10 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
jwRK ‰i gvaÅGg Kiv nq| wWwRUvj eZÆbxGZ wKQy jwRK = 0 + 0 + 0 + ABC + ABC + 0
dvskb eÅenvi Kiv nq ‰es ‰àGjvGK cÉGqvRbGevGa = ABC
mijxKiY Kiv nq LiP I mvwKÆU wWRvBGbi RwUjZv KgvGbvi
RbÅ| ZvB ejv hvq, KwÁ·DUvi cÉhywÚi weKvGk jwRK (A + ABC + ABC) (AC + BC) = ABC (cÉgvwYZ)
ˆMBGUi eÅenvi AZů¦ ài‚Zc½ ƒYÆ|
N wZbwU BbcyU A, B I C wewkÓ¡ ‰Ý-Ai ˆMBGUi cÉZxK
cÉk² 15 wPGò `ywU BbcyGUi Ai ˆMBU-‰i cÉZxK ‰es BbcyU
MÉnGYi mZÅK mviwY ˆ`qv nGjv@ I mZÅK mviwY ˆ`qv nGjv:
A X=AB input Y=ABC
B A output
B
C
mZÅK mviwY (Truth Table) wPò : wZb BbcyU wewkÓ¡ XOR gate
Input Output A B C Y=A B C
A B X=AB 0 000
0 011
00 0 0 101
0 110
01 1 1 001
1 010
10 1 1 100
1 111
11 0
wkLbdj: 12 cÉk² 16 wkIbv bvgK BGjKUÇwbÝ mvwKÆU wWRvBb cÉwZÓ¤vb
K. jwRK ˆMBU Kx? 1 X = A+ B + A mgxKiYwU eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi mvnvGhÅ
L. mZÅK mviwY ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 mijxKiY KGiGQ| ‰GZ KGi mvwKÆU evÕ¦evqGb ˆMBGUi
M. eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi mnvqZvq cÉgvY KGiv ˆh, cwigvY ZyjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg ˆjGMGQ| wkLbdj: 11
(A + ABC + ABC–) (A– C + BC) = ABC 3 K. eZÆbxwUi BbcyGU Kx Kx ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU eÅen†Z
N. cÉ`î wPGòi AvGjvGK wZb BbcyGUi RbÅ ‰ÝAi nGqGQ? 1
ˆMBGUi cÉZxK I mZÅK mviwY weGklÏ Y KGiv| 4 L. eZÆbxwUi RbÅ mZÅK mviwY ˆjL| 2
15 bs cÉGk²i Dîi M. DcGii DóxcGK eÅen†Z mgxKiYwUi eywjqvb
K eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi eÅenvwiK cÉGqvGMi RbÅ ˆh mKj AÅvjGReivi mvnvGhÅ mij KGiv| 3
wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆU eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK jwRK ˆMBU
eGj| N. DóxcKwUGZ eÅen†Z mgxKiYwU eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi
mvnvGhÅ mijxKiY Kiv nGj Kx aiGbi myweav cvIqv
L ˆKvGbv eywjqvb Õ¼vaxb PjKàGjvi gvGbi mÁ¿veÅ me hvGe, eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
webÅvGmi RGbÅ dvskGbi ˆh gvb nq Zv ˆUwej AvKvGi ˆ`LvGbv 16 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
hvq| ‰i…c ˆUwejGK H dvskGbi mZÅK mviwY eGj| ˆKvGbv K eZÆbxwUi BbcyGU OR Gate I NOT Gate eÅen†Z nGqGQ|
jwRK dvskGb PjK msLÅv n nGj Dnvi mÁv¿ eÅ BbcyU KwÁ¼Gbkb L X = (A+ B)+ A ‰i mZÅK mviwY wbÁ²i…c
‰i msLÅv nGe 2n| A B A + B (A+ B) X = (A+ B) + A
OR gate ‰i mZÅK mviwY (Truth Table): 00 0 1 1
Input Output 01 1 0 0
A B Y=A+B 10 1 0 1
00 0 11 1 0 1
01 1 M DóxcGK eÅen†Z mgxKiYwU
10 1 X = (A+ B) + A
11 1 ZvnGj,
M (A + ABC + ABC) (AC + BC) X = (A+ B) + A
= A.AC + ABC.AC + ABC.AC + A.BC + ABC.BC+ABC.BC = A¯.B¯ + A
= AAC + AA.B.CC + AA.B.CC + ABC + ABC + ABC.C
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 11
= A + A¯.B¯ 17 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
= (A +A¯) (A +B¯) K XOR I XNOR ˆMBUGK weGkl ˆMBU ejv nq|
= 1 (A +B¯) L NAND ˆMBU «¼viv AND ˆMBU ŠZwi Kiv mÁ¿e| `yBwU
= A + B¯ NAND ˆMBGUi msGhvGM ‰KwU AND ˆMBU ŠZwi nq|
N DóxcGKi X = (A+ B) + A mgxKiYwUi mvwKÆU wWRvBb wbGÁ² ˆ`LvGbv nGjv:
KiGZ `yBwU OR Gate ‰es ‰KwU NOT Gate jvGM| ––––––––
Y = AB
mgxKiYwUi jwRK mvwKÆUwU wbÁ²i…c : = AB AB ––––––––
A
AB B AB = AB
A+B
A+B X=(A + B)+A
wPò: X = (A+ B) + A ‰i jwRK mvwKÆU M DóxcGKi wPòwU chÆGeÞY KiGj X ‰i gvGbi RbÅ ˆh
mgxKiY cvIqv hvq Zv wbGÁ² ˆ`LvGbv nGjv:
Avevi DóxcGKi mgxKiYwU eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi mvnvGhÅ
mijxKiY KiGj Avgiv cvB
X = AB . A B
X = A + B¯ ................... (1) = A––B. (A––+B––)
(1)bs mgxKiGYi jwRK mvwKUÆ evÕ¦evqGbi RbÅ ÷aygvò = AB. (A+ B)
‰KwU OR Gate ‰es ‰KwU NOT Gate jvGM| mvwKÆUwU
wbÁ²i…c = AB + (A + B)
A B¯ A + B¯ = X
B = AB + A B
= AB
wPò : X = A + B¯ ‰i jwRK mvwKÆU| N X ‰i gvbwU (M bs nGZ) XNOR ˆMBUGK wbG`Æk KGi|
A^Ævr eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi mvnvGhÅ mijxKiY KiGj wbGÁ²vÚ XNOR ˆMBUGK ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU-‰i gvaÅGg evÕ¦evqb KiGZ
myweav cvIqv hvGe| `yBwU NOT, `ywU AND I ‰KwU OR ˆMBGUi cÉGqvRb nq|
i. mvwKÆU wWRvBGb RwUjZv KGg hvGe| wbGÁ² ˆ`LvGbv nGjv:-
ii. ZyjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg IC jvMGe|
iii. LiP KGg hvGe|
cÉk² 17 A = AB + A B AB
AB A B
A
X = AB + A B
B
AB
X
wkLbdj: 13 [cÉKvk Kzgvi `vk: cÉk-² 11] wPò : XNOR ˆMBU evÕ¦evqb|
cÉk² 18
K. weGkl ˆMBU Kx? 1
AB
L. NAND ˆMBU «¼viv AND ˆMBU ŠZwi Kiv mÁ¿e Q
P
wKbv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
wkLbdj-8 I 13
M. DóxcGKi wPò ˆ^GK X ‰i gvb wbYÆq KGi
mijxKiY KGiv| 3
N. X ‰i gvbwU ˆh ˆMBUGK wbG`Æk KGi Zv ˆgŒwjK
ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ evÕ¦evqb KGiv| 4
12 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
K. BCD Kx? 1 P.Q = (A + B). (AB + A B )
L. mZÅK mviwY eÅenvi KGi jwRK eZÆbx Avu Kv mÁ¿e- = A(AB A B ) + B (AB + A B )
= A AB + AA B + ABB + A B B
eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 = AB + 0 + AB + 0
= AB + AB
M. DóxcGKi jwRK wPò ˆ^GK P ‰i mgxKiY wbYÆq = AB
Ki| 3 AZ‰e, P I Q ˆK AND ˆMBGUi BbcyU weGePbv KiGj A.B
AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq|
N. P I Q ˆK BbcyU wnmvGe eÅenvi KGi A.B AvDUcyU
P Y = P.Q
ˆcGZ nGj Kx eÅeÕ©v ˆbqv ˆhGZ cvGi? weGkÏlY Q
Ki| 4 cÉk² 19
18 bs cÉGk²i Dîi AB
K BCD ˆK- Binary Coded Decimal ejv nq| `kwgK
msLÅvi cÉwZwU AâGK mgZzjÅ ev mgvb evBbvwi msLÅv «¼viv
cÉKvGki eÅeÕ©v nGœQ BCD|
L eywjq PjGKi gvGbi mÁv¿ eÅ me webÅvGmi RbÅ eywjq X
dvskGbi ˆh gvb nq ZvGK mZÅK mviwY eGj| mvaviYZ
‰KwU mvwKÆGUi AvDUcyU wK aiGbi nGe Zv eywjq PjK wkLbdj: 13
eÅenvi KGi mZÅK mviwY ŠZwi Kiv nq| Zvici mZÅK
mviwY ˆ^GK eywjqvb ivwk ˆei Kiv nq ‰es BGjKUÇwbK K. jwRK ˆMBU Kx? 1
mvwKÆU ŠZwi Kiv nq| myZivs, mZÅK mviwY eÅenvi KGi
jwRK eZÆbx AuvKv mÁ¿e| L. DcGii jwRK ˆMBGUi AvDUcyGUi mgxKiY ˆjL| 2
M. DóxcGKi ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ mgxKiYGK eywjqvb
M DóxcGKi jwRK wPò ˆ^GK P ‰i mgxKiY wbGÁ² wbYÆq AÅvjGReivi mvnvGhÅ mijxKiY KGiv| 3
Kiv nGjv:
N. A ‰i mvG^ hyÚ NOT gate wU ev` w`Gq MwVZ
P = AB + AB + AB mvwKÆUwUi mZÅK mviwY wbYÆq KGi djvdj gƒjÅvqb
= B (A + A) + AB
= B. 1 + AB KGiv| 4
= B + AB
= (A + B) (B + B ) 19 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
= (A + B). 1
=A+B K eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi eÅenvwiK cÉGqvGMi RbÅ ˆh mKj
wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbÝ mvwKÆU eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK jwRK
AZ‰e, P ‰i wbGYÆq mgxKiY, P = A + B| ˆMBU eGj|
L DcGii jwRK ˆMBGUi AvDUcyGUi mgxKiY nGjv X =
–
(AB) . (A + B)
N DóxcGKi mvwKÆU ˆ^GK cvB, M DóxcGKi mvwKÆU ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ jwRK dvskbwU
P = AB + AB + AB –
= B (A + A) + AB X = (AB) (A + B)
= B. 1 + AB
= B + AB – ––
= (A + B) (B + B )
= (A + B). 1 = (A + B ) (A + B)
=A+B
–– –– – –
‰es Q = A B
= A . A + A . B + A B + BB
– –– –
=A +AB +AB+0
– ––
= A (1 + B ) + A B
–– –
= A .1 + A B [ 1+ B =1]
––
=A +AB
–
= A (1 + B)
= + A B –
AB
= A .1 [ 1 + B = 1]
–
= AB + A B =A
P I Q ‰i ivwkgvjv ˆ`GL ˆevSv hvq P I Q ‰i gGaÅ OR N A ‰i mvG^ hyÚ NOT Gate wU ev` w`Gq MwVZ mvwKUÆ wUi
AcvGikb KiGj A.B cvIqv mÁ¿e bq| ‰Lb P I Q ‰i AND jwRK dvskb nGe|
AcvGikGb cÉvµ¦ ivwkgvjv
X = AB (A + B)
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 13
–– ZvnGj ˆm Zvi Kvw›ÞZ AvDUcyU cvGe| wewf®² aiGbi ˆMBU
eÅenvi KGiI ˆm Zvi Kvw›ÞZ AvDUcyU cvGe| NOR, XNOR
= (A + B ) (A + B) BZÅvw` ˆMBUàGjv ˆ^GKI Avgiv ‰B Kvw›ÞZ AvDUcyU cve|
Zvi Kvw›ÞZ dvskbwUi jwRK mvwKÆU nGe
– –– –
A A B
= A A + A B + A B + BB
––
= 0 + AB + A B
––
= A B + AB
myZivs mvwKÆUwU AvDUcyU XOR ˆMBwUi AvDUcyU ‰i mgvb|
wbGP mZÅK miwY ˆ`Iqv nGjv|
XOR gate ‰i Truth Table : B
Input Output A^Ævr kwdGKi mÁ¿vebv Abyhvqx AvDUcyU cvIqv mÁ¿e|
A B X = AB cÉk² 21
00 0 AA
AB
01 1 Y
BB
10 1
11 0 Fig-1 : X-OR gate Fig-2 : AND gate
[cvebv KÅvGWU KGjR, cvebv]
cÉk² 20 kwdKGK Zvi e®¬y Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ welGq K. jwRK ˆMBU Kx? 1
cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i wRGæm KiGj ˆm gRv KGi eGj, ˆKb 1010| L. ˆKb NAND I NOR ˆMBUGK meÆRbxb ˆMBU ejv
kwdK eGj, ‘ˆek fvjB ˆZv ZzB AvBwmwU wkGL ˆdGjwQm| nq? 2
AvœQv Pj Avgiv ‰KwU mvwKÆU ‰i bKkv AsKb Kwi hvGZ M. wPò: 1 I wPò: 2 eÅenvi KGi nvd-AÅvWvGii jwRK
`yBwU BbcyU wg^Åv nGjI AvDUcyU mZÅ nGe|’ wkLbdj: 4 I 13 mvwKÆU AuvK I mZÅK mviwY ŠZwi KGiv| 3
K. jwRK ˆMBU Kx? 1 N. dzj-AÅvWvi Kx? nvd-AÅvWvi eÅenvi KGi dzj-
L. msLÅv m†wÓ¡GZ wfwî Rvbv Ri‚wi ˆKb? 2 AÅvWvGii mvwKÆU AuvK I mZÅK mviwY ŠZwi KGiv| 4
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ msLÅvwUi cÉKvi DGÍÏLcƒeÆK ‰i 21 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
mgKÞ `kwgK msLÅv wbYÆq Ki| 3 K eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi eÅenvwiK cÉGqvGMi RbÅ ˆhme
wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbÝ mvwKÆU eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK jwRK
N. kwdGKi cÉÕ¦vebvi mÁ¿veÅZv hywÚmn hvPvB Ki| 4 ˆMBU eGj| A^vÆr ˆhme wWwRUvj mvwKÆU hywÚwfwîK msGKGZi
cÉevn wbq¯¨Y KGi ˆm mKj mvwKÆUGK jwRK ˆMBU eGj|
20 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi dvskbàGjvi eÅenvwiK cÉGqvGMi L ˆh mKj ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ ˆgŒwjK ˆMBUmn AbÅvbÅ mKj
RbÅ ˆh mKj BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆU eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK jwRK cÉKvi ˆMBU ŠZwi ev evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq ˆmB mgÕ¦ ˆMBUGK
mvwKÆU ev jwRK ˆMBU eGj| meÆRbxb ˆMBU eGj| ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU «¼viv AbÅvbÅ mKj cÉKvi
ˆMBU ŠZwi ev evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq ˆmBfvGe NAND I NOR
L msLÅv m†wÓ¡GZ wfwî Rvbv Ri‚ix| KviY ‰K msLÅv eÅeÕ©v w`GqI ˆgŒwjK ˆMBUmn AbÅvbÅ mKj ˆMBUGK cÉKvk Kiv
AbÅ msLÅv eÅeÕ©v ˆ^GK wf®²| ZvB ‰K c«¬wZGZ cÉvµ¦ msLÅv hvq| ‰B RbÅ NAND I NOR ˆK meÆRbxb (universal)
AbÅ msLÅv c«¬wZGZ wf®² gvb cÉKvk KiGZ cvGi| ZvB ˆMBU ejv nq|
ˆKvGbv msLÅv ˆKvb msLÅv c«¬wZGZ ŠZwi Zv Rvbv AvekÅK|
M wPò 1 nGjv XOR ˆMBU ‰es wPò-2 nGjv bÅv´£ ˆMBU|
M kwdGKi e®¬y Zvi cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i wRGæm Kivq ˆm Zvi cÉvµ¦ ‰Lb ZvnGj AvgvG`i XOR ˆMBU ‰es bÅv´£ ˆMBU w`Gq
bÁ¼i eGj 1010| ‰Lvb ˆ^GK Avgiv ˆ`LGZ cvwi msLÅvwU nvd-AÅvWvi ‰i mvwKÆU AvuKGZ nGe| `yB weU ˆhvM Kivi RbÅ
÷aygvò 1 ‰es 0 mg®¼Gq ŠZwi| ZvB Avgiv aviYv KGi wbGZ ˆh mgw¯¼Z eZÆbx eÅen†Z nq ZvGK nvd-AÅvWvi eGj| nvd-
cvwi ‰wU ‰KwU evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZi msLÅv| DÚ evBbvwi AÅvWvGii `ywU BbcyU I `ywU AvDUcyU ^vGK| AvDUcyU `ywUi
msLÅvwUGK hw` `kwgGK cwiYZ Kwi ZvnGj ‰wU `vovq: gGaÅ ‰KwU ˆhvMdj ev mvg (Sum) AciwU (Carry) KÅvwi|
gGb KGiv, ‰KwU nvd-AÅvWvi (Half Adder) eZÆbxi A I B
(1010)2 = 0 20 + 1 21 + 0 22 + 1 23 `ywU BbcyGUi ˆhvMdj S I KÅvwi C| wbGP Half Adder-‰i
=0+2+0+8 eÐK wPò I mZÅK mviwY ˆ`LvGbv nGjv-
= (10)10 Input Output
AB SC
ZvnGj (1010)2 ‰i mgKÞ ˆWwmGgj msLÅv (10)10| 00 00
01 10
N DóxcGK kwdK cÉÕ¦ve KGi ‰gb ‰KwU mvwKÆU ‰i bKkv 10 10
AsKb Kivi hvGZ `yBwU BbcUy wg^Åv nGjI AvDUcyU mZÅ 11 01
nGe| kwdGKi eÅen†Z `yBwU BbcyU hw` A I B nq ZGe Zvi
eÅen†Z eywjqvb dvskb nGe F = A B
14 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
DcGivÚ mZÅK mviwY ˆ^GK cvB, ‰es Co = A BCi + AB Ci + ABCi + ABCi
Half Adder ‰i mgxKiY = Ci (A B + AB ) + AB (Ci + Ci)
= Ci (A B) + AB
S = A .B + A.B = A B ‰es C = A.B= AB = C2 + C1
wbGP Half Adder ‰i jwRK wPò ˆ`LvGbv nGjv
A B Ci
AB
S2 S
S = AB S1
C = A.B C
Co
C
wPò : ˆhŒwMK ˆMBGUi gvaÅGg nvd AÅvWvGii jwRK mvwKÆU wPò: nvd-AÅvWvGii mvnvGhÅ dzj AÅvWvi evÕ¦evqb
N `yB weU ˆhvM Kivi cvkvcvwk ˆh mgw¯¼Z eZÆbx KÅvwi weU cÉk² 22 AvDUcyU BbcyU AvDUcyU
BbcyU
ˆhvM KGi ZvGK dzj-AÅvWvi ev cƒYÆ ˆhvM KviK eZÆbx eGj|
AB X AB X
‰GÞGò dzj AÅvWvGi BbcyU 3wU ‰es output 2wU, ‰KwU S
AciwU C| ZvnGj dzj-AÅvWvGi BbcyU 3wUi gGaÅ ‰KwU A 00 1 00 1
Avi ‰KwU B ‰es AciwU C (KÅvwi Ci) ‰es output `ywUi
‰KwU S AciwU Co (out)| 01 0 01 1
10 0 10 1
11 0 11 0
Input Output wPò-1 wPò-2
A B Ci S Co [AvBwWqvj Õ•zj ‰´£ KGjR, gwZwSj, XvKv]
0 0 000
K. meÆRbxb ˆMBU KvGK eGj? 1
0 0 110 L. AND ˆMBGU ˆh ˆKvb ‰KwU BbcyU wg^Åv nGj
0 1 010 AvDUcyU wg^Åv nq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
0 1 101 M. DóxcGKi wPò-1 ˆKvb jwRK ˆMBGU wbG`Æk KGi?
