGQ|
fvlvi Drm ˆcÉvMÉvgGK eÕ§ ˆcÉvMÉvGg Abyev` KGi| iv. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆWGfjcGg´Ÿ ev ˆKvwWs: KwÁ·DUvGii ˆevaMgÅ
fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvGK ˆKvwWs ejv nq| ˆdvÑ PvUÆ I
L AÅvjMwi`g nGœQ ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgmÅv mgvavb Kivi RbÅ AbÅvbÅ welq weGePbv KGi KwÁ·DUvGii fvlvq
‰KwU weGkl c¯©v hv ˆKvwWs ‰i cƒeÆkZÆ| KviY ˆKvwWs wbG`Ækmgƒn mvwRGq ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv KiGZ nGe|
Kivi mgq DÚ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mKj avc mÁ·GKÆ cwiÓ•vi aviYv v. ˆcÉvMÉvg evÕ¦evqb: ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi ci mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK
^vKv cÉGqvRb ZvQvov ˆKvwWs Kiv mÁ¿e bq| cixÞv KGi ˆ`LGZ nq| ‰ mgq cÉGqvRbxq msGkvaGbi
gvaÅGg ˆcÉvMÉvgGK cÉwKÌqvKiGYi RbÅ DchyÚ KGi
A^Ævr AÅvjMwi`g ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv I wbeÆvGni ÷i‚ ˆ^GK ˆkl mÁ·ƒYfÆ vGe ŠZwi KGi wbGZ nGe|
chƯ¦ avcàGjv chvÆqKwÌ gKfvGe wjwce«¬ KGi| KwÁ·DUvGii vi. ˆcÉvMÉvg WKzGgG´Ÿkb: fzj msGkvaGbi ci ˆcÉvMÉvg
mvnvGhÅ ˆKvb mgmÅv mgvavGb ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ‰i ˆÞGò mwVKfvGe KvR KiGj ZvGK Run Program ejv nq ‰es
AÅvjMwi`Ggi f„wgKv AZů¦ ài‚î½cƒYÆ| ‰ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK fwelÅGZ iÞGYi RbÅ wjwce«¬ KiGZ nGe|
vii. ˆcÉvMÉvg iÞYvGeÞY: wewf®² cÉGqvRGb I ˆcÉvMÉvGgi
M DóxcGK mgmÅvwUi “wm” fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wbGP ˆ`Iqv D®w² ZKG͸ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AvaywbKxKiY, cwieZÆb, cwieaÆb,
nGjv- ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fzj msGkvab BZÅvw` KiGZ nGe|
#include <stdio.h> DcGii ‰B avcàGjv DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avGci mvG^
main() mÁ·KÆhyÚ|
{
float c,f;
printf ("Enter value of farenheight=");
scanf("%f", &f);
c = ((f-32)*5/9);
printf ("Value of centigrade is = %f",c);
}
2 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
cÉk² 2 s=s+i;
i=i+3;
# include < stdio.h > }
while(i<=n);
void main ( )
printf("Summation = %d", s);
{ }
int i, s, n; cÉk² 3
printf ("Enter Last Term");
scanf ("%d", &n);
s = 0;
for (i = 1; i < = n; i = i + 3)
s = s + i;
printf ("Summation = % d", s);
} Z¯Ãbv KwÁ·DUvGi C ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi KGi wPò-2 ‰ AswKZ
wkLbdj: 4 I 5 [w`. ˆev. 2016]
K. ˆcÉvMÉvg Kx? 1 welqwUi ˆÞòdj wbYÆq Kij| Hkx wPò-1 ‰i ˆÞòdj avGc
L. ‘wm’ fvlvGK wgW ˆjGfj fvlv ejv nq ˆKb? 2 avGc I wPGòi mvnvGhÅ wbYÆGqi eÅeÕ©v Kij|
M. ˆcÉvMvÉ gwUi ˆdÑvPvUÆ AuvK| 3 wkLbdj: 4 I 5 [Kz. ˆev. 2016]
N. DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvgwU do jyGci gvaÅGgI Kiv mÁ¿e K. ˆcÉvMÉvg Kx? 1
ˆKvwWsmn weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 L. Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg wnGmGe KÁ·vBjvi ˆewk DcGhvMx
2 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGK Hkx wPò-1 ‰i ˆÞòdj wbYÆGqi ˆdÑvPvUÆ
K ˆcÉvMÉvg nGœQ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆKvb mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ AsKb KGiv| 3
avivevwnKfvGe wjwLZ KZàGjv Kgv´£ ev wbG`ÆGki mgwÓ¡| N. Z¯Ãbvi wPòwUi ˆÞòdj wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL| eÅvmvaÆ
L ‘wm’ fvlvGK gaÅg Õ¦Gii fvlv ejv nq ˆKbbv wm ˆcÉvMÉvg I ‰i ˆÞGò djvdGji mZÅZv hvPvB KGiv| 4
3 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
Qvov nvWÆIqÅvi wbq¯¨Y Kiv hvq| KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi
wbq¯¨Y I wmGÕ¡g ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv Kivi RbÅ weU (0,1) chÆvGqi K ˆcÉvMÉvg nGœQ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆKvb mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv nGjv gaÅg Õ¦Gii fvlv| gaÅg Õ¦Gii fvlvi avivevwnKfvGe wjwLZ KZàGjv Kgv´£ ev wbG`ÆGki mgwÓ¡|
gGaÅ Avevi DœP Õ¦Gii fvlvi myweav cvIqv hvq| L Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg wnGmGe KÁ·vBjvi ˆewk DcGhvMx hv
wbGP AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv-
M ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi ˆdvÑ PvUÆ wbGP Aâb Kiv nGjv-
Start KÁ·vBjvi mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGK ‰KevGi Abyev` KGi ‰es
meàGjv fzj ‰KmvG^ cÉ`kÆb KGi| ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGn Kg mgq
Read n jvGM ‰es Abyev`K‡Z ˆcÉvMÉvgwU cƒYÆvã ˆgwkb ˆcÉvMÉvGg
i…cv¯¦wiZ KGi| ‰Qvov ‰Kevi KÁ·vBj A^Ævr i…cv¯¦i Kivi
s=0 ci cybivq KÁ·vBj Kivi cÉGqvRb nq bv dGj Abyev`K
i=1 ˆcÉvMÉvg wnGmGe KÁ·vBjvi ˆewk DcGhvMx|
if NO M DóxcGK wPò-1 ‰i ˆÞòdGji cÉevnwPò wbGP AsKb Kiv
i<=n nGjv-
pPrriinnttss
yes Stop ÷i‚ Ki
s=s+i wòfzGRi evü (A) ‰i
i=i+3 gvc MÉnY
N DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi do jyGci gvaÅGgI Kiv mÁ¿e hv wòfzGRi ˆÞòdj
wbGP eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv-
3
#include<stdio.h> (S) = 4 * A* A
void main()
{ ˆÞòdj (S) QvcvI
int i=1,s=0,n;
printf("Enter Last Term="); ˆkl Ki
scanf("%d",&n);
do
{
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 3
N DóxcGKi Z¯Ãbv ‰i e†Gîi ˆÞòdj wbYÆGqi ˆcÉvMÉvg wbGP M DóxcGK ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvWwUi cÉevnwPò wbGP AsKb Kiv
ˆ`Iqv nGjv - nGjv
#include<stdio.h> ÷i‚ Ki
main()
{ a,b,c ‰i gvb MÉnY
float area, r;
printf("Enter the value of Radious="); nuÅv Is a>b bv
scanf("%f", &r); ?
area = 3.1416* r* r; Is a>c Is b>c
? bv ?
printf("Value of radious=%f", area);
nuÅv c eo msLÅvwU nuÅv
} a eo msLÅvwU QvcvI b eo msLÅvwU
cÉk² 4 QvcvI QvcvI
# inlcude <stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int a, b, c; ˆkl Ki
scanf ("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);
if (a> b) N DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ ‰Kevi gvò printf() eÅenvi KGi
ˆcÉvMÉvgwU evÕ¦evqb mÁ¿e hv wbGP AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv -
{
if(a>c) #include<stdio.h>
int result(int);
printf("%d is largest",a); main()
{
else int a,b,c;
scanf("%d %d %d", &a,&b,&c);
printf ("%d is largest", c); if((a>b) && (a>c))
result(a);
} else if(b>c)
result(b);
else else
result(c);
{ }
int result(int d)
if(b> c) {
printf ("%d is largest",b); printf("%d is large",d);
return 0;
printf("%d is largest", c); }
} DóxcGK jvBGeËwi dvskb printf() gvò ‰Kevi eÅenvi Kiv
nGqGQ|
}
wkLbdj: 4 I 5 [wm. ˆev. 2016]
K. Syntax Error Kx? 1
L. cÉGZÅKevi ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgq KÁ·vBj Kiv
cÉGqvRb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvWwU cÉevnwPò AsKb KGiv| 3
N. ‰Kevi gvò printf() dvskb eÅenvi KGi ˆcÉvMÉvgwU
evÕ¦evqb mÁ¿e weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| 4 cÉk² 5 BmwZqvK AvnGg` C fvlv eÅenvi KGi wZbwU
4 bs cÉGki² Dîi msLÅv ˆhvM Kivi ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi Kivi wP¯¦v KGi| ˆm
K ˆcÉvMÉvg ‰i gGaÅ fvlvi eÅvKiYMZ ˆh mKj fzj ^vGK KGqKevi ˆPÓ¡v KGi mdj bv nGq eo fvB mdUIqÅvi
ZvGK ejv nq Syntax Error|
ˆhgb- ˆcÉvMÉvGg print KgvG´£i cwieGZÆ primt wjLv| BwéwbqvGii kiYvc®² nGj wZwb DÚ ˆcÉvMÉvg Kivi cÉGqvRbxq
L cÉGZÅKevi ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgq KÁ·vBj Kiv cÉGqvRb| ˆKvWàGjv eÅenvi KGi weÕ¦vwiZ eywSGq ejGjb| dGj ˆm Lye
mnGRB ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi KiGZ mÞg nGjv|
KviY KÁ·vBjvi Drm ˆcÉvMÉvgGK eÕ§ ˆcÉvMÉvGg Abyev` KGi wkLbdj: 5 [h. ˆev. 2016]
‰es ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆKvb fzj ^vKGj Zv Rvbvq| ‰Qvov KÁ·vBjvi
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆhGKvGbv fzjövw¯¦ msGkvab KGi| K. 4GL Kx? 1
L. 0, 1 w`Gq ˆjLv fvlv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
4 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
M. DóxcGK ewYÆZ fvlvq mgmÅv mgvavGbi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL| 3 Q. printf("Summation of three number is=%d",
sum); - ‰B dvskbwU ˆcvÉ MÉvGgi djvdj gwbUGii c`Ævq
N. DóxcGKi ˆhvMdj mnGR DcÕ©vcb c«¬wZi Õ¼cGÞ cÉ`kÆb Kivi RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv nq| printf ‰i cvGk
BbfvGUÆW Kgvi (" ") wfZGi ˆh ˆUÝU UvBc Kiv nGe
hywÚ `vI| 4 ˆcÉvMÉvg üeü Zv ˆ`LvGe|
5 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K 4GL gvGb 4th Generation Language ev PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi DóxcGK jvBGeËwi dvskb eÅenvi KGi mnGRB MvwYwZK KvR
fvlv| Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ| djvdj mnGR DcÕ©vcb KivI AGbK
mnRmvaÅ nGqGQ|
L ˆh fvlvq ÷ay 0 I 1 eÅenvi KGi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv nq ZvGK
ˆgwkb fvlv eGj| A^Ævr KwÁ·DUvGii mivmwi ˆevaMgÅ cÉk² 6
fvlvGK ˆgwkb fvlv eGj|
ˆgwkb fvlvq 0 I 1 ‰B `yB evBbvwi Aâ eÅenvi KGi avc-1 : ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚|
mewKQz ˆjLv nq| KwÁ·DUvi ‰Kgvò ˆgwkb fvlvB eySGZ
cvGi| A^Ævr 0 I 1 w`Gq ˆjLv Ggwkb fvlv nGœQ KwÁ·DUvGii avc-2: `yBwU msLÅv co|
ˆgŒwjK fvlv|
avc-3: `yBwU msLÅv ˆhvM KGi cÉ^g msLÅvi mvG^ àY
KGiv|
M DóxcGK ewYÆZ fvlvq mgmÅv mgvavGbi ˆcÉvMÉvg wbGP avc-4: djvdj QvcvI|
ˆ`Iqv nGjv-
avc-5: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl|
#include <stdio.h> wkLbdj: 4 [e. ˆev. 2016]
main()
{ K. KÁ·vBjvi Kx? 1
int a, b, c, sum;
printf ("Enter three integer value:"); L. AvDUcyU dvskb ejGZ Kx eySvq? 2
scanf ("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);
sum = a+b+c; M. DóxcGKi mgmÅvwUi cÉevnwPò eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
printf ("Summation of three number is=%d", sum);
} N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉwKÌqvwU ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avGci mvG^
KxfvGe mÁ·wKÆZ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
6 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
OUTPUT: Enter three integer value: 10 20 30 K KÁ·vBjvi nj ‰KwU Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg hv DœPÕ¦Gii
fvlvi Drm ˆcÉvMÉvgGK eÕ§ ˆcÉvMÉvGg Abyev` KGi|
Summation of three number is= 60
L wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg hLb ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvR mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ
N DóxcGKi ˆhvMdj mnGR DcÕ©vcb Kivi c«¬wZ wbGP KZàGjv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆKvb bvGg ‰KwU eÐGKi gGaÅ ivLv nq ZLb
AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv - ZvGK dvskb ejv nq| Avi AvDUcyU dvskb nGœQ ˆh mKj
dvskb KwÁ·DUvGii gwbUGi ev Õ˜xGb wewf®² ˆUÝU ev
K. #include <stdio.h> - ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wfZGi printf() I djvdj ˆ`Lvq|
scanf() ‰ `yBwU jvBGeËwi dvskb eÅenvi Kivi KviGY
‰B stdio.h bvgK ˆnWvi dvBj eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ| ˆhgb - printf() nGœQ ‰KwU AvDUcyU dvskb KviY printf()
‰i ‘( )’ i gGaÅ double quotation(“ ”) mn hv ˆjLv nGe,
L. main() - KÁ·vBjvi ‰es ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgq wm ˆcÉvMÉvg KÁ·vBj Kivi ci Zv-B Õ˜xGb ˆ`Lv hvGe|
ˆcÉvMÉvg main() dvskb ˆ^GK ÷i‚ nq| ‰B dvskbwUi
gvaÅGg mKj KvR Lye mnGRB Kiv hvq| M DóxcGKi mgmÅvwUi cÉevnwPò wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv-
M. int a, b, c, sum; - PviwU Bw´ŸRvi UvBGci ˆfwiGqej a, b, ÷i‚ Ki
c ‰es sum ‰KB jvBGb Lye mnGR wWGKÑqvi Kiv nGqGQ|
A, B ‰i gvb MÉnY
N. printf (); - gwbUGii c`Ævq AvDUcyU cÉKvGki RbÅ ‰
dvskbwU eÅen†Z nq| ‰i eËvGKGUi wfZGi BbfvGUÆW S = (A+B)*A
Kgvi wfZGi ˆh ˆUÝU UvBc Kiv nGe ˆcÉvMÉvg gwbUGii
c`Ævq üeü Zv ˆ`LvGe| S QvcvI
ˆkl Ki
O. scanf (); - ‰ dvskbwU ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgq wK-ˆevWÆ
ˆ^GK gvb wbGq ˆfwiGqeGj ivLGe|
P. sum = a+b+c; - sum nj AvGiKwU ˆfwiGqej ˆhwUGZ
a,b,c ‰ wZbwU ˆfwiGqeGji gvb ˆhvM KGi ˆh djvdj
nGe Zvi gvb ivLGe|
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 5
N DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ cÉwKÌqvwU ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avGci mvG^ M DóxcGK ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvWwUi AvGjvGK ˆRvo msLÅvi
wKfvGe mÁ·wKÆZ Zv wbGP AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi cÉevnwPò wbGP AsKb Kiv nGjv-
KwÁ·DUvGi cÉwKÌqvKiGYi gvaÅGg mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ #include<stdio.h>
KwÁ·DUvi c«¬wZi DcGhvMx KGi ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv KiGZ nq| void main()
ZvB ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi mgq cwiKw͸Z fvGe AMÉmi nGZ nq| {
int s=0, i=2,n;
‰RbÅ ˆh mKj welGqi cÉwZ jÞ ivLGZ nGe Zv nGjv- printf("Enter the value of total number=");
scanf("%d",&n);
mgmÅv wbw`ÆÓ¡KiY: ˆcÉvMÉvgwU wK mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ iPbv
Kiv nGe ˆm mgmÅvwUi ‰KwU cwiÓ•vi eYÆbv DóxcGK ˆ`Iqv while(i<=n)
nGqGQ|
{
mgmÅv weGkÏlY: mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvi cÉGqvRb wK s=s+i;
bv Zv wbYÆq, mgmÅvi KvVvGgvMZ eYÆbv DóxcGK cÉÕ§Z Kiv i+=2;
nGqGQ| }
printf("the sum of the total number is=%d",s);
ˆcÉvMÉvg wWRvBb: mgmÅvi gGWj A^ev MVbMZ eYÆbv nGZ }
myweavRbK AÅvjMwi`g ev wm«¬v¯¦KÌg wbaÆviY ‰es cÉevn
wPGòi mvnvqZvq ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cƒYÆvã cwiK͸bv DóxcGK cÉYqb N DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi MwZaviv mnGR eySvi Dcvq nGœQ
Kiv nGqGQ| ˆdÑvPvUÆ Aâb Kiv hv wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv
DcGii ‰B avcàGjv ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii avGci mvG^ mÁ·KhÆ yÚ| Start
cÉk² 7 # include < stdio.h >
void main ( ) Read n
{
int s = 0, i = 1, n;
printf("Enter the value of total number :"); s=0
i=1
scanf("%d", & n);
while (i < = n)
{ if No
i<=n pPrriinnttss
s = s + i;
yes
i++;
s=s+i
} i=i+1
printf("The sum of the total numbers is % d\n",s);
getch ( );
} Stop
wkLbdj: 4 I 5 [P. ˆev. 2016]
K. PjK Kx? 1 ‰LvGb ˆdÑvPvUÆwU w`Gq ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGK AvGiv fvGjvfvGe ˆevSv mÁ¿e|
ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ i ‰i gvb 1 ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi ev ‰i gvGbi ˆ^GK eo bv
L. 0, 1 w`Gq ˆjLv fvlv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 nIqv chƯ¦ cÉwZevGi s ‰i mvG^ ˆhvM KGi 1 KGi evovGbv nGqGQ|
M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK ˆRvomsLÅvi ˆhvMdj wbYÆGqi
ˆKvW ˆjL| 3 cÉk² 8 # include < stdio.h >
N. DóxcGKi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi MwZaviv mnGR eySvGbvi Dcvq main ( )
weGkÏlY KGiv| 7 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 4 {
K PjK ev ˆfwiGqej nGjv ˆcÉvMÉvgvi KZ‡ÆK ˆ`qv wKQz weU ev int k, n, sum = 0;
evBU msiÞGYi RbÅ ˆggwi cwimGii ‰KwU bvg, ˆh bvGgi printf ("Input the last term of the series : \n");
AaxGb ˆWUv ivLv nq|
scanf ("%d", & n);
k = 3;
L ˆh fvlvq ÷ay 0 I 1 eÅenvi KGi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv nq ZvGK tanvir : sum = sum + k;
ˆgwkb fvlv eGj| A^Ævr KwÁ·DUvGii mivmwi ˆevaMgÅ
fvlvGK ˆgwkb fvlv eGj| k = k + 3;
if (k < = n) goto tanvir;
printf ("The required sum is : % d", sum);
ˆgwkb fvlvq 0 I 1 ‰B `yB evBbvwi Aâ eÅenvi KGi mewKQz }
ˆjLv nq| KwÁ·DUvi ‰Kgvò ˆgwkb fvlvB eySGZ cvGi| A^Ævr
0 I 1 w`Gq ˆjLv Ggwkb fvlv nGœQ KwÁ·DUvGii ˆgŒwjK fvlv| wkLbdj: 4 I 5 [iv. ˆev. 2016]
K. Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg Kx? 1
L. scanf (“% f ” & a) ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸwU eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
6 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ˆcvÉ MÉvgwUi cÉevnwPò Aâb KGiv|3 cÉk² 9
N. “ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰i cwieGZÆ do-while
Start 1
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv hvq”evÕ¦evqbcƒeÆK DwÚwUi
mZÅZv hvPvB KGiv| 4
8 bs cÉGk²i Dîi Read A, B 2
K ˆh ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ Drm (Source) ˆcÉvMÉvgGK eÕ§ 3
(Object) ˆcÉvMÉvGg cwiYZ Kiv nq ZvGK Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj| AB
L Scanf ("%f", & a)-ˆK wm-ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvq BbcyU A4 A5
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ejv nq| ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gvaÅGg KwÁ·DUviGK ˆKvGbv End 6
Z^Å ˆ`Iqvi RbÅ ‰es ˆWUv mieivn Kivi jGÞÅ Scanf
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq| ‰LvGb %f ˆK floating UvBGci gvb wkLbdj: 4 [gv`&ivmv. ˆev. 2016]
`kwgK chƯ¦ cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ ‰es & a- ˆZ ˆWUv msiÞGYi
wbG`Ækbv ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ| K. KÁ·vBjvi Kx? 1
M wPò wfwîK c«¬wZGZ weGkl KZKàGjv wPGn×i mvnvGhÅ L. nUÕ·U (Hotspot) ‰i eÅenvi ˆÞò eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
ˆKvGbv ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgmÅvi mgvavb Kiv nq ZvGK ˆdvÑ PvUÆ ev
cÉevnwPò ejv nq| M. DóxcGKi cÉ`wkÆZ 3 bs wPGn×i KvR eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGK AvGiKwU BbcyU C ˆhvM KGi AÅvjMwi`gwU
DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ˆcvÉ MÉvgwUi cÉevnwPò Aâb Kiv nGjv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
9 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
Start K KÁ·vBjvi nj ‰KwU Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg hv DœPÕ¦Gii
fvlvi Drm ˆcÉvMÉvgGK eÕ§ ˆcvÉ MÉvGg Abyev` KGi|
Input n
k=3 L nUÕ·U nGœQ ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ IqÅviGjm KfvGiR ‰wiqv|
sum = sum + k mvaviYZ ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ ‰jvKv ev RvqMvGK IqÅviGjm
KwgDwbGKkGbi RbÅ wbaÆvwiZ Kiv nq nUÕ·U ‰i mvnvGhÅ|
k=k+3 ‰i eÅenvi ˆÞò mvaviYZ KGqK wgUvi RyGo nGZ cvGi A^ev
wekvj ‰jvKvmn KGqK wK.wg. ‰jvKv wbGq nGZ cvGi|
If True M DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ 3 bs wPGòi gvaÅGg ˆcÉvMÉvGg wWwmkb
k<=n ˆbqvi RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv nq| mvaviYZ ˆcÉvMÉvg Zvi BbcyUK‡Z
gvb wbGq wK KiGe Zvi wWwmkb ‰B avGc ˆbqv nq| DóxcGKi
False ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh ˆcÉvMÉvgwU Zvi BbcyU`vZvi KvQ ˆ^GK `ywU
BbcyU A I B MÉnY KGi 3 bs wPwn×Z AsGk AvmGe| 3 bs
prPirnint tsusumm wPwn×Z AsGk hw` A ‰i BbcyUK‡Z gvb ˆ^GK B ‰i gvb mgvb
ev eo nq ZvnGj ˆcÉvMÉvGg 4 bs wPwn×Z AsGk PGj hvGe| Avi
Stop hw` A ‰i gvb eo nq ZvnGj ˆcÉvMÉvGg 5 bs wPwn×Z AsGk A ‰i
gvbGK cvwVGq w`Ge| ‰fvGe DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi
N ˆdÑvPvGUÆ 3 bs wPGn×i AskwU KvR KGi ^vGK|
include <stdio.h> N DóxcGK AvGiKwU BbcyU c ˆhvM Kiv nGj ˆmGÞGò
main ( ) BbcyU nGe wZbwU a, b, c| Avgiv ‰GÞGò wZbwUi wfZi ˆ^GK
{ eowU ˆei Kivi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`gwU wjLGev|
int k = 3, n, sum = 0; avc-1 : ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚|
printf ("Input the Last term of the series: \n"); avc-2 : wZbwU msLÅv a, b, I c ‰i gvb MÉnY|
scanf ("% d", & n); avc-3 : cÉ^g msLÅvwU wK w«¼Zxq I Z‡Zxq msLÅvi ˆPGq eo?
do
{ K. nuÅv,
djvdj A^Ævr a eo ‰es 6 bs avGc hvIqv|
sum = sum + k ; L. bv|
k = k + 3;
}
while (k r);
printf { "Rquired sum is: % d" , sum);
}
AZ‰e, DcwiDÚ ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGK if ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi cwieGZÆ do -
while ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mZÅZv hvPvB Kiv
nGjv|
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 7
avc-4 : w«¼Zxq msLÅvwU wK ZZ‡ xq msLÅvi ˆPGq eo? L. bv|
K. nuÅv, avc-5 : djvdj Qvc, Z‡Zxq msLÅvwU A^Ævr c eo|
djvdj Qvc, w«¼Zxq msLÅvwU A^Ævr b eo ‰es 6 bs avc-6 : ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl|
avGc hvIqv|
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AbbÅ cÉGkv² îi
cÉk² 10 N DóxcGKi cÉevnwPGò wZbwU msLÅvi Mo wbYÆGqi RbÅ cÉevn
wPGòi Z‡Zxq cÉZxKwU A^Ævr MvwYwZK cÉwKÌqv KiY wPGn×i
Start wfZGii PjKàGjvGK Mo wbYÆGqi mƒGò cwieZÆb KiGZ nGe|
A^Ævr Mo wbYÆGqi RbÅ avg = (A + B + C)/3 eÅen†Z nGe|
Input
A.B.C wbGP ˆ`LvGbv nGjv:
S=A+B+C Start
Print S
End Input
A.B.C
wkLbdj: 4
K. AÅvjMwi`g Kx? 1 avg = (A + B + C)/3
L. cÉZxK eÅenvGi cÉevnwPò mnR nq- eywSGq ˆjL| 2 Print avg
M. DóxcGKi DGÍÏwLZ ceÉ vn wPGòi cÉwKÌqvwU eÅvLÅv End
Ki| 3 cÉk² 11 ˆKvGbv ‰KwU abvñK msLÅvi dÅvÙwiqvj gvb
wbYÆGqi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdÑvPvUÆ wbGP ˆ`qv nGjv|
N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK wZbwU msLÅvi Mo ˆei Kivi
÷i‚
RbÅ cÉevn wPGò wK cwieZÆb nGe Zv weGkÏlY Ki| 4
10 bs cÉGk²i Dîi n PjGKi gvb MÉnY
K KwÁ·DUvGii mvnvGhÅ ˆKvGbv mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ f = 1 : C =1
mgmÅvwUGK ˆQvU ˆQvU avGc wefÚ KGi hwy ÚmãZfvGe
chÆvqKÌGg wjwce«¬ KivGK AÅvjMwi`g eGj|
L cÉZxK eÅenvGi cÉevn wPò mnR| KviY, cÉZxK ev
wPòwfwîK c«¬wZGZ ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgmÅvi mgvavb cÉevn wPGò
Kiv nq| ˆKbbv wPGòi cÉZxK wbG`kÆ KGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆKvb
Ask nGe BbcyU MÉnY, cÉwKÌqvKiY, I ˆKvbw`GK ˆcÉvMÉvgwU
Flow KiGe| dGj cÉevnwPòwU Lye mnGRB eySv hvq| ZvB
cÉZxK eÅenvGi cÉevn wPò mnR nq|
M DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ cÉevn wPGòi cÉwKÌqvwU eYbÆ v Kiv nGjv:
Start : ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ÷i‚ Kivi RbÅ ‰B wPn×wU eÅen†Z nGqGQ| f=fC
Input A, B, C : ˆcÉvMvGg wZbwU PjGKi RbÅ BbcyU I C=C+1
AvDUcyGUi ˆÞGò ‰B wPn× eÅen†Z nGqGQ|
S= A + B + C : ˆcÉvMÉvGg wZbwU PjGKi gvb ˆhvM Kivi RbÅ C > n? bv
‰B AvqZvKvi cÉZxKwUi mvnvGhÅ MvwYwZK cÉwKÌqvKiGYi KvR nuÅv
Kivi RbÅ eÅen†Z nGqGQ| DóxcGKi BbcyUK‡Z A, B I C
‰i gvb cÉwKÌqvKiY (ˆhvM) KGi Zv S-GZ ivLv nGqGQ| f PjGKi gvb cÉ`kÆb
‰QvovI cÉwKÌqv KiGYi gvb Kx iKg nGe Zv wbG`Æk Kivi
RbÅI DÚ cÉZxKwU eÅenvi Kiv nGq ^vGK| ˆkl
Print S : ‰wU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AvDUcyU wPn× hv «¼viv djvdj S
‰i gvb cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ ‰B cÉZxKwU eÅenZ† nGqGQ| wkLbdj: 5
End : ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mgvwµ¦mƒPK Kivi RbÅ ‰B wPn× eÅen†Z
nGqGQ|
8 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
K. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdÑvPvUÆ Kx? 1 scanf("%d", &n);
L. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdvÑ PvUÆwUGZ Kx Kx cÉZxK eÅenvi Kiv for(c=0; c<=n; c++) {
nGqGQ, wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGiv| 2 f=f*c;
M. ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdvÑ PvUÆwU eÅenvi KGi C fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg }
ˆjL| 3 printf("\n Factorial value is %ld", f);
N. DcGii DóxcKwUGZ C PjGKi cÉv^wgK gvb 0 getch();
aiGj ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi djvdGji Kx AeÕ©v nGe weGkÏlY }
KGiv| 4 DóxcKwUGZ c PjGKi cÉv^wgK gvb 0 aiGj ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi
AvDUcyU 0 AvmGe| myZivs ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ mwVK AvDUcyU
11 bs cÉGk²i Dîi AvmGe bv|
cÉk² 12 Two Dimension Array Elements:
K ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdvÑ PvGUÆ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wewf®² avGci weÕ¦vwiZ weeiY 123
456
wPGòi gvaÅGg cÉ`wkÆZ nq| ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdvÑ PvUÆ eÅenvi KGi 789
ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv Kiv nq| wkLbdj: 5
L cÉevn wPGò AGbK iKg cÉZxK I wPn× eÅenvi Kiv nq| K. AÅvGi Kx? 1
Zvi gGaÅ eüj eÅen†Z wPn×àGjvi eYÆbv wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjvt-
L. AÅvGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RwUjZv Kgvq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
cÉZxK A^Æ cÉZxK A^Æ
M. DóxcGKi AvDUcyGUi AvGjvGK C fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv
Start/End Process
KGiv| 3
Decision Predefin N. DÚ AvDUcyGUi mvG^ AviI wZbwU gvb 10, 11 I 12
ed
Input/Outp hyÚ KiGZ nGj ˆcÉvMÉvGg Kx Kx cwieZÆb KiGZ nGe Zv
ut process
Connect AvGjvPbv KGiv| 4
Direction
of flow or 12 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ‰KB ˆWUv UvBGci KZàGjv ˆfwiGqeGji ˆmUGK AÅvGi
Sort note (Array) eGj|
L ‰KB ˆWUv UvBGci KZàGjv ˆfwiGqeGji ˆmUGK AÅvGi
M ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdÑvPvUÆwU eÅenvi KGi C fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wbGP ejv nq| ZvB AÅvGi ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆfwiGqeGji AvwaKÅ Kgvq|
ˆ`LvGbv nGjv: ‰QvovI AÅvGii Dcv`vbàGjv ˆgGgvwiGZ cvkvcvwk AeÕ©vb
KGi, dGj ‰KB UvBGci ˆWUvàGjv ˆgGgvwiGZ ‰KGò ^vGK
#include<stdio.h> weavq ˆmàGjv wbGq KvR Kivi mgq ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvn `Ë‚Z nq|
#include<conio.h> ZvB ejv hvq AÅvGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RwUjZv Kgvq|
main() M DóxcGK ‰KwU w«¼gvwòK AÅvGi ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| AÅvGiwU
{ cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ C fvlvq ˆKvW wbÁ²i…c:
int n, c; # include<stdio.h>
long f=1;
printf("Enter a number\n"); # include<conio.h>
scanf("%d", &n);
for(c=1; c<=n; c++){ int main()
f=f*c; {
}
printf("\n Factorial value value is %ld", f); int array [3] [3]
getch();
} int i, j;
N DcGii DóxcKwUGZ C PjGKi gvb 0 aGi ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi array [3] [3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}}
djvdGji AeÕ©v wbGP eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv:
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++){
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> for (j = 0; j < 3; j++){
main()
{ printf ("% d", array [i][j]);
int n, c; } printf ("\n");
long f=1;
printf("Enter a number\n"); }
getch();
}
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 9
N DóxcGK ‰KwU w«¼gvwòK AÅvGi ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| M ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg fvlv ‰KwU gaÅg Õ¦Gii fvlv nIqvq ‰i PPÆv
`Þ ˆcÉvMÉvgvi nIqvi cƒeÆkZÆ eGj ˆcÉvMÉvgvi gnGj weGewPZ|
AÅvGiwUGZ bqwU Dcv`vb iGqGQ| AÅvGiwU ŠZwi Kivi mgq ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGg kZÆmvGcGÞ ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ
Kw´£kbvj KG´ŸÈvj eÅen†Z nq| Kw´£kbÅvj KG´ŸÈvGj eÅen†Z kZÆ
ZvB wm ˆcÉvMÉvGg ‰KwU w«¼gvwòK AÅvGi wWGKÑqvi KiGZ nGe| mZÅ nGj ˆcÉvMÉvGg ‰K aiGbi djvdj cvIqv hvq ‰es wg^Åv
nGj AbÅ aiGbi djvdj cvIqv hvq| AbÅZg Kw´£kbÅvj
wm ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ ZvB arrey[3][3] DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ| hw` DÚ KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸàGjv nGœQ:
AvDUcyGUi mvG^ AviI wZbwU gvb 10, 11 I 12 hÚy KiGZ if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
‰ c«¬wZGZ ‰KwU kZÆ mvGcGÞ ‰KwU djvdj cvIqv hvq|
PvB ZvnGj ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ cwieZÆb AvbGZ nGe| ˆhgb, array
if.....else ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
wWGKÑqvi Kivi mgq array[4][3] wjLGZ nGe ‰es ‰ c«¬wZGZ ‰KwU kZÆ mvGcGÞ `ywU djvdGji ˆhGKvGbv
‰KwU djvdj cvIqv hvq| A^Ævr kZÆ mZÅ nGj ‰KwU, wg^Åv
array[4][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {3, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}, {10, 11, 12} nGj AbÅwU|
wjLGZ nGe| ‰QvovI AÅvGiwU wcÉ´Ÿ Kivi mgq ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ else if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ (ev nested if ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ)
‰KvwaK kGZiÆ mvGcGÞ ‰KvwaK djvdj ^vGK ZGe ˆh kZÆwU
cwieZÆb AvmGe| mZÅ nq ÷ay ˆm djvdjwU cvIqv hvq|
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++){ switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
‰wU ˆKvGbv kZÆhyÚ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ bv| gƒjZ ˆgby AvKvGi ‰KvwaK
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++){ Ackb ˆ^GK ‰KwU KvR ˆeGQ wbGq KiGZ ‰ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ
eÅen†Z nq|
printf("%d", array[i][j]);
N ‘wm’ fvlvq Kw´£kbvj KG´ŸÈvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ wnGmGe Pvi aiGbi
} ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰àGjvi gGaÅ ‰KvwaK kZÆ
mvGcGÞ ‰KvwaK djvdj hÚy ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆhLvb ˆ^GK kZÆ mZÅ
printf("\n"); nIqv mvGcGÞ ‰KwU djvdj cvIqv hvGe, ‰i RbÅ else_if
(ev nested if) ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq| wbGP else_if (ev nested
} if) ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi ’wm’ fvlvq ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv Kiv
nGjv:
‰me cwieZÆb KiGj cÉ`î AvDUcyGUi mvG^ 10, 11 I 12 hÚy
/*Example of else_if (nested if) Control*/
nGq wc´É Ÿ KiGe|
#include<stdio.h>
cÉk² 13 gyw®² ‰ eQi KGjGR 1g eGlÆ fwZÆ nGq Z^Å I
#include<conio.h>
ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ welGqi mvG^ cwiwPZ nGqGQ| ‰ welGqi void main()
{
5g AaÅvqwU Zvi KvGQ ‰Kmgq Lye KwVb gGb nGZv| mgq
int Age;
wbGq evmvq PPÆv Kivi KviGY ˆm ‰Lb `Þ ’wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvgvi| printf("Please enter your age: ");
’wm’ fvlvq Kw´£kbvj ˆh ˆKvGbv KvR AbÅG`i ˆPGq Lye Kg scanf("%d", &Age);
if(Age<=0)
mgGq ˆm mgvavb KiGZ cvGi| ˆm AvMvgx eQGii KGjR printf("\nYou have not borned yet!");
chÆvGqi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs cÉwZGhvwMZvq AskMÉnGYi RbÅ cÉÕ¦wy Z else if(Age>0 && Age<=12)
printf("\nYou are a child.");
wbGœQ| ‰ eÅvcvGi Zvi ICT wkÞK Avwid mÅvi ˆKvP wnGmGe
else if(Age>12 && Age<=19)
`vwqZ½ cvjb KiGe| printf("\nYou are a teen ager.");
K. C-fvlvi D«¿veK ˆK? 1 else if(Age>19 && Age<=40)
printf("\nYou are young.");
L. KwÁ·DUvi KxfvGe Abyev`GKi KvR mÁ·®² KGi? 2
else
M. ’wm’ fvlvq DwÍÏwLZ KvR eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
printf("\nWish your long life.");
N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK ’wm’ fvlvi Kw´£kbvj KG´ŸÈvj getch();
ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjL| 4 }
13 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K C-fvlvi D«¿veK ˆWwbm wiwP|
L KÁ·vBjvi `yB avGc Abyev`GKi KvR mÁ·®² KGi| cÉ^g
avGc KÁ·vBjvi Drm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉGZÅKUv jvBb cGo ‰es
AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvGg i…cv¯¦i KGi| w«¼Zxq avGc Dcvî ev ˆWUvi
wfwîGZ AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK wbeÆvn KivGbv nq djvdj
cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ|
10 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
cÉk² 14 M DóxcGKi ˆdvÑ PvGUÆ L= 15 ‰es S = 5 eÅenvi KGi
AÅvjMwi`g wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv:
AviÁ¿
L, S PjGKi gvb MÉnY avc-1 : ÷i‚ Ki|
avb-2 : L = 15 ‰es S = 5
avc-3 : T = L MOD S
awi, T = L % S avc-4 : L = 5 emvB
avc-5 : S = T = 0 emvB
L=S avc-6 : ˆhGnZz S = 0 ˆmGnZz L ‰i gvb nGe M.mv.à
S=T
avc-7 : L ‰i gvb QvcvB
S = 0? avc-8 : ˆkl Kwi|
ZvnGj ‰wUB nGœQ L = 15 ‰es S = 5 ‰i RbÅ cÉ`î
bv ˆdÑvPvGUÆi AÅvjMwi`g|
nÅu v
N DóxcGK L ‰i gvb eo S ‰i gvb ˆQvU BbcyU wbwøZ
M, mv, à L PjGKi
gvaÅGg cÉ`kÆb
mgvµ¦ Kivi eÅeÕ©v KGi ˆdÑvPvUÆ AsKb Kiv nGjv :
wkLbdj: 4 AviÁ¿
K. ˆcÉvMÉvg Kx? 1 L,S PjGKi gvb MÉnY
L. wmGÕ¡g ˆdvÑ PvGUÆi ˆPGq ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdÑvPvUÆ ŠZwi Kiv
ˆewk cÉGqvRb nIqvi KviY eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 L>S bv
M. DóxcGK L = 15 ‰es S = 5 eÅenvi KGi nÅu v N=L
L=S
AÅvjMwi`g wjL| 3 S=N
N. DóxcGK L-‰i gvb eo ‰es S-‰i ˆQvU BbcyU
wbwøZ Kivi eÅeÕ©v KGi ˆdvÑ PvUÆ AsKb KGi Zvi
cÉGqvRbxqZv weGkÏlY Ki| 4 awi, T = L%S
14 bs cÉGk²i Dîi L=S
S=T
K KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg ˆKvb mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ cÉ`î
bv
wbw`ÆÓ¡ I ˆhŒwÚK w`K wbG`ÆkbvàGjvGK ˆcÉvMÉvg ejv nq|
S = 0?