1 0 010
1 0 101 Zv mÁ·GKÆ wjL| 3
1 1 001 N. wPò-2 ‰ wbG`ÆwkZ jwRK «¼viv X = A + B mgxKiY
1 1 111 evÕ¦evqb mÁ¿e eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
22 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
dzj-AÅvWvGii mgxKiY Truth Table ˆ^GK ˆjLv hvq,
S = A B Ci + A B Ci + A B Ci + ABCi K ˆh mKj ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ ˆgŒwjK ˆMBUmn AbÅvbÅ mKj
cÉKvi ˆMBU ŠZwi ev evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq ˆmB mgÕ¦ ˆMBUGK
= AB Ci meÆRbxb ˆMBU eGj|
Co = A BCi + AB Ci + ABCi + ABCi L eywjqvb AÅvjGReiv gƒjZ jwRGKi mZÅ A^ev wg^Åv ‰B
`ywU Õ¦Gii Ici wfwî KGi ŠZwi Kiv nGqGQ| eywjqvb
`ywU nvd-AÅvWvGii mvnvGhÅ ‰KwU dzj-AÅvWvi ŠZwi Kiv AÅvjGReivi mZÅ I wg^ÅvGK h^vKÌGg evBbvwii '1' ‰es '0'
«¼viv wbG`Æk Kiv nq| AND ˆMBU nGjv ˆhŒwÚK àGYi
hvq| ‰LvGb Carry out ‰i RbÅ AwZwiÚ OR ˆMBU hÚy Kiv ˆMBU| ˆhŒwÚK àGYi ˆÞGò ˆhGKvb ‰KwU ivwk wg^Åv ev 0
nGjB MyYdj wg^Åv ev 0 kƒbÅ nq| myZivs AND ˆMBGUi
nGqGQ| ˆÞGò ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU BbcyU wg^Åv nGjB AvDUcyU wg^Åv nq|
cÉ^g nvd-AÅvWvGi BbcyU A I B ‰i ˆhvMdj, S1 ‰es KÅvwi M wPò 1 nGZ cvB,
C1
cÉ^g nvd-AÅvWvGi, S1 = AB ‰es C1 = A.B
w«¼Zxq nvd-AÅvWvGi `ywU BbcyU nGjv S1 I Ci ‰es AvDUcyU
ˆhvMdj S2 I KÅvwi C2|
myZivs w«¼Zxq Half Adder ‰ ˆhvMdj, S2 = S1 Ci
= ABCi X AB
‰es C2 = S1Ci AB
= (AB).Ci NOR hv ˆMBGUi jwRK dvskb| myZivs wPò-1 NOR ˆMBU
wbG`ÆkÆ KGi| NOR gate ˆK meÆRbxb (universal) ˆMBU ejv
dzj AÅvWvi ‰i ˆhvMdj S I KÅvwi Co nGj, nq| ˆh wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆGU `yB ev ZGZvwaK BbcyU
w`Gq ‰KwU gvò AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq ˆhLvGb ˆKvGbv ‰KwU
S = AB Ci
= S2
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 15
BbcyU ‰i gvb 1 nGjB AvDUcyU 0 nGe ‰es hLb meàGjv 23 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
BbcyU 0 nGe ZLbB AvDUcyU 1 nGe ZvGK NOR gate eGj|
bi ˆMBU nGœQ OR gate I NOT gate ‰i mgwÓ¡| OR gate K ˆKvGbv eywjq Õ¼vaxb PjKàGjvi gvGbi (0,1) mÁ¿veÅ me
‰i AvDUcyUGK NOT gate ‰i gGaÅ w`Gq cÉevwnZ KGi webÅvGmi RbÅ dvskGbi ˆh gvb (0,1) nq Zv ˆUwej AvKvGi
NOR gate ŠZwi Kiv nq| Ai ˆMBU ˆh KvR KGi ‰B ˆ`LvGbv hvq| ‰i…c ˆUwejGK H dvskGbi mZÅK mviwY eGj|
ˆMBUwU Zvi wecixZ KvR KGi| A^Ævr NOR gate nGœQ
ˆhŒwÚK ˆhvGMi wecixZ ˆMBU| A I B `ywU BbcyUwewkÓ¡ L `ywU ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU nGjv Ai (OR)‰es AÅv´£ (AND)|
NOR gate ‰i MVb, cÉZxK, eywjqvb AvDUcyU ˆ`LvGbv
wbGP ‰G`i jwRK mvwKÆU ˆ`Iqv nGjv|
nGjv
Output
A Y = A OR B
Input B =A+B
A OR A OR Gate jwRK mvwKÆU
B Output B
Input A+B Output
MVb A + B NOT A + B cÉZxK Input A
wPò : NOR gate B Y = A AND B
N wPò 2 nGZ cvB, = A.B
AND ‰i jwRK mvwKUÆ
AB AB AB M DóxcGKi AvDUcyU,
A(B B) AB
A AB Q (A.AB).(AB.B)
AB (A AB)(AB B)
AB (A AB)(AB B)
hv bÅv´£ ˆMBU (NAND Gate) ‰i jwRK dvskb| myZivs (A B)(A B) [mnvqK Dccv`Å: A + AB = A + B]
wPò-2 «¼viv bÅv´£ ˆMBU (NAND Gate) wbG`Æk KGi| bÅv´£
ˆMBU (NAND Gate) w`Gq X=A+B evÕ¦evqb Kiv mÁ¿e|
KviY NAND gate nGjv meÆRbxb (universal) ˆMBU| = (A + B) + (A + B)
NAND gate w`Gq ˆgŒwjK ˆMBUmn AbÅvbÅ mKj ˆMBUGK = A B + A B
cÉKvk Kiv hvq| wbGP NAND gate w`Gq X=A+B evÕ¦evqb
Kiv nGjv-
= AB + AB
X=A+B
AB
N DóxcGK bÅv´£ ˆMBU eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ| wbGP bÅv´£
AB A A ˆMBU ‰i meÆRbxbZv cÉgvY Kiv nGjv
Input B Output 1. NAND ˆ^GK NOT gate: NAND gate ‰i meàGjv
BbcyU mgvb nGj wKsev BbcyU kUÆ KGi cÉ`vb KiGj NOT
Y=A+B gate wnGmGe KvR KiGe| wPògGZ A BbcyU ‰i RbÅ output
B
nGe, Y = A ‰wU ‰KwU NOT gate ‰i output|
Q
A Output
Input
Y = A.A A
cÉk² 23 wPò : NAND gate nGZ NOT gate evÕ¦evqb
2. NAND gate nGZ OR gate: wZbwU NAND gate hvi
A cÉ^gwUi BbcyU«¼q A, w«¼ZxqwUi BbcyU«¼q B, ‰gbfvGe
msGhvM Kwi ˆhb cÉ^g I w«¼ZxqwUi output, Z‡Zxq NAND
B gate ‰i `ywU BbcyU i…Gc Õ©vcb Kiv nq| Z‡ZxqwUi output
OR gate ‰i output cÉ`vb KiGj OR gate evÕ¦evwqZ nGe|
[miKvwi we‰gwm gwnjv KGjR, bIMuv] wPòwU wbÁ²i…c:
K. mZÅK mviwY Kx? 1
L. `ywU ˆgŒwjK ˆMGUi mvwKÆU AsKb KGiv? 2
M. DóxcGKi AvDUcyU mgxKiY ˆei KGiv ‰es mij A A
Input Output
KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi ˆh ˆMBUwU eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ Zvi B Y=A+B
meÆRbxbZv cgÉ vY KGiv| 4 B
wPò : NAND gate nGZ OR gate evÕ¦evqb
16 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
A I B input ‰i RbÅ wPò nGZ output Y = A .B = = + = eÅvUvwi + AB
A B –
= A + B ‰wU OR gate ‰i output. AZ‰e OR gate FAN
evÕ¦evwqZ nGjv| 5V
3. NAND gate nGZ AND gate: `ywU NAND gate ‰i gGaÅ gƒj myBP Ab ^vKGj ˆeW myBP e®¬ nGj A^Ævr A=1 ‰es
AciwU BbcyU B=0 nGj mvwKÆU wewœQ®² ^vKGe| dGj dÅvbwU
cÉ^g NAND gate ‰i output w«¼Zxq NAND gate ‰i input e®¬ nGq hvq| DóxcGKi mvwKÆUwU AND ˆMBU ‰i mvG^
mv`†kÅcƒYÆ|
wnGmGe eÅenvi KiGj AND gate ‰i output cvIqv hvGe|
N ‰KwU myBP e®¬ KiGjI dÅvbwU e®¬ nGe bv ‰i‚c
A A.B Output mvwKÆGUi RbÅ DóxcGKi mvwKÆU AND ‰i cwieGZÆ OR
Input Y=A.B=A.B mvwKÆU eÅenvi KiGZ nGe| gGb Kwi gƒj myBPwU A ‰es ˆeW
myBPwU B ZvnGj mvwKÆwUi jwRKÅvj eZÆbx nGe wbÁ²i…c:
B
wPò : NAND gate «¼viv AND gate evÕ¦evqb
A I B input ‰i RbÅ wPò nGZ output Y = A.B eÅvUvwi +– A
= A.B ‰wU AND gate ‰i output| AZ‰e AND gate B =0
evÕ¦evwqZ nGjv| FAN
myZivs NAND gate w`Gq mKj ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU evÕ¦evqb Kiv
hvq| AZ‰e, NAND gate ‰KwU meÆRbxb (Universal) 5V
ˆMBU|
cÉk² 24 iwdGKi kqb KGÞ dÅvb PjGQ| dÅvbwUGZ gƒj AND A^vÆr ˆkÉYx mvwKÆGU `yUwU myBP Ab bv ^vKGj AvDUcyU
1 cvIqv hvq bv weavq mvwKÆUwU cwieZÆb KGi OR ev
myBGPi cvkvcvwk ˆeW myBPI AvGQ| Zvi Vvív Abyf„Z nIqvq mgv¯¦ivj mvwKÆU eÅenvi Kiv nGj gƒj myBP Ab (A=1) ^vKvi
KviGY ˆeW myBP e®¬ (B=0) ^vKvi dGjI dÅvbwU PjGe|
ˆm ˆeW myBwU Ad Kij| dGj dÅvbwU e®¬ nGq ˆMj| ˆeW myBP e®¬ KiGj BbcyU B=0 nq wK¯§ gƒj myBP Ab A=1
^vKvq mvwKÆUwU mPj ^vKvq dÅvbwU e®¬ nq bv| OR mvwKÆGU
dÅvGbi ‰KwU myBP ˆLvjv ^vKv mGî½I dÅvbwU e®¬ nGq 1 wU BbcyU 1 nGj AvDUcyU 1 nq A^Ævr gƒj myBP A^ev ˆeW
myBP ‰KwU Ab ^vKGj dÅvbwU PGj|
hvIqvq ˆm wP¯¦v Kij, ‰wU KxfvGe mÁ¿e|
[Šmq`cyi miKvwi KvwiMix KGjR, bxjdvgvix]
K. NAND ˆMBU Kx? 1
L. OR ˆMGUi Zzjbvq XOR ˆMU ‰i myweav eÅvLÅv
KGiv| 2 cÉk² 25 AvBwmwU wkÞK KÑvGm wewf®² cÉKvi gRvi ˆhvM
M. DóxcGKi mvwKÆUwU AsKb KGi dÅvb e®¬ nIqvi wkLvGjb| ‰QvovI wZwb wewf®² cÉKvi msLÅv c«¬wZi i…cv¯¦i
KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 wkLvGjb| KÑvGk wZwb ˆgŒwgZvGK Zvi ˆivj bÁ¼i I eqm
N. DóxcGKi mvwKÆUwUi Kx cwieZÆb KiGj ‰KwU myBP wjLGZ ejGjb| ˆgŒwgZv Zvi eZÆgvb ˆivj (102)10 I eqm
(27)8 wjLj| wkÞK AviI ejGjb wZwb wbR bvGg ‰KwU
e®¬ KiGjI dÅvbwU e®¬ nGe bv, Zv ˆZvgvi wbGRi bZzb msLÅv c«¬wZ ŠZwi KGiwQ hvi msLÅv àwj nGjv 0, 1, 2,
fvlvq wjGLv| 4
24 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 3, 4| [mvZÞxiv miKwi gwnjv KGjR, mvZÞxiv]
K ˆh wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆU `yB ev ZGZvwaK BbcyU K. msLÅv c«¬wZ KvGK eGj? 1
w`Gq ‰KwU gvò AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq ˆhLvGb ˆKvGbv ‰KwU
BbcyU ‰i gvb 0 nGj AvDUcyU 1 nGe ‰es hLb meàGjv L. (13)10 ‰i evBbvwi I BCD Code ‰K bq eÅvLÅv
BbcyU 1 nGe ZLbB AvDUcyU 0 nGe ZvGK NAND gate
eGj| NAND gate nGœQ AND gate I NOT gate ‰i KGiv| 2
mgw¯¼Z ‰KwU ˆMBU|
M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK ˆgŒwgZvi eqmGK wkÞGKi
ˆkLvGbv bZbz c«¬wZGZ i…cv¯¦i KGi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
L XOR GMBU wZbwU ˆgŒwjK ˆMBGUi (OR, AND, NOT) N. evwlÆK cixÞvq ˆgŒwgZvi ˆivj (3E)16 nGj,
mg¯¼Gq MwVZ nIqvq OR ˆMBGUi ˆPGq ‰wUi eÅenvi djvdGji cv^ÆKÅ ÷ay ˆhvGMi gvaÅGg evwni KGi
myweavRbK| XOR ˆMBU eÅenvi KiGj mvwKÆGUi RwUjZv
KGg hvq ‰es LiP Kg nq| ˆ`LvI| 4
25 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
M gGb Kwi gyj myBPwU A ‰es ˆeW myBPwU B ZvnGj K mvsGKwZK wPn× ev cÉZxK mgƒGni gvaÅGg ˆKvb msLÅv ˆjLv
mvwKÆwUi jwRKÅvj eZÆbx nGe wbÁ²i…c: ev cÉKvk KGi MvwYwZK AcvGikb cwiPvjbv Kivi c«¬wZGK
msLÅv c«¬wZ ejv nq |
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 17
L wewmwW ˆKvW I evBbvwi msLÅv ‰K bq| ‰G`i gGaÅ ˆgŒwgZvi djvdGji cv^ÆKÅ ÷i‚ ˆhvGMi gvaÅGg evwni
KiGj nq (00101000)2|
cv^ÆKÅ iGqGQ| wbGP mswÞµ¦fvGe ˆ`LvGbv nGjv :
wewmwW ˆKvW evBbvwi msLÅv cÉk² 26 bvwejv evRvGi wMGq (754.251)8 UvKvi eB,
(E54.2Cl)10 UvKvi KvMR, (100)2 UvKvi Kjg wKbj|
1| `kwgK c«¬wZi msLÅvGK 1| ˆh msLÅv c«¬wZGZ bvwejvi e®¬y kwgÆ (100101.010)2 UvKv Lvevi I
evBbvwi msLÅvq cÉKvGki RbÅ ˆKejgvò `yBwU (0, 1) (10110.110)8 UvKv hvZvqvZ eve` eÅq Kij|
ˆh ˆKvW eÅen†Z nq ZvGK AsK eÅen†Z nq ZvGK
wewmwW ˆKvW eGj| evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZ [ewikvj miKvwi gwnjv KGjR, ewikvj]
eGj|
K. cÅvwiwU weU Kx? 1
2| 0 ˆ^GK 9 ‰ `kwU 2| evBbvwi msLÅvq `yBwU L. 2-‰i cwicƒiK ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
AsGKi cÉwZwUGK wbG`ÆGki Aâ 0 I 1 ‰i cÉGqvRb|
RbÅ 4wU evBbvwi Aâ M. bvwejvi KvMR I Kjg eve` ˆgvU hZ UvKv LiP
cÉGqvRb|
nGqGQ Zv evBbvwiGZ cÉKvk KGiv| 3
N. kwgÆ ˆKvb LvGZ ˆewk LiP KGiGQ g¯¦eÅmn
3| (13)10‰i wewmwW ˆKvW 3| (13)10 ‰i evBbvwi weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
= 00010011 msLÅv = (1101) 2 26 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
M DwócGK ICT wkÞGKi ŠZwi bZzb msLÅv c«¬wZGZ K ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡Gg ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgU Kivi cƒGeÆ gƒj
ˆgŒwjK wPn× iGqGQ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 A^Ævr ˆgvU 5wU| myZivs ˆWUv weGUi mvG^ AwZwiÚ ˆh weU msGhvRb Kiv nq ZvGK
DÚ msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆeR ev wfwî nGœQ 5| cÅvwiwU weU ejv nq|
wbGP ˆgŒwgZvi eqmGK ICT wkÞGKi ŠZwi bZzb msLÅv
c«¬wZGZ i…cv¯¦i Kiv nGjv : L ˆKvb evBbvwi msLÅvGK 1 ‰i cwicƒiK ev DwΟGq wjGL
(27)10 = (?)5 Zvi mvG^ 1 ˆhvM KGi ˆh evBbvwi msLÅv MVb Kiv nq ZvGK
2 ‰i cwicƒiK MVb eGj| evBbvwi msLÅvq 2-‰i cwicƒiK
5 27 Kiv nGj msLÅvi wPn× cwieZÆb nGq hvq| A^ÆÅvr abvñK
5 57 evBbvwi msLÅvGK 2 ‰i cwicƒiK KiGj FbvñK msLÅv ŠZwi
5 10 nGe ‰es FbvñK evBbvwi msLÅvGK 2 ‰i cwicƒiK KiGj
abvñK msLÅv ŠZwi nGe| MVGbi ˆÞGò cÉ^Gg msLÅvwUi 1-
01 ‰i cwicƒiK ŠZwi KiGZ nq| 1-‰i cwicƒiGKi mvG^ 1 ˆhvM
KiGZ nq| ˆhgb-
(27)10 = (102)5
ICT wkÞGKi ŠZwi bZzb msLÅv c«¬wZGZ ˆgŒwgZvi eqm 101101
(102)5|
0 1 0 0 1 0
N ˆgŒwgZvi cƒGeÆi ˆivj = (102)10 (1 ‰i cwicƒiK)
ˆgŒwgZvi evwlÆK cixÞv cieZÆx ˆivj = (3E)16
1
djvdGji cv^ÆKÅ =(102)10 + (3E)16
(102)10 = 01100110 [8 weGU cÉKvk KGi] 0 1 0 0 1 1 (1 ‰i cwicƒiK)
(3E)16 = 00111110 [8 weGU cÉKvk KGi]
ˆhGnZz weGqvRÅ msLÅvwU FYvñK AeÕ©vq iGqGQ msLÅvwUGK M bvwejvi KvMGRi gƒjÅ = (E54.2Cl)16 UvKv
E54 . 2C1
2 ‰i cwicƒiK KiGZ nGe| 1110 0101 0100 0010 1100 0001
11000001 1 ‰i cwicƒiK = (111001010100.001011000001)2
(+) 1
bvwejvi KjGgi gƒjÅ = (100)2 UvKv
(3E) 16 = 11000010
111001010100.001011000001
(102)10 = 01100110
(+) (3E)16 = 1 100001 0 000000000100.00000000000
= 1 00101000 0
AwZwiÚ wPn× (111001011000.001011000001)2
weU weU
myZivs, bvwejvi KvMR I Kjg eve` ˆgvU
AwZwiÚ weU weGePbv Kiv nq bv| ˆhGnZz wPn× weU 0| (111001011000.001011000001)2 UvKv LiP nGqGQ|
msLÅvwU abvñK ‰es ˆhvMdj (00101000)2
N kwgÆi Lvevi eve` LiP =(100101.010)2 UvKv|
(100101.010)2
= 125 + 024 + 023 + 122 + 021 + 120 + 021
+ 122 + 023
18 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
= 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 0 A
4 Y=A OR B = A + B
= (37.25)10 UvKv B
kwgÆi hvZvqvZ eve` LiP = (10110.110)8
OR Gate ‰i jwRK wPò
(10110.110)8 N DóxcGKi mvwKÆUwUGZ `ywU myBP cÅvivjvjfvGe iGqGQ|
= 184 + 083 + 182 + 181 + 080 + 181 + 182 + dGj ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU myBP Ab nGjB eZÆbxwU mPj nGe| ZvB
ejv hvq DóxcGKi eZÆbxwU Ai ˆMBUGK wbG`Æk KGi| wK¯§
083 myBP `ywUGK hw` cÅvivjvjfvGe bv ˆiGL wmwiqvj ev wmwiGR
ˆhvM Kiv nq ZGe ˆh ˆKvb ‰KwU myBP Ab nGjB eZÆwbwU
11 mPj nGe bv| ‰GÞGò `yBwU myBPB hw` Ab bv ^vGK ZGe
= 4096 + 64 + 8 + 8 + 64 eZÆbxwU mPj nGe bv| ZvB ejv hvq ‰GÞGò eZÆbxwU ‰´£
ˆMBUGK wbG`Æk KiGe| ‰´£ ˆMBGUi jwRK wPò wbÁ²i…c:
= 4168 + 0.125 + 0.015625
= (4168.140625)10
DcGivÚ weGkÏlY ˆ^GK eySv ˆMj kwgÆi hvZvqvZ eve` LiP
Lvevi eve` LiGPi ˆPGq ˆewk|
cÉk² 27 A
Y = AB
B
cwiewZÆZ eZÆbxwU ev ‰´£GMBGUi mZÅK mviwY nGe
AB Y = AB
00 0
01 0
wkLbdj: 13 10 0
K. jwRK ˆMBU Kx? 11 1
L. ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆMBUGK meÆRbxb ˆMBU ejv nq ‰es
cÉk² 28
ˆKb?