L ˆKvb msÕ©v ev msMVGbi mKj KvGRi avivevwnKZvi wPò
nÅu v
M.mv.à. PjGKi
gvaÅGg cÉKvk
nGœQ wmGÕ¡g ˆdvÑ PvUÆ| AcicGÞ ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi KvGRi mgvµ¦
avivevwnKZvi wPò nGœQ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdvÑ PvUÆ| ‰KwU msMVGbi ‰ c«¬wZ AbymiY KiGj eo msLÅvwU memgq L ‰ ^vKGe|
wmGÕ¡g ˆdÑvPvUÆ me mgq KwÁ·DUvi wbqw¯¨Z bvI nGZ cvGi ˆhGnZz Avgiv L ˆK S «¼viv MOD KiwQ ˆmGnZz eo
‰es ‰wU AZů¦ RwUj nIqvq ‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv Kg| Avevi msLÅvwUGK AekÅB L ‰ ivLGZ nGe| wK¯§ ‰wU bv KiGjI
AGbK eo ˆcÉvMÉvg wWevwMs Kivi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆdvÑ PvUÆ AGbK ˆKvb mgmÅv nGe bv| KviY L ‰i gvb hw` S ‰i ˆPGq ˆQvUI
ˆewk eÅenZ† nq| ZvB ‰wU AGbK ˆewk cÉGqvRbxq| nq cÉ^gevi MOD nIqvi ci L ‰es S ‰i gvb ciÕ·i
cwieZÆb KGi cieZxÆ MOD ‰ L ‰ eo gvbwUB ^vKGe|
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 11
cÉk² 15 2+4+6+ ...............+100 wkLbdj: 4 I 5 cÉk² 16 wnGgj mÅvi ˆkËwYKGÞ covGbvi mgq wkÞv^ÆxG`i
K. Loop Kx? 1 RbÅ ˆgwkb fvlvq ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLj ‰es wkÞv^ÆxG`i ˆmB
L. DóxcKwUi Algorithm wjL| 2 ‰KB ˆcÉvMÉvg AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq wjGL AvbGZ ejj| ciw`b
M. DóxcKwUi Flowchart AuvK| 3 wnGgj mÅvi wkÞv^ÆxG`i AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq ˆjLv ˆcÉvMÉvgwU
N. DóxcKwUGK C language eÅenvi KGi Program ˆ`Lj ‰es g¯¦eÅ Kij AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv
wjL| 4 MZKvGji ˆcÉvMÉvGgi Zzjbvq mnRmvaÅ| wkLbdj: 2
15 bs cÉGk²i Dîi K. AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvGK Abyev` Kivi RbÅ ˆKvb weGkl
mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv nq? 1
K ˆcÉvMÉvGgi Ask weGkl wbw`ÆÓ¡ msLÅK evi ˆKvGbv kGZÆ bv L. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi fvlv ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
ˆcuŒQv chƯ¦ cybive†wî KivGK jywcs ev PKÌ wbq¯¨Y ejv nq| M. wnGgj mÅvGii ˆcÉvMÉvGgi Amyweavmg…n eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
L 2 + 4 +6+ ..................+ 100 avivwUi ˆhvMdj N. wkÞv^Æxiv ˆh fvlv eÅenvi KGiwQj Zvi myweav I
wbYÆGqi RbÅ AÅvjMwi`g
Amyweav weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
avc-1: ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ Kwi|
avc-2: s = 0, i = 2 awi| 16 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
avc-3: s = s + i, i = i + 2 wbYÆq Kwi|
avc-4: hw` i <=100 nq ZGe 3 bs avGc hvB| K AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvGK Abyev` Kivi RbÅ AÅvGmÁ¼jvi
avc-5: s ‰i gvb QvcvB|
avc-6: ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl Kwi| (Assembler) bvgK mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
L KwÁ·DUvi eySGZ cvGi ‰gb wKQy wbw`ÆÓ¡ kõ, msGKZ I
wPn× eÅenvi KGi weGkl wbqgvbymvGi mvwRGq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ
nq| ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwii RbÅ eÅen†Z ‰ mKj kõ, msGKZ, wPn× I
wbqgàGjvGK ‰KGò ˆcvÉ MÉvGgi fvlv eGj|
M DóxcKwUi ˆdÑvPvUÆ nGjv M wnGgj mÅvi ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLvi mgq ˆgwkb fvlv eÅenvi
KGiwQj| ˆgwkb fvlvi Amyweav wbg³i…c:
ˆcÉvMÉvg ÷i‚ 1. ÷ay 0 I 1 eÅenvi Kiv nq eGj ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLv KÓ¡mvaÅ|
2. ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ cÉPzi mgq jvGM|
s = 0, i = 1 3. fyj nIqvi mÁ¿ebv Lye ˆewk ^vGK |
4. fyj-ò‚wU `ƒi Kiv Lye KwVb|
s=s+i 5. KwÁ·DUvGii wfZGii msMVb mÁ·GKÆ cwiÓ•vi aviYv
i=i+2
^vKGZ nGe|
If nuÅv 6. ‰K aiGbi KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg AbÅ aiGbi
i <= n
bv KwÁ·DUvGi eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv|
S N wkÞv^Æxiv ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLvi RbÅ AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlv eÅenvi
KGiwQj| AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvi myweav I Amyweav wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv|
ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆkl myweav:
1. ‰i mvnvGhÅ mivmwi KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv
N #include<stdio.h>
hvq|
#include<conio.h> 2. `ËyZ KvR KGi|
main() 3. ˆgwkb fvlv AGcÞv mnRmvaÅ |
{ 4. ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ mgq Kg jvGM|
int i, s; 5. A͸ ˆgGgvwii cÉGqvRb nq|
s=0; Amyweav:
i=2; 1. ˆgwkb fvlvi Zzjbvq mnR nGjI ‰GZ ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv mgq
while ( a <= 100)
mvGcÞ I KÓ¡mvaÅ |
{ 2. KwÁ·DUvGii wfZGii msMVb RvbGZ nq|
s=s+i; 3. ‰K gGWGji KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvg AbÅ
i=i+2;
} KwÁ·DUvGi PGj bv|
printf("Sum=%d", s); 4. ˆhGnZz ‰GK ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nq ZvB ˆcÉvMÉvg
getch();
} PjGZ mgq ˆewk jvGM|
12 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
m†Rbkxj cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² L ˆKvb dvskGbi gGaÅ ˆfwiGqej wWGKÑqvi KiGj ZvGK DÚ
cÉk² 17 wnGgj ‰KRb KwÁ·DUvi Bwéwbqvi| wZwb hvw¯¨K dvskGbi ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej ejv nq| ˆKvb dvskGbi gGaÅ
wWGKÑqvi Kiv ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqej DÚ dvskGbi evBGi eÅenvi
fvlvq ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGjb| wnGgGji ˆevb kÁ·v AÅvGmÁw¼ j Kiv hvq bv| ˆjvKvj ˆfwiGqeGji KgÆKv´£ ÷aygvò mswkÓÏ ¡
dvskGbB mxgve«¬ ^vGK| mKj dvskGbi evBGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi
fvlvq `Þ| ˆm ‰KB ˆcÉvMÉvg AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq wjLj | wnGgj ÷i‚GZ wWGKÑqvi Kiv ˆfwiGqej ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej ejv nq|
ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqejGK mvaviYZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ÷i‚GZB wWGKÑqvi
ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ˆ`LGjv ‰es g¯¦eÅ Kij AÅvGmÁw¼ j fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv nq| ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqeGji KgÆKv´£ ˆKvb dvskGbi gGaÅ
mxgve«¬ bq eGj ‰GK ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej ejv nq| ‰RbÅB
Kiv cƒGeÆi Zzjbvq mnR| wkLbdj: 2 ejv nq ˆjvKvj I ˆ™Ïvevj ˆfwiGqej ‰K bq|
K. ˆgwkb fvlv Kx? 1 mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
L. ˆgwkb fvlvi myweav ˆjL| 2
M. wnGgj I kÁ·v ˆh fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjGLGQ ZvG`i gGaÅ
cv^ÆKÅ wbG`Æk KGiv| 3
N. wnGgGji g¯¦GeÅi h^v^ÆZv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
17 bs cÉGk²i Dîi RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGki² DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
K KwÁ·DUvGii mivmwi ˆevaMgÅ fvlvGK ˆgwkb fvlv eGj| M ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg fvlvwUi ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆjL|
‰B fvlvq ÷ay gvò 0 ‰es 1 eÅenvi Kiv nq eGj ‰i mvnvGhÅ N wZbwU msLÅvi gGaÅ e†nîg msLÅv wbYÆGqi RbÅ ‘C’ fvlvq
mivmwi KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv hvq|
ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL|
L ˆgwkb fvlvi myweavmgnƒ wbÁ²i…c: cÉk² 19 iweGK C ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰i gvaÅGg gÅvwUÇGÝi àY KiGZ
1. mivmwi KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv hvq| ejv nGjv| ‰RbÅ Zvi AÅvGi bvgK ‰KwU wmwiR eÅenvi
2. ˆgwkb fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjGL Zv wbeÆvGni RbÅ ˆKvGbv cÉKvi KiGZ nGjv| wkLbdj: 4 I 5
Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉGqvRb nq bv| K. Rvfv Kx? 1
3. `ËyZ KvR KGi | L. ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvGg switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvGii ˆhŒwÚKZv
4. AwZ A͸ ˆgGgvwii cÉGqvRb nq| eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
5. KwÁ·DUvGii wfZGii MVb fvGjvfvGe eySGZ nGj ‰B M. iwe ˆh wmwiR eÅenvi Kij ˆm mÁ·GKÆ eÅvLÅv
fvlv RvbGZ nq | KGiv| 3
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii N. DÚ ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGZ eÅen†Z AÅvjMwi`gwU weGkÏlY
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe KGiv| 4
M ˆgwkb fvlvi mÁ·GKÆ wjGLv| 19 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
N ˆgwkb I AÅvGmÁ¼wj fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvq ZzjbvgƒjK K Rvfv nGœQ AeGRÙ AwiGqG´ŸW ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv|
L ‘wm’ ˆcÉvMÉvg else if ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi Abyi…c KvGR A^Ævr
weGkÏlY KGiv|
cÉk² 18 ‘C’ ‰KwU RbwcÉq nvBGjGfj jÅvsàGqR| ‘C’ ‰KvwaK ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ˆ^GK wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ mÁ·v`Gbi
fvlvq mnGRB AZů¦ RwUj mgmÅv mgvavb Kiv hvq| ivqnvb RbÅ switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq| gƒjZ ˆewk msLÅK else if
`yBwU msLÅvi gGaÅ e†nîg msLÅv wbYÆGqi RbÅ ‘C’ fvlv eÅenvi ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅenvGii cwieGZÆ switch ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq|
wkLbdj: 2 I 5 switch ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿi mvG^ AwZwiÚ case, break I default
KiGQ| 1 ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nGZ cvGi| else if ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ ˆKvGbv
K. nvBGjGfj jÅvsàGqR Kx?
L. ˆjvKvj I ˆ™vÏ evj ˆfwiGqej ‰K bq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 Kw´£kbvj wKsev wiGjkbvj ‰ÝGcÉkGbi Dci wfwî KGi
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ fvlvwUi ŠewkÓ¡Å eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 DchyÚ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ wbeÆvPb Kiv nq| wK¯¦y switch ˆÕ¡UGgG´Ÿ
N. DóxcGK ivqnvGbi ˆcÉvMÉvGg AvGiv ‰KwU PjK evwoGq mvaviYZ ˆKvGbv Šea ˆfwiGqeGji gvGbi wfwîGZ DchyÚ
w`Gj, ZvG`i gGaÅ nGZ ˆQvU msLÅvwU wbYÆGqi RbÅ ‘C’ ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ wbeÆvPb Kiv nq|
4 mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjL| RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGki² DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
18 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K gvbyGli fvlvi gZ KvQvKvwQ nGœQ nvB ˆjGfj jÅvsàGqR| M AÅvGi mÁ·GKÆ eÅvLÅv KGiv|
nvB ˆjGfj fvlv gvbyl `Ë‚Z wjLGZ, eySGZ I ÕÃiY ivLGZ N w«¼gvwòK AÅvGi eÅenvi KGi AÅvGiGZ 12wU msLÅv (3wU
cvGi| ‰wU BsGiwR fvlvi m`†k| D`vniY-C++, BASIC, ˆiv I 4wU KjvGg) ˆiGL DÚ 12wU msLÅv wcÉ´Ÿ Kivi RbÅ
PASCAL, FORTRAN BZÅvw`|
eÅen†Z AÅvjMwi`gwU ˆjL|
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv 13
AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk² cÉk² 23 ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿmgƒn mvaviYZ chÆvbyKÌGg
cÉk² 20 AvwZK I bvwdqv fvB ˆevb| bvwdqv Zvi KÑvGmi Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe mÁ·vw`Z nq| ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ `yB ev
eBGZ cGoGQ c†w^ex mƒGhÆi Pvwiw`GK ˆNvGi 365 w`b 5 N´Ÿv
48 wgwbGU| 365 w`Gbi evowZ mgq mg¯¼q Kivi RbÅ Pvi ZGZvwaK evi mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ weGkl ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq|
wkLbdj: 4 I 5
K. Kw´£kbvj ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ Kx? 1
eQi ci ‰KwU w`b evowZ ˆhvM KiGZ nq hvGK eGj wjc- L. DóxcGK BwãZcƒYÆ ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸàGjvi cÉavb ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv
Bqvi| ˆm Zvi fvB AvwZKGK cÉk² Kij ZvnGj 2013 nGZ ˆjL| 2
5000 eQi AvGMi eQiwU Kx mvj wQj? AvwZK mgmÅvwU M. DóxcGK ˆh weGkl ˆÕ¡UGg´ŸàGjvi K^v ejv nGqGQ
mgvavb Kivi RbÅ ‰KUv ˆQvGUv ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLj| ZvG`i wmbUÅvÝ ˆjL| 3
wkLbdj: 4 I 5 N. M bs cÉGk²i DîGi wmbUÅvÝàGjvi ˆdvÑ PvUÆ Aâb
K. KÁ·vBjvi Kx? KGiv| 4
L. ˆcÉvMÉvwgs BbfvqibGgG´Ÿi cÉGqvRbxqZv eÅvLÅv
cÉk² 24 #include<stdio.h>
KGiv|
#include<conio.h>
main()
M. AvwZK ˆcÉvMÉvgwU KxfvGe wjGLGQ? {
N. mgmÅvwUi ‰KwU AÅvjMwi`g ˆjL| float a,b,x;
clrscr();
cÉk² 21 ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvwWs fzj ˆLuvRv msGkvab printf("Enter the length & width \n");
scanf("%f %f", &a, &b);
mgmÅv bs 1 x=a*b;
n chƯ¦ msLÅvi ˆhvMdj wbYÆq printf("\n The area is %.2f",x);
getch();
KiGZ nGe|
wkLbdj: 4 }
K. Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg KvGK eGj? 1 wkLbdj: 5
K. ˆfwiGqej ˆNvlYvi wmbUÅvÝ ˆjL| 1
L. %f ejGZ Kx eySvq? 2
L. wewf®² cÉKvi aËyeK mÁ·GKÆ ˆjL| 2
M. mgmÅv bs 1 ‰i AvGjvGK AÅvjMwi`g eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
M. DÚ ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen†Z stdio.h ‰es conio.h ˆKvb ˆKvb
N. ˆcÉvMÉvg D®q² Gb ˆdÑvPvUÆwUi KvhKÆ vwiZv gjƒ Åvqb Ki|4
dvskGbi mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. stdio.h ‰es conio.h ˆKb eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ Zvi
cÉk² 22 KviY weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
#include<stdio.h> cÉk² 25
#include<cono.h> int m;
void main() main ( )
{ {
int i, s; int i ;
s=0; float n;
for(i=2;i<=100;i=i+2) -----------
{ -----------
s=s+i; function l ( );
} }
function1()
printf(“The sum is=%d”,s); {
getch(); int i ;
} float sum;
wkLbdj: 4 I 5
-------------
K. AÅvGi Kx? 1 -------------
L. i++ ‰es ++ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 }
wkLbdj: 5
K. Õ¡ÅvwUK ˆfwiGqej Kx? 1
M. DóxcKwUi ‰KwU ˆdÑvPvUÆ AsKb KGiv| 3
L. wm fvlvq KGg´Ÿm& ˆjLvi wmbUÅvÝ ˆjL| 2
N. DóxcKwUGZ for ‰i cwieGZÆ do...while eÅenvi
M. DÚ ˆcÉvMÉvGg m ‰es i ˆKvb cÉKvi ˆfwiGqej Zv
KiGj ˆcÉvMÉvgwUi Kx cwieZÆb nGe Zv weGkÏlY Ki
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
ˆhLvGb i ‰i mGeÆvœP gvb eÅenviKvix KZƇK wbaÆvwiZ
N. DÚ variable-àGjvi ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY Ki| 4
nGe| 4
ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g gjƒ eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask 1
lÓ¤ AaÅvq
ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AbbÅ cÉGk²vîi
cÉk² 1 ejv AvGQ Number UvBGci| Student ˆUweGj evwK `ywU wdΣ
Std_Name ‰es Std_Address ‰i ˆWUv UvBc nGœQ Text ev
Students Table Result Table Character UvBGci| Avevi Result ˆUweGjI cÉvBgvwi wK nGjv
Std_ID hv ‰KwU Number UvBGci ˆWUv wdΣ| Avi evwK `yGUv
Std_ID Number (10), Std_ID Number (10), wdΣ DoB ‰es Std_GPA ‰i ˆWUv UvBc nGœQ Number ev
Numeric UvBGci|
Std_Name Char (30), DoB Date,
Std_Address Char (100); Std_GPA Number (5);
wkLbdj: 5
K. wK wdΣ Kx? 1
L. ˆWUvGeR ˆUwej wWRvBGb wdΣ UvBc wbeÆvPGbi ài‚Z½ cÉk² 2 aiv hvK, ˆZvgvG`i jvBGeËwiGZ AmsLÅ eB iGqGQ|
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 cÉGZÅKwU eBGqi UvBGUj, eBGqi ˆjLK (‰K ev ‰KvwaK)|
M. DwÍÏwLZ ˆUwej `ywUGZ Kx aiGbi wiGjkb nGZ cÉKvkK, cÉKvkbvi eQi, cvZv msLÅv ‰es gƒjÅ iGqGQ|
cvGi? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 ˆZvgvG`i Õ•zGji ˆh ˆKvGbv Qvò/Qvòx jvBGeËwi ˆ^GK
N. ˆUwej `ywUGZ cÉvBgvwi wdΣmn mKj wdGΣi ˆWUv ˆhGKvGbv eB wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGqi RbÅ avi wbGZ cvGi| eB avi
UvBc weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 ˆbqvi RbÅ Qvò/Qvòxi RbÅ KvWÆ ˆ`LvGZ nq hv «¼viv
1 bs cÉGk²i Dîi jvBGeËwiqvb ‰KRb Qvò/QvòxGK kbvÚ KiGZ cvGi|
K dvBj ev ˆWUvGeGRi ˆiKWÆ LyuGR ˆei Kivi RbÅ ˆh Qvò/Qvòxi RbÅ KvGWÆ Zvi ID KvWÆ bvÁ¼vi, bvg, KÑvm, ˆivj
Aw«Z¼ xq wdΣ eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK wK wdΣ eGj|
bvÁ¼vi, R¯Ã ZvwiL ˆjLv ^vGK| DcGivÚ AvGjvPbvi wfwîGZ
L ˆWUvGeGRi ˆUwej wWRvBGb LyeB ài‚Zc½ ƒYÆ eÅvcvi nGœQ cÉGqvRbxq Z^Å msiÞY ‰es eÅeÕ©vcbvi RbÅ ˆWUvGeR ŠZwi
cÉGZÅKwU wdGΣi wdΣ UvBc wbavÆ iY Kiv| dvBGj eÅen†Z
wdΣmgGƒ ni mÁ¿veÅ ˆWUvi aiY, ˆWUvi diGgU I wdGΣi Š`NÆÅ KiGZ nGe| bZyb ˆWUvGeR ŠZwii wbwgGî wbÁ²wjwLZ
BZÅvw` wbaÆviY KGi ˆWUv ‰w´ŸÈ KiGZ nq| ‰i dGj ˆWUvi
ˆWwjGWkb wbwøZ Kiv hvq| KviY Kvw›ÞZ ˆWUvi RbÅ cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI: wkLbdj: 5 I 6
DchyÚ ˆWUv UvBc wbeÆvPb bv Kiv nGj ˆWUvGeGRi DGókÅ
eÅnZ nGe| K. ˆUwej Kx?
L. DcGivÚ ˆWUvGeRwU ŠZwi KiGZ KqwU ˆUwej
cÉGqvRb nGe? ˆUwejàGjvi bvg ‰es cÉwZwU
ˆUweGji wdΣ/ AÅvwUÇweDU bvgàGjv ˆjL|
M DóxcGK `ywU ˆUweGji K^v ejv AvGQ| ‰KwU nGœQ M. ˆUwejàGjvi gGaÅ Kx aiGbi wiGjkbwkc (One to
Students table ‰es AbÅwU nGœQ Result table| Students ˆUweGj
Students-ˆ`i hveZxq Z^Å ivLv AvGQ ‰es Result ˆUweGj One , One to many or Many to many) Zv eÅvLÅv
cÉGZÅKwU Student ‰i result Rgv ^vKGe| `ywU ˆUwejB Std_ID
bvGg ‰KwU mvaviY AÅvwUÇweDU iGqGQ| ‰LvGb Students KGiv|
ˆUweGji Std_ID, Result ˆUweGji dGib wK wnGmGe eÅen†Z
nGqGQ| ˆhGnZz ‰KwU gvò Student ‰i ˆKej ‰KwUB result N. Rasel bvGgi ‰KRb Qvò Kx Kx avi wbGqGQ Zv LuyGR
nIqv mÁ¿e ˆmGnZz ‰B `ywU ˆUweGji gvGS one-to-one wiGjkb
nIqv mÁ¿e| ˆei Kivi RbÅ SQL Kgv´£ ˆei KGiv|
2 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ciÕ·i mÁ·KÆhyÚ `yB ev ZGZvwaK ˆiKWÆ wbGq MwVZ nq
ˆUwej hvi ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ bvg ^vGK|
N DóxcGK `ywU ˆUwej iGqGQ| Student ˆUwej ‰es Result L DcGivÚ ˆWUvGeRwU ŠZwi KiGZ ˆgvU 4wU ˆUwej cÉGqvRb
ˆUwej| ˆWUvGeGR cÉGZÅKwU ˆUweGj cÉwZwU ‰bwUwUGK nGe| ˆUwejàGjvi bvg nGe Student Table, Book Table,
AbbÅfvGe mbvÚ KiGZ nGj ˆh wdGΣi cÉGqvRb nq ˆmwU
nGœQ cÉvBgvwi wdΣ| DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ˆUwej `ywUGZI `ywU Issue_Master Table, Issue_Details Table|
cÉvBgvwi wdΣ iGqGQ| cÉ^g ˆUwejwUGZ Std_ID bvGg ‰KwU Student Table-‰i AÅvwUÇweDUàGjv nGe wbÁ²i…c:
‰bwUwU AvGQ| ‰wU cÉGZÅKwU Student-ˆK AbbÅfvGe mbvÚ
KiGZ cvGi| ZvB ‰wU ‰KwU cÉvBgvwi wdΣ| ‰i ˆWUv UvBc ID_Card_Number, Student_Name, Student_Class,
Student_Roll_No, Student_Date_of_Birth
Book Table-‰i AÅvwUÇweDUàGjv nGe wbÁ²ic… :
Book_Title, Book_Writer, Publisher, Published_Year, Page,
Price
2 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
Issue_Master Table-‰i AÅvwUÇweDUàGjv nGe wbÁ²i…c: 3 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
Issue_Mst_ID, Issue_Mst _Date, Issue_Mst _No, Issue_Mst K ˆWUvGeR nj ‰K ev ‰KvwaK dvBj ev ˆUwej wbGq MwVZ
ciÕ·i mÁ·KÆhyÚ wKQy ˆWUv|
_ID_Card_Number
Issue_Details Table-‰i AÅvwUÇweDUàGjv nGe wbÁ²i…c:
Issue_Dtl_ID, Issue_Mst_ID, Issue_Dtl_Book_Title, L ˆWUvGeGR iwÞZ ZG^Åi wbivcîvi RbÅ ˆWUvGeR
Issue_Dtl_Book_Quantity, Issue_Dtl_Book_return_date. wmwKDwiwU `iKvi| ˆMvcbxqZv ˆWUvGeR wmwKDwiwUi ‰KwU
AbÅZg Dcvq| ˆWUvGeGR Z^Å ‰gbfvGe ivLv nq hvGZ
M ˆhGnZz ‰KRb Qvò ‰KB ZvwiGL ‰KvwaK eB wbGZ AbvKvw›ÞZ ˆKD ˆmwU eySGZ bv cvGi| ‰i gGaÅ ˆWUv
cviGe| ZvB BmyÅ gvÕ¡vi ˆUweGji mvG^ BmyÅ wWGUBj ˆUweGji ‰bwKÌckb ˆKŒkj AbÅZg| ˆWUvGeGR iwÞZ ˆWUv ˆhb
One to One mÁ·KÆ nGe| Avevi ‰KB Qvò wewf®² mgGq eB evwnGii ˆKD ‰GÝm ‰es cwieZÆb bv KiGZ cvGi ˆmRbÅ
wbGZ cviGe| ZvB Õ¡zGW´Ÿ ˆUweGji mvG^ BmyÅ gvÕ¡vi ˆMvcbxqZv iÞv AekÅB ˆWUvi wbivcîvi ‰KwU AbÅZg
ˆUweGji One to One mÁ·KÆ nGe| Avevi ‰KB eB wf®² wf®² nvwZqvi|
mgGq evi evi BmyÅ KiGZ nGe ZvB eyK ˆUweGji mvG^ BmyÅ
wWGUBj ˆUweGji One to One mÁ·KÆ nGe| ˆUwejàGjvi gGaÅ M cjvkGK Zvi wkÞK A section bvGg ‰KwU ˆWUvGUwej
ŠZwi KiGZ eGj| ˆh ˆUwejwUGZ bvg, ˆivj, wcZvi bvg,
wiGjkbwkc wbGÁ² wPGòi gvaÅGg ˆ`LvGbv nGjv R¯ÃZvwiL ‰B PviwU wdΣ ^vKGe| ‰GÞGò cjvkGK ZvnGj
bZzb ˆUwej ŠZwii Kgv´£ eÅenvi KiGZ nGe| bZzb ˆUwej
Student Table 1 1 Issue Master Table ŠZwi KiGZ ˆMGj SQL ‰ "create table" Kgv´£ eÅenvi KiGZ
ID_Card_No Issue_Mst_ID nq| ZvnGj cjvkGK ˆh SQL Kgv´£ eÅenvi KGi ˆUwejwU
Student_Name ŠZwi KiGZ nGe Zv wbÁ²i…c :
Student_Class Issue_Mst _Date
Student_Roll_No
Student_Date_of_Birth ? Issue_Mst _No
Issue_Mst_ID_Card_Number
Book Table 1 ? Issue_Details Table Create table A_ section (
Book_ID ? Issue_Dtl_ID Name char (2u),
Issue_Mst_ID Roll numeric (5),
Book_Title father's_ name Char (20),
Data_of_birth Date);
Book_Writer Issue_Dtl_Book_ID
‰fvGe cjvk Zvi ˆUwejwU ŠZwi KiGZ cviGe|
Publisher Issue_Dtl_Book_Quqntity
Published Year Issue_Dtl_Book_return_date
Page_No
Price
wPò: jvBGeËwiGZ eB BmyÅ Kivi RbÅ ˆUwej«¼Gqi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ N DóxcGK ‰Kv`k ˆkwÉ Yi RbÅ `yBwU ˆWUvGUwej ŠZwii K^v
ejv AvGQ| ˆUwej `ywU nGœQ A section ‰es B section| ‰i
N SQL-‰i gvaÅGg Rasel bvGgi ‰KRb Qvò Kx Kx avi gGaÅ cÉ^g ˆUwejwUGZ PviwU wdΣ AvGQ hvi gGaÅ R¯Ã ZvwiL
wbGqGQ Zv LuyGR ˆei Kivi RbÅ SQL Kgv´£ nGjv- AbÅZg ‰es w«¼Zxq ˆUwejwUGZ wZbwU wdΣ iGqGQ hvi gGaÅ
ˆRjvi bvg AbÅZg| hw` Avgiv `yBwU ˆUweGji mg®¼Gq cÉvµ¦
SELECT BOOK_TITLE ˆKvb Z^Å ˆcGZ PvB ZGe ˆmGÞGò AvgvG`i ˆUwej `ywUGK
FROM Issue_Master,Issue_ Details, Book, Student "Natural Join" KiGZ nGe| ‰LvGb R¯Ã ZvwiL A section
WHERE ˆUwej ‰es ˆRjvi bvg B section ˆUweGj iGqGQ| ZvB ˆKvb
Issue_Master.Issue_Mst_ID=Issue_Details.Issue_Mst_ID wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆRjvi wkÞv^ÆxG`i R¯Ã ZvwiL LyuRGZ nGj Zvi RbÅ
AND Issue_Dtl_Book_ID =Book_ID SQL Kgv´£ wbÁ²i…c :
AND ID_Card_No=Issue_Mst_ID_Card_Number
AND Student_Name="RASEL”; Select Date_of_birth
cÉk² 3 wkÞK cjvkGK ‰Kv`k ˆkÉwYi ˆWUvGeGR A from A section natural join B section
section bvGg ‰KwU ˆWUvGUwej ŠZwi KiGZ w`j| ˆh Where District = "";
ˆWUvGUweGj bvg, ˆivj, wcZvi bvg, R¯ÃZvwiL ‰B PviwU wdΣ ZvnGj ‰Lvb ˆ^GK Avgiv ˆUwej `ywUi mg®¼Gq AvgvG`i
Kvw›ÞZ ˆWUv ˆcGZ cvwi|
wÆQj| Aci w`GK wkgyjGK H ‰KB ˆWUvGeGR B section bvGg
‰KwU ˆWUvGUwej ŠZwi KiGZ w`j| ˆh ˆWUvGUweGj ˆivj,
ˆRjvi bvg, elÆ D®²qGb cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼imgƒn wQj| wkLbdj-6
K. ˆWUvGeR wK? 1 cÉk² 4 ˆiRqvbv AvÚvi wiRy ‰KRb miKvwi KgÆKZvÆ |
L. ˆMvcbxqZvB ˆWUvi wbivcîvi cÉavb nvwZqvi-eÅvLÅv
Ki| 2 wZwb gvbe mÁ·` D®²qb Awa`µ¦Gii ‰KRb µÏÅvwbs Awdmvi|
M. DóxcK AbymvGi cjvGki ˆUwej ŠZwii avcàGjv wKQyw`b AvGMI wZwb AwdGmi mgÕ¦ KvGRi RbÅ LvZvcò
eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 eÅenvi KiGZb| ‰GZ Zvi KvGRi AGbK mgmÅv nGZv| wK¯¦y
N. DóxcK AbymvGi ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆRjvi wkÞv^ÆxG`i ‰Lb ˆWUvGeR mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi KGib ‰es ZvGZ mKj
R¯ÃZvwiL mÁw¼ jZ ‰KwU dvBj wKfvGe ŠZwi Kiv aiGbi Z^Å I Dcvî aviY KGi ivGLb| ‰GZ Zvi KvR
mÁ¿e weGkÏlY Ki| 4 AGbKvsGk mnR nGq ˆMGQ| wkLbdj: 1
ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g 3
K. ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g Kx? 1 AwdmKgxÆ msMÉn KGi cÉGqvRbxq ˆWUv ˆhgb- bvg, RvZxqZv,
L. ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g-‰i KvRàGjv Kx Kx? 2 agÆ BZÅvw` msiÞY KGi|
M. DóxcGK ˆiRqvbv AvÚvi wiRy ˆKb ˆWUvGeR mdUIqÅvi AwdGmi KgÆPvix I KgÆKZÆvi cG`v®²wZ ˆWUv ŠZwi Kivi RbÅ
wnDgÅvb wiGmvmÆ gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡Gg LyeB mnvqK| wnDgÅvb
eÅenvi ÷i‚ KGib? KviYmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
wiGmvmÆ ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g KgxÆi ˆiKWÆ msiÞY,
N. DóxcGK ˆiRqvbv AvÚvi wiRy AwdGm ˆWUvGeR
KgxÆ gƒjÅvqb I KgÆKZÆv-KgÆPvixG`i cÉwkÞY mÁ·GKÆ
mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kivi dGj ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ
cÉGqvRbxq ˆWUv msiÞY Kiv hvq| KgÆKZvÆ -KgÆPvixi myweav I
wmGÕ¡g-‰i Kx Kx ŠewkÓ¡Å cwijwÞZ nGqGQ? hywÚmn
ÞwZcƒiY BZÅvw` eÅeÕ©vcbvi `vwqZ½ cvjb KGi|
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 ‰me KvRmgƒn wnDgÅvb wiGmvmÆ gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡Gg (HRMS)
AwZ mnGR Kiv hvq ‰es ˆiRqvbv AvÚvi wiRy gvbe mÁ·`
4 bs cÉGki² Dîi D®²qb Awa`µ¦Gii RbÅ wZwb ‰wU eÅenvi KGib| dGj Zvi
mgq mvkÉq nq I KvGRi fzGji nvi AGbK KGg hvq|
K ˆWUvGeR ŠZwi, cwieZÆb, msiÞY ‰es cwiPvjbv nGjv
ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g| ‰me KvR Kivi RbÅ cÉk² 5
ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
L ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡Ggi KvRmgƒn nGjv (2) ICT
1. cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx ˆWUvGeR ŠZwi Kiv Bangla
2. bZyb ˆWUv/ˆiKWÆ A¯¦fÚzÆ Kiv Reza Physics
3. ˆWUvi evüjÅZv KgvGbv Chemistry
4. ˆWUvi evbvb I msLÅvi fzj Abym®¬vb I msGkvab Kiv Moni
5. wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆiKWÆ mvwPÆs ‰es ˆWUv KzGqwi Kiv
6. ˆWUv WzwµGÏ Kkb KgvGbv Rony (1)
7. ˆWUvGeR nvjbvMv` (AvcGWU) Kiv| Prokash
Teachers Database Course Database
wkLbdj: 5
K. ˆWUvGeR wiGjkb Kx? 1
L. ˆWUvGeR wiGjkGbi kZÆmgƒn wjL| 2
M AwdGm ˆiRqvbv AvÚvi wiRy ˆWUvGeR ŠZwi Kivi RbÅ M. DóxcGKi wbG`ÆwkZ-1 Kx aiGbi wiGjkb nGZ
wnDgÅvb wiGmvmÆ gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g (HRMS) eÅenvi KGib|
ˆKvGbv ‰´ŸvicÉvBGRi ev AwdGmi gvbemÁ·` KvhÆKÌgàGjvGK cvGi? eYÆbv Ki| 3
wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ ‰ mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
1. wnDgÅvb wiGmvmÆ gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ N. DóxcGK DcwÕ©Z-2 ˆKb Many to one wiGjkb nGe
wmGÕ¡gwU AwZ mnGR AwdGmi KvRGK AGbK mnR I `Ë‚ZZi
KGi| KgÆPvixG`i mvG^ eÅeÕ©vcbv KZ‡ÆcGÞi ˆhvMvGhvGMi bv ˆZvgvi DîGii Õc¼ GÞ hywÚ `vI| 4
gvaÅg wnGmGe ‰ wmGÕ¡gwU KvR KGi| ‰LvGb ‰gµÏwq 5 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
wiGjkbwkc gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡gI A¯¦fzÆÚ| AwdmKgxÆ msMÉn,