M. DcGii eZÆbxwU ˆh ˆMBUGK wbG`Æk KGi Zv mZÅK AB
mviwYmn jwRK wPò AuvK| Y
N. DóxcGKi eZÆbxi myBP `ywUGK cÅvivjvj bv KGi
Lamp
wmwiqvj ev wmwiR KiGj jwRKwPGò Kx cwieZÆb
NUGe Zv mZÅK mviwYmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| wkLbdj: 13
27 bs cÉGk²i Dîi K. jwRK ˆMU Kx? 1
L. ˆgŒwjK ˆMU KZwU I wK wK? 2
K eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi eÅenvwiK cÉGqvGMi RbÅ ˆh mKj M. wPGò DGÍÏwLZ mvwKÆU jwRK ˆMUwUi ŠewkÓ¡Å, mZÅK
wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆU eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK jwRK
ˆMBU eGj| mviwY I cÉZxK ˆjL| 3
N. wPGò DGÍÏwLZ mvwKÆGU AvGiv ‰KwU myBP C hyÚ
KiGj Zvi mZÅK mviwY I cÉZxK ˆjL| 4
L NAND Gate I NOR Gate ˆK meÆRbxb ˆMBU ejv 28 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
nq| KviY NAND Gate I NOR Gate w`GqI ˆgŒwjK
ˆMBUmn AbÅvbÅ mKj ˆMBUGK cÉKvk Kiv hvq| ‰B RbÅ K eywjqvb MwYGZi eÅenvwiK cÉGqvGMi RbÅ ˆh me
NAND Gate I NOR Gate ˆK meÆRbxb ˆMBU ejv nq| BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆU eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK jwRK ˆMBU eGj|
M DcGii eZÆbxwU Ai ˆMBUGK wbG`Æk KGi| Ai ˆMBGUi L ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU wZbwU h^v- (i) AND gate, (ii) Or gate
mZÅK mviwY I jwRK wPò wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv- ‰es (iii) Not gate.
Input Output M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ mvwKÆUwUi jwRK ˆMBU nGœQAND
gate| wbGÁ² ‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å, mZÅK mviwY I cÉZxK ˆjLv nGjv:
A B Y=A+B ŠewkÓ¡Å: (i) BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆGU `yB ev ZGZvwaK BbcyU w`Gj
00 0 AvDUcyU nGe BbcyUàGjvi ˆhŒwMK àGYi (AND AcvGikb)
‰i mgvb|
01 1 (ii) ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU BbcyU gvb 0 nGj AvDUcyU gvb 0 nGe|
(iii) meàGjvi BbcyU '1' nGj AvDUcyU- '1' nGe|
10 1
11 1
OR gate ‰i mZÅK mviwY (Truth Table)
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 19
mZÅK mviwY myZivs wPòwUi mZÅK mviwY:
A BY A BC Y
0
0 00 0 00 0
0
0 10 0 01 0
0
1 00 0 10 0
0
1 11 0 11 1
cÉZxK : A Y 1 00
B
1 01
N DóxcGKi wPGò, mvwKÆUwUi mvG^ mgv¯¦ivj mgevGq 'C'
myBP hyÚ KiGj cvB 1 10
1 11
A BC A Y = ABC
Y cÉZxK : B
C
Lamp
cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² cÉk² 30 eywjqvb AÅvjGReiv evÕ¦evqGbi RbÅ wZbwU ˆgŒwjK
cÉk²29 mywgZGK Zvi ‰K e®¬y LvZvq (1B4,51EB) ‰es ˆMBU ŠZwi Kiv nq| wK¯§ ˆ`Lv ˆMj ‰K cÉKvi ˆMBU w`Gq
(5D9.2)16 msLÅv `ywU wjGL w`j| mywgZ eySGZ cvij bv ‰B `ywU AbÅ cÉKvi ˆMBGUi KvR Kiv mÁ¿e nq bv| ZvB cieZÆxGZ
AvmGj ˆKgb msLÅv| mywgGZi e®¬y ZvGK eywSGq ejj ˆh, Zvi
‰KwU ˆMBU w`Gq ˆhb wZbwU ˆMBGUiB KvR Kiv hvq ‰gb
`ywU ˆhŒwMK ˆMBU NAND I NOR ŠZix Kiv nGjv|
fvB CSE-i Qvò| ˆmB ZvGK ‰àGjv wkwLGq ˆ`q ‰es ‰àGjvGK wkLbdj: 13
KxfvGe `kwgK msLÅvq cwiYZ Kiv hvq ZvI wkwLGqGQ| e®¬ywU K. weU wK? 1
mywgZGK c«¬wZwU eywSGq w`Gq msLÅv `y’wUGK `kwgGK i…cv¯¦i L. 2 ‰i cwicƒiK c«¬wZGZ (-13)10 ‰i evBbvwi gvb wbYÆq
KGiv| 2
KiGZ ejj| wkLbdj: 4
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ ˆhŒwMK ˆMBU `ywUi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
K. bU AcvGiUi KqwU PjK wbGq KvR KGi? 1
N. DÚ ˆMBU `ywUGK meÆRbxb ˆMBU ejv nq ˆKb?
L. KvD´Ÿvi ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
M. mywgGZi e®¬yi ˆevSvGbv c«¬wZwU eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 30bs cGÉ k²i Dîi
N. “DÚ msLÅv `ywUGK mywgZ `kwgK msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i K evBbvwi wWwRU 0 ‰es 1 ˆK weU eGj|
KiGj, Zvi gvb KZ nGe? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 L (13)10 = (1101)2
29bs cÉGk²i Dîi = (00001101)2
K bU AcvGiUi ‰KwU PjK wbGq KvR KGi| 00001101 ‰i 1’‰i cwicƒiK = 11110010
L KvD´Ÿvi wWwRUvj wWfvBGm eÅen†Z ‰K cÉKvi +1
wmKzGqw´Öqvj mvwKÆU, hv Zvi BbcyU cvjm eÅenvGii gvaÅGg
cƒeÆ wbaÆvwiZ wbw`ÆÓ¡ cwigvY chÆvqKÌwgK Output ˆ`q| 00001101‰i 2’‰i cwicƒiK =11110011
‰Z‰e (13)10 = (11110011)2
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGki² DîGii
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGki² DîGii
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
M wewf®² jwRK ˆMBUmgƒn eÅvLÅv KGiv|
M ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj c«¬wZ ˆ^GK `kwgK c«¬wZGZ i…cv¯¦Gii N jwRK mvÆwKU I mZÅK mviwYi mvnvGhÅ meÆRbxb ˆMBU
wbqg eÅvLÅv KGiv| weGklÏ Y KGiv|
N ‰KwU ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvGK `kwgK msLÅvq i…cv¯¦Gii cÉk² 31 bqbGK Zvi wkÞK (377.45)8 I (25A.25B)16
ˆKŒkj D`vniYmn weGkÏlY KGiv| msLÅv `ywU wjLGZ ejGjb| Zvici cÉ^g msLÅvwUGK w«¼Zxq
msLÅv c«¬wZGZ ‰es w«¼Zxq msLÅvwUGK cÉ^g msLÅv c«¬wZGZ
i…cv¯¦i KiGZ ejGjb| wkLbdj: 4
20 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
K. D®²wZi avivevwnKZvq MYbvi ˆÞGò meÆcÉ^g ˆKvb AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk²
ˆKŒkjwU eÅen†Z nq? 1 cÉk² 32 KwÁ·DUvGii hveZxq MvwYwZK KvR evBbvwi
ˆhvGMi gvaÅGg mÁ·®² nq| ‰ KviGYB KwÁ·DUvi weævGb
L. mZÅK mviwY mÁ·GKÆ ˆjL| 2 evBbvwi ˆhvM Lye ài‚Zc½ ƒYÆ AcvGikb| àY nGjv ˆhvGMi
M. cÉ^g msLÅvwUGK wkÞGKi K^v Abyhvqx i…cv¯¦i KGi
ˆ`LvI ‰es c«¬wZwU eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 mswÞµ¦ iƒc| wkLbdj: 13
K. Avjdv wbDGgwiK ˆKvW Kx?
N. w«¼Zxq msLÅvwUGK wkÞGKi K^v Abyhvqx i…cv¯¦i 1
KGiv ‰es c«¬wZwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 L. xy ‰i mij KGiv| 2
31 bs cÉGk²i Dîi M. DóxcGK ˆh ài‚Zc½ ƒYÆ AcvGikGbi K^v ejv nGqGQ
K cÉZxK ev wPn×| Zvi RbÅ eÅen†Z eZÆbxi (`yB BbcyGUi RbÅ) eÅvLÅv
L ˆKvGbv eywjq Õ¼vaxb PjKàGjvi gvGbi mÁ¿veÅ me `vI| 3
webÅvGmi RGbÅ dvskGbi ˆh gvb nq Zv ˆUwej AvKvGi
ˆ`LvGbv hvq| ‰i…c ˆUwejGK H dvskGbi mZÅK mviwY eGj| N. M bs cÉGk²i eZÆbxwU ˆgŒwjK ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ
mZÅK mviwYGZ eywjqvb AÅvjGReiv ev jwRKÅvj AcvGikb
ˆMBU-‰i gvaÅGg input gvGbi Ici wfwî KGi output gvb evÕ¦evqb KGiv| 4
cÉKvk Kiv nq| cvGki mZÅK mviwYGZ A I B `ywU PjGKi
RbÅ 2n ˆK KwÁ¼GbkGb ‰KGmU gvGbi (4wU) RbÅ jwRK cÉk² 33 wkÞK ‰Kw`b covGZ wMGq ejGjb ‰K weGkl
dvskb Y = f (A, B) mZÅK mviwYGZ cÉKvk Kiv nGjv|
aiGbi ˆgGgvwi wWfvBm hv wmwcBD-‰i gGaÅ ^vGK| ‰ mKj
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
ˆgGgvwi wWfvBm-‰ AÕ©vqxfvGe ˆWUv mwçZ ^vGK| cÉavbZ
wmwcBD-‰ wewf®² ˆWUv cÉGmwms-‰i RGbÅ ‰ ˆgGgvwi eÅenvi
Kiv nq| ZvQvov wewf®² cÉKvi ˆjv-ˆjGej jÅvsàGqR
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs-‰i RbÅ ‰B ˆgGgvwi eÅen†Z nq| wkLbdj: 13
RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGk²i DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe K. ˆiwRÕ¡vi Kx? 1
M AÙvj msLÅv ˆ^GK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvGj i…cv¯¦i Kivi c«¬wZwU L. ˆiwRÕ¡vGii cÉKviGf` ˆjL| 2
eYÆbv KGiv|
M. wkÞK ˆh ˆgGgvwii K^v ejGZ ˆPGqGQb ZvGZ wdÑd-
N msLÅvGK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj ˆ^GK AÙvGj i…cv¯¦i Kivi dÑd-‰i eÅenvi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
ˆKŒkj ˆjL|
N. DÚ ˆiwRÕ¡vGii gGaÅ ˆhwU WvGb ev evGg ˆWUv
mivGZ cvGi Zvi-KvhbÆ xwZ weGkÏlY Ki| 4
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm gjƒ eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask 1
Z‡Zxq AaÅvq
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGkv² îi
cÉk² 1 F = + cÉk² 2
AB BC
wkLbdj: 8 I 13 [Xv. ˆev. 2016]
K. BCD Kx? 1
L. 1 + 1 = 1 eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
M. DóxcGKi dvskbwUi AvGjvGK mZÅK mviwY ŠZwi
Ki| 3 wkLbdj: 3 I 13 [w`. ˆev. 2016]
N. DóxcGKi dvskbwU wK ÷ay NAND ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ K. BCD ˆKvW Kx? 1
evÕ¦evqb Kiv mÁ¿e? weGkÏlY Ki| 4 L. “AÙvj wZb weGUi ˆKvW”eywSGq ˆjL| 2
1 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
M. wPò-1-‰i mZÅK mviwY ŠZwi Ki| 3
K `kwgK c«¬wZi msLÅvGK evBbvwi msLÅvq cÉKvGki RbÅ 0 N. evBbvwi ˆhvGMi eZÆbx ŠZwiGZ wPò«¼Gqi f„wgKv
ˆ^GK 9 ‰B `kwU AGâi cÉwZwUGK wbG`ÆGki RbÅ ˆh 4 (Pvi)
weU evBbvwi AGâi cÉGqvRb nq ZvGK wewmwW ˆKvW eGj| weGkÏlY Ki| 4
2 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
L 1 + 1 = 1 K `kwgK c«¬wZi msLÅvGK evBbvwi msLÅvq cÉKvGki RbÅ 0
ˆ^GK 9 ‰B `kwU AGâi cÉwZwUGK wbG`ÆGki RbÅ ˆh 4 (Pvi)
‰LvGb ‘+’ wPn×GK mvaviY AÅvjGReivi wPn× ‘+’ ˆK eySvq weU evBbvwi AGâi cÉGqvRb nq ZvGK wewmwW ˆKvW eGj|
bv| ‰B aiGbi ˆhvMGK jwRKÅvj AÅvwWkb ev jwRKÅvj Ai
AcvGikb eGj| KviY eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi ˆhvGMi ˆÞGò ˆh L wZb weU wewkÓ¡ evBbvwi ˆKvWGK AÙvj ˆKvW eGj|
ˆKvGbv ‰KwU gvb 1 nGj ˆhvMdj 1 nGe| meàGjv gvb 0 nGj
ˆhvMdj 0 nGe| A^Ævr eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi wbqg Abyhvqx 1 eo aiGbi evBbvwi msLÅvGK mnGR mswÞµ¦ msGKZ wnGmGe
+ 1 = 1 nq| eÅenvi Kivi RbÅ wZb weGUi AÙvj ˆKvGWi cGÉ qvRb nq|
A^Ævr AÙvj ˆKvW nGœQ wZb weGUi ˆKvW| mvaviYZ wWwRUvj
M DóxcGKi dvskb nGœQ, F = – B + B– C| wbGP ‰i mZÅK KwÁ·DUvi ‰es gvBGKÌvcÉGmmGii mvG^ msGhvGMi RbÅ AÙvj
ˆKvW eÅen†Z nq|
A
mviYx ŠZwi Kiv nGjv:
A B C – – –– ––
AB BC F = AB + BC
A B
0001 1 0 0 0 ˆhgb- (46)10 = (101110)2 = (56)8 (AÙvj ˆKvW)
0011 1 0 1 1 M DóxcGKi wPò-1 ‰i BbcyU nGœQ `yBwU| h^vKÌGg A, B
‰es AvDUcyU ‰KwU hv X bvGg wPwn×Z Kiv nGqGQ| DóxcGK
0101 0 1 0 1 eÅen†Z wPòwU nGœQ XOR gate|
0111 0 1 0 1
1000 1 0 0 0
1010 1 0 1 1 wbGP wPò-1 ‰i mZÅK mviwY ˆ`LvGbv nGjv:
1100 0 0 0 0
1110 0 0 0 0 BbcyU AvDUcyU
N DóxcGKi dvskbwU ÷ay NAND ˆMBU «¼viv evÕ¦evqb Kiv A B X=AB
mÁ¿e| hv wbGP weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv–
00 0
––
01 1
F = AB + BC
– – [A– 10 1
AB + BC
= = A] 11 0
= – – [A+B = –– N evBbvwi ˆhvGMi KvR Kiv nq AÅvWvGi| DóxcGK wPò-1
AB . BC I wPò-2 ˆZ `yBwU BbcyU eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ hv nvd
A.B] AÅvWvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å enb KGi| `yB weU ˆhvM Kivi RbÅ ˆh
mgw®¼Z eZÆbx eÅenvi Kiv nq, ZvB nvd AÅvWvi| ‰i `ywU
ABC – – – – BbcyU I AvDUcyU ^vGK|
A AB F = AB . BC
A –
B BC
C B
–
B
2 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
wbGP nvd AÅvWvGii mZÅK mviwY wbYÆq Kiv nGjv: ‰Qvov `kwgK msLÅv c«¬wZi hveZxq wnmve wbKvk evBbvwi
BbcyU AvDUcyU msLÅv c«¬wZi mvnvGhÅ Kiv hvq| ‰ mKj eüwea KviGY
KwÁ·DUvi wWRvBGb evBbvwi c«¬wZ eÅenvi Kiv myweavRbK|
ABXY
0000 M eÐK wPò-1 nGœQ nvd AÅvWvi| nvd AÅvWviGK ˆgŒwjK
0110 ˆMBU «v¼ iv hyÚ KGi mZÅK mviwY mn eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv:
1010
1101 gGb Kwi ‰KwU nvd AÅvWvGii eZÆbxi A I B `ywU BbcyGUi
mZÅK mviwY nGZ X ‰i mgxKiY nGe– ˆhvMdj S I KÅvwi C| wbGP Half Adder ‰i mZÅK mviwY
‰es ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU «¼viv Zv evÕ¦evqb KGi ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|
––
Input Output
X = AB + AB
X=AB ABS C
mgxKiYwU X-OR ˆMBUGK wbG`Æk KGi 0000
A X=AB 0110
B
1010
wPò-1 «¼viv evBbvwi ˆhvGMi mgxKiY evÕ¦evqb Kiv nGqGQ|
mZÅK mviwY nGZ Y ‰i mgxKiY nGe– 1101
Y = AB mZÅK mviwY
mgxKiYwU AND ˆMBUGK wbG`Æk KiGQ| DcGivÚ mZÅK mviwY ˆ^GK cvB,
A Y = AB Half Adder ‰i mgxKiY
B
S = – + – = A B ‰es C = A.B
wPò-2 «¼viv evBbvwi ˆhvGMi Y ‰i mgxKiY evÕ¦evqb Kiv
nGqGQ| A.B A.B
cÉk² 3
AB
– –
A B
––
S = AB + AB
C = A.B
N eÐK wPò-1 nGœQ nvd AÅvWvi Avi eÐK wPò-2 nGœQ dzj
wkLbdj: 13 [Kz. ˆev. 2016] AÅvWvi| nvd AÅvWvGii gvaÅGg dzj AÅvWvGii jwRK eZÆbx
evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq| weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ DcÕ©vcb Kiv
K. ˆiwRÕ¡vi Kx? 1
nGjv|