cG`v®²wZ, KgxÆi ˆiKWÆ msiÞY, KgxÆ gƒjÅvqb, KgÆKZÆv K ˆWUvGeGRi wewf®² ‰bwUwUi gGaÅ ˆh mÁ·KÆ Õ©vcb Kiv
KgÆPvixG`i cÉwkÞY ‰es ‰G`i myweav I ÞwZcƒiY BZÅvw` nq ZvGK ˆWUvGeR wiGjkb eGj|
eÅeÕ©vcbvi `vwqZ½ cvjb KGi| ‰KwU wnDgÅvb wiGmvmÆ
gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi ˆhme welq A¯¦fzÆÚ KGi ^vGK L ˆWUvGeGR wiGjkb ŠZwii kZÆmgƒn nGjv
Zv wbÁ²i…c@ i. ˆUwejmgƒGni ‰KwU Kgb wdΣ ^vKGe ˆhLvGb wdGΣi bvg,
Payroll WvUv UvBc, wdΣ mvBR, diGgU ‰KB nGe|
Time and attendance ii. wiGjkbvj ˆWUvGUweGji ‰KwU wdΣ ˆK cÉvBgvwi wK
Performance appraisal
Benefits adminstration wnGmGe wPwn×Z KiGZ nGe|
HR management information system
Recuriting management M DóxcGKi wbG`ÆwkZ-1 «¼viv one to one wiGjkbGK eySvGbv
Performance recored nGqGQ| hw` ˆKvGbv ˆWUvGeGRi ˆKvGbv ‰KwU ˆUweGji ‰KwU
Employee self service ˆiKWÆ Aci ‰KwU ˆWUv ˆUweGji ‰KwU gvò ˆiKGWÆi mvG^
Scheduling mÁ·wKÆZ nq ZGe ZvG`i gGaÅ ˆh wiGjkbwkc Õ©vwcZ nq
Absence management ZvGK ejv nq One to one wiGjkb| DóxcGK `ywU ˆWUvGeR
ˆUweGji DGÍÏL AvGQ| ‰KwU ˆUwej «¼viv Teachers Database
‰me KvR AwZ mnGR Kivi RbÅ ˆiRIqvbv AvÚvi AwdGm ‰es Aci ˆUwej «¼viv Courses Database ˆK eySvGbv nGqGQ|
wnDgÅvb wiGmvmÆ gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g eÅenvi KGib| wbG`ÆwkZ-1 «¼viv Teachers ˆUweGji Rony ˆK Courses
ˆUweGji physics ‰i mvG^ wiGjkb eySvGbv nGqGQ| One to
N DóxcGK ˆiRqvbv AvÚvi wnDgÅvb wiGmvmÆ gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ one wiGjkGbi ˆÞGò ˆUwej«¼Gqi wfZi cÉvBgvwi wK ‰KB
wmGÕ¡g eÅenvi KGib| Zvi ŠewkÓ¡Åmgƒn wbGP DGÍÏL Kiv nGZ nGe| ‰LvGb ˆUwej«¼Gqi gGaÅ `vM «¼viv eySvGbv nGqGQ
nGjv@ ˆh Teachers Database ˆUweGji Rony, Courses Database
ˆUweGji physics course wbGq ^vGKb, ZvB ‰GK One to one
wiGjkb ejv hvq|
4 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
N DóxcGKi wbG`ÆwkZ-2 «¼viv One to many wiGjkbGK ˆhGnZz DóxcGKi cÉ^g ˆUweGji Primary Key, Roll wdΣ ‰es
eySvGbv nGqGQ| A^Ævr ‰LvGb ‰KwU ˆUweGji ‰KwU DcvGîi w«¼Zxq ˆUweGji Primary Key, Roll No wdGΣi ‰KB Kg ˆWUv
mvG^ Aci ˆUweGji ‰KvwaK DcvGîi mÁ·KÆGK eySvGbv iGqGQ| dGj ZvG`i gGaÅ One to one wiGjkb Õ©vcb nGqGQ|
nGqGQ| DóxcGKi DcÕ©vwcZ 2 ˆKb Many to one wiGjkb
N DóxcGKi ˆUwej `ywU w`Gq Many to many wiGjkb ŠZwi
nGe bv Zvi Õc¼ GÞ hywÚ DcÕ©vcb Kiv nGjv Kiv mÁ¿e bq| KviY, Many to Many Relation ŠZwii cÉavb
Many to one wiGjkb Abyhvqx hLb wiGjkb ŠZwi Kiv nGe kZÆ nGjv:
ZLb cÉ^g ˆUweGji ‰KvwaK DcvGîi mvG^ w«¼Zxq ˆUweGji ˆKvb ‰KwU ˆUweGji ‰KvwaK ˆiKGWÆi mvG^ AbÅ ˆKvb ‰KwU
‰KwU DcvGîi wiGjkb ^vKGZ nGe| ‰GÞGò DóxcGKi ˆUweGji ‰KvwaK ˆiKGWÆi mÁ·KÆ Many to many relation
DGÍÏwLZ ˆWUvGeR ˆUwej `ywU jÞÅ KiGj ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh nGe|
Teachers Database ‰i ‰KB Dcvî Reza ‰i mvG^ Courses ˆhGnZz DóxcGKi ˆUwej `ywUi gGaÅ ‰KwU ˆUweGji mvG^
Database ‰i ‰KvwaK DcvGîi wiGjkb AvGQ| hv Many to Aci ˆUweGji gGaÅ ˆKvGbv ‰KvwaK ˆiKGWÆi mÁ·KÆ Õ©vcb
one wiGjkGbi cwic¯©x| ‰GÞGò Many to one wiGjkb nGZ nqwb weavq ‰wU Many to many Relation nGe bv| eis ‰wU
nGj Teachers ˆUweGji Reza mvG^ Courses ˆUweGji ˆh ˆKvb One to one Relation ŠZwi KGiGQ| ˆKbbv Dfq ˆUweGji gGaÅ
‰KwU DcvGî msGhvM ^vKGZ nGe| ZvB DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbv ‰KwU KgbwdΣ iGqGQ ‰es ZvG`i ˆWUvi gvb ‰KB iKg|
ˆ^GK ejv hvq ˆh DóxcGKi DcÕ©vwcZ-2 «¼viv Many to one
wiGjkb mÁ¿e bq| cÉk² 7 Õ¼G`k BbdiGgkb ˆUKGbvjwR KGcÆvGiU ˆjGeGji
cÉk² 6 ˆWUvGeGRi mjyÅkb ˆ`q| ‰KwU KGcÆvGiU ˆWUvGeR ŠZwii
Name Roll Marks Roll No Phone No RbÅ wmGÕ¡g AÅvbvwjÕ¡ ‰KwU gvÕ¡vi ˆUwej I ‰KwU wWGUBj
Shohan 1225 80 1225 56280 ˆUweGji Õ¡ÈvKPvi ŠZwi KGi ‰KRb ˆcÉvMÉvgviGK BDRvi
Siam 1241 82 1241 66560 B´ŸviGdm ŠZwi KiGZ ejGjb| wkLbdj: 6
Shohag 1243 81 1243 66289 K. dgÆ Kx? 1
Robiul 1250 83 1250 66340 L. BbGWwÝs-‰i myweav eywSGq `vI| 2
wkLbdj: 5 M. ˆcÉvMÉvgvi KxfvGe KvRwU KiGeb-eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
K. ‰bwUwU Kx? 1 N. ˆcÉvMÉvgvGii DÚ KvRwUi àiyZ½ gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
L. RDBMS ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 7 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
M. DóxcGKi ˆUwej `ywU ˆ^GK ˆKvb aiGbi wiGjkb K dgÆ nGœQ ‰K aiGbi ˆWUvGeR AeGRÙ hv cÉv^wgKfvGe
ŠZwi Kiv mÁ¿e? AvGjvPbv Ki| 3 ˆWUvGeGR ˆKvGbv BbcyU ev ˆWUv cÉ`kÆGbi eÅeÕ©v wbq¯¨Y Kivi
N. DÚ ˆUwej `ywU w`Gq Kx Many to Many wijkb ŠZwi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|
Kiv mÁ¿e? ˆZvgvi cGÞ hywÚ ˆ`LvI| 4 L BbGWwÝs-‰i myweavmgnƒ :
i. ˆWUvGeR ˆ^GK mnGR ˆWUv ˆLvuR Kiv hvq|
6 bs cÉGk²i Dîi ii. Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe BbGWÝ dvBj AvcGWU nq|
iii. ˆWUvGeGRi wewf®² AcvGikGbi `ÞZv e†w«¬ cvq|
K ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆWUv dvBGji eÅen†Z AÅvwUÇweDGUi gvGbi iv. gƒj dvBj AcwiewZÆZ ivLv hvq|
mgwÓ¡GK ejv nq ‰bwUwU| v. KzGqwii ˆÞGò `Ë‚Z KvR KGi|
L RDBMS ‰i cƒYÆbvg Relational Database Management M ˆcÉvMÉvgvi wbGÁ²vÚ c«¬wZGZ KvRwU KiGZ cvGib :
System. RDBMS nGœQ ciÕ·i mÁ·KÆhyÚ Z^Å I ˆmB ˆbwfGMkb cÅvb-‰i ˆUwej-‰i ZvwjKv ˆ^GK ˆh ˆUwejwUi
Z^ÅàGjv chÆvGjvPbv Kivi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq RwUj ˆcÉvMÉvGgi dgÆ ŠZwi KiGZ PvGœQb Zv wmGjÙ KiGZ nGe| ‰evGi Create
mgwÓ¡| RDBMS ‰i mvnvGhÅ dvBj ŠZwi, iÞYvGeÞY, wieGbi Form Kgv´£ MycÉ ˆ^GK Form-‰ wKÑK KiGZ nGe|
wbivcîv BZÅvw` wbq¯¨Y Kiv nq| RDBMS ˆWUvGeR I ‰KwU bZzb dgÆ ŠZwi nGe| ‰Lvb ˆ^GK cieZxÆ ˆWUv ‰es
ˆWUvGeR eÅenviKvixi gGaÅ mg¯¼qKvix mdUIqÅvi wnmvGe cƒeÆeZxÆ ˆWUv A^ev meÆcÉ^g ˆWUv I meÆGkl ˆWUv ˆ`Lv hvGe|
`vwqZ½ cvjb KGi| ‰B AckGb Avmvi ci Format eGj bZzb ‰KwU wieb
AvmGe|
M DóxcGKi ˆUwej `ywUi gGaÅ one to one wiGjkb ŠZwi Kiv ˆcÉvMÉvgvi ‰Lvb ˆ^GK wfD cwieZÆb, Font cwieZÆb digÅvwUs
mÁ¿e| hw` ˆKvGbv ˆWUvGeGRi ˆKvGbv ‰KwU ˆUweGji ‰KwU Kiv, Guideline cwieZÆb Kivmn cÉf†wZ KvR mÁ·v`b
ˆiKWÆ Aci ‰KwU ˆWUv ˆUweGji ‰KwU gvò ˆiKGWÆi mvG^ KiGeb|
mÁ·wKÆZ ^vGK ZGe ZvG`i gGaÅ ˆh wiGjkbwkc Õ©vcb nq
ZvGK one to one wiGjkb ejv nq| ZGe Dfq ˆUweGji
Primary key ‰i mvG^ Primary key ‰i mÁ·KÆ Õ©vcb nGj one
to one Relation ŠZwi nGe|
ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g 5
N ˆcÉvMÉvgvi ˆh BDRvi B´ŸviGdm ŠZwi KiGeb Zvi hG^Ó¡ ‰UvGK ˆmGK´£vwi wK eGj| Avwg gGb Kwi, 4wU wK
ài‚Z½ iGqGQ| ˆcÉvMÉvGgi B´ŸviGdm ŠZwii mgq ‰B dGgÆ wewf®² cGq´ŸàGjvi gvaÅGg DóxcGKi mgmÅvwU mgvavb Kiv mÁ¿e|
KG´ŸÈvj cÉGqvRb AbymvGi mshyÚ Kiv nq ‰es Zv KvhÆKi Kivi N DóxcGKi mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRb ‰bwKÌckb wK|
RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq ˆKvW wjLGZ nq| ˆWUv ˆUweGji bÅvq dGgÆI ‰bwKÌckGbi gƒj PviwU Ask iGqGQ| ‰àGjv wbGP eYÆbv Kiv
ˆWUv ‰w´ŸÈ Kiv hvq| dGgÆ MËvwdÝ, wPò I ˆUÝU-‰i mg¯¼q mÁe¿
nq| ZvB mvaviY ˆWUv ˆUwej AGcÞv dGgÆ ˆWUv BbcyU ˆ`Iqv nGjv:
ˆewk Õ¼vœQ±`Å gGb nq| ‰Qvov ˆewk msLÅK wdΣ mÁ¼wjZ ˆWUv 1. ˆµÏBbGUÝU (Plaintext): ‰bwK̶Ÿ Kivi cƒGeÆi ˆgGmR
ˆUweGji mKj wdGΣi ˆWUvGK ‰KB DBG´£vGZ cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ
dgÆ myweavRbK| ÷ay ZvB bq, wiGjkbvj ˆWUvGeR hv gvbyGli cvVGhvMÅ i…Gc ^vGK|
gÅvGbRGgG´Ÿi mvnvGhÅ ‰KwU dGgÆi gvaÅGg ‰KB DBG´£v eÅenvi 2. mvBdviGUÝU (Ciphertext): ‰bwK̶Ÿ Kivi cGii
KGi ‰GKi AwaK ˆUweGj ˆWUv BbcyU Kiv hvq|
ˆgGmR hv gvbyGli cvVGhvMÅiƒGc ^vGK bv|
3. ‰bwKÌckb AÅvjMwi`g (Encryptipn algorithm):
MvwYwZK dgÆyjv hv ˆµÏBbGUÝU ˆ^GK mvBdviGUÝ«¼Gq
cÉk² 8 ˆKvGbv ‰KwU KGjGRi wcÉw´ÖcÅvGji AbygwZKÌGg ‰bwK̶Ÿ Kivi RbÅ ev mvBdviGUÝU ˆ^GK ˆµÏBbGUÝ«¼Gq
‰KwU BAviwc ˆWUvGeR ˆWGfjGci wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbIqv nq| wWwK̶Ÿ Kivi RbÅ cÉGqvRb|
mdUIqÅvi ˆWGfjGci ci ˆ`Lv ˆMj ‰KRb BDRvi AbÅ 4. wK (Key): ˆMvcb ˆKvW hv ‰bwK̶Ÿ ev wWwK̶Ÿ Kivi RbÅ
‰KRb BDRvGii cvmIqvWÆ ˆRGb hvGœQ| dGj KvGRi ˆÞGò cÉGqvRb| ‰LvGb `yB aiGbi Key eÅen†Z nq|
weN³ m†wÓ¡ nGZ jvMGjv| ‰GZ wcÉw´Öcvj wPw¯¦Z nGjb| wkLbdj: 7 ‰bwKÌckGbi RbÅ cÉvBgvwi wK ‰es wWwKÌckb ‰i RbÅ
K. ˆWUv ‰bwK̶Ÿ Kivi wewf®² aiGbi wbqg/c«¬wZ ˆmGK´£vwi Key eÅen†Z nq|
cÉPwjZ Zv ˆjL| 1 cÉk² 9
L. ‰bwKÌckb ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 ID Name Address DoB Email
M. No.
cÉ`î KGjGRi m†Ó¡ mgmÅvwU KqfvGe mgvavb Kiv
hvq - Zvi eÅvLÅv `vI| 3 1 Samia Dhaka 05/02/2001 [email protected]
N. DóxcGKi mgmÅvwU mgvavGbi ˆÞGò KqwU wK cGq´Ÿ 2 Faria Ctg 17/09/2002 [email protected]
AvGQ eGj Zywg gGb KGiv? hwy Ú mnKvGi eywSGq 3 Sumaiya Rajshahi 30/05/2000 [email protected]
`vI| 4
wkLbdj: 6
8 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆWUv ‰bwK̶Ÿ Kivi wewf®² aiGbi wbqg/c«¬wZ cÉPwjZ K. ˆWUvGeR AÅvWwgwbGÕ¡Èkb Kx? 1
AvGQ| ˆhgb: i) wmRvi ˆKvW
ii) ˆWUv ‰bwKÌckb Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ (DES) L. fÅvwjGWkGbi gvaÅGg ˆWUvGeGR ‰w´ŸÈ KG´ŸÈvj Kiv
iii) B´ŸvibÅvkbvj ˆWUv ‰bwKÌckb AÅvjMwi`g (IDEA)
nq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
L ˆWUvi wbivcîv wbwøZ Kivi RbÅ ˆWUvGK Drm nGZ
M¯¦GeÅ ˆcÉiGYi cƒGeÆ ˆh weGkl c«¬wZGZ cwieZÆb Kiv nq M. ˆUwejwUGZ ‰bwUwU, AÅvwUÇweDU, AÅvwUÇweDU fÅvjy
ZvGK ˆWUv ‰bwKÌckb c«¬wZ ejv nq A^Ævr ˆWUv ‰K RvqMv
ˆ^GK AbÅ RvqMvq cvVvGbvi AvGM gƒj diGgU ˆ^GK AbÅ wPwn×Z KGi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