L. wWwRUvj wWfvBGm evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZi ài‚Z½ eÅvLÅv
Ki| 2 `ywU nvd AÅvWvGii mvnvGhÅ ‰KwU dzj AÅvWvi ŠZwi Kiv hvq|
M. eÐK wPò-1 ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU «¼viv hwy Ú eZÆbx AsKb KGi ‰LvGb Carry out ‰i RbÅ AwZwiÚ OR ˆMBU hyÚ Kiv nq|
mZÅK mviwY eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 cÉ^g nvd AÅvWvGi BbcyU A I B ‰i ˆhvMdj S1 ‰es KÅvwi
C1 cÉ^g nvd AÅvWvGi, S1 = A B ‰es C1 = A.B
N. eÐK wPò-1 «¼viv eÐK wPò-2 ‰i jwRK eZÆbx evÕ¦evqb
w«¼Zxq nvd AÅvWvGi `ywU BbcyU nGjv S1 I Ci ‰es AvDUcyU
Kiv hvq wKbv? weGkÏlY KGi gZvgZ `vI| 4 ˆhvMdj S2 ‰es KÅvwi C2
3 bs cÉGk²i Dîi w«¼Zxq Half Adder ‰ ˆhvMdj, S2 = S1 Ci = A B
K ˆiwRÕ¡vi nGjv KZKàGjv wdÑc-dÑc ‰i mg¯¼Gq MwVZ Ci
mvwKÆU hv evBbvwi Z^ÅGK AÕ©vqxfvGe msiÞY KGi ^vGK|
‰es C2 = S1Ci
L KwÁ·DUvi wWRvBGb evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZ eÅenvGii
ài‚Z½ ev cÉGqvRbxqZv AGbK ˆewk| `kwgK msLÅvi Zzjbvq = (A B).Ci
evBbvwi msLÅvq eÅen†Z AsKàGjv (0 I 1) mnGRB
BGjKwUÇKÅvj wmMbÅvGji mvnvGhÅ cÉKvk Kiv hvq| ˆhgb - dzj AÅvWvGii ˆhvMdj S ‰es KÅvwi Co nGj,
Še`yÅwZK wmMbvj Ab (On) ev High ˆK 1 «¼viv ‰es Ad
(Off) ev Low ˆK mnGRB 0 «¼viv cÉKvk Kiv hvq| evBbvwi S = A B Ci = S2
wmGÕ¡Gg `yBwU AeÕ©v ^vKvi KviGY BGjKUÇwbÝ mvwKÆU
wWRvBb Kiv mnR nq| ‰es Co = – + – + – + ABCi
ABCi ABCi ABCi
–– –
= Ci(AB + AB) + AB(Ci + Ci)
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 3
= Ci(AB) + AB = C2 + C1 N DóxcGK eÅen†Z jwRK mvwKÆU ‰ cÉ^g BbcyU A ‰es
w«¼Zxq BbcyUGK B aiGj P I Q ‰i AvDUcyU nGe–
A S1 S2
BC
P = AB . AB
Ci
A + B A+ B
wPò: nvd AÅvWvGii mvnvGhÅ dzj AÅvWvGii jwRK eZÆbx ( ) ( )= [AB = – + –
A B]
DcGivÚ eÅvLÅv ˆ^GK cÉgvwYZ nGjv `ywU nvd AÅvWvGii ( ) ( )= A+ B A + B
mvnvGhÅ dzj AÅvWvi evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq|
cÉk² 4 = AA+AB+ AB+BB
= AB+AB
[A B = AB + ––
= AB
AB]
=
P = A B [A = A]
Avevi, Q = AB. AB =
AB
K. ˆµÏRvwiRg Kx? wkLbdj: 4 I 13 [wm. ˆev. 2016] =
1 Q = AB [A = A]
L. (298)8 msLÅvwU mwVK wKbveÅvLÅv Ki| 2 mgvavbK‡Z P I Q ‰i mgxKiYwU bƒbÅZg msLÅK ˆMBU «¼viv
evÕ¦evqb wbGP Kiv nGjv:
M. Q ‰i gvbGK NOR ˆMBGUi gvaÅGg evÕ¦evqb Ki| 3
AB
N. DóxcGK eÅen†Z jwRK mvwKÆUwU bƒÅbZg msLÅK ˆMBU A P=AB
B
«¼viv evÕ¦evqb mÁ¿e weGkÏlYcƒeÆK DwÚwUi mZÅZv
A Q = AB
hvPvB Ki| 4 B
4 bs cÉGki² Dîi cÉk² 5 ICT welGqi AaÅvcK KÑvGk msLÅv c«¬wZ
K ˆµÏRvwiRg nGœQ Z^ÅcÉhywÚi ˆÞGò AGbÅi aÅvb aviYv, covwœQGjb| ZLb BgivbGK Zvi ICT welGqi AaÆ evwlÆK I
MGelYv, ˆKŒkj, ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ˆKvW, MÉvwdÝ, K^v, ˆjLv, ˆWUv,
Qwe, kõ, Mvb, BZÅvw`i Drm AGbK ˆÞGòB DGÍÏL bv KGi evwlÆK cixÞvi cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i RvbGZ PvBGj ˆm ejj, AaÆ evwlÆGK
wbGRi bvGg PvwjGq ˆ`Iqvi gZ Aciva KgÆKv´£|
(37)8 ‰es evwlÆK cixÞvq (3F)16 bÁ¼i ˆcGqGQ| AbÅvbÅ
L (298)8 msLÅvwU mwVK bq| Qvòiv ‰i A^Æ eySGZ bv ˆcGi mÅviGK wRGæm KiGj mÅvi
weÕ¦vwiZ eywSGq ejGjb| wkLbdj: 4 [h. ˆev. 2016]
KviY DÚ msLÅvwUGZ ˆem ˆ`Iqv AvGQ 8 hv AÙvj msLÅv K. ‰bGKvWvi Kx? 1
eySvq| wK¯§ AKUvj msLÅvi eÅen†Z Aâ nGœQ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6 I 7| L. “wPòwU ˆhŒwÚK ˆhvGMi cÉwZwbwaZ½ KGi”
eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
‰LvGb 9 I 8 AKUvj msLÅvq eÅen†Z AGâi A¯¦fÆyÚ bq M. DóxcGK ewYÆZ BgivGbi AaÆ evwlÆK cixÞvq cÉvµ¦
weavq (298)8 msLÅvwU mwVK bq|
bÁ¼iGK ˆnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki| 3
M DóxcGKi cÉ^g mvwKÆUGK A ‰es w«¼Zxq mvwKÆUGK B N. BgivGbi evwlÆK cixÞvi cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i (72)10 nGZ KZ
aiGj Q ‰i gvb nGe, Kg ev ˆewk? ˆZvgvi DîGii mcGÞ hywÚ `vI| 4
5 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
Q = AB
K ‰bGKvWvi nGœQ ‰gb ‰KwU mgevq wWwRUvj mvwKÆU hvi
Q ‰i gvbGK NOR ˆMBGUi gvaÅGg evÕ¦evqb wbGP ˆ`LvGbv «¼viv meÆvwaK 2n wU BbcyU ˆ^GK nwU AvDUcyU jvBGb 0 ev 1
nGjv– AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq|
Q = AB L “wPòwU ˆhŒwÚK ˆhvGMi cÉwZwbwaZ½ KGi| KviY
‰B ˆMBGU `yBwU BbcyU I ‰KwU AvDUcyU iGqGQ| ˆhGKvGbv
Q = AB [ –– = A] ‰KwU BbcyU mZÅ (1) nIqvi KviGY AvDUcyU mZÅ (1) nq|
dGj ‰B ˆMBGU `yB ev ZGZvwaK myBP mgv¯¦ivGj ^vGK|
A
= –– [AB = – + – ]
A+B
A B
AB – –– DóxcGKi wPòwUi BbcyU A, B nGj exRMwYZxq dvskb nGe,
A Q=A+B X = A + B| ˆhLvGb, A I B nGjv OR ˆMBGUi BbcyU|
B A ‰LvGb, + (µÏvm) w`Gq OR wKÌqv eySvGbv nGqGQ|
–
B
4 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
M DóxcGK ewYÆZ BgivGbi AaÆ evwlÆK cixÞvq cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i M F = – + –
nGœQ (37)8
AB BC
37 ABC – –
A
011 111 A AAB ––
= 011111 B B
= 0001 1111 – F = AB + BC
=1 F –
BC
B
C
‰B jwRK wPGò wZbwU BbcyU A, B, C ˆbIqv nGqGQ| A ‰i
(37)8 = (1F)16 mvG^ NOT Gate hÚy KGi – ‰es Zvi mvG^ B ˆK AND
N BgivGbi evwlÆK cixÞvq cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i nGœQ 3F A
3F Gate àY KGi – wbYÆq Kiv nGqGQ|
F 160 = 15 1 = 15
3 161 = 3 16 = 48 AB
= 63
B ‰i mvG^ NOT Gate hÚy KGi – ‰i mvG^ C ˆK AND
B
Gate àY KGi – MVb Kiv nGqGQ|
BC
– I – ‰B `yBwUGK OR Gate «¼viv ˆhvM KGi,
AB BC
BgivGbi evwlÆK cixÞvq cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i nGœQ (63)10 hv (72)10 F = – + – mgxKiY MVb Kiv nGqGQ|
ˆ^GK (72 – 63 = 9) ev 9 bÁ¼i Kg|
AB BC
N F = – + – dvskbwU ÷ay NAND ˆMBU «¼viv evÕ¦evqb
AB BC
cÉk² 6 F = AB + BC. mÁ¿e|
wkLbdj: 13 [e. ˆev. 2016] ––
K. jwRK ˆMBU Kx? 1 F = AB + BC
L. XOR mKj ˆgŒwjK ˆMBGUi mgw®¼Z jwRK ˆMBU – – –
= AB + BC [A = A]
eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 = – – [A+B = ––
AB . BC
M. DóxcGKi dvskbwUi jwRK wPò AuvK ‰es eÅvLÅv A.B]
Ki| 3 ABC – –
A AB
A
––
N. DóxcGKi dvskbwU Kx ÷ay NAND ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ B F = AB . BC
evÕ¦evqb Kiv mÁ¿e? weGkÏlY Ki| 4 B – –
BC
B
6 bs cÉGk²i Dîi C
K eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi eÅenvwiK cÉGqvGMi RbÅ ˆh cÉk² 7
MvwYwZK BGjwÙËK mvwKÆU eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK jwRK ˆMBU
eGj|
L XOR ˆMBU mKj ˆgŒwjK ˆMBGUi mgw®¼Z i…c hv wbGP
eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv–
Exclusive OR ˆMBUGK msGÞGc XOR Gate ejv nq|
BbcyU A ‰es B nGj ‰ ˆMBGUi AvDUcyU ˆh eywjqvb wbqgwU `†kÅKÍ-¸ 1 `†kÅKÍ-¸ 2
ˆgGb PGj Zv nGjv X = A B = – + AB– | wkLbdj: 12 [P. ˆev. 2016]
AB
wbGP X = – + – mgxKiYwU ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU «¼viv evÕ¦evqb K. ASCII-‰i cƒYÆi…c Kx? 1
AB AB L. (267)10-msLÅvGK KwÁ·DUvi mivmwi MÉnY KGi bv
ˆ`LvGbv nGjv– eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
AB M. Y-‰i mijxK‡Z gvb wbYÆq Ki| 3
N. `†kÅKÍ-¸ 2 ‰i mZÅK mviYx ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ jwRK
AB
ˆMBUwUi mvG^ Y-‰i mijxK‡Z gvGbi ZzjbvgƒjK
Y=A B+AB
AB weGkÏlY Ki| 4
7 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
A B K AÅvmwK ˆKvGWi cyGiv bvg nGjv American Standard
Code for Information Interchange|
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 5
L (267)10 ‰KwU `kwgK msLÅv| KwÁ·DUvi mivmwi `kwgK L weGqvGMi KvR ˆhvGMi gvaÅGg Kiv mÁ¿e 2 ‰i cwicƒiK
msLÅv MÉnY KGi bv| KviY KwÁ·DUvi ÷ay gvò 0 I 1 «¼viv c«¬wZ eÅenvi KGi| evBbvwi msLÅvi 1 ‰i cwicƒiGKi mvG^
ŠZwiK‡Z msLÅv MÉnY KGi ev eySGZ cvGi| (267)10 msLÅvwUGK
cÉ^Gg evBbvwiGZ i…cv¯¦i Kiv nGe| Zvici ˆmB evBbvwi 1 ˆhvM KiGj 2 ‰i cwicƒiK cvIqv hvq| ‰GÞGò ˆhGKvGbv
gvbwU KwÁ·DUvi MÉnY KiGe ‰es Zvi hveZxq KvR mÁ·®² KGi| FYvñK msLÅvi 2 ‰i cwicƒiK ŠZwi KGi mgKÞ 8wU
evBbvwi msLÅvi mgvb KiGZ nGe| AZci msLÅv«¼Gqi P„ov¯¦
M
AeÕ©v ˆhvM KGi djvdj wbYÆq Kiv nq| ZGe wPn× weU 1
AB nGj djvdj 2 ‰i cwicƒiK MVGb ^vGK|
A+B M DóxcGKi eywjqvb –– mgxKiYwUGK ÷ay
AA – X = AB+ BC NOR
B AB AB+B Y = (A + B) (AB + B) ˆMBGUi gvaÅGg evÕ¦evqb Kiv mÁ¿e| wbGP ˆ`LvGbv nGjv
B
–––
X = AB + BC
DóxcGKi jwRK mvwKÆU ˆ^GK Y ‰i mgxKiY cvIqv hvGe- = – + – B–+C–
Y = (A + B) (A– B + B) A B+
=– = A+B+B+C
= (A + B) (A + B + B) ÷aygvò NOR ˆMBU w`Gq X ‰i evÕ¦evqb wbÁ²i…c:
– ABC
= (A + B) (A + B + B)
= (A + B) (A + 1) = (A + B) .1
=A+B
N `†kÅKÍ-¸ 2 ‰i mZÅK mviYx ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ jwRK ˆMBU nGœQ, X
X-OR Gate
R=PQ myZivs ÷ay bi (NOR) ˆMBU w`Gq ewYÆZ 'X' ˆK evÕ¦evqb
mÁ¿e nGjv|
‰LvGb, BbcyU P I Q ‰i gvbàGjvi gGaÅ Zzjbv Kiv nGqGQ|
mvaviYZ weGRvo msLÅK 1 ‰i RbÅ X-OR Gate ‰i N DóxcGKi AvGjvGK,
AvDUcyU 1 nq| hv mZÅK mviYxGZ DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ|
Aciw`GK, `†kÅK͸-1 nGZ cÉvµ¦ Y ‰i mgxKiY nGœQ, Y Y = –– + ABC + AB + BC–
ABC
=A+B
( )= C A–B– + AB + AB + BC–
hv OR ˆMBUGK wbG`Æk KGi| Ai ˆMBGUi ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU
BbcyU ‰i gvb 1 nGj AvDUcyU 1 nGe| hv wbGPi mZÅK = C.1 + AB + BC–
mviwYGZ ˆ`LvGbv nGjv- = C + AB + BC–
= AB + BC– + C
A B Y=A+B
= AB + B + C [mnvqK Dccv`Å, A + A– B = A + B]
00 0
01 1
10 1 = B (A + 1) + C
= B + C [A + 1 = 1]
11 1
‰Lb, Y = B + C ‰i eZÆbx
‰LvGb, BbcyU A I B ‰i gGaÅ ˆhvM Kiv nGqGQ|
cÉk² 8 X = + BC, Y = + ABC + AB + B+C
AB ABC BC
wkLbdj: 5 I 13 [iv. ˆev. 2016] myZivs Y ˆK eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi mvnvGhÅ mijxKiY Kivi
dGj eZÆbx mnGR evÕ¦evqb mÁ¿e snGqGQ|
K. ˆKvW Kx? 1
cÉk² 9
L. weGqvGMi KvR ˆhvGMi gvaÅGg mÁ¿e eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
A
M. X-ˆK ÷ay NOR ˆMGUi gvaÅGg evÕ¦evqb KGi ˆ`LvI| 3 B
C
N. “Y-ˆK eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi mvnvGhÅ mijxKiY Kivi
Y
dGj eZÆbx evÕ¦evqb mnR nGqGQ”weGkÏlYcƒeÆK
DwÚwUi mZÅZv hvPvB Ki| 4
8 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡Gg eÅen†Z cÉwZwU eYÆ, msLÅv ev weGkl wPò: 1
wPn×GK Avjv`vfvGe wmwcBDGK ˆevSvGbvi RbÅ weGUi (0 ev AC + BC/(A + B) + C
1) wewf®² webÅvGmi mvnvGhÅ Aw«Z¼ xq (Urique) msGKZGK
ˆKvW (Code) eGj| wPò: 2
wkLbdj: 12 [gv`&ivmv. ˆev. 2016]
6 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
K. msLÅv c«¬wZ Kx? 1 = BC.1 + C [ A + 1 = 1]
= BC + C [ A.1 = A]
L. wPn×hyÚ msLÅv (Signed Number) ejGZ wK eyS? = C(B + 1)
= C.1 [ A + 1 = 1]
eÅvLÅv `vI| 2 =C []
M. wPò-1 ‰i jwRK mvwKÆUwUi AvDUcyU mijxKiY Ki| 3
N. wPò-2 ‰i gZ djvdj ˆcGZ nGj wPò-1 ‰i Kx N wPò-2 ‰i djvdGji jwRK mvwKÆU Aâb Kiv nGjv
aiGbi cwieZÆb AvbGZ nGe weGkÏlY Ki| 4
9 bs cÉGk²i Dîi ABC
K ˆKvb msLÅv ˆjLv ev cÉKvk Kivi c«¬wZB nGœQ msLÅv c«¬wZ| AC
L mvaviY MvwYwZK wnmve-wbKvGki RbÅ msLÅvi aib abvñK BC
(Positive) bv FYvñK (Negative) Zv Rvbvi RbÅ abvñK
msLÅvi ˆÞGò (+) (plus sign) ‰es FYvñK msLÅvi ˆÞGò () ‰LvGb wPò ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvGœQ ˆh wPò-2 ‰i mvG^ wPò-1 ‰i
(negative sign) eÅen†Z nq| ˆhmKj msLÅv ‰i…c eÅen†Z nq ˆgŒwjK cv^ÆKÅ nGœQ wPò-2 ˆZ A I B ‰i mvG^ NOT gate-
ZvG`i (signed numbers) ev wPn×hyÚ msLÅv eGj| KwÁ·DUvi ev hyÚ Kiv nqwb| ZvB wPò-2 ‰i gGZv djvdj ˆcGZ nGj wPò-
wWwRUvj wWfvBGm wPn×hÚy msLÅv ‰i…c bq| wWwRUvj wWfvBm 1 ‰ A I B ‰i mvG^ NOT gate hÚy KiGZ nGe| ‰QvovI
evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZ eÅen†Z nq| evBbvwi ˆbGMwUf msLÅv I wPò-1 ‰ `yBwU AÅv´£ ˆMBU ‰es `ywU Ai ˆMBU AvGQ, hvi
evBbvwi cwRwUf msLÅv ˆevSvGbvi RbÅ meÆevGg ‰KwU AwZwiÚ gGaÅ ‰KwU wZb BbcyGUi AÅv´£ ˆMU| wK¯§ wPò-2 ‰ `yBwU
mvBb weU ev Aâ 0 ev 1 eÅenvi Kiv nq| AÅv´£ ˆMBU ‰KwU Ai ˆMBU ‰es `yBwU bU ˆMBU iGqGQ|
ZvnGj wPò-1 ˆ^GK wPò-2 ˆcGZ nGj wPò-1 ‰i ‰KwU Ai
M wPò-1 ‰i jwRK mvwKÆUwUi AvDUcyU mijxKiY Kiv ˆMBU ev` w`GZ nGe| wZb BbcyGUi AÅv´£ ˆMBGUi cwieGZÆ
nGjv `yB BbcyGUi AÅv´£ ˆMBU eÅenvi KiGZ nGe ‰es `ywU bU
ˆMBU eÅenvi KiGZ nGe|
Y= A.B.C + ((B.C) + C)
= ABC + BC + C
= BC (A + 1) + C
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AbbÅ cÉGk²vîi
cÉk² 10 M wPò-1 I wPò-2 jwRK ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ nvd AÅvWvi
evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq|
nvd AÅvWvi ‰i mZÅK mviwY:
wkLbdj: 13 Input Output
AB SC
K. jwRK ˆMBU wK? 1 00 0 0
01 1 0
L. 7D GKvb aiGbi msLÅv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
10 1 0
M. wPò-1 I wPò-2 jwRK ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ ˆKvb AÅvWvi
11 0 1
ŠZwi Kiv hvq Zv wPòmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
`yBwU weU ˆhvM Kivi RbÅ eÅen†Z mgw®¼Z mvwKÆUGK nvd ‰Wvi
N. wPò-1 ‰i AvDUcyU X GK hw` wPò-2 ‰i BbcyU A eGj|
‰i cwieZÆb eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvnGj cÉvµ¦ mgxKiGYi
mijxK‡Z gvbGK NAND gate «¼viv evÕ¦evqb KGiv| 4
10 bs cÉGk²i Dîi S = A B = A B + AB
C = A.B
K eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi eÅenvwiK cÉGqvGMi RbÅ ˆhme
wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbÝ mvwKÆU eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK jwRK
ˆMBU eGj|
L 7D ˆnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅv| 7 AâwU `kwgK I AÙvj ‰ wPò: DóxcGKi wPò-1 ‰es wPò-2 ‰i mvnvGhÅ nvd AÅvWvi
^vKGjI D AâwU ˆKej ˆnÝvGWwmGgjB cvIqv hvq| ‰i jwRK mvwKÆU
ˆnÝvGWwmGgj ‰ ˆh ˆlvjwU Aâ AvGQ D Zvi ‰KwU| AZ‰e
7D GnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅv|
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 7
N wPò-1 ‰i AvDUcyU X = A B = B +
A AB
‰Lb, cÉk²gGZ,
Y = (AB + AB).B
=A
= AB.B + AB.B myZivs 3,4,5 bs ˆMBUGK cwieZÆb KGi bi(NOR)ˆMBGUi
Õ©vGb bÅv´£(NAND) ˆMBU cÉwZÕ©vcb KiGZ nGe|
cÉk² 12
= AB
oooooo
= AB
NAND ˆMBU «¼viv jwRK mvwKÆU:
ABC
A A oooooo 001
AB
AB
B 100
wPò: jwRK mvwKÆU| 0 1 0K
101L
cÉk² 11
AB 1 0 11
3
1 10
2
4 5r 000
wkLbdj: 12 I 13 111
1
K. ˆKvW Kx? wkLbdj: 5 I 13
L. 988 msLÅvwU ˆKvb aiGbi msLÅv c«¬wZi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 K. meÆRbxb ˆMBU ejGZ wK eyS? 1
M. DóxcGK AbymvGi F ‰i mijxK‡Z gvb wbYÆq KGiv| 3 L. ‘KwÁ·DUvi ‰KwU c«¬wZGZB me MvwYwZK KvR KGi
N. DóxcGKi mvwKÆUwUi mijxK‡Z gvb ˆh ˆMBUGK cÉKvk
^vGK- eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
KGi Zvi wecixZ ˆMBU ŠZwii RbÅ 3, 4, 5 bs M. DóxcGK eÅen†Z ‘K’ ˆ^GK ‘L’ ˆK evBbvwi msLÅv
weGePbvq `yB ‰i cwicƒiK c«¬wZGZ weGqvM KGiv| 3
ˆMBGU Kx cwieZÆb KiGZ nGe Zv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 N. DóxcGK eÅen†Z BbcyU «¼viv ˆKvb aiGbi AÅvWvi
11 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ŠZwi mÁ¿e weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
K ˆKvGbv Z^ÅGK (AÞi, AsK, kõ ‰es AbÅvbÅ wPn×)
12 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
mswÞµ¦ ev ˆMvcbxqZvi mvG^ cÉKvGki RbÅ eÅen†Z c«¬wZGK K ˆh mKj ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ ˆgŒwjK ˆMBUmn AbÅvbÅ mKj
ˆKvW eGj| cÉKvi ˆMBU ŠZwi ev evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq ˆmB mgÕ¦ ˆMBUGK
L 988 msLÅvwUGZ eÅen†Z 8,9 AsK àGjv `kwgK ‰es meÆRbxb ˆMBU eGj|
ˆnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆgŒwjK AsK hv AKUvj ‰es L ˆKvGbv msLÅvi mvG^ AbÅ ‰KwU msLÅv hZ evi ˆhvM PvB
evBbvwi c«¬wZGZ bvB| myZivs msLÅvwU `kwgK ev KiGj ˆh KvR nq ˆmB msLÅvGK ZZevi àY KiGj ‰KB
ˆnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅv c«¬wZi nGZ cvGi| djvdj cvIqv hvq| myZivs MyGYi KvR ˆhvGMi gvaÅGg Kiv
M DóxcGKi AvDUcyU nGe,
mÁ¿e|
ˆKvGbv evBbvix msLÅvi 1’‰i cwicƒiGKi mvG^ 1 ˆhvM KGi
ˆh gvb cvIqv hvq ZvGK 2’‰i cwicƒiK eGj| 2’‰i
cwicƒiK nGjv ˆKvGbv msLÅvi FbvðK gvGbi evBbvix gvb|
ˆKvGbv msLÅvGK FYvðK KiGZ cviGj DÚ FbvðK³ msLÅvGK
ˆhvM KiGj AvmGj Zv weGqvGMi KvR nq| myZivs 2-‰i
cwicƒiK eÅenvi KGi ˆhvGMi gvaÅGg weGqvGMi KvR Kiv
hvq| Avevi wbw`ÆÓ¡ msLÅv nGZ H ‰KB msLÅv evi evi
N DóxcGKi mijxK‡Z gvb ˆh ˆMBUGK cÉKvk KGi ZvnGjv weGqvM Kiv Avi DÚ msLÅvGK ZZ w`Gq fvM KiGj ‰KB
‰Ýbi (XNOR) ˆMBU ‰es ‰i wecixZ ˆMBU nGjv ‰Ý-
Ai (XOR)) ˆMBU| DóxcGKi AvDUcyUGK ‰ÝAi ˆMBUGK djvdj cvIqv hvGe| A^Ævr ‰KB msLÅv nGZ ‰KB msLÅv evi
evi weGqvGMi mswÞµ¦ i…c nGœQ fvM Kiv| fvM Kivi KvRwU
weGqvGMi gvaÅGg Kiv hvq| Avevi weGqvGMi KvRwU ˆhvGMi
i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nGj AvDUcUy GK nGZ nGe gvaÅGg Kiv KvR| myZivs ejv hvq, ˆhvGMi gvaÅGg wewf®²
A^vÆr MvwYwZK KvR Kiv hvq|
8 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
M DóxcGKi ’K’ ˆK hw` cÉ^g evBbvix msLÅv ‰es ’L’ ˆK v. AÅvbvjM wmMbÅvjGK wWwRUvj wmMbÅvGj i…cv¯¦i Kivi
hw` w«¼Zxq evBbvix msLÅv awi ZvnGj ZvnGj evBbvix msLÅv KvGR|
`ywU nGe h^vKÌGg 010 ‰es 101| A^vr AvgvG`iGK (010)2
ˆ^GK (101)2 `y’‰i cwicƒiGK weGqvM KiGZ nGe| vi. wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbGÝi wewf®² AcvGikb KG´ŸÈvj KiGZ|
‰Lb,
M DóxcGK eÅen†Z wPòwU ‰KwU 3 weU wicj KvD´Ÿvi,
(010)2 (101)2 mvaviYZ MVGbi w`K ˆ^GK meGPGq mij KvD´Ÿvi nGjv
evBbvwi wicj KvD´Ÿvi| wicj KvD´Ÿvi nGjv AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm
(010)2 + (101)2 KvD´Ÿvi|
A^Ævr, cÉGZÅKwU wdÑc-dÑc Zvi AvDUcyU «¼viv Zvi cvGki wdÑc-
ˆhGnZz (101)2 FYvðK myZivs 101‰i 2’‰i cwicƒiK KiGZ nGe| dÑcGK wUÇMvi KiGZ mvnvhÅ KGi| n weU evBbvwi wicj
101 ev 00000101‰i 1’‰i cwicƒiK = 11111010 KvD´Ÿvi n msLÅK wdÑc-dÑc «¼viv MwVZ ˆhLvGb wdÑc-dÑcàGjv
mvwie«¬fvGe AeÕ©vb KGi ‰es ‰KwUi AvDUcyU AbÅwUi
101‰i 2 ‰i cwicƒiK = +1 KÑK-cvjm wnGmGe KvR KGi| DóxcGKi wPGò wjÕ¡
‰Lb 11111011 wmMwbwdGK´Ÿ weUwU (LSB) cÉwZevi ˆUvMj KiGQ| w«¼Zxq
Õ©vGbi AâwU cÉwZ `yBevi cici ˆUvMj KiGQ ‰es Z‡Zxq
00000010 Õ©vGbi AâwU cÉwZ Pvievi cici ˆUvMj KiGQ|
+ 11111011
111111100 N DóxcGKi wPòwU ˆhGnZy ‰KwU 3 weU evBbvwi wicj
KvD´Ÿvi ZvB DÚ wicj KvD´Ÿvi ˆUvMj wdÑc-dÑc «¼viv ŠZwi
myZivs weGqvM dj nGe 111111100 | Kiv hvq| hv memgq ˆUvMj ˆgvGW KvR KiGe|
N DóxcGK eÅen†Z wZbwU weU A,B,C eÅen†Z nGqGQ| ˆh T UvBc wdÑc-dÑc ‰KwU ˆUvMj wdÑc-dÑc|
AÅvWvi `ywU weU ˆhvM KGi ˆhvMdj I nvGZ ^vGK msLÅv ev DóxcGKi wPGò @
KÅvwi ˆei KiGZ cvGi ZvGK nvd AÅvWvi eGj| ˆh AÅvWvi i. FF0 ˆZ wmMbvj w`Gj ˆUvMj KiGe A^Ævr cÉwZevi 0
`yBwU weUmn AbÅ ‰KwU KÅvwiweU A^vÆr ˆgvU wZbwU weU ˆhvM
KiGZ cvGi ZvGK dzj AÅvWvi eGj| ˆhGnZz DóxcGK wZbwU ˆ^GK 1 ev 1 ˆ^GK 0 nGe|
weU AvGQ myZivs DóxcGK eÅen†Z BbcyU «¼viv dzj ‰Wvi ŠZwi ii. Q0 ˆK FF1 ‰i KÑK cvjm& wnGmGe w`Gj FF1 KvR
Kiv mÁ¿e|
KiGe| hLb Q0 = 1 nq ZLb FF1 ˆUvMj KiGe A^Ævr
cÉk² 13 cÉwZ 2 evi ci ˆUvMj KiGe|
iii. Abyi‚c Q1 ˆK FF2 ‰i KÑK cvjm& wnGmGe hyÚ KiGj Q1 =
MSB LSB 1 nGj FF2 ˆUvMj KiGe| myZivs FF2 cÉwZ Pvi evi A¯¦i
ˆUvMj KiGe|
Q2 T2 1 Q1 T1 –1 Q0 T0 1 ‰fvGe wicj KvD´Ÿvi KvR KGi|
To the CLK CLK CLK Clock
Next
Stage wkLbdj: 13 cÉk² 14 wkIbv bvgK BGjKUÇwbÝ mvwKÆU wWRvBb cÉwZÓ¤vb
K. KvD´Ÿvi Kx? 1
L KvD´ŸvGii eÅenvi ˆjL| 2 X = A+ B + A mgxKiYwU eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi mvnvGhÅ
M. DóxcGK eÅen†Z wPGòi MVb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 mijxKiY KGiGQ| ‰GZ KGi mvwKÆU evÕ¦evqGb ˆMBGUi
N. DóxcGK eÅen†Z wPGòi KvhÆKÌg weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
13 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cwigvY ZyjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg ˆjGMGQ| wkLbdj: 11
K KvD´Ÿvi nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU wmKGz qw´Öqvj mvwKÆU «¼viv MwVZ K. eZÆbxwUi BbcyGU Kx Kx ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU eÅen†Z
ˆiwRÕ¡vi hv ZvGZ cÉ`vbK‡Z BbcyU cvjGmi msLÅv àYGZ
cvGi| nGqGQ? 1
L. eZÆbxwUi RbÅ mZÅK mviwY ˆjL| 2
L wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbÝ KvD´ŸvGii eÅvcK eÅenvi AvGQ| M. DcGii DóxcGK eÅen†Z mgxKiYwUi eywjqvb
ˆhgb AÅvjGReivi mvnvGhÅ mij KGiv| 3
i. KÑK cvjGmi msLÅv MYbvi KvGR|
ii. wewf®² UvBwgs wmMbÅvj cÉ`vGbi KvGR| N. DóxcKwUGZ eÅen†Z mgxKiYwU eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi
iii. wWwRUvj NwoGZ|
iv. wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGi| mvnvGhÅ mijxKiY Kiv nGj Kx aiGbi myweav cvIqv
hvGe, eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
14 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K eZÆbxwUi BbcyGU OR Gate I NOT Gate eÅen†Z nGqGQ|
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 9
L X = (A+ B)+ A ‰i mZÅK mviwY wbÁ²i…c K. meÆRbxb ˆMBU KvGK eGj? 1
A B A + B (A+ B) X = (A+ B) + A L. AND ˆMBGU ˆh ˆKvb ‰KwU BbcyU wg^Åv nGj
00 0 1 1 AvDUcyU wg^Åv nq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
01 1 0 0 M. DóxcGKi wPò-1 ˆKvb jwRK ˆMBGU wbG`Æk KGi?
10 1 0 1 Zv mÁ·GKÆ wjL| 3
11 1 0 1 N. wPò-2 ‰ wbG`ÆwkZ jwRK «¼viv X = A + B mgxKiY
M DóxcGK eÅen†Z mgxKiYwU evÕ¦evqb mÁ¿e eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
X = (A+ B) + A 15 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ZvnGj, K ˆh mKj ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ ˆgŒwjK ˆMBUmn AbÅvbÅ mKj
cÉKvi ˆMBU ŠZwi ev evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq ˆmB mgÕ¦ ˆMBUGK
X = (A+ B) + A meÆRbxb ˆMBU eGj|
= A¯.B¯ + A L eywjqvb AÅvjGReiv gƒjZ jwRGKi mZÅ A^ev wg^Åv ‰B
`ywU Õ¦Gii Ici wfwî KGi ŠZwi Kiv nGqGQ| eywjqvb
= A + A¯.B¯ AÅvjGReivi mZÅ I wg^ÅvGK h^vKÌGg evBbvwii '1' ‰es '0'
«¼viv wbG`Æk Kiv nq| AND ˆMBU nGjv ˆhŒwÚK àGYi
= (A +A¯) (A +B¯) ˆMBU| ˆhŒwÚK àGYi ˆÞGò ˆhGKvb ‰KwU ivwk wg^Åv ev 0
nGjB MyYdj wg^Åv ev 0 kƒbÅ nq| myZivs AND ˆMBGUi
= 1 (A +B¯) ˆÞGò ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU BbcyU wg^Åv nGjB AvDUcyU wg^Åv nq|
= A + B¯ M wPò 1 nGZ cvB,
N DóxcGKi X = (A+ B) + A mgxKiYwUi mvwKÆU wWRvBb
KiGZ `yBwU OR Gate ‰es ‰KwU NOT Gate jvGM|
mgxKiYwUi jwRK mvwKÆUwU wbÁ²i…c :
AB
A+B A+ B X AB
X=(A+ B)+A AB
NOR hv ˆMBGUi jwRK dvskb| myZivs wPò-1 NOR ˆMBU
wbG`ÆkÆ KGi| NOR gate ˆK meÆRbxb (universal) ˆMBU ejv
wPò: X = (A+ B) + A ‰i jwRK mvwKÆU nq| ˆh wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆGU `yB ev ZGZvwaK BbcyU
Avevi DóxcGKi mgxKiYwU eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi mvnvGhÅ w`Gq ‰KwU gvò AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq ˆhLvGb ˆKvGbv ‰KwU
mijxKiY KiGj Avgiv cvB BbcyU ‰i gvb 1 nGjB AvDUcyU 0 nGe ‰es hLb meàGjv
X = A + B¯ ................... (1) BbcyU 0 nGe ZLbB AvDUcyU 1 nGe ZvGK NOR gate eGj|
(1)bs mgxKiGYi jwRK mvwKÆU evÕ¦evqGbi RbÅ ÷aygvò bi ˆMBU nGœQ OR gate I NOT gate ‰i mgwÓ¡| OR gate
‰KwU OR Gate ‰es ‰KwU NOT Gate jvGM| mvwKÆUwU ‰i AvDUcyUGK NOT gate ‰i gGaÅ w`Gq cÉevwnZ KGi
wbÁ²i…c NOR gate ŠZwi Kiv nq| Ai ˆMBU ˆh KvR KGi ‰B
A B¯ A + B¯ = X ˆMBUwU Zvi wecixZ KvR KGi| A^Ævr NOR gate nGœQ
B ˆhŒwÚK ˆhvGMi wecixZ ˆMBU| A I B `ywU BbcyUwewkÓ¡
wPò : X = A + B¯ ‰i jwRK mvwKÆU| NOR gate ‰i MVb, cÉZxK, eywjqvb AvDUcyU ˆ`LvGbv
A^Ævr eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi mvnvGhÅ mijxKiY KiGj wbGÁ²vÚ
nGjv
myweav cvIqv hvGe| A OR A
B Output B
Input
i. mvwKÆU wWRvBGb RwUjZv KGg hvGe| A+B NOT A+B A+B
ii. ZyjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg IC jvMGe| MVb cÉZxK
iii. LiP KGg hvGe|
wPò : NOR gate
cÉk² 15 N wPò 2 nGZ cvB,
AB AB AB
BbcyU AvDUcyU BbcyU AvDUcyU A(B B) AB
AB X AB X A AB
00 1 00 1 AB
01 0 01 1
10 0 10 1 AB
11 0 11 0 hv bÅv´£ ˆMBU (NAND Gate) ‰i jwRK dvskb| myZivs
wPò-2 «¼viv bÅv´£ ˆMBU (NAND Gate) wbG`Æk KGi| bÅv´£
wPò-1 wPò-2
10 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
ˆMBU (NAND Gate) w`Gq X=A+B evÕ¦evqb Kiv mÁ¿e| N DóxcGK bÅv´£ ˆMBU eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ| wbGP bÅv´£