diGgGU iƒcv¯¦i Kivi cÉwKÌqvGK ‰bwKÌckb eGj|
N. ˆUwejwUGZ ˆKvb aiGbi ˆWUv UvBc eÅen†Z nGqGQ?
M DóxcGKi mgmÅvwU cvmIqvWÆ ‰bwKÌckGbi gvaÅGg
mgvavb Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| mvaviYZ `yaiGbi ‰bwKÌckb weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
eZÆgvGb ˆ`Lv hvq| h^v-
ˆMvcb wK ‰bwKÌckb (Secret Key Encryption) ev 9 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
wmGgwUÇK ‰bwKÌckb (Symmetric Encryption): ‰LvGb
‰bwKÌckb ‰es wWwKÌckGb ‰KB mvaviY wK eÅenvi Kiv K ˆWUvGeR AÅvWwgwbGÕ¡ÈUi ev DBA nGœQ ˆWUvGeGRi
nq|
cvewjK wK ‰bwKÌckb (Public key Encryption) ev mGeÆvœP eÅenviKvix, hviv ˆK±`ÊxqfvGe ˆWUvGeR wbq¯¨Y I
AÅvwmGgwUÇK ‰bwKÌckb (Asymmetric Encryption): ‰LvGb
‰bwKÌckGb ‰es wWwKÌckGb Avjv`v Avjv`v wK eÅenvi Kiv cwiPvjbvi KvGR wbGqvwRZ ^vGK|
nq| ‰bwKÌckGbi RbÅ ‰K aiGbi wK eÅenvi Kiv nq hvGK
cÉvBgvwi wK eGj| wWwKcÌ kGb Avjv`v wK eÅenvi Kiv nq ‰es L ˆWUvi fÅvwjGWkb ejGZ ˆWUvi h^v^ÆZv ˆevSvq|
ˆWUvGeR ŠZwi I cwieZÆb Kivi mgq ˆWUvGeGRi wdGΣi
UvBc wKsev wdGΣ ‰w´ŸÈK‡Z ˆWUvi UvBc ev cÉK‡wZ wbaÆviY
KiGZ nq| dvBGj eÅen†Z wdΣmgGƒ ni mÁ¿veÅ ˆWUvi aiY,
ˆWUvi diGgU I wdGΣi Š`NÆÅ BZÅvw` wbaÆviY KGi ˆWUv ‰w´ŸÈ
KiGZ nq| ‰i dGj ˆWUvi fÅvwjGWkb wbwøZ nq ‰es
Zvici ˆWUv ‰w´ŸÈ Kiv nq|
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ˆUwejwUGK ‰KwU ‰bwUwU ˆmUI ejv
nq| ‰wU KZàGjv ‰bwUwU, AÅvwUÇweDU I ˆfjyÅ wbGq MwVZ|
ˆhgb- ˆUwejwUGZ evÕ¦e I AevÕ¦e eÕ§ Av`kÆ ˆkÉwYKiGYi
RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq I cÉavb ‰KK nGœQ ‰bwUwU| ‰bwUwU nGœQ
6 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
‰KB RvZxq KZàGjv AeGRÙ; hvi wbw`ÆÓ¡ gvb iGqGQ| M DóxcGKi ˆWUvGeR ˆUwej wZbwU Student, Marks I
ˆhgb- DóxcGKi ‰KwU AeGRÙ ev ‰bwUwUi D`vniY nGœQ: Cross- ‰i mÁv¿ eÅ wdΣmgƒn nGœQ Student ˆUweGji RbÅ
1 Samia Dhaka 05/02/2001 [email protected] Name, Roll, Group, Sex, DOB, Academic year, Address
Avevi ˆKvGbv ‰KwU ‰bwUwU ˆmGUi ˆh ˆcÉvcvwUÆRàGjv H I Marks ˆUweGji subject-code, subject-Name, Marks
‰bwUwUi ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉKvk KGi ZvGK AÅvwUÇweDU eGj| DcGivÚ ‰es Cross ˆUweGji RbÅ Roll, Name, Academic year,
DóxcGKi ˆÞGò cuvPwU AÅvwUÇweDU AvGQ| ‰àGjv nGjv- ID subject Name Marks BZÅvw` cÉKvk KGi E–R WvqvMÉvg ŠZwi
No, Name, Address, DoB, Email| Avevi ‰KwU ‰bwUwU Kwi| E–R (Entity Relationship) WvqvMÉvg ˆWUvGeGR ˆh
ˆmGUi cÉGZÅKwU AÅvwUÇweDGUi ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ gvb ^vGK| mgÕ¦ ˆWUv ^vKGe ZvG`i MVb ‰es wewf®² ˆWUv mÁ·GKÆ ‰i
‰àGjvGKB AÅvwUÇweDU ˆfjyÅ ejv nq| DcGivÚ ˆUweGj gGaÅ Relationship graphically cÉKvk KivGK E–R ejv nq|
Sumaiya, Rajshahi, 30/05/2000 BZÅvw` cÉGZÅKwU ‰GKKwU wbGP ˆUwej wZbwUi E – R WvqvMÉvg ŠZwi Kiv ˆ`LvGbv nGjv :
AÅvwUÇweDU ˆfjyÅ|
N DóxcGK eÅen†Z ˆUwejwUGZ cuvPwU AÅvwUÇweDU iGqGQ| Group Roll Name Subject-code
cÉGZÅKwU AÅvwUÇweDU wf®² wf®² WvUv UvBc w`Gq MwVZ| dGj
ˆUwejwUGZ ‰KvwaK ˆWUvi UvBc eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ| SEX student Marks Subject-Name
ˆUwejwUGZ ID No. bvGg ˆh AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ DOX
ˆmwUi ˆWUv UvBc nGe Number ev Numeric UvBGci| KviY Marks
‰wU ÷ay msLÅv BbcyU wbGe| Name bvGgi wdΣwUi ˆWUv Academic Addres Subject-code
UvBc nGe Text ev Character UvBGci| KviY ‰wU bvg yean SL
BbcyU ˆbGe| ‰KBfvGe Address ‰i ˆWUv UvBcI nGe Text Subject-Name
ev Character UvBGci| DoB ‰i ˆWUv UvBc nGe Date cross
UvBGci| KviY ‰wU cÉGZÅKwU eÅwÚi R¯Ã ZvwiL cÉKvk
KGiGQ| Email wdΣwUiI ˆWUv UvBc nGe Text ev Character Roll Academic Marks
UvBGci| KviY ‰wUI KÅvGiÙvi BbcyU ˆbGe| Name yean
cÉk² 10 ˆKvGbv ‰KwU wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vGb QvòG`i cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼iàGjv wPò : E – R WvqvMÉvg
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ˆUwej wZbwUi gGaÅ student ˆUweGji
‰KwU ˆWUvGeGR msiÞY KGi ivLv nq| wkÞv^ÆxG`i Z^Å Roll, Marks ˆUweGji Subject-code ‰es Cross ˆUweGji SL
cÉvBgvwi wK (Primary key) wnmvGe wPwn×Z nGqGQ| wK¯§
Student ˆUweGj ivLv nq| marks ˆUweGj ‰KRb wkÞv^Æx wewf®² student ˆUweGji Roll Cross ˆUweGj Foreign key (Roll)
welGq KZ bÁ¼i ˆcj Zv msiÞY Kiv nq| Avevi Cross ˆUweGj wnmvGe eÅen†Z nGqGQ| ˆKbbv dGib wK ‰KwU ˆWUvGeGRi
`ywU ˆUweGji gGaÅ ˆhvMmƒò Relationship Õ©vcGbi RbÅ
wewf®² welqàGjv msiÞY Kiv nq| ˆUweGj Z^Å gvbàGjv eÅen†Z nq| ‰KwU ˆUweGji cÉvBgvwi wK hLb AbÅ ‰KwU
ˆUweGji ‰KwU wdΣ wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq ZLb w«¼Zxq ˆUweGji
myÓ¤zfvGe msiÞGYi RbÅ wewf®² iKg wiGjkb ‰es Key eÅenvi RbÅ H wdΣ/‰wUÇweDU ˆK dGib wK wnmvGe AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
ˆWUvGeR ˆUwej wWRvBGb ‰ mKj wK (key) ‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv
Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| wkLbdj: 6 Acwimxg| ˆWUvGeGRi ˆWUvGK Aw«¼Zxq fvGe Õ©vcb, msiÞY,
Report, View, ‰es nvjbvMv` Kivi RbÅ cÉvBgvwi, dGib ‰es
K. wK ejGZ wK eySvq? ‰Uv KZ cÉKvi I wK wK? 1 KGÁ·vwRU wK ‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv nq| cÉvBgvwi wK (key) ‰i
gvb 01 gvGb nGœQ Aw«¼Zxq ˆWUv ‰es ˆWUv ˆUweGj 01 gvGbi
L. cÉvBgvwi wK ejGZ wK eySvq? DcGii ˆUwejàGjvi gGZv Avi AbÅ ‰KB ˆWUv ˆbB| dGj ˆWUvi cybive†wî nËvm
cvq ‰es ˆWUvi wbLyZ chGÆ eÞY mnR nq| ZvB ejv hvq ˆh,
RbÅ cÉvBgvwi wK wPwn×Z Ki| 2 ˆWUvGeGR wewf®² wK (key) ‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv AGbK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ|
M. DcGii DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ wZbwU ˆUweGji RbÅ E-R
WvqvMÉvg ŠZwi Ki ‰es eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
N. DcGii DóxcGK wewf®² ˆUweGj dvskb wK-àGjv
wPwn×Z Ki ‰es ‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv weGkÏlY Ki| 4
10 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆh wdGΣi Dci wfwî KGi ˆWUvGeGRi Dci wdGΣi cÉk² 11 ‰KwU KGjGRi wkÞK Zvi wkÞv^ÆxG`i ˆWUvGeR
mÁ·GKÆ covGjb ‰es evwoi RbÅ ‰KwU ˆUwej ŠZwii KvR
Z^Åvewj kbvÚ Kiv nq ZvGK wK (Key) ev wK wdΣ ejv nq| w`Gjb| ˆUwejwUGZ ClassRoll, Name, FourthSubject,
TutionFee wdΣàGjv ^vKGe| ZGe wKQz kZÆ w`Gq w`Gjb| kZÆàGjv
wK wZb cÉKvi h^v : cÉvBgvwi wK, KGÁ·vwRU wK, dGib wK| nGœQ-
i. ClassRoll AekÅB cÉvBgvwi wK nGe|
L ˆh wdΣ w`Gq ‰KwU wiGjkb A^ev ˆUwej ‰i cÉwZwU ii. Name wdGΣ AekÅB ˆWUv ‰w´ŸÈ KiGZ nGe| hw` GWUv
‰bwUwU (A^ev ˆiKWÆ) ˆK Avjv`vfvGe wPwn×Z Kiv hvq ˆmB
wdΣGK cÉvBgvwi wK (Primary key) ejv nq| awi DóxcGKi ‰w´ŸÈ bv Kiv nq ZGe ˆWUv Save Kiv hvGe bv|
ˆUwej«¼Gqi gGaÅ student ˆUweGji Roll No ‰es Marks
ˆUweGji Subject- code nGœQ Primary key (cÉvBgvwi wK)|
ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g 7
iii. FourthSubject wdGΣ Lookup Wizard w`GZ nGe ‰es ‰i cGi Biology UvBc Kwi| ‰evGi Next evUGb wKÑK
Kwi ‰es ˆUÝU wdGΣ Lookup Wizard-‰i ˆjGej Kx
LookupWizard-‰ ÷aygvò Computer, Mathematics I nGe Zv UvBc Kwi ‰es Finish-‰i Ici wKÑK Kwi|
iv. Field Name-‰i w«¼Zxq NGi TutionFee UvBc KGi
Biology ^vKGe| wKGevWÆ ˆ^GK Tab Pvwc| Data Type-‰i WÈc WvDb wjÕ¡
ˆ^GK Number wbaÆviY Kwi| wdΣ ˆcÉvcvwUÆR cÅvGbGji
iv. TutionFee wdGΣ ÷ay 1000 ˆ^GK 2000 ‰i gGaÅ ‰w´ŸÈ General UÅve-‰i Validation Rule ˆUÝU eGÝ >=100
And <=2000 UvBc Kwi|
w`GZ cviGe| wkLbdj: 6 ‰evi Quick Access Uzjevi A^ev File wieGbi Save evUGb
wKÑK Kwi|
K. Parameter Query Kx? 1
L. Concatenation AcvGiUi mÁ·GKÆ eywSGq ˆjL| 2
M. DÚ KGjGRi ˆUwej ŠZwii cÉwKÌqvwU eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. ˆUwejwUGZ ˆh Validation-àGjv ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ
ˆWUvGeGR ZvG`i f„wgKv gƒjÅvqb KGiv| 4
11 bs cÉGk²i Dîi N ˆWUv ˆfwjGWkb nGjv BDRviGK wKQz KvR Kiv ˆ^GK
K WvqjM eGÝi gGaÅ wewf®² cÅvivwgUvi wbaÆviY KGi ˆh weiZ ivLv ev evaÅ Kiv A^vÆr ˆWUv ‰w´ŸiÈ mgq BDRvi hvGZ
KzGqwi cwiPvjbv Kiv nq ZvGK Parameter Query eGj| Kg fzj KGi ˆmRbÅ ˆWUv ˆfwjGWkb ˆ`Iqv nq| ‰LvGb ˆivj
L `ywU wÕ¡ÈsGK hyÚ Kivi RGbÅ Concatenation AcvGiUi wdGΣ hvGZ ‰KB ˆivj `yBevi bv nq ˆmRbÅ ˆivj wdΣGK
eÅen†Z nq| & nGœQ ‰KwU Concatenation AcvGiUi|
ZvQvov + wPn× «¼vivI `ywU wÕ¡ÈsGK ˆhvM Kiv hvq| cÉvBgvwi wK ˆNvlYv Kiv nGqGQ ZvQvov ˆUwej wiGjkGbi mgq
AcvGiUiwUi wmbGUÝ wbÁ²i…c: Final_string= string1 &
cËvBgvwi wK Qvov wiGjkb nGe bv | ZvB fwelÅGZi K^v wP¯¦v
string2
KGi cÉvBgvwi wK ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ|
M DÚ KGjGRi ˆUwej ŠZwi KiGZ nGj cÉ^Gg wieGbi AGbK mgq BDRvi fzjekZ Name wdGΣ ˆWUv ‰w´ŸÈ bv KGi
Create evUGbi Tables Kgv´£ MÉyc ˆ^GK Table Design
AckGb wKÑK Kwi| Table1 bvGg ‰KwU ˆUwej ŠZwi nGe| PGj ˆhGZ cvGi| ˆmRbÅ ‰LvGb ˆfwjGWkb ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ
Table Sheet cvIqv hvGe| Table Sheet ‰i `ywU Ask ^vKGe
DcGii AsGk Field Name, Data Type ‰es Description hvGZ ‰B wdGΣ ˆWUv ‰w´ŸÈ bv KGi AbÅvbÅ wdGΣ ˆhGZ cviGe
‰es wbGPi AsGk Field Properties AckGb General ‰es
Lookup UÅve ^vKGe| Field Name -‰i cÉ^g NGi KvmÆi bv| FourthSubject wdGΣ Lookup Wizard w`Gq ÷aygvò
AeÕ©vb KiGe|
i. Field Name-‰i cÉ^g NGi UvBc Kwi ClassRoll ‰es Computer, Mathematics I Biology ‰B wZbwU mveGRÙ
‰Kevi Tab Kx ˆPGc A^ev wKÑK KGi Data Type-‰i evG` AbÅ mveGRÙ-‰i ‰w´ŸÈ w`GZ bv cvGi ˆmRbÅ evaÅ Kiv
c^É g ˆmGj Avwm ‰es ‰LvGb WÈc WvDb wjÕ¡ nGZ
Number ˆWUv UvBc wmGjÙ Kwi| Avgiv AvcvZZ nGqGQ A^Ævr ‰LvGb BDRviGK UvBc Kivi ˆKvGbv Ackb
ˆKvGbv Description eÅenvi Kie bv| ClassRoll wdGΣi
Ici gvDGmi ivBU evUGb wKÑK KiGj ‰KwU ˆgby AvmGe ivLv nq wb ‰es TuitionFee wdGΣ ÷ay 1000 ˆ^GK 2000
ˆmLvb ˆ^GK Primary Key wmGjÙ Kwi| ‰i gGaÅ ‰w´ŸÈ w`GZ cviGe A^Ævr ‰B wdGΣ BDRvi hvGZ
ii. ‰evi Field Name-‰i w«¼Zxq NGi Name UvBc KGi
wKGevWÆ ˆ^GK Tab Pvwc| Data Type ‰i w«¼Zxq NGi 1000 ‰i ˆPGq Kg ‰es 2000 ‰i ˆewk ˆWUv ‰w´ŸÈ ˆ`q
KvmÆi ^vKGe ‰es ‰LvGb WÈc WvDb wjÕ¡ ˆ^GK Text
wbaÆviY Kwi| wdΣ ˆcÉvcvwUÆR cÅvGbGji General UÅve- ZvnGj ˆWUvGeR Error ˆgGmR w`Ge|
‰i Required ˆUÝU eGÝi WÈc WvDb wjÕ¡ nGZ Yes cÉk² 12
wmGjÙ KGi w`B |
iii. FourthSubject wdGΣi Data type ˆ^GK Lookup Roll Name GPA
Wizard wmGjÙ Kwi| ZvnGj Lookup Wizard WvqjM
eÝ AvmGe| ‰Lvb ˆ^GK I will type in the values that 101 X 5
I want wmGjÙ Kwi ‰es Next-‰i Ici wKÑK Kwi| ‰evi
Number of column -‰i ˆUÝU eGÝ 1 UvBc Kwi ‰es 102 Y 4
column-‰i wbGP ˆUÝU wdGΣ Computer UvBc Kwi|
Computer UvBc Kivi ci Computer-‰i wbGP Avi 103 Z 3
‰KwU Ni AvmGe ZvGZ Mathematics UvBc Kwi ‰es Fig-1
Reg No. Roll Father’s name
1001 101 A
1002 102 B
1003 103 C
Fig-2
wkLbdj: 6
K. Query Kx? 1
L. Indexing I Sorting ‰i gGaÅ Relational ŠZwi
KiGZ PvBGj wKfvGe KiGZ nGe eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. Fig-1 I Fig-2 ‰i gGaÅ Relational ŠZwi KiGZ
PvBGj wKfvGe KiGZ nGe eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGK eÅen†Z Fig `ywU «¼viv ŠZwi Database Model
ˆKv^vq ˆKv^vq eÅenvi Kiv hvGe weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
8 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
12 bs cÉGk²i Dîi Ab-jvBbmn Awdm eÅeÕ©vcbvi ˆÞGò eÅen†Z nq, Ab-
K ˆWUvGeGR msiwÞZ AmsLÅv Z^Å ˆ^GK ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ kZÆ
mvGcGÞ Z^Å LuyGR ˆei KivGK ejv nq KzGqwi| jvBbmn eÅvsK-exgvq MÉvnKG`i wnmve-wbKvk msiÞGYi
ˆÞGò, Ab-jvBb wegvb, ˆij, ˆnvGUj BZÅvw`i wUwKU
L BbGWwÝs I mwUÆsGqi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wbGÁ² ˆ`Iqv nj: wiRvGfÆkGb ‰es dÑvBGUi wmwWDwjs ‰i ˆÞGò, BGjKUÇwbK
BbGWwÝs mwUÆs KgvGmÆ, nvmcvZvGj ˆivMxG`i Z^Å I ˆivM mÁ·GKÆ cÉGqvRbxq