KviY NAND gate nGjv meÆRbxb (universal) ˆMBU|
NAND gate w`Gq ˆgŒwjK ˆMBUmn AbÅvbÅ mKj ˆMBUGK ˆMBU ‰i meÆRbxbZv cÉgvY Kiv nGjv
cÉKvk Kiv hvq| wbGP NAND gate w`Gq X=A+B evÕ¦evqb
Kiv nGjv- 1. NAND ˆ^GK NOT gate: NAND gate ‰i meàGjv
BbcyU mgvb nGj wKsev BbcyU kUÆ KGi cÉ`vb KiGj NOT
X=A+B gate wnGmGe KvR KiGe| wPògGZ A BbcyU ‰i RbÅ output
AB nGe, Y = A ‰wU ‰KwU NOT gate ‰i output|
Input
A A A Output
B Output Input
Y = A.A A
Y=A+B
cÉk² 16 B wPò : NAND gate nGZ NOT gate evÕ¦evqb
2. NAND gate nGZ OR gate: wZbwU NAND gate hvi
A Q cÉ^gwUi BbcyU«¼q A, w«¼ZxqwUi BbcyU«¼q B, ‰gbfvGe
msGhvM Kwi ˆhb cÉ^g I w«¼ZxqwUi output, Z‡Zxq NAND
B gate ‰i `ywU BbcyU i…Gc Õ©vcb Kiv nq| Z‡ZxqwUi output
OR gate ‰i output cÉ`vb KiGj OR gate evÕ¦evwqZ nGe|
K. mZÅK mviwY Kx? 1 wPòwU wbÁ²i…c:
L. `ywU ˆgŒwjK ˆMGUi mvwKÆU AsKb KGiv? 2 A A
Input Output
M. DóxcGKi AvDUcUy mgxKiY ˆei KGiv ‰es mij
KGiv| 3 B Y=A+B
N. DóxcGKi ˆh ˆMBUwU eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ Zvi B
meÆRbxbZv cgÉ vY KGiv| 4 wPò : NAND gate nGZ OR gate evÕ¦evqb
16 bs cÉGk²i Dîi A .B
K ˆKvGbv eywjq Õ¼vaxb PjKàGjvi gvGbi (0,1) mÁ¿veÅ me A I B input ‰i RbÅ wPò nGZ output Y = = = + =
webÅvGmi RbÅ dvskGbi ˆh gvb (0,1) nq Zv ˆUwej AvKvGi A B
ˆ`LvGbv hvq| ‰i…c ˆUwejGK H dvskGbi mZÅK mviwY eGj|
= A + B ‰wU OR gate ‰i output. AZ‰e OR gate
evÕ¦evwqZ nGjv|
L `ywU ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU nGjv Ai (OR)‰es AÅv´£ (AND)| 3. NAND gate nGZ AND gate: `ywU NAND gate ‰i gGaÅ
wbGP ‰G`i jwRK mvwKÆU ˆ`Iqv nGjv| cÉ^g NAND gate ‰i output w«¼Zxq NAND gate ‰i input
Output wnGmGe eÅenvi KiGj AND gate ‰i output cvIqv hvGe|
A Y = A OR B A A.B Output
Input B =A+B Input Y=A.B=A.B
OR Gate jwRK mvwKÆU B
wPò : NAND gate «¼viv AND gate evÕ¦evqb
Input Output A I B input ‰i RbÅ wPò nGZ output Y = A.B
A = A.B ‰wU AND gate ‰i output| AZ‰e AND gate
B Y = A AND B evÕ¦evwqZ nGjv|
myZivs NAND gate w`Gq mKj ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU evÕ¦evqb Kiv
= A.B hvq| AZ‰e, NAND gate ‰KwU meÆRbxb (Universal)
ˆMBU|
AND ‰i jwRK mvwKUÆ
M DóxcGKi AvDUcyU,
Q (A.AB).(AB.B) cÉk² 17 iwdGKi kqb KGÞ dÅvb PjGQ| dÅvbwUGZ gƒj
(A AB)(AB B) myBGPi cvkvcvwk ˆeW myBPI AvGQ| Zvi Vvív Abyf„Z nIqvq
(A AB)(AB B) ˆm ˆeW myBwU Ad Kij| dGj dÅvbwU e®¬ nGq ˆMj|
(A B)(A B) [mnvqK Dccv`Å: A + AB = A + B] dÅvGbi ‰KwU myBP ˆLvjv ^vKv mGî½I dÅvbwU e®¬ nGq
hvIqvq ˆm wP¯¦v Kij, ‰wU KxfvGe mÁ¿e|
= (A + B) + (A + B)
K. NAND ˆMBU Kx? 1
= A B + AB L. OR ˆMGUi Zzjbvq XOR ˆMU ‰i myweav eÅvLÅv
KGiv| 2
= AB + AB
AB
msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 11
M. DóxcGKi mvwKÆUwU AsKb KGi dÅvb e®¬ nIqvi cÉk² 18 bvwejv evRvGi wMGq (754.251)8 UvKvi eB,
KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 (E54.2Cl)10 UvKvi KvMR, (100)2 UvKvi Kjg wKbj|
N. DóxcGKi mvwKÆUwUi Kx cwieZÆb KiGj ‰KwU myBP bvwejvi e®¬y kwgÆ (100101.010)2 UvKv Lvevi I
e®¬ KiGjI dÅvbwU e®¬ nGe bv, Zv ˆZvgvi wbGRi (10110.110)8 UvKv hvZvqvZ eve` eÅq Kij|
fvlvq wjGLv| 4 K. cÅvwiwU weU Kx? 1
17 bs cÉGk²i Dîi L. 2-‰i cwicƒiK ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
K ˆh wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆU `yB ev ZGZvwaK BbcyU M. bvwejvi KvMR I Kjg eve` ˆgvU hZ UvKv LiP
w`Gq ‰KwU gvò AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq ˆhLvGb ˆKvGbv ‰KwU
BbcyU ‰i gvb 0 nGj AvDUcyU 1 nGe ‰es hLb meàGjv nGqGQ Zv evBbvwiGZ cÉKvk KGiv| 3
BbcyU 1 nGe ZLbB AvDUcyU 0 nGe ZvGK NAND gate
eGj| NAND gate nGœQ AND gate I NOT gate ‰i N. kwgÆ ˆKvb LvGZ ˆewk LiP KGiGQ g¯¦eÅmn
mgw¯¼Z ‰KwU ˆMBU|
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
18 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
L XOR ˆMBU wZbwU ˆgŒwjK ˆMBGUi (OR, AND, NOT) K ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡Gg ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgU Kivi cƒGeÆ gƒj
mg¯¼Gq MwVZ nIqvq OR ˆMBGUi ˆPGq ‰wUi eÅenvi ˆWUv weGUi mvG^ AwZwiÚ ˆh weU msGhvRb Kiv nq ZvGK
myweavRbK| XOR ˆMBU eÅenvi KiGj mvwKÆGUi RwUjZv cÅvwiwU weU ejv nq|
KGg hvq ‰es LiP Kg nq|
L ˆKvb evBbvwi msLÅvGK 1 ‰i cwicƒiK ev DwΟGq wjGL
M gGb Kwi gyj myBPwU A ‰es ˆeW myBPwU B ZvnGj Zvi mvG^ 1 ˆhvM KGi ˆh evBbvwi msLÅv MVb Kiv nq ZvGK
mvwKÆwUi jwRKÅvj eZÆbx nGe wbÁ²i…c: 2 ‰i cwicƒiK MVb eGj| evBbvwi msLÅvq 2-‰i cwicƒiK
Kiv nGj msLÅvi wPn× cwieZÆb nGq hvq| A^ÆÅvr abvñK
eÅvUvwi + AB evBbvwi msLÅvGK 2 ‰i cwicƒiK KiGj FbvñK msLÅv ŠZwi
– nGe ‰es FbvñK evBbvwi msLÅvGK 2 ‰i cwicƒiK KiGj
FAN abvñK msLÅv ŠZwi nGe| MVGbi ˆÞGò cÉ^Gg msLÅvwUi 1-
‰i cwicƒiK ŠZwi KiGZ nq| 1-‰i cwicƒiGKi mvG^ 1 ˆhvM
5V KiGZ nq| ˆhgb-
gƒj myBP Ab ^vKGj ˆeW myBP e®¬ nGj A^Ævr A=1 ‰es 101101
AciwU BbcyU B=0 nGj mvwKÆU wewœQ®² ^vKGe| dGj dÅvbwU
e®¬ nGq hvq| DóxcGKi mvwKÆUwU AND ˆMBU ‰i mvG^ (1 ‰i cwicƒiK)
mv`†kÅcƒYÆ| 0 1 0 0 1 0
N ‰KwU myBP e®¬ KiGjI dÅvbwU e®¬ nGe bv ‰i‚c 1
mvwKÆGUi RbÅ DóxcGKi mvwKÆU AND ‰i cwieGZÆ OR
mvwKÆU eÅenvi KiGZ nGe| gGb Kwi gƒj myBPwU A ‰es ˆeW 0 1 0 0 1 1 (1 ‰i cwicƒiK)
myBPwU B ZvnGj mvwKÆwUi jwRKÅvj eZÆbx nGe wbÁ²i…c:
M bvwejvi KvMGRi gƒjÅ = (E54.2Cl)16 UvKv
E54 . 2C1
eÅvUvwi +– A 1110 0101 0100 0010 1100 0001
B =0
FAN = (111001010100.001011000001)2
5V bvwejvi KjGgi gƒjÅ = (100)2 UvKv
AND A^vÆr ˆkÉYx mvwKÆGU `yUwU myBP Ab bv ^vKGj AvDUcyU 111001010100.001011000001
1 cvIqv hvq bv weavq mvwKÆUwU cwieZÆb KGi OR ev 000000000100.00000000000
mgv¯¦ivj mvwKÆU eÅenvi Kiv nGj gƒj myBP Ab (A=1) ^vKvi
KviGY ˆeW myBP e®¬ (B=0) ^vKvi dGjI dÅvbwU PjGe| 0
ˆeW myBP e®¬ KiGj BbcyU B=0 nq wK¯§ gƒj myBP Ab A=1
^vKvq mvwKÆUwU mPj ^vKvq dÅvbwU e®¬ nq bv| OR mvwKÆGU (111001011000.001011000001)2
1 wU BbcyU 1 nGj AvDUcyU 1 nq A^Ævr gƒj myBP A^ev ˆeW
myBP ‰KwU Ab ^vKGj dÅvbwU PGj| myZivs, bvwejvi KvMR I Kjg eve` ˆgvU
(111001011000.001011000001)2 UvKv LiP nGqGQ|
N kwgÆi Lvevi eve` LiP =(100101.010)2 UvKv|
(100101.010)2
= 125 + 024 + 023 + 122 + 021 + 120 + 021
+ 122 + 023
1
= 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 4 + 0
= (37.25)10 UvKv
12 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
kwgÆi hvZvqvZ eve` LiP = (10110.110)8 = 4168 + 0.125 + 0.015625
(10110.110)8 = (4168.140625)10
= 184 + 083 + 182 + 181 + 080 + 181 + 182 +
083 DcGivÚ weGkÏlY ˆ^GK eySv ˆMj kwgÆi hvZvqvZ eve` LiP
Lvevi eve` LiGPi ˆPGq ˆewk|
11
= 4096 + 64 + 8 + 8 + 64
m†Rbkxj cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² 20 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆh mgevq mvwKÆU evBbvwi ˆhvGMi KvR KGi ZvGK AÅvWvi
cÉk² 19 eywjqvb AÅvjGReiv evÕ¦evqGbi RbÅ wZbwU ˆgŒwjK eGj|
ˆMBU ŠZwi Kiv nq| wK¯§ ˆ`Lv ˆMj ‰K cÉKvi ˆMBU w`Gq
AbÅ cÉKvi ˆMBGUi KvR Kiv mÁ¿e nq bv| ZvB cieZÆxGZ L KwÁ·DUvi KvR KGi BGjKwUÇKÅvj wmMbÅvGji mvnvGhÅ|
BGjKwUÇKÅvj wmMbÅvGji mvnvGhÅ `kwgK msLÅvi `kwU wf®²
‰KwU ˆMBU w`Gq ˆhb wZbwU ˆMBGUiB KvR Kiv hvq ‰gb wf®² AeÕ©v cÉKvk Kiv mÁe¿ ZGe Zv Lye KwVb I eÅqeüj|
wK¯§ evBbvwi msGKZ 0, 1 ˆK Lye mnGRB BGjKwUÇKÅvj
`ywU ˆhŒwMK ˆMBU NAND I NOR ŠZwi Kiv nGjv| wmMbÅvGji mvnvGhÅ cÉKvk Kiv hvq| wWwRUvj wmMbvGj 0 ˆK
OFF ‰es 1 ˆK ON wnGmGe weGePbv KiGj mnGR ˆevaMgÅ nq
wkLbdj: 13 weavq wWwRUvj wWfvBm ev KwÁ·DUvGi evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZ
eÅen†Z nq| ‰ mKj bvbvwea KviGY KwÁ·DUvi wWRvBGb
K. weU Kx? 1 evBbvwi c«¬wZ DcGhvMx nq|
L. 2 ‰i cwicƒiK c«¬wZGZ (-13)10 ‰i evBbvwi gvb wbYÆq mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
KGiv| 2 RGbÅ Abyi…c ˆh cÉGki² DîiwU Rvbv ^vKGZ nGe
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ ˆhŒwMK ˆMBU `ywUi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 M evBbvwi ˆ^GK `kwgK ic… v¯¦i eYbÆ v KGiv|
N. DÚ ˆMBU `ywUGK meÆRbxb ˆMBU ejv nq ˆKb? N ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj I AÙvj msLÅvGK `kwgK i…cv¯¦i KGi
ZzjbvgƒjK eYÆbv KGiv|
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
19 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K evBbvwi wWwRU 0 ‰es 1 ˆK weU eGj|
L (13)10 = (1101)2 cÉk² 21 KwÁ·DUvi KvR KGi 0 I 1 eÅenvi KGi| wK¯¦y
= (00001101)2
00001101 ‰i 1’‰i cwicƒiK = 11110010
+1 gvbyGli cGÞ ‰B 0 I 1 w`Gq KvhÆ mÁ·v`b Kiv AZů¦
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msLÅv c«¬wZ eÅenvi Kiv nq| wkLbdj: 4
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii
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M wewf®² jwRK ˆMBUmgƒn eÅvLÅv KGiv| M. (1101001)2 ‰i `kwgK I DóxcGK DGÍwÏ LZ msLÅv
N jwRK mvÆwKU I mZÅK mviwYi mvnvGhÅ meÆRbxb ˆMBU c«¬wZ AbymvGi gvb KZ? 3
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M. Avwbm mvGnGei we`yÅr wej `kwgGK cÉKvk Ki| 3
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 13
mycvi wUcm&: cÉGqvM I DœPZi `ÞZvi cÉGk²i DîGii K. evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZi cÉ^g aviYv ˆK ˆ`b? 1
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cÉk² 24 KwÁ·DUvGii hveZxq MvwYwZK KvR evBbvwi
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IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ ‰es HTML gjƒ eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask 1
PZz^Æ AaÅvq
IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ ‰es HTML
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AbbÅ cÉGk²vîi
cÉk² 1 bUi ˆWg KGjGRi wKQy msLÅK wkÞv^Æxiv HTML ‰es ˆcÉvMÉvgwU nGjv-
eÅenvi KGi ‰KwU IGqe ˆcBR ŠZwi KGiGQ| DÚ IGqe <html>
ˆcBGR KGjGRi wkÞv^ÆxG`i, wkÞKG`i ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Z^Å msGhvRb <body>
Kiv nGqGQ| gƒj ˆcBRwU Test.html, wkÞv^ÆxG`i ZG^Åi <p>
ˆcBRwU Testl.html ‰es wkÞKG`i ZG^Åi ˆcBRwU <a href = "Test1.html" > This is a Link for Test1.html
Test2.html bvgK dvBGj Rgv Kiv nGqGQ| IGqemvBUwUi gƒj </a>
ˆcBRwUGZ Test.html ‰es Test2.html dvBjàGjv </p>
nvBcviwjsK Kiv nGqGQ| ‰i dGj IGqemvBGU <p>
AbycÉGekKvixiv LyeB Õ¼vœQ±`ÅGeva KGi| wkLbdj: 3 <a href="Test2.html" > This is a Link for Test2.html
K. IGqeGcBR Kx? 1 </a>
L. HTML eÅenvi KGi IGqe ˆcBR ŠZwii myweavàGjv Kx </p>
Kx? 2 </body>
M. DcGii DóxcGK eÅen†Z gƒj ˆcBGRi RbÅ eÅen†Z </html>
dvBj Test.html ‰i mv‡_ Test1.html ‰es N eZÆgvGb nvBcviwjsK Qvov IGqemvBU K͸bvB Kiv hvq bv|
KviY eZÆgvGb cÉGZÅKwU IGqemvBGU gƒj UwcK&m ‰i wjÕ¡
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K. WWW Kx? 1 2. IGqe ˆcBGR evsjv d´Ÿ eÅenvi KiGZ cviGe|
3. IGqe ˆcBGR ˆnwWs hyÚ KiGZ cviGe|
L. IGqemvBU I IGqeGcBGRi cv^ÆKÅ Kx wjL| 2 4. IGqe ˆcBGRi wewf®² AskGK cÅvivMÉvd AvKvGi
M. iweGbi c«¬wZGZ ˆm KxfvGe wZb mvwi I `yB Kjvg DcÕ©vcb KiGZ cviGe|
5. IGqe ˆcBGR eÅen†Z ˆUÝUàGjvGK wewf®²fvGe diGgwUs
wewkÓ¡ IGqe ˆcBR ŠZwi KiGZ cvGi eÅvLÅv KGiv|3
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7. IGqe ˆcBGR BGgR, wfwWI, AwWI, BGgR ˆhvM KiGZ
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cviGe|
2 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 8. IGqe ˆcBGRi ˆUÝUàGjvGK ˆUwej AvKvGi DcÕ©vcb
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L IGqemvBU I IGqe ˆcBGRi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wbGP ˆ`Iqv
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‰KwU IGqemvBGUi ÕZ¼ ¯¨ ‰KwU ˆWvGgBGbi AaxGb AaÅvq covGbv ˆkGl mRjGK ‰KwU IGqeGcBR ŠZwi KiGZ
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ˆUÝU, AwWI, wfwWI, ‰K ev ‰KvwaK IGqeGcBGRi K. <body> UÅvM Kx?
Qwe, ‰wbGgkb BZÅvw`i mg¯¼Gq MwVZ nq IGqemvBU| L. IGqe ˆcBGR ˆKb meta tag eÅenvi Kiv nq?