i. BbGWwÝs nGjv| ˆWUv i. mwUÆs nGjv ˆWUv Z^Å msiÞGY, Doctors and Employee Management,
evGRU cÉYqb I Accounts- ‰i hveZxq wnmve ivLv nq,
ˆUweGji ˆUweGji ˆiKWÆàGjvGK
RbmsLÅvwelqK Z^Å msiÞGY, e†nr cÉwZÓ¤vGbi Human
ˆiKWÆMyGjvGK ˆKvb ˆKvb wbavÆwiZ wdΣ Resource Management-‰i RbÅ, MGelYv I RwicgƒjK
wbavÆwiZ ‰K ev AbymvGi mvRvGbv| KvGR RDBMS eÅen†Z nq, Ab-jvBbmn wkÞvcÉwZÓ¤vGbi
‰KvwaK wdΣ AbymvGi Student Management, Teachers Management ‰es Avq-
eÅqmn wnmve msiÞGY, ˆKvGbv cÉwZÓ¤vGbi KÌq-weKÌq, jvf-
mvRvGbvi DGóGkÅ gƒj
ˆUwej AcwiewZÆZ ˆjvKmvGbi wnmve-wbKvk ‰i ˆÞGò, BGjKUÇwbK ˆcGg´Ÿ
ˆiGL ˆiKWÆMyGjvi wmGÕ¡Gg, ˆKvGbv cÉwZÓ¤vGbi BbGf´Ÿwi ŠZwi gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ
AÅvGWÈmGK mvRvGbv| wmGÕ¡Gg, ˆKvGbv cÉwZÓ¤vGbi Supply Chain Management
wmGÕ¡Gg, WvBbvwgK IGqemvBU ŠZwi Kivmn AbÅvbÅ ˆÞò
ii. BbGWÝ c«¬wZGZ ii. mwUÆs c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv
ˆWUv dvBjGK mUÆ Kiv dvBjGK mUÆ Kiv nGj ˆhLvGb AmsLÅ ˆWUv wbGq KvR KiGZ nq|
nGj gƒj ˆWUv dvBGj gƒj ˆWUv dvBGji cÉk² 13 wbGPi ˆUwej `ywU jÞ Ki ‰es cÉk²àGjvi Dîi
ˆiKGWÆi KÌwgK bs ˆiKGWÆi KÌwgK bs `vI:
cwieZÆb nq bv| cwieZÆb nq| Name Roll Mark Board Roll Registration
iii. BbGWÝ c«¬wZGZ iii. mwUÆs c«¬wZGZ No s No No
ˆWUvGeR dvBGji ˆWUvGeGR dvBGji Turjo 1223 A+ Dhaka 1223 12256261
‰GjvGgGjv ‰GjvGgGjv ˆiKWÆàGjv Asif 1245 A+ Rajsha 1245 12256262
Taki 1247 hi 1247 12256264
ˆiKWÆàGjvGK mvRvGbvi RbÅ Deya 1250 1250 12256267
A+ Comill
ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe `ËyZ ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe ˆewk a
mvRvGbv hvq| mgGqi cÉGqvRb nq| A+ Dhaka
M ˆWUvGeR wiGjkb Kivi RbÅ wbÁ²wjwLZ c`GÞc AbymiY ˆUwej-1 ˆUwej-2
KiGZ nGe|
i. cÉ^Gg ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU ˆUwej wmGjÙ KiGZ nGe ‰ici wkLbdj: 6 [cÉKvk Kzgvi `vm: cÉk-² 14]
Database Tools wieGbi Relationships ‰i Ici wKÑK K. ˆWUv Kx? 1
KiGZ nGe|
ii. c`Ævq Show Table ‰i WvqjM eÝ AvmGe| L. OLE Object ‰i Dci mwUÆs Kiv hvq bv ˆKb
iii. Show Table WvqjM eÝ nGZ cÉ^g ˆUwej wmGjÙ KGi
Add evUGb wKÑK KiGZ nGe| AZtci 2q ˆUwejwU eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
wmGjÙ KGi evUGb Add wKÑK KiGZ nGe| Dfq ˆUwej
Relationships DBG´£vGZ mshyÚ nGe| M. DóxcGK ˆUwej-1 ‰i ˆWUv UvBcàGjvi eYÆbv `vI|
iv. Close evUGb wKÑK KiGj c`Ævq DBG´£v ˆ`Lv hvGe|
v. cÉ^g ˆUweGji Roll wdΣwUGK WÈvM KGi 2q ˆUweGji 3
Roll wdGΣi Ici ˆQGo w`GZ nGe| c`Ævq Relationships
DBG´£vi cieZÆx AeÕ©v cÉ`wkÆZ nGe| N. DÚ ˆUwej `ywU w`Gq Kx aiGbi wiGjkb ŠZwi Kiv
vi. Enforce Referential Integrity ‰i Ici wKÑK Kwi|
AeGkGl Create evUGbi Dci wKÑK Kwi| ZvnGj ˆUwej mÁ¿e? ˆZvgvi cGÞ hywÚ ˆ`LvI| 4
`ywUi gGaÅ wiGjkb ŠZwi nGe|
vii. ‰evGi Save KGi DBG´£v ˆKÑvR KiGZ nGe| 13 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
N DóxcGKi eÅen†Z wPò `ywU «¼viv ŠZwi ˆWUvGeR gGWj K ZG^Åi A¯¦MÆZ Þz`ËZg Askmgƒn hv cÉwKÌqvKiGYi ci
nGjv wiGjkbvj ˆWUvGeR gGWj| wiGjkbvj ˆWUvGeR gGWj mywbw`ÆÓ¡ djvdj cvIqvi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq ZvGK ˆWUv eGj|
wbGPi ˆÞòmgƒGn eÅen†Z nq- L mwUÆs nGœQ ˆUweGji ˆWUvàGjvGK ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ wdGΣi
wbw`ÆÓ¡ ŠewkGÓ¡Åi AbymvGi mvRvGbv| ˆWUvGeGR OLE Object
nGœQ wewf®² ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AeGRÙ (ˆhgb, kõ, Qwe, ˆUÝU, MÉvd
BZÅvw`) msGhvRGbi ‰KwU wdΣ UvBc| ZvB ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡
ŠewkGÓ¡Åi Dci wfwî KGi OLE Object ‰i Dci mwUÆs Kiv
hvq bv|
M DóxcGKi ˆWUvGeGR QvòG`i ˆWUv msiÞGYi RbÅ ‰KwU
ˆUwej ˆUwej-1 ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| ˆUwejwUGZ PviwU wdΣ ev
Kjvg iGqGQ| wd룈Gjv nGjv Name, Roll No, Marks,
ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g 9
Board| ˆUwej ŠZwii mgq cÉGZÅKwU wdGΣi ˆWUv UvBc M DóxcKwUGZ ˆWUvGeGRi RbÅ wiGjkbvj msMVb eÅenvi
wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi w`GZ nq| ‰LvGb Name wdΣwUGZ QvòG`i bvg
msiÞY Kiv nGqGQ ZvB ‰B wdGΣi ˆWUvUvBc ˆUÝU ev Kiv nGqGQ| ‰ aiGbi ˆWUvGeGR wewf®² ˆUweGji gGaÅ
KÅvGiÙvi UvBGci| Roll No-‰ ˆhGnZz ÷ay msLÅv iGqGQ ZvB
‰B wdGΣi ˆWUvUvBc bvÁ¼vi ev wbDGgwiK UvBGci| Marks jwRKÅvj mÁ·KÆ we`Ågvb ^vGK| ˆWUvi cÉK‡wZ Abyhvqx Avjv`v
wdGΣ AÞi ‰es wPn× eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ| ZvB 3q ˆWUv
UvBcI ˆUÝU/KÅvGiÙvi| Board wdGΣiI ˆWUv UvBc ˆUÝU Avjv`v ˆUwej ŠZwi Kiv nq| cGi ˆUwejmgGƒ ni gGaÅ cÉvBgvwi
ev KÅvGiÙvi UvBGci|
N DóxcGKi ˆWUvGeRwUGZ `yBwU ˆUwej iGqGQ| cÉ^gwUGZ wK I dGib wK-‰i gvaÅGg wiGjkb ŠZwi KGi ˆiKWÆmgƒnGK
QvòG`i mÁ·wKÆZ Z^Å ‰es cieZxÆGZ ZvG`i ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb bs
mÁ¼wjZ ˆUwej iGqGQ| `yB ˆUweGjB Roll No bvgK mvaviY mvgwMÉKfvGe eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰ gGWj cÉvBgvwi wK I dGib
wdΣ iGqGQ| ZvB ˆivj bs w`Gq ˆUwej `yBwUGK mÁ·wKÆZ Kiv
mÁ¿e| cÉGZÅK Rb QvGòi RbÅ ˆUwej-1 ˆ^GK ‰KwU ˆWUv wK-‰i gvaÅGg ˆUwejàGjvi gvGS mÁ·KÆ eRvq ^vGK eGj
cvIqv hvGe Abyi…cfvGe ˆUwej-2 ˆ^GKI ‰KwU ˆWUvB cvIqv
hvGe| ZvB hw` ˆUwej-1 I ˆUwej-2 Zvi gvGS wiGjkb ŠZwi ‰GK mÁ·KÆhyÚ ev wiGjkbvj gGWj eGj| DóxcGKi ˆUwej
Kiv mÁ¿e nq| ZGe ˆUwej-`yBwUi gvGS One-to-one wiGjkb
ŠZwi Kiv mÁ¿e| `ywUi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ nGe wbg³i…c:
ˆivj bs ˆivj bs
bvg wcZvi bvg
cÉwZwU welGqi cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i wVKvbv
ˆgvU bs ˆdvb bÁ¼i
MÉyGci bvg
N DÚ ˆUwej `ywUGZ hw` wiGjkb Kiv bv nGZv ZvnGj
KGjRwU ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU ˆUwej ˆ^GK cƒYÆvã ˆKvGbv Z^Å
ˆcZ bv| dGj cÉGqvRGbi mgq Z^Åvw` LuyGR ˆcZ bv|
cÉk² 14 bUi ˆWg KGjGRi wkÞv^ÆxG`i Z^Å msiÞGYi RbÅ ‰KwU D`vniGYi gvaÅGg Avgiv jÞÅ Kwi| awi, DóxcGKi
‰KwU ˆWUvGeR ŠZwi Kiv nGqGQ| ˆWUvGeRwUGZ `ywU ˆWUv cÉ^g ˆUweGji bvg ˆiRvΟ ˆUwej ‰es DóxcGKi w«¼Zxq
dvBj ^vKGe, hvi ‰KwUGZ wkÞv^ÆxG`i bvg, ˆivj bÁ¼i, cÉwZwU ˆUwejwUi bvg Õ¡zGW´Ÿ ˆUwej|
welGqi cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i, ˆgvU bÁ¼i, MÉ‚c Rgv ^vKGe| AciwUGZ ˆiRvΟ ˆUwej nGZ ‰KB ˆivj bs avix QvGòi wcZvi bvg,
wkÞv^ÆxG`i ˆivj bÁ¼i, wcZvi bvg, wVKvbv, ˆdvb bÁ¼i BZÅvw` wVKvbv, ˆdvb bÁ¼i Rvbv hvGe bv| Avevi Õ¡zGW´Ÿ ˆUwej nGZ
Rgv ^vKGe| ˆWUv dvBj `ywUGZ wiGjkbwkc Õ©vcb KGi ‰KB ˆivj bs avix QvGòi bvg, cÉwZwU welGqi cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i ,
cÉGqvRbxq Dcvî ‰KwòZ Kivi eÅeÕ©v iGqGQ| dGj ˆgvU bÁ¼i, MÉyGci bvg BZÅvw` RvbGZ cviv hvGe bv|
cÉwZÓ¤vbwUGZ ˆWUvGeRwU eÅenvi KGi wkÞv^ÆxG`i djvdj A^P `ywU ˆUweGji gGaÅ wiGjkb nGj Z^ÅwU `uvovq ‰iKg|
cÉKvkmn AbÅvbÅ ˆWUv cÉGmwms-‰i KvR mnGRB KiGZ
cviGQ| wkLbdj: 5 ˆivj bvg wcZvi wVKvbv ˆdvb cÉwZwU ˆgvU MÉyGci
K. ˆWUvGeR Kx? 1 bs bvg bÁ¼i welGq bs bvg
L. ‰LvGb DGÍÏwLZ wdΣàGjvi gGaÅ cÉvBgvwi wK-wdΣ cÉvµ¦
ˆKvbwU ‰es ˆKb? 2 bÁ¼i
M. DóxcKwUGZ ˆWUvGeGRi RbÅ ˆKvb aiGbi msMVb myZivs ˆ`Lv hvq, `ywU ˆUweGji wiGjkGbi dGj `ywU ˆUwej
ˆ^GK cƒYÆvã ‰KwU Z^Å cvIqv hvGœQ|
eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ Zv DGÍÏLcƒeÆK wPò Aâb KGiv
‰es msGÞGc eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. ˆWUv dvBj `ywUGZ cÉvBgvwi wK-wdΣ eÅenvi Kiv bv cÉk² 15 wkÞK KÑvGm wbGPi cÉevn wPòwU AuvKGjb ‰es
wPwn×Z Õ©vbwU jÞ KiGZ ejGjb|
nGj KGjRwU Kx aiGbi mgmÅvi mÁÃyLxb nGZ
cviGZv? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 BDRvi 1 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb 2 wgWjIqvi 3 ˆWUvGeR
6 ˆjqvi 5 ˆjqvi 4 ˆjqvi
14 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K kvwõK AG^Æ ˆWUvGeR nGœQ ˆKvGbv mÁ·wKÆZ welGqi Ici
eÅvcK DcvGîi ev ZG^Åi mgvGek| myZivs ˆWUvGeR ejGZ evwoi KvR: ‰. ˆRW. ‰g. Avmv`yävgvb, ˆgvt gvmy` ivbv, ˆgvnvÁÃ` Avwidzj Bmjvg;
wecyj cwigvY Z^Å gRy` ivLvi eÅeÕ©vGKB ˆevSvq| Text c†Ó¤v-476; wkLbdj-1
L ‰LvGb DGÍÏwLZ wdΣàGjvi gGaÅ cÉvBgvwi wK-wdΣ nGœQ K. wK-wdΣ-‰i cÉKviGf` KGiv| 1
ˆivj bÁ¼i| KviY ˆKvGbv dvBGji ˆh wdGΣi cÉwZwU ˆWUv
Aw«Z¼ xq ‰es hvi gGaÅ ‰K ev ‰KvwaK dvBGji gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ L. DBMS-‰i myweavàGjv Kx Kx| 2
Õ©vcb KGi mÁ·KÆ hyÚ ˆWUvGeR ŠZwi Kiv hvq Zv nGjv
cÉvBgvwi wK| ˆhGnZy ‰KwU KÑvGm ‰KwU ˆivj ‰KRGbi ˆewk M. wPòwUGZ ˆh ˆWUvGeR-‰i BwãZ ˆ`qv nGqGQ eÅvLÅv
student-‰i nGZ cvGi bv ZvB ‰wU cÉvBgvwi wK|
KGiv| 3
N. DÚ ˆWUvGeRwUGZ 1,2,3,4,5,6 wPwn×Z Õ©vGb ˆh
cÉGUvKj eÅen†Z nq Zvi KvR wbiƒcY KGiv| 4
10 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
15 bs cÉGk²i Dîi M. gÅvWvg 1bs-‰ ˆh DBMS-‰i K^v eGjGQb eGj
K wK-wdΣ gƒjZ wZb cÉKvi Zv nGjv : (1) cÉvBgvwi wK (2) Zzwg gGb KGiv Zvi myweav I Amyweav eÅvLÅv KGiv|3
KGÁ·vwRU cÉvBgvwi wK (3) dGib wK|
N. DóxcGK gÅvWvg 2bs-‰ ˆh DBMS-‰i K^v
L DBMS-‰i myweavàGjv wbÁ²i…c@ eGjGQb eGj Zwz g gGb KGiv? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
i. ˆWUvi evüjÅZv Kgvq| 16 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ii. ˆiKGWÆi wfwîGZ AvaywbKxKiY Kiv hvq|
iii. mnGR ˆWUvGeR ˆ^GK wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆiKWÆ Abym®¬vb Kiv hvq| K ˆKvGbv ‰KwU ‰bwUwU ˆmGUi ˆh cÉcvwUÆRàGjv H ‰bwUwUi
iv. wewf®² aiGbi wiGcvUÆ ŠZwi Kiv hvq| ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv cÉKvk KGi ‰es hvi Ici wfwî KGi Dcvî MÉnY,
v. ˆWUvi wbivcîv wbwøZ Kiv hvq| cÉwKÌqvKiY I msiÞY Kiv nq ZvGK AÅvwUÇweDU eGj|
M wPòwUGZ IGqe ‰bveΣ ˆWUvGeR ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| ˆh L ˆhLvGb Z^Å ev ˆWUv Rgv ^vGK ZvGK eÅvK ‰´£ eGj|
ˆWUvGeR B´ŸviGbGUi myweavhÚy ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vb ˆ^GK mvaviY myZivs eÅvK ‰´£ nGjv ZG^Åi aviK| ˆhgb: ˆUwej (Table),
IGqe B´ŸviGdGmi gvaÅGg ˆhGKvGbv µÏvUdiGg wiGgvUwj wfD (View) BZÅvw`| ˆWUvGeGRi MVbMZ cwieZÆb,
AÅvKGmm Kiv hvq ZvGK IGqe ‰bvej ˆWUvGeR eGj| BDRvGii msLÅv wbaÆviY ‰es BDRvi wcÉwfGjR BZÅvw` KvR
AbÅfvGe ejv hvq, ˆh ˆWUvGeGR B´ŸviGbU ‰es IGqe eÅvK ‰G´£ Kiv nq| ‰ QvovI eÅvK ‰´£ ˆh me `vwqZ½ cvjb
eËvDRvGii gvaÅGg wewf®² Z^ÅàGjv B´ŸviAÅvKwUf DcvGq KGi Zv nGjv KzGqwi (Query) mÁ·v`bv, AcwUgvBGRkb,
AÅvKGmm, KzGqwi ŠZwi, AWÆvi cÉ`vb, wiGcvUÆ I UÇÅvK Kiv hvq KbKvGi´Öwm KG´ŸÈvj, wiKfvwi BZÅvw`|
‰es ˆiKWÆmgƒnGK cwieZÆb Kiv hvq ZvGK IGqe ‰bveΣ
ˆWUvGeR eGj| IGqe ‰bveΣ ˆWUvGeGRi ˆgŒwjK M gÅvWvg 1bs-‰ ˆh DBMS-‰i K^v eGjGQb Zv nGjv
Dcv`vbàGjv nGjv- mveÆÞwYK B´ŸviGbU KvGbKkb, ‰KwU wWwÕ¡ÈweDGUW ˆWUvGeR| wWwÕ¡ÈweDGUW ˆWUvGeR-‰i myweav I
IGqe mvfÆvi, ‰KwU dvqviIqvj AÅvKwUf AÅvwµÏGKkbwUGK Amyweav wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv :
mieivn Kivi RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv nq IGqe ˆcBR I myweav :
mdUIqÅvimgƒn| 1. Lye ˆewk Pvwn`vi ˆWUv KvQvKvwQ ^vGK weavq `ËyZ
KvhGÆ ÞGò IGqe ‰bveΣ ˆWUvGeR wZbwU Uvqvi ev ˆjqvGi
KvR KGi ^vGK| ‰àGjv nGjv- ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb ˆjqvi, AÅvKGmm Kiv hvq|
wgWjIqvi ˆjqvi, ˆWUvGeR ˆjqvi| 2. cÉGZÅK BDRvi ˆjvKvj ˆWUvGeGR KvR KGi weavq
N DÚ ˆWUvGeRwUGZ 1,2,3,4,5,6 wPwn×Z Õ©vGb HTTP KvR cÉwKÌqvKiY `Ë‚Z nq|
KGi| HTTP A^Æ nGjv Hyper Text Transfer protocol | 3. cÉwKÌqvKiY Õ¼vaxb nIqvq ˆKvGbv ˆjvKvj ˆWUvGeGR ev
AvBwc cÉGUvKGji gvaÅGg ˆh cÉGUvKj IGqe mvfÆvi I IGqe
KÑvGq´Ÿ ‰i gGaÅ ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb KGi ZvGK ‰BPwUwUwc IqvKÆGÕ¡kGbi mgmÅv nGjI AbÅvbÅ IqvKÆGÕ¡kGb KvGRi
(HTTP) eGj| KÑvGq´Ÿ wewf®² eËvDRvGii gvaÅGg IGqe ˆcBGRi mgmÅv nq bv|
RbÅ mvfviÆ GK AbyGiva cvVvGZ ^vGK| mvfviÆ KÑvGqG´Ÿi 4. wek¼vmGhvMÅZvi D®²wZ|
AbyGivGa mvov w`Gq IGqe ˆcBRGK KÑvGq´Ÿ-‰i KvGQ cvwVGq 5. AwaKZi ˆWUv cÉvcÅZv|