mg¯¼Gq IGqeGcBR MwVZ M. mRj HTML dvBjwU KxfvGe ŠZwi KiGjv eÅvLÅv
nq| KGiv|
cÉwZwU IGqeGcBGRi cÉwZwU IGqemvBGUi ‰KwU N. mRGji IGqe ˆcBGRi gGbvMÉvGg wKÑK KiGj
IGqe AÅvGWÈm ^vGK| BDwbK bvg ^vGK| KGjGRi BwZnvm cÉ`wkÆZ nGZ nGj Avi Kx eÅeÕ©v
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<tr> ˆcBRwUGK ŠZwi KGiGQ Zvi cwiPq, Zvi IGqemvBGUi
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<tr> M mRj IGqe ˆcBR dvBj ŠZwi Kivi RbÅ wbÁ²iƒc c`GÞc
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<tr> 2. Programmes/All programmes-‰i Ici wKÑK Kij|
<td> </td> 3. Accessories-‰i Ici wKÑK Kij|
<td> </td> 4. Notepad-‰i Ici wKÑK Kij|
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IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ ‰es HTML 3
‰evGi ˆm ˆbvUcÅvW (Notepad) ‰wWUGi ˆKvW wjLGjv ‰es L jveYÅ Zvi M͸, KweZvàGjv ‰KwU IGqemvBGU cKÉ vGki
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4. AeGkGl Save-‰i Ici wKÑK Kij| cvwi ˆh, jveGYÅi IGqemvBwUGK mevB ˆhb AbÅvbÅ
IGqemvBU ˆ^GK Avjv`v KGi wPbGZ cvGi Zvi RbÅ jvewY
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mvG^ nvBcviwjsK ‹Zwi KGi w`GZ nGe|
BGgR w`Gq wjsK ŠZwi Kivi wmbUÅvÝ nGjv- N jveYÅGK IGqemvBU wWRvBb Kivi ci Zv cvewjk Kivi
<a href = “URL ev File ‰i bvg”><IMG SRC = “BGgR RbÅ ˆek KGqKwU KvR mÁ·v`b KiGZ nGe| cÉ^GgB ZvGK
dvBGji bvg I digÅvU”></a> ‰KwU ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb KiGZ nGe| AvBwc
myZivs, Zvi KGjR BbdiGgkb mÁ·wKÆZ dvBGji bvg hw` AÅvGWÈGmi Abyev`B nGœQ ˆWvGgBb ˆbg| ‰B ˆWvGgBb ˆbGgi
College_info.html nq ‰es KGjR gGbvMÉvg BGgGRi bvg hw` gvaÅGgB mviv weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉvG¯¦i B´ŸviGbU eÅenviKvixiv
Monogram.jpg nq ZvnGj nvBcviwjsK ŠZwii Kgv´£ nGjv- jveGYÅi IGqemvBUwUGK LuyGR cvGe| ˆWvGgBb ˆbg
ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb Kivi ciB jveGYÅi cÉavb KvR nGe IGqemvBU
<a href= “College_info.html”><IMG SRC= ˆnvwÕ¡s Kiv| KviY, B´ŸviGbGU Avgiv ˆhme Z^Å AvniY Kwi
Zv ‰KwU IGqe mvfÆvGi msiwÞZ ^vGK| ‰GKB ˆnvwÕ¡s mvfÆvi
“Monogram.jpg”></a> eGj| ˆh mvfÆvGi IGqemvBU ivLv nq ZvGK UvKvi wewbgGq
fvov KiGZ nq| mvfÆvi fvov Kivi ci jveYÅGK ‰B mvfÆvGi
cÉk² 4 jvewY I jveYÅ `yB ˆevb| jvewY wek¼we`ÅvjGq Zvi IGqemvBUwU ˆnvÕ¡ KiGZ nGe| ˆnvwÕ¡s mvfvÆ Gi
cGo| jveYÅ ‰BP.‰m.wm-GZ cGo| jveYÅ fvGjv M͸, KweZv IGqemvBUwU AvcGjvW Kivi RbÅ ‰Lb Zvi jvMGe ‰dwUwc
ˆjGL| ‰Kw`b jveYÅ eo AvcyGK ejj, Avcy Avwg wewf®² M͸, mdUIqÅvi| evRvGi wewf®² aiGbi ‰dwUwc mdUIqÅvi cvIqv
KweZv wjwL| Avgvi M͸, KweZvàGjv ‰gb RvqMvq ivLGZ PvB hvq| ‰Lb ‰i ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU ˆm wKGb Zvi KwÁ·DUvGi
ˆhb mviv ˆ`kevmx I wek¼evmx ˆmàGjv ˆ`LGZ cvq| jvewY BbÕ¡j KGi Zvi IGqemvBUwU mvfÆvGii gvaÅGg cvewjk
ejj, IGqe ˆcBR-‰ ˆZvgvi M͸, KweZvàGjv ivLv hvGe| KiGZ cviGe|
‰RbÅ ˆZvgvGK IGqe ˆWvGgBb wKbGZ nGe ‰es IGqe
wWRvBb KGi ˆmUv Avevi IGqGe cvewjk KiGZ nGe|
wkLbdj: 5 cÉk² 5
K. IGqe ˆcBR Kx? 1 ABC
L. jveYÅ Zvi M͸, KweZvàGjv KxGmi gvaÅGg mviv DE F
ˆ`kevmxGK RvbvGZ cviGe? 2 GH I
M. DóxcGK jveYÅGK ˆKb IGqe ˆWvGgBb wKbGZ eGj J KL
‰es KxfvGe IGqe ˆWvGgBb ˆKbv hvq? KviYmn wkLbdj: 3 I 5
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 K. nvBcviwjsK Kx? 1
L. IGqemvBU cvewjwks ‰i gvaÅGg eÅemvGK AvGiv
N. DóxcGK jveYÅ IGqe wWRvBb Kivi ci KxfvGe Zv hyGMvcGhvMx Kiv mÁ¿e-‰i KviY eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
IGqGe cvewjk KiGe? hwy Úmn hvPvB KGiv| 4 M. DcGii ˆUwejwU ŠZwi Kivi RbÅ HTML ˆKvW
4 bs cÉGki² Dîi wjL| 3
K B´ŸviGbU eÅenviKvixG`i ˆ`Lvi DcGhvMx B´ŸviGbGUi N. HTML ˆKvW eÅenvi KGi DcGii ˆUwejwUi 1g
mvG^ mshyÚ wewf®² ˆ`Gki mvfvÆ Gi ivLv dvBjGK IGqe ˆcBR
eGj| mvwii meàGjv Cell ‰es 3q KjvGgi meÆGkl `ywU
Cell gvRÆ Kiv mÁ¿e wKbv weGkÏlY Ki| 4
4 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
5 bs cÉGk²i Dîi K. eËvDRvi Kx? 1
L. <b> ejGZ Kx eySvq? 2
K IGqeGcBGR cÉwZwU Õ¼Z¯¨ dvBGji mvG^ ˆnvg ˆcBGRi M. DóxcGKi wPò: 1 ‰ DGÍÏwLZ welqwUi RbÅ
msGhvMGKB wjsK ev nvBcvi wjsK eGj| 3
‰BPwU‰g‰j ˆKvW wjL|
L IGqemvBU cvewjwks-‰i gvaÅGg eÅemvGK AvGiv N. DóxcGKi wPò: 2 IGqe cvewjwks ‰i mvG^ 4
hyGMvcGhvMx Kiv mÁ¿e| KviY, IGqemvBGU cKÉ vGki gvaÅGg
‰KwU eÅemvwqK cÉwZÓ¤vbGK mnGRB mKGjB mvgGb DcwÕ©Z msMwZcƒYÆ weGkÏlY Ki|
Kiv hvq| dGj cÉwZÓ¤vGbi cÉmviZv I eÅemvwqK KgÆKví, 6 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
myGhvM-myweav Lye `Ë‚Z mgGq e†w«¬ cvq| eZÆgvGb E-Commerce
‰i ‰Kgvò D`vniY hvi gvaÅGg ‰KwU eÅemvwqK cÉwZÓ¤vb K IGqemvBU eËvDwRs Kivi RbÅ ˆh mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv
Zvi KgÆKví Website wfwîK KGi jvfevb nGZ cvGi| ZvB nq ZvGK IGqe eËvDRvi ev eËvDRvi eGj|
ejv hvq ˆh, IGqemvBU cvewjwks ‰i gvaÅGg eÅemvGK AvGiv
hyGMvcGhvMx Kiv hvq| L <b> ˆK digÅvwUs (Formating) UÅvM eGj| digÅvwUs nGjv
ˆUÝGK mwVK AvK‡wZ cÉ`vb KGi my±`ifvGe DcÕ©vcb Kiv|
M DóxcGKi ˆUwejwUi RbÅ HTML Code ˆjLv nGjv: <b> UÅvM eÅenvi KGi ˆUÝUGK ˆgvUv ev ˆevΣ Kiv nq| ‰i
cYƒ Ævã HTML Sentence nGœQ <b>...........................</b>|
<html>
<body> M DóxcGKi 1bs wPòwUi AvDUcyU ˆcGZ HTML ˆKvW wbGÁ²
<table border="1"width="200"> ˆjLv nGjv:
<tr><td>A</td><td>B</td>C</td></tr>
<tr><td>D</td><td>E</td>F</td></tr> <html>
<tr><td>G</td><td>H</td><td>I<td></tr> <body>
<tr><td>J</td><td>K<td><td>L</td></tr> <table>
</table> <tr> <th> Name </th> <th> Roll </th></tr>
</body> <tr> <td> A </td> <td> 101 </td> </tr>
</html> <tr> <td> B </td> <td> 102 </td> </tr>
</table>
N DóxcGKi ˆUwejwUi 1g mvwii meàGjv Cell ˆK Colspan </body>
‰es 3q KjvGgi meGÆ kl `ywU Cell ˆK rowspan AÅvwUÇweDU </html>
eÅenvi KGi Merge (gvRÆ) Kiv mÁ¿e| wbGPi HTML ˆKvW
eÅenvi KGi eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv: N DóxcGKi wPò: 2-‰i welqàGjv IGqe cvewjwks ‰i
mvG^ msMwZcƒY|Æ A^Ævr IGqeGcBR wWRvBb Kivi ci Zv
<html> B´ŸviGbGU cÉKvk KivGKB ejv nq IGqemvBU cvewjwks|
wbGÁ² DóxcGKi welqàGjv weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv|
<body> ˆWvGgBb ˆbBg ˆiwRGÓ¡Çkb : IGqemvBU cvewjwks ‰i cÉ^g
<table border = "1" width="200"> KvRwU nGjv ˆWvGgBb ˆbBg ˆiwRGÓ¡Çkb Kiv| ˆKvGbv
<tr><td colspan = '3'>ABC</td></tr> AvB‰mwc (ISP) A^ev IGqe ˆnvwÕ¡s ˆKvÁ·vwb ˆ^GK ‰KwU
<tr><td>D</td><td>E</td>td>F</td></tr> A^ÆGevaK, my±`i ‰es Aw«¼Zxq bvg eivó wbGZ nGe|
<tr><td>G</td><td>H</td></tr> IGqemvfÆvGi ˆcR ˆnvwÕ¡s: ˆWvGgBb (Domain) ˆiwRGÓ¡Çkb I
IGqeGcBR wWRvBb mÁ·®² Kivi ci IGqemvBU/ˆcRàGjv
<th rowspan = "2">l&L</th> mvfÆvGi ˆnvÕ¡ KiGZ nGe| ‰i RbÅ ‰KwU c«¬wZ nGœQ dvBj
UÇv´Ödvi cÉGUvKj ev FTP hv IGqe mvfÆvGii mvG^ IGqemvBU
</tr> ŠZwiKvixi msGhvM Õ©vcb KGi|
IGqemvBU cÉ`kÆb: ˆWvGgBb ˆiwRGÓ¡Çkb, ˆcR ˆnvwÕ¡s Kivi
<tr><td>J</td><td>k</td></tr> ci IGqeeËvDwRs mdUIqÅvGi eËvDR KiGj IGqemvBUwU
</table> cÉ`kÆb KiGe|
</body>
</html>
Output:
ABC
DE F
GH I&L
JK
ckÉ ² 6 cÉk² 7 Students
Name Roll Domain Hosting Website Name Phone No
A 101
B 102 www.mysite.com Your site hoste Your actual site ABC 0 1 2
wPò:1 wPò: 2 PQR 3 4 5
wkLbdj: 3 I 5 XYZ 6 7 8
wkLbdj-3 I 5
IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ ‰es HTML 5
K. HTML Kx? 1 N cÉ`î ˆUwejwUGK IGqe mvBU wnGmGe cvewjk Kivi RbÅ
KiYxq welqàGjv wbÁ²i…c:
L. WvBbvwgK IGqe mvBU Õ¡ÅvwUK IGqe mvBGUi (i) cÉ^Gg ‰KwU ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb KiGZ nGe|
Zzjbvq AvKÆlYxq-eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 KviY cÉwZwbqZ AmsLÅ IGqemvBU B´ŸviGbGU hÚy nGœQ|
my±`i ‰KwU bvg hv mnGR gGb ivLv hvq ‰es A^ÆGevaK
M. cÉ`î ˆUwej wWRvBGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq HTML ˆKvW Zv wbeÆvPb KGi ˆmB bvGgi ˆWvGgBb ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb KiGZ
nGe|
ˆjL| 3
N. cÉ`î ˆUwejwUGK IGqemvBU wnGmGe cvewjk KiGZ
PvBGj Kx Kx KiYxq AvGjvPbv Ki| 4
7 bs cÉGk²i Dîi (ii) IGqe ˆcR wWRvBb KiGZ nGe| (IGqe ˆcR ŠZwi
Kiv|)
K HTML ‰i cƒYÆi…c nGœQ Hyper Text Mark-up Language hv
eËvDRvGi Z^Å cÉ`kÆb ev IGqe ˆcBR ‰ Z^Å DcÕ©vcb I (iii) ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb ‰es IGqe ˆcR wWRvBb
digÅvU KiGZ eÅenvi Kiv nq| mÁ·®² Kivi ci IGqe mvBUwU ˆKvGbv mvfÆvGi ˆnvÕ¡
KiGZ nGe| wewf®² cÉwZÓ¤vb AG^Æi wewbgGq ˆnvwÕ¡s
L Õ¡ÅvwUK IGqe mvBGUi ˆWUvi gvb IGqe ˆcR ˆjvwWs ev mvwfÆm cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK|
Pvjy Kivi ci cwieZÆb Kiv hvq bv ‰es ‰i KbGU´Ÿ ˆKvwWs
KGi ˆ`Iqv nq ZvB KbGU´Ÿ AvcGjvW KiGZ cÉPzi mgq (iv) IGqe mvBUwU AvGiv ˆewk cÉPvigyLx Kivi RbÅ mvPÆ
jvGM| ‰ IGqe mvBGUi AvKvi e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^
KbGU´ŸàGjvi wbq¯¨Y Kiv KwVb nGq hvq ‰es ‰ IGqe mvBGU BwéGbi mvG^ mshyÚ KiGZ nGe|
eÅenviKvixi wbKU nGZ BbcyU ˆbIqvi eÅeÕ©v ^vGK bv|
Aci cGÞ WvBbvwgK IGqe mvBGU eÅenviKvixi Pvwn`v DcGivÚ welqàGjv h^vh^fvGe AbymiY KiGj cÉ`î
Abyhvqx ˆcBR ‰i KbGU´Ÿ cwieZÆb Kiv hvq| Z^Å ev
welqeÕ§ Lye `Ë‚Z AvcGWU Kiv hvq ‰es eÅenviKvixi wbKU ˆUwejwUGK IGqe mvBU wnGmGe cvewjk Kiv mÁ¿e|
nGZ BbcyU ˆbIqvi eÅeÕ©v ^vGK eGj WvBbvwgK IGqe mvBU
Õ¡ÅvwUK IGqe mvBGUi Zzjbvq AvKlÆYxq| cÉk² 8 <HTML>
<HEAD>
</HEAD> Section-1
<BODY> Section-1
</BODY>
</HTML>
M cÉ`î ˆUwej wWRvBGbi RbÅ Table UÅvM I ‰i wKQy wkLbdj: 3
attribute eÅenvi KiGZ nGe| Table tag ‰i Sub tag àGjv nGœQ
th, tr, td, caption ‰es table tag ‰i attribute àGjv nGœQ border, K. IGqeGcR Kx? 1
width, align myZivs ‰ jGÞÅ cÉGqvRbxq HTML code nGœQ|
L. HTML, C ev QBASIC BZÅvw` DœPZi fvlvi gGZv
bq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
<html> M. DóxcGK Section-1 ‰es Section-2 ˆZ mvaviYZ
<body> Kx aiGbi Z^Å ^vGK eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
<table border = "1" width = "60%">
<caption> Students</caption> N. DóxcGKi Section-2 ˆZ ‰KwU 3wU ˆiv ‰es 3wU
<tr align = "center"> <th> Name</th>
KjvgwewkÓ¡ ˆUwej ŠZwii RbÅ HTML ˆKvW ˆjL
<th colspan ="3"> Phone No </th> ‰es AvDUcyU ˆ`LvI, ˆhLvGb 1g mvwii meàGjv
</tr>
<tr align="left"> Kjvg gvRÆ nGe| 4
8 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
<td> ABC </td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>2</td> K IGqeGcR nGjv ‰KwU IGqe WKzGg´Ÿ hv Iqv룮 IqvBW
</tr> IGqe ‰i RbÅ DcGhvMx IGqe wiGmvmÆ HTML WKzGg´Ÿ|
<tr align = "left">
<td>PQR</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td> L HTML, C ev QBASIC BZÅvw` ˆcÉvMÉvwgs jÅvsàGqGRi
ˆPGq Avjv`v|
</tr> HTML ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv bq, ‰wU ÷ay ‰KwU gvK-Æ Avc
jÅvãyGqR| HTML ˆh ˆKvGbv ˆUÝU ‰wWUGi ‰wWU Kiv hvq
<tr align = "left"> ‰es ‰wU ivb Kivi RbÅ ˆKvGbv KÁ·vBjvi ev B´ŸviwcÉUvGii
<td>XYZ</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td> `iKvi cGo bv| Avevi HTML ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvàGjvi gGZv
</tr> ˆKm ˆmG´ÖwUf bq| ‰QvovI DœPÕ¦Gii ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlvàGjv
mvaviYZ HTML ‰i gGZv ˆKvGbv UÅvM eÅenvi Kiv nq bv|
</table>
</body>
</html>
6 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
M DóxcKwUGZ ‰KwU HTML ˆKvW ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ hvGZ K. IGqemvBU Kx? 1
`yBwU Section-‰i K^v ejv nGqGQ| cÉ^g ˆmKkbwU nGœQ
ˆnW ˆmKkb ‰es cieZxÆ ˆmKkbwU nGjv ewW ˆmKkb| ˆnW L. HTML wm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gGZv ˆKm ˆm´ÖGmwUf bq
ˆmKkbwU ŠZwi nGqGQ <head> </head> UÅvGMi gvaÅGg| ‰B
UÅvGMi gvaÅGg mvaviYZ WKzGgG´Ÿi bvg, UvBc, meta name eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
ˆhgb- mvPÆ BwéGbi RbÅ Kx IqvWÆ wbaÆviY Kiv nq| ‰LvGb
wjwLZ Z^Å eËvDRvGi cÉ`wkÆZ nq bv| ZGe HTML WKzGgG´Ÿi M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ fvlv eÅenvi KGi ˆnvgGcGRi
ˆcR ˆnWvi I DBG´£vi UvBGUj ev wkGivbvg <title> </title>
UÅvGMi gvaÅGg cÉ`vb Kiv nq hv IGqeGcRwU eËvDRvGi mvG^ AbÅ `ywU ˆcBR wjsK Kivi cÉwKÌqv eÅvLÅv
cÉ`kÆGbi mgq wkGivbvg wnGmGe ˆ`LvGe| w«¼Zxq ˆmKkbwU
nGœQ ewW ˆmKkb hv <body> </body> UÅvGMi gvaÅGg KGiv| 3
IGqeGcGRi welqeÕ§GK `†kÅgvb ev c`É kÆGbi DcGhvMx KGi
cÉÕ§Z KGi| ‰B UÅvGMi gvaÅGg hv wKQy Kiv nGe, eËvDRvi N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ BGgR `ywUGK 200×300 wcGÝj
ZvB cÉ`kÆb KivGe| gƒjZ IGqeGcR wWRvBb ev ŠZwii cÉvq
me KvRB ‰B UÅvGMi gGaÅ Kiv nq| AvKvGi 2 wcGÝj eWÆvi jvBbmn IGqemvBGUi
wWRvBb KGiv| 4
9 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K IqvΣÆIqvBW IGqGei RbÅ DcGhvMx IGqe wiGmvmÆ
HTML WKzGgG´Ÿi gvaÅGg ŠZwi AGbKàGjv IGqeGcGRi
mg®¼Gq ŠZwi nq IGqemvBU|
N Section-2 ˆZ ‰KwU 3wU ˆiv ‰es 3wU KjvgwewkÓ¡ L HTML fvlv C fvlv ev DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvàGjvi gGZv ˆKm
ˆUwej ŠZwii HTML ˆKvW ‰es AvDUcyU wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv: ˆmG´ÖwUf bq| A^Ævr ‰wU eo nvGZi ‰es ˆQvU nvGZi eGYÆi
gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ KiGZ cvGi bv| ˆhgb HTML- UÅvM ‰ "TD"
<!DOCTYPE html> ‰es "td" ‰KB PjK wnGmGe weGePbv nGe| A^Ævr HTML ˆKm
ˆmG´ÖwUf bq|
<html lang = "en">
<head>
</head> M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ KGjGRi wKQy msLÅK wkÞv^xÆ HTML
eÅenvi KGi ‰KwU IGqemvBU ŠZwi KGiGQ| ZvG`i
<body> IGqemvBGUi ˆnvgGcR nGœQ DCGPC.html| Zviv ZvG`i
ˆnvgGcGRi mvG^ AviI `ywU HTML dvBj wjsK iGqGQ|
<table border = "1"> HTML-‰ wewf®² aiGbi ZG^Åi wfZi fvPzÆqvj msGhvM Õ©vcb
Kivi eÅeÕ©vGK ejv nq nvBcviwjsK| ‰GZ KGi ‰KwU
<tr> IGqeGcR ˆ^GK AbÅvbÅ IGqeGcR eËvDR Kiv hvq|
nvBcviwjsGKi wmbGUÝ nGjv:
<td rowspan = "3"> Row 1, Col 1 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> row 2, col 1</td>
<td> row 2, col 2</td>
<td> row 2, col 3 </td>
</tr>
<tr> < a href = "url"> Link text </a>
<td> row 3, col 1</td> ‰GÞGò wkÞv^xÆMY ˆnvgGcGRi mvG^ students.html I
Teacher.html bvGgi `ywU dvBGji wjsK KGiGQ| ‰GÞGò
<td> row 3, col 2</td> Zviv ˆh aiGbi nvBcviwjsK eÅenvi KGiGQ Zv nGœQ
B´Ÿvibvj nvBcviwjsK| ‰GÞGò Zviv ‰KB mvBGUi ‰KvwaK
<td> row 3, col 3 </td> ˆcGRi gGaÅ wjsK KGiGQ| Zviv ˆhGnZz student.html ‰es