ˆ`q| KÑvGq´Ÿ wewf®² eËvDRvGii gvaÅGg Zv ˆ`LGZ cvq| Avi 6. Kg LiGP ˆhvMvGhvM, Õ©vbxq Õ¼vqZ½ kvmb|
hvi gvaÅGg ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb nq ZvnGjv ‰BPwUwUwc 7. AwaKZi `ÞZv e†w«¬|
(HTTP)| myZivs ‰BPwUwUwc (HTTP) ‰i KvR nGœQ: 8. KvhKÆ vwiZvi mgq nËvm cvq|
i. mvfÆvGii mvG^ eËvDRvGii msGhvM cÉwZÓ¤v Kiv| Amyweav:
ii. eËvDRvGii ˆhGKvGbv AbyGiva mvfÆvGi ˆcuŒGQ ˆ`Iqv| 1. ˆWUv wewf®² Õ©vGb iwÞZ wewf®² ˆWUvGeGR ^vGK weavq
iii. eËvDRvGii AbyGivGa mvfÆvGii mvov ˆgvZvGeK IGqe wbivcîv mgmÅv AvGQ|
2. eÅeÕ©vcbv I wbq¯¨GY RwUjZv AvGQ|
ˆcBRGK eËvDRvGi wbGq Avmv| 3. gvb wbq¯¨Y ‰ mgmÅv AvGQ|
iv. eËvDRvi ‰es mvfÆvGii msGhvM wewœQ®² Kiv| 4. `Þ RbkwÚi cÉGqvRb nq|
5. ˆWUvGeR wWRvBb ZzjbvgƒjK RwUj cÉK‡wZi|
cÉk² 16 KwÁ·DUvi welGqi gÅvWvg KÑvGm ejGjb, 6. Kg Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ gvGbi|
wWwe‰g‰m (DBMS) ‰ 1. KLGbv KLGbv ‰KvwaK ˆWUvGeR N DóxcGK gÅvWvg 2bs-‰ ˆh DBMS-‰i K^v eGjGQb
ZvnGjv IGqe ‰bveΣ ˆWUvGeR| ˆh ˆWUvGeR B´ŸviGbGUi
wbGq KvR Kiv nq| 2. Avevi KLGbv KLGbv IGqGei myweavhÚy ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vb ˆ^GK mvaviY IGqe B´ŸviGdGmi
gvaÅGg ˆhGKvGbv µvÏ Udi‡g wiGgvUwj AÅvKGmm Kiv hvq ZvGK
gvaÅGgI ˆWUvGeR wbGq KvR Kiv nq| wkLbdj: 1
IGqe ‰bveΣ ˆWUvGeR eGj| AbÅfvGe ejv hvq, ˆh
K. AÅvwUÇweDU Kx? 1 ˆWUvGeGR B´ŸviGbU ‰es IGqe eËvDRvGii gvaÅGg wewf®²
Z^ÅàGjv B´ŸviAÅvKwUf DcvGq AÅvKGmm, KzGqwi ŠZwi, AWÆvi
L. DBMS-‰i ˆÞGò eÅvK ‰´£ ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g 11
cÉ`vb, wiGcvUÆ I UÇÅvK Kiv hvq ‰es ˆiKWÆmgƒnGK cwieZÆb 5. cËGqvRb Abyhvqx cyGiv ˆWUvGeRGK ˆhGKvGbv wdGΣi
wfwîGZ eYvÆbyKÌwgK msLÅvbyKÌwgK, c`ex ev Dcvwa wfwîK
Kiv hvq ZvGK IGqe ‰bveΣ ˆWUvGeR eGj| IGqe ‰bveΣ ev AbÅ ˆKvGbvfvGe webÅvm Kiv|
ˆWUvGeGRi ˆgŒwjK Dcv`vbàGjv nGjv- mveÆÞwYK B´ŸviGbU 6. wiGcvUÆ ŠZwi Kiv ‰es cÉGqvRbxq ˆWUvGeGRi wcÉ´Ÿ ˆbqv|
7. h^v mÁ¿e ˆWUv WywµÏGKkb KgvGbv|
KvGbKkb, ‰KwU IGqe mvfÆvi, ‰KwU dvqviIqÅvi, AÅvKwUf 8. ˆiKWÆGK AvaywbKxKiY Kiv ‰es
9. ˆWUv msiÞY Kiv|
AÅvcwjGKkbwUGK mieivn Kivi RbÅ IGqe ˆcBR I
mdUIqÅvimgƒn| KvhGÆ ÞGò IGqe ‰bveΣ ˆWUvGeR 3 wU
Uvqvi ev ˆjqvGi KvR KGi ^vGK| ‰àGjv nGjv- ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb
ˆjqvi, wgWjIqvi ˆjqvi, ˆWUvGeR ˆjqvi| wbGÁ² wPGòi N DóxcGKi ˆWUvGeGR KwÁ·DUvi wkÞK ˆh me KvR KGi
ˆmàGjv nGjv@
gvaÅGg IGqe ‰bveΣ ˆWUvGeGRi eÅvLÅv ˆ`Iqv nGjv: 1. ˆWUvGeR KvVvGgv wWRvBb Kiv|
2. cwieZÆb I msGkvab Kiv|
1 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb 2 wgWjIqvi 3 ˆWUvGeR 3. eÅenviKvixG`i ˆWUv msMÉn|
BDRvi 6 ˆjqvi ˆjqvi 4 ˆjqvi 4. cÉwKÌqvKiY I msiÞGYi mg¯¼q mvab Kiv|
5. ˆWUvGeR wmGÕ¡Gg eÅen†Z ˆWUvi ˆWwdGbkb I gvbmgƒn
5
msiÞGYi RbÅ ˆWUv wWKkbvwi Õ©vcb Kiv|
eZÆgvGb eüj cÉPwjZ IGqe ‰bveΣ wKQz ˆWUvGeR mvfÆvGii 6. eÅenviKvixi cÉGekvwaKvi chÆGeÞY I wbq¯¨Y Kiv|
7. ‰KvwaK eÅenviKvixG`i AÅvKGmm ÞgZv wbaÆviY Kiv|
bvg nGjv 8. AbbyGgvw`Z eÅenvi ˆiva Kivi RbÅ ˆWUvGeGRi wbivcîv
IivKj (Oracle), gvBGKvÌ mdU ‰mwKD‰j mvfÆvi (Microsoft wbwøZ Kiv|
9. ˆhGKvGbv ò‚wUi RbÅ nvwiGq hvIqv ev bÓ¡ nGq hvIqv
SQL Server), gvB‰mwKD‰j (MySQL) BZÅvw`|
ˆWUv cybi‚«¬vGii eÅeÕ©v Kiv|
IGqe ‰bveΣ ˆWUvGeGRi myweav: fvPÆyqvj KwgDwbwU, 10. ˆWUvGeGRi KvhÆÞgZv I `ÞZv chÆGeÞY ‰es cÉGqvRb
wiGjkbvj ˆWUvGeR, ZvrÞwYK gZvgZ| e†w«¬ Kiv|
11. ˆWUvGeGRi eÅvKAvc ivLv I cybtÕ©vcb Kiv|
cÉk² 17 KGjGRi KwÁ·DUvi wkÞv welGqi wkÞK 12. ˆWUvGeGRi ˆgGgvwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wbaÆviY I mÁ·ÉmviY Kiv|
13. ˆWUvGeR Pvjy I e®¬ Kiv|
wkÞv^ÆxG`i Z^Å msiÞGYi RbÅ ‰KwU ˆWUvGeR mdUIqÅvi 14. ˆWUvGeGRi Afů¦ixY dvBGji gGaÅ wKsev AbÅ
D®²qb KGib ‰es wZwbB ˆWUvGeGRi gƒj `vwqZ½ cvjb KGib ˆWUvGeGRi gGaÅ ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii KvR wbq¯¨Y Kiv|
15. ˆWUvGeGRi mvweÆK DcG`Ó¡v wnmvGe KvR Kiv|
‰es ˆWUvGeGRi ˆWUv msKÌv¯¦ mgÕ¦ KvR KGib KGjGRi 16. Pvwn`v DcGhvMx ˆWUv DcÕ©vcb I mieivn Kiv|
Awdm mnKvix Rbve RyjwdKvi Avjx| wkLbdj: 1 I 2
K. ˆWUvGeR B´ŸvGivGMkb Kx? 1
L. DBMS-‰i MvVwbK Õ¦i eywSGq `vI| 2
M. Rbve RyjwdKvi Avjx Kx Kx KvR KGib Zvi eÅvLÅv
`vI| 3
N. DóxcGKi ˆWUvGeGR KwÁ·DUvi wkÞGKi f„wgKv
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
17 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K eÅenviKvix ˆWUvGeR nGZ Z^Å AvniY A^vÆr ˆiKWÆ
Abym®¬vb I wiGcvUÆ ŠZwi KiGZ cvGi Avi ‰UvB nGœQ ˆWUvGeR cÉk² 18 Rbve Aveyj nvGmg mvGne ‰KwU ˆKvÁ·vwbi
B´ŸvGivGMkb| gnveÅeÕ©vcK| wZwb KGqKRb KgÆKZvÆ i mvG^ AvGjvPbv KGi
L ‰B Õ¦iwU meGPGq wbGPi Õ¦i| ‰i gvGb nGjv, ‰ Õ¦iwU ZvG`i ˆeZb cybtwbaÆviY Kivi RbÅ wbeÆvnx cwiPvjGKi KvGQ
AbÅ Õ¦Gii wfwî| ‰ Õ¦Gi ˆWUvGeR KxfvGe MVb Kiv nGjv,
‰GZ Z^Å Kx DcvGq ivLv nGjv, ZG^Åi MVb BZÅvw` weÕ¦vwiZ ‰KwU cÉÕ¦ve DcÕ©vcb KiGjb| wbeÆvnx cwiPvjK welqwU
ˆ`Iqv ^vGK|
weGePbvi Avk¼vm ˆ`b ‰es ZvG`i bvg, c`ex, ˆhvM`vGbi
ZvwiL, eZÆgvb ˆeZb DGÍÏLmn Z^Å msewjZ ‰KwU ZvwjKv
M Rbve RyjwdKvi Avjx ˆh ˆh KvR KGib ZvnGjv PvBGjb| wkLbdj: 6
2. bZzb ˆWUv/ ˆiKWÆ A¯¦fÆyÚ Kiv|
3. ˆWUvi evbvb I msLÅvi fyj Abym®¬vb I msGkvab K. KzGqwi Kx? 1
AcÉGqvRbxq ˆWUv/ˆiKWÆ ev` ˆ`Iqv, Pƒov¯¦ mÁ·v`Gbi L. SQL mÁ·GKÆ ˆjL| 2
KvR mÁ·®² Kiv|
4. kZÆ mvGcGÞ cËGqvRbxq ˆWUv/ˆiKWÆ Abym®¬vb I eÅenvi M. wbeÆvnx cwiPvjGKi Pvwn`v ˆgvZvGeK Z^Åvw` ‹Zwii
Kiv|
c«¬wZi KzGqwi avivevwnKfvGe eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. M bs cÉGk²i KvRwU mÁ·®² KGiB wK Z^Å msewjZ
ZvwjKv wbeÆvnx cwiPvjGKi KvGQ DcÕ©vcb Kiv
hvGe? ‰i mcGÞ/wecGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4
12 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
18 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 2. AvgvGK ˆh ˆUwej ev ˆUwejmgƒGni wfwîGZ KzGqwi KiGZ
K ˆWUvGeGR msiwÞZ AmsLÅ Z^Å ˆ^GK ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ kZÆ nGe ˆmàGjv Avjv`vfvGe wmGjÙ KGi Add evUGb wKÑK
mvGcGÞ Z^Å LuyGR ˆei KivGK ejv nq KzGqwi| KzGqwii mvnvGhÅ KiGZ nGe|
wbw`ÆÓ¡ wdGΣi ˆWUv, wbw`ÆÓ¡ MÉ‚Gci ˆWUv, wbw`ÆÓ¡ kZÆ AbymvGi
cÉ`kÆb Kiv hvq| 3. Avwg Employee ˆUweGji KzGqwi Kie| ZvB Employee
ˆUwejwU wmGjÙ Kwi ‰es Add evUGb wKÑK Kwi|
L SQL-‰i cyGiv A^Æ nGjv Structured Query Language|
‰wU ‰KwU kwÚkvjx ˆWUv ˆgwbwcDGjkb, ˆWUv ˆWwdwbkb, 4. Close evUGb wKÑK KGi WvqjM eÝwU e®¬ KGi w`GZ
UÇvbGRKkb KG´ŸÈvj, ˆWUv KG´ŸÈvj I ˆWUv wiUÇvBfvj nGe| Query*: Select Query cvIqv hvGe| ‰wUB Query
jÅvãyGqR| SQL wewf®² ˆKwÌ Yi KvhÆ mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ eÅen†Z ŠZwii gƒj DBG´£v|
nq, ˆhgb: ˆWUv KzGqwi Kiv, ˆWUv mw®²Gek Kiv, cwieZÆb I
gyGQ ˆdjv, ˆWUvGeGR AeGRÙ ŠZwi Kiv, msGkvab Kiv I 5. ‰Lb ‰KwU ‰KwU wdGΣi Ici Wej wKÑK KGi bvg, c`ex,
gyGQ ˆdjv, BDRvi AÅvKGmm wbq¯¨Y Kiv, ˆWUvGeR ˆhvM`vGbi ZvwiL, eZÆgvb ˆeZb wdΣMzGjv Field ˆiv-GZ wbGq
Consistency-‰i wbøqZv cÉ`vb Kiv BZÅvw`| Avwm|
M wbeÆvnx cwiPvjGKi Pvwn`v ˆgvZvGeK Z^Åvw` ŠZwii RbÅ 6. ‰evGi KzGqwiwU ˆmf Kwi| wieGbi Design UÅvGei
KzGqwi KiGZ nGe| c`GÞcàGjv wbÁ²i…c: AaxGb ivb ‰i Ici wKÑK KGi KzGqwiwU ivb Kwi|
1. ˆWUvGeRwU IGcb Kwi| wieGbi Create-‰i Ici wKÑK
N M bs cÉGk² KzGqwi Kiv nGqGQ| ÷aygvò KzGqwi KGiB
Kwi| ‰evi Query Design-‰i Ici wKÑK Kwi| Pvwn`vgGZv I my±`ifvGe Z^Å DcÕ©vcb Kiv hvq bv| KzGqwi
ZvnGj WvqjM eÝ AvmGe| KGi ÷aygvò Z^Å wiUÇvBf Kiv nq| Avi Z^Å DcÕ©vcGbi
RbÅ KzGqwi dvBj-‰i Ici wfwî KGi wiGcvUÆ ŠZwi KiGZ
nq| wiGcvUÆ dvBj ŠZwi bv KGi Pvwn`v gGZv ˆWUv DcÕ©vcb
Kiv hvq bv| myZivs Pvwn`vgGZv Z^Å DcÕ©vcGbi RbÅ
AekÅB wiGcvUÆ ŠZwi KiGZ nGe|
cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² v. Action Query:
cÉk² 19 Append Query:
Update Query
Customer name Account number Balance
A 001 10,000 Delete Query:
B 002 5,000 Make table Query
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGki² DîGii
deposite ˆUwej
wkLbdj: 6 RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
K. KzGqwi Kx? 1 M ˆWUvGeGR KzGqwi ŠZwii c«¬wZ D`vniYmn eÅvLÅv KGiv|
L. KzGqwi KZ cÉKvi AvGjvPbv KGiv| 2 N ˆWUvGeGR KzGqwii f„wgKv D`vniYmn weGkÏlY KGiv|
M. DwÍÏwLZ DóxcGK ‘B’ KvÕ¡gvGii balance ˆeGo
15,000-nGj KzGqwi Kx nGe wjL| 3 cÉk² 20 eÅvsK gÅvGbRvi gwneeyj nvmvb eÅvsGK Z^Å
N. DóxcGKi ˆUweGj 3q AvGiKRb KvÕ¡gvi ‘C’ ‰i mieivGni RbÅ KGcÆvGiU ˆWUvGeR MÉnGYi c`GÞc wbGjb|
ˆiKWÆ msGhvRb KiGZ nGj KzGqwi ‰es msGkvwaZ ˆWUv wmwKDwiwUi RbÅ ˆWUv ‰bwKÌckb c«¬wZ eÅenvi
ˆUwej Kx nGe? 4 KiGjb| wkLbdj: 6
19bs cÉGk²i Dîi K. DBA Kx? 1
K ˆWUvGeGR msiwÞZ AmsLÅ Z^Å ˆ^GK ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ kZÆ L. ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGb wbw`ÆÓ¡ wbqGg ‰GjvGgGjv Kiv
mvGcGÞ Z^Å LuyGR ˆei KivGK ejv nq KzGqwi|
cvVvGbv AwaKZi wbivc`-eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
L wewf®² cÉKvi KzGqwi wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv-
M. eÅvsK gÅvGbRvGii M†nxZ c`GÞc mÁ·GKÆ eÅvLÅv
i. Select Query
ii. Parameter Query KGiv| 3
iii. Crosstab Query
iv. Unmatched N. DóxcGK eÅvsGKi ˆWUv wmwKDwiwUi RbÅ ˆh c«¬wZ
eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ ‰i ˆhŒwÚKZv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g 13
20bs cÉGk²i Dîi K. ‰bwUwU Kx? 1
K ˆh eÅwÚ ev eÅvwÚeGMÆi Dci ˆWUvGeGRi ˆK±`Êxq wbq¯¨Y L. ˆWUvGeR eÅeÕ©vcbvi cÉavb ‰KwU KvR mÁ·GKÆ
eÅeÕ©v AwcÆZ ^vGK ˆmB eÅvwÚ ev eÅwÚ eMÆGK ˆWUvGeR ˆjL| 2
AÅvWwgwbGÕ¡ÈUi (DBA) eGj| M. DÚ KGjGRi ˆWUvGeR KxfvGe ŠZwi Kiv nGe?
L ˆh c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv weU AvKvGi wbw`ÆÓ¡ wbqGg ‰KB cG^ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
UÇv´Öwgkb nq ZvGK mvwKÆU myBwPs eGj| Avi ˆh c«¬wZGZ N. KGjR KZc‡Æ Þ ZvG`i ŠZwi ˆWUvGeR ˆ^GK Kx Kx
ˆWUv eÐK/cÅvGKU AvKvGi wf®² wf®² A^vÆr ‰GjvGgvGjv cG^ myweav cvGe? ‰ eÅvcvGi ˆZvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4
UÇv´Öwgkb nq ZvGK cÅvGKU myBwPs eGj| mvwKÆU myBwPs
c«¬wZGZ ‰KB cG^ ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb nq eGj nÅvwKs nIqvi cÉk² 22
mÁ¿ebv ^vGK dGj wbivcîv Kg| AbÅw`GK mvwKÆU myBwPs Tracking Product Tracking Manufacturer Price
c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv wf®² wf®² cGZ cÉevwnZ nq eGj nÅvwKs nIqvi No Name No.
mÁ¿vebv Kg dGj wbivcîv ˆewk| ZvQvov cÅvGKU myBwPs 101 RAM 101 Twin Mos 1500
c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv cÅvGKU AvKvGi cÉevwnZ nq eGj Õ·xW ˆewk| 102 Hard 103 HP 3500
Disk
ZvB ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb wbw`ÆÓ¡ wbqGg ‰GjvGgGjv KGi cvVvGbv Printer 102 Samsung 5000
104 A4Tech 250
AwaKZi wbivc`| 103 Web
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGki² DîGii 104
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe Cam
M KGcÆvGiU ˆWUvGeR mÁ·GKÆ ˆjL| wkLbdj: 6
N ˆWUvi ‰gwKÌckb c«¬wZ weGkÏlY KGiv| K. dGib Kx KvGK eGj? 1
AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk²
L. ˆWUvGeR wmwKDwiwU ejGZ Kx eySvq? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
cÉk² 21 ˆKvGbv ‰KwU KGjGRi ˆPqvigÅvb-‰i wm«¬v¯¦ M. DóxcGKi ˆUwej-2 ‰ Tracking No. wdΣwU bv
ˆgvZvGeK KGjGRi PvKyixRxexG`i RbÅ ‰KwU ˆWUvGeR ŠZwi ^vKGj Kx Kx mgmÅv nGZv? Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
Kivi cwiK͸bv Kiv nGjv| ˆWUvGeR ŠZwii ˆÞGò AvBwW, N. ˆUwej-1 I ˆUwej-2 ‰i wiGjkb ŠZwi KGi ‰KRb
bvg, wcZvi bvg, R®Â ZvwiL, R®ÂÕ©vb, wkÞvMZ ˆhvMÅZv, MÉvnGKi ˆÞGò KxfvGe cÉGqvM Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi? Zv
AwfæZv, ˆhvM`vGbi ZvwiL, ˆeZb BZÅvw` wdΣ ˆbqvi weGkÏlY gƒjK gZvgZ `vI| 4
wm«¬v¯¦ nq| wkLbdj: 1 I 6
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