Teacher.html `ywU dvBj mshyÚ KGiGQ ˆmGnZz ZvG`i ˆKvW
</tr>
nGe
</table>
< a href = "student.html"> Students </a>
</body>
<a href = "teacher.html"> Teachers </a>
</html>
‰fvGe Zviv `ywU ˆcRGK ˆnvgGcGRi mvG^ mshyÚ KiGZ
HTML ˆKvWwUi AvDUcyU nGe: cviGe|
row 1, col 1
row2, col1 row2, col2 row2, col3
row3, col1 row3, col2 row3, col3
cÉk² 9 XvKv KÅv´Ÿ MvjÆm cvewjK KGjGRi wKQy msLÅK N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wkÞv^xÆiv ZvG`i ŠZwiK‡Z IGqemvBGUi
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IGqe mvBU ˆcÉiGYi RbÅ ˆh avcàGjv Abymib KiGZ nGqwQj
Zv wbGÁ² ˆ`LvGbv nGjv- DóxcGKi AvGjvGK eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
IGqeˆcR ˆWvGgBb bvg wbeÆvPb KGi ‰dwUwc mdU&IqÅvi eÅenvi N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK ‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vGb IGqemvBU-‰i
wWRvBb ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb I ˆnvwÕ¡s KÌq Kiv KGi IGqe ˆcR AvcGjvW
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HTTP
22 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
eÅenviKvix HTTP &IGqe eËvDRvi HTTP &IGqe mvfvÆi
K B´ŸviGbU eÅenviKvixG`i ˆ`Lvi DcGhvMx B´ŸviGbGUi
N ˆhGnZz gvgyb mÅvGii IGqe mvBGU HTML, CSS,
Javascript, Mysql, php eÅenvi Kiv nGqwQj A^Ævr gvgyb mvG^ mshyÚ wewf®² ˆ`Gki mvfvÆGi ivLv dvBjGK IGqeGcBR
mÅvGii IGqe mvBGU ˆWUvGeR wQj| myZivs gvgyb mÅvGii
IGqemvBUwU nGjv WvBbvwgK IGqe mvBU| ˆh mKj eGj|
IGqemvBGUi ˆWUvi gvb IGqeGcBR ˆjvwWs ev Pvjy Kivi ci
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Zv wbGÁ² ˆ`Iqv nGjv@
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UÅvMwU Abyi…cfvGeB cÉ`kÆb KGi|
nGZ cvGi| <i>.................</i> - ˆUÝUGK euvKv / BZvwjK KiGZ
Z^Å ev welqeÕ§ AvcGWU Lye `Ë‚Z Kiv hvq | eÅen†Z nq|
wbavÆwiZ eÅenviKvwiG`i RbÅ wbaÆvwiZ ˆcBR cÉ`kÆGbi
M eZÆgvGb nvBcviwjsK Qvov IGqemvBU K͸bvB Kiv hvq bv|
eÅeÕ©v Kiv hvq| KviY eZÆgvGb cÉGZÅKwU IGqemvBGU gƒj Topics-‰i wjÕ¡
eÅenviKvixi wbKU nGZ BbcyU ˆbIqvi eÅeÕ©v ^vGK| A^ev ˆgby ŠZwi KGi, ‰i ˆ^GK mve-UwcKm ŠZwi Kiv nq
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AvKlÆYxq I B´ŸvGiwÙf ˆj-AvDU ŠZwi Kiv hvq| ˆÞò nGjv gƒj welq w`Gq ˆgby ev wjÕ¡ ŠZwi Kiv| AZtci ‰B
gƒj welGqi wjÕ¡ ev ˆgby ˆ^GK ‰KwUGK mƒPbv ev c^ cÉ`kÆK aGi
cÉk² 22 eZÆgvGb mviv weGk¼ wewf®² cÉwZÓ¤vGb ZvG`i wewf®² Avi ‰KwU mve UwcKm ŠZwi KiGZ nq| hv ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ welq
Z^Å ev cYÅ cÉPvGii RbÅ IGqeGcBGRi gvaÅGg B´ŸviGbGUi mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbvi mƒPbv wnmvGe KvR KGi| ‰ aiGbi wWRvBb
mvG^ mshyÚ nGœQ| IGqeGcBRGK my±`i I AvKlÆYxq Kivi eÅenvGii gvaÅGg BDRviG`i Z^Å MÉnGYi ˆÞGò AwZwiÚ
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IGqemvBGU ‰KvwaK ˆcBGRi gGaÅ wjsK Õ©vcb Kiv nq| ˆÞGò AwaK Õ¼vœQ±`Å ˆeva KGi| wjsGKi gvaÅGg BDRviiv
eZÆgvGb cÉGZÅKwU cÉwZÓ¤vb ZvG`i Z^Åmgƒn IGqemvBGU ŠZwi cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx mnGRB IGqGei ‰K ˆcBR ˆ^GK AbÅ ˆcBGR
KGi weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKD BœQv KiGj H ˆhGZ cvGi| Hierarchies wWRvBGbi ˆÞGò ˆnvg ˆcBRwUGZ
mgÕ¦ WKzGgG´Ÿi cƒYÆvã wPò mswÞµ¦ AvKvGi ^vGK| weÕv¦ wiZ
ZG^Åi RbÅ ˆnvg ˆcBGR wjsK eÅenvi KGi Hierarchy-i cieZÆx
ˆcBRàGjvGZ hvIqv hvq|
nvBcviwjsK-‰i eÅeÕ©v bv ^vKGj IGqe ˆcBGRi AvKvi
AGbK eo nGe| ‰KwU eo dvBj WvDbGjvW KiGZ mgq ˆewk
jvMGe| ZvGZ BDRviiv weiÚ nGe| ZvQvov ˆKvGbv welqGK
LuyƒGR ˆcGZ GÕ˜vj KiGZ nGe| ZvQvov ‰KwU IGqemvBU
ˆ^GK AbÅ IGqemvBGU ˆhGZI nvBcviwjsK Qvov mÁ¿e bq|
myZivs ejv hvq, IGqemvBGU nvBcviwjsGKi eÅenvi LyeB
ài‚Zc½ ƒYÆ|
IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ ‰es HTML 15
N mvaviYZ eÅwÚMZ, evwYwRÅK I AevwYwRÅK cÉwZÓ¤vbàGjv Kiv nq| eËvDRvi target AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvGii dGj eËvDRvi
‰KwU bZyb Window ŠZwi KGi hv ˆ`GL gGb nGe ˆh
ZvG`i Z^Åmgƒn B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg mKGji KvGQ ˆcuŒGQ w`GZ eËvDRvGi Avi ‰KwU Kwc ivb nGœQ| ‰GÞGò AvGMi window
wU bZyb window wUi ˆkGl AeÕ©vb KiGe ‰es ˆh ˆcBRwU
cvGi| ZvB ˆ™ÏvevjvBGRkGbi ‰ hyGM ˆhGKvGbv cÉwZÓ¤vGbi RbÅ wjsKGK aviY KiGQ Zv ZLbI ˆ`Lv hvGe, hw` bv eËvDRvi
mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆcBRwU eÅenvi KGi|
IGqemvBU LyeB ài‚Zc½ ƒYÆ ‰KwU welq| IGqemvBGUi gvaÅGg Syntax wU nGœQ:
‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vb ZvG`i cÉwZÓ¤vb mÁ·wKÆZ Z^Åvw` IGqGe ivLGZ <a href = “http : // ......... " target = “_blank"> visit the
cvGi| `Ë‚Z MwZi ˆhvMvGhvGMi RbÅ AbÅ ˆhGKvGbv gvaÅGgi any web page </a>
ˆPGq B´ŸviGbU LyeB DcGhvMx| ZvQvov AbÅvbÅ gvaÅGgi ˆPGq Avevi wjsKm-‰i Name AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi KGi ‰KB
WKzGgG´Ÿi wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvGbv AsGk RvÁ· KGi PGj hvIqv hvGe|
AGbK Kg LiGP wbGRG`i weævcb B´ŸviGbGU w`GZ cvGi| A^Ævr ˆKvGbv ‰KwU wjsGK wKÑK KiGj ˆcBGRi ‰GKevGi
DcGi ev wbw`ÆÓ¡ AsGk PGj wMGq ˆmwU cÉ`wkÆZ nq| Avevi
‰i dGj c†w^exi ˆhGKvGbv cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKD BGœQ KiGjB KLbI KLbI ‰KwU wjsGK wKÑK KGi AbÅ ‰KwU ˆcBGRi
wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGbI PGj hvIqv hvq|
Zvi Kvw›ÞZ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi Z^Åvw` IGqemvBU ˆ^GK ˆRGb wbGZ ‰KB ˆcBGR wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb hvIqvi RbÅ
cvGi| ZvB eZÆgvGb ˆhGKvGbv cÉwZÓ¤vGbi RbÅB wbRÕ¼ ˆbgW AÅvsKGii wmbUÅvÝ : <a name = label> any
IGqemvBU ^vKv LyeB cÉGqvRb| content </a>
cÉk² 23 gÅvWvg KÑvGm QvòG`i DGóGkÅ ejGjb, Avgiv hLb ˆbgW AÅvsKGii wjsK wmbUÅvÝ : <a href = label
ˆKvGbv IGqemvBU IGcb Kwi ZLb cÉ^Gg AvgvG`i mvgGb ˆnvg > any content </a>
ˆcBR IGcb nq| ˆnvg ˆcBGRi wewf®² Õ©vGb wKÑK KiGj AviI `ywU wf®² WKzGgG´Ÿi wbw`ÆÓ¡ AsGki gGaÅ wjsGKi RbÅ wmbUÅvÝ
bZyb bZyb Õ¼Z¯¨ HTML dvBj/ˆcBR AvGm| cÉwZwU Õ¼Z¯¨ nGjv
cÉ^g WKzGgG´Ÿ ˆbgW AÅvsKGii wjsK wmbUÅvÝ :
dvBGji mvG^ ˆnvg ˆcBGRi ‰KwU msGhvM ˆ`qv AvGQ| gÅvWvg
<a href = pagename.html label > any
‰B msGhvGMi aib AvGjvPbv KiGjb ‰es msGhvGMi wmbUÅvÝwU
content </a>
wjLGjb| wkLbdj: 3
2q WKzGgG´Ÿ ˆbgW AÅvsKGii wjsK wmbUÅvÝ :
K. wjsK UÅvGM Kx Kx AÅvwUÇweDU eÅen†Z nq? 1
<a Name = label > any content </a>
L. wjsK UÅvGM ˆh ˆh AvwUÇweDwU eÅen†Z nq Zv mÁ·GKÆ
N gÅvWvg ˆh msGhvGMi K^v eGjGQ ˆmwU nGjv nvBcviwjsK|
ˆjL| 2 eZÆgvGb nvBcviwjsK Qvov IGqemvBU K͸bvB Kiv hvq bv|
KviY eZÆgvGb cÉGZÅKwU IGqemvBGU-‰i gƒj UwcKm wjÕ¡
M. gÅvWvg ˆh msGhvGMi K^v eGjGQb ZvGZ AÅvwUÇweDU A^ev ˆgby ŠZwi KGi ‰i ˆ^GK mve-UwcKm ŠZwi KiGZ nGe|
ˆhLvGb Avgiv wbw`ÆÓ¡ Topics mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv Kie| ‰
Kx Kx KiGZ cvGi Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 Õ¡ÈvKPvGii ˆÞò gƒj welq w`Gq ˆgby ev wjÕ¡ ŠZwi KiGZ nq|
AZtci ‰B gƒj welq ‰i wjÕ¡ ev ˆgby ˆ^GK ‰KwUGK m…Pbv ev
N. gÅvWvg ˆh msGhvGMi K^v eGjGQb IGqemvBGU Zvi c^ cÉ`kÆK aGi Avi ‰KwU mve UwcK&m ŠZwi KiGZ nq hv
‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ welq mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbvi mƒPbv wnmvGe KvR KGi|
fƒwgKv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 ‰ aiGbi wWRvBb eÅenvGii gvaÅGg BDRviG`i Z^Å MÉnGYi
ˆÞGò AwZwiÚ Õ¼vaxbZv cÉ`vb Kiv hvq| djkÉywZGZ BDRviiv
23 bs cÉGk²i Dîi ˆcBRwU eÅenvGii ˆÞGò AwaK Õ¼vœQ±`Å ˆeva KGi| wjsGKi
gvaÅGg BDRviiv cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx mnGRB IGqGei ‰K ˆcBR
K wjsK UÅvGM target, Name AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi nq| ˆ^GK AbÅ ˆcBGR AbvqvGm ˆhGZ cviGe ‰es IGqe ˆcBRwUi
ˆKvb AsGk BDRvi AeÕ©vb KiGQ, Zv Rvbv Zvi RGbÅ
L Link ŠZwii RbÅ `ywU wRwbGmi cÉGqvRb@
1. cÉ^gZ: File ‰i bvg ev dvBj ‰i URL hvi mvG^
Avgiv Link Õ©vcb KiGZ PvB|
2. w«¼ZxqZ : ˆUÝU-‰i ˆmB wbw`ÆÓ¡ AsGk ˆh AskwUGK
Avgiv ”hotspot" A^Ævr ˆh ˆUÝU ˆK eËvDRvi nvBjvBU
KGi cwiGekb KiGe ‰es wfDqviiv ‰B nvBjvBGUW
AsGk wKÑK KGi ‰ AsGki mvG^ link K‡Z Ask ev
ˆcBRwU eËvDR KiGe|
M gÅvWvg ˆh msGhvGMi K^v eGjGQb ZvGZ target AÅvwUÇweDU
eÅenvi KGi wjsKK‡Z ˆcBRwU ˆh Window-ˆZ cÉ`wkÆZ nGe
Zvi bvg wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi ˆ`qv hvq| A^Ævr wjsK Kiv WKzGg´ŸwU
ˆKv^vq IGcb nGe ˆmwU wbaÆviGY target AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi
16 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
mnRGevaÅ nGe| Hierarchies wWRvBGbi ˆÞGò ˆnvg IGqemvBU Õ¡ÈvKPvi KvVvGgv wZb aiGbi nGq ^vGK|
1. wmKzGq´Ö mvBU Õ¡ÈvKPvi
ˆcBRwUGZ mgÕ¦ WKzGgG´Ÿi cƒYÆvã wPò mswÞµ¦ AvKvGi ^vGK| 2. nvqvivwKÆKÅvj mvBU Õ¡ÈvKPvi
3. IGqe wjsKW mvBU Õ¡ÈvKPvi
weÕ¦vwiZ ZG^Åi RbÅ ˆnvg ˆcBGR wjsK eÅenvi KGi
1. wmKzGq´Ö mvBU Õ¡ÈvKPvi: wmKGz q´Ö mvBU Õ¡ÈvKPvi nGjv
Hierarchy-i cieZÆx ˆcBRàGjvGZ hvIqv hvq| IGqe mvBU wWRvBb Õ¡ÈvKPvGii gGaÅ meGPGq mnR| ‰
aiGbi Õ¡ÈvKPvGi IGqe ˆcBGRi Z^ÅàGjv mvwie«¬fvGe
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AeÕ©v AGbK eo nGe| ZvGZ AGbK mgmÅv ˆ`Lv ˆ`Ge| 2. wUÇ Õ¡ÈvKPvi mvBU KvVvGgv: IGqemvBGU Z^Å DcÕ©vcb
Kivi meGPGq Dîg c«¬wZ nGjv wUÇ ev nvqvivwKÆKÅvj
‰KwU eo dvBj WvDbGjvW KiGZ mgq ˆewk jvMGe| ZvGZ c«¬wZ| ‰ Õ¡ÈvKPvGi IGqe ˆcBRàGjv ‰K ev ‰KvwaK
ˆjGfj chƯ¦ msGhvM Kiv nq|
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3. IGqe wjsKW mvBU KvVvGgv: ‰wU ‰KwU meGPGq RwUj
KiGZ nGe| ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ cGqG´Ÿ ˆbwfGMU Kiv AGbK cÉK‡wZi Õ¡ÈvKPvi ‰es bb wjwbqvi Õ¡ÈvKPvi| ‰ aiGbi
Õ¡ÈvKPvGi ˆewk wjsK ^vKvq ‰wU RwUj cÉK‡wZi nGq
KGÓ¡i eÅvcvi A^ev nvBcviwjsGKi gvaÅGg mnGRB ˆmwU Kiv ^vGK| ‰ IGqemvBGUi ˆhGKvGbv ˆcBR ˆ^GK AbÅ
ˆhGKvGbv ˆcBGR eËvDR Kiv hvq|
hvq| ZvQvov ‰KwU IGqemvBU ˆ^GK AbÅ IGqemvBGU ˆhGZI
N Z^ÅcÉhywÚ nGœQ Z^Å eÅeÕ©vi mvG^ mswkÓÏ ¡ cÉhywÚ| Avi
nvBcviwjsK Qvov mÁ¿e bq| myZivs ejv hvq IGqemvBGU ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ nGœQ ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb eÅeÕ©vi mvG^
mswkÓÏ ¡ cÉhywÚ| gvnvZve mÅvi-‰i ˆjKPvGii welq
nvBcviwjsGKi fƒwgKv Acwimxg| “wkÞvGÞGò Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi cÉfve” wbGÁ² DcÕ©vcb
Kiv nGjv@
cÉk² 24 KwÁ·DUvi wkÞK gvnvZve KÑvGm wkÞv^ÆxG`iGK
AvaywbK wkÞv eÅeÕ©vq AbÅZg DcKiY nGœQ Z^Å I
wkÞv ˆÞGò Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi cÉfve welGq ˆjKPvi ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ| Z^Å cÉhywÚi ‰ hyGM KwÁ·DUvi I mswkÓÏ ¡
AbÅvbÅ wWfvBmàGjv AvgvG`i AwÕ¦GZ½i mvG^ wgGk hvGœQ|
w`Gjb| ‰ici wZwb QvòG`iGK B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGi wewf®² wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vGb Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi eÅenvi wkÞv
c«¬wZGK KGiGQ D®²ZZi I mg†«¬kvjx|
ˆ`Gki weLÅvZ wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vGbi IGqemvBU ˆ`LvGjb ‰es
wkÞv`vb, MGelYvi KvR, Z^Å msiÞY, wnmve-wbKvk, cixÞvi
IGqemvBGUi KvVvGgv mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv KiGjb| djvdj ŠZwi, cÉKvk I msiÞY, wkÞK-KgÆPvix I Qvò-QvòxG`i
eÅwÚMZ I wkÞvMZ Z^ÅmsiÞY I cÉkvmwbK ˆhvMvGhvM BZÅvw`
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Rxewe`Åv, mgvRweævb, BwZnvm, f„GMvj welGq wewf®² mgmÅv
L. Uc WvDb I eUg Avc ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 mgvavb Kiv hvq| ‰G`GkB ‰m‰mwm I ‰BP‰mwm cixÞvi
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‰m‰g‰m-‰i gvaÅGgI djvdj Rvbv mÁ¿e nGœQ|
mÁ·GKÆ hv ejGjb Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
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N. gvnvZve mÅvi ˆh welqwU wbGq ˆjKPvi w`Gjb ˆm AbÕ¼xKvh|Æ
welq mÁ·GKÆ ˆZvgvi eÚeÅ DcÕ©vcb KGiv| 4
24 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
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wZbfvGM fvM Kiv hvq|
L Uc WvDb c«¬wZGZ ˆKvGbv wRwbmGK ˆKGU ˆQvU KGi
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AvKvGii ˆQvU wRwbm w`Gq eo ˆKvGbv wRwbm ŠZwi Kiv|
M gvnvZve mÅvi wkÞv^ÆxG`i ˆh IGqemvBU mÁ·GKÆ eYÆbv
w`Gjb ˆmB IGqemvBU nGjv mÁ·KÆhyÚ IGqe ˆcBRmgƒn,
AÅvwbGgkb, BGgR, AwWI, wfwWI wKsev AbÅvbÅ wWwRUvj
mÁ·G`i ‰KwU msMÉn ˆmàGjv ‰KwU mvaviY BDwbdgÆ wiGmvmÆ
ˆjvGKUi-‰i gvaÅGg ^vGK| IGqe ˆcBRàGjv IGqemvBGUi
Z^Å DcÕ©vcb KGi ^vGK| A^Ævr IGqemvBGUi Õ¡ÈvKPvi ev
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MwVZ|
IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ ‰es HTML 17
cÉk²eÅvsK
Dîi msGKZmn cÉk² AbykxjGbi RbÅ AviI cÉk²
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of rivers and canals.
L ˆh cÉhywÚ SuywKcƒYÆ KvRGK mnR KGiGQ Zv nGjv fvPÆyqvj wkLbdj: 4 [h. ˆev. 2016]
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</ body>
< / html> </body>
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DÚ ˆKvGW eÅenZ† wewf®² UÅvM wbGP AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv-
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tag ‰i face AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi nq | wbGÁ² evsjv d´Ÿ
ŠZwii RbÅ KiYxq welqmgƒn AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
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Zv BsGiwR eGYÆi bÅvq ˆ`LvGe | ZGe eËvDRvGi ivb KiGj main topics
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Element AsGk wjLGZ nq | A^vÆr <p>‰Uv nGœQ Avgvi
ˆnvg ˆcBR </p > Board of Expertise Item Item Item
directors
‰fvGeB DóxcGKi AbyGœQ`wUGK ‰BPwU‰g‰j ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wPò: nvqvivwKÆKÅvj KvVvGgv
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N DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ mgmÅv mgvavGbi Avgvi mywPw¯¦Z
cÉk² 8 ˆgvnb ‰KwU IGqemvBU eËvDR KiGZ wMGq ˆ`GL gZvgZ nGjv IGqemvBUwUGK ˆWwWGKGUW mvfvÆGi AvcvGjvW
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IGqemvBUwUi cÉwZwU ˆcGR ˆhGZ nGjB evievi ˆnvg ˆcGR ˆgGgvwi ˆÕ·m I wiGmvmÆ AbÅG`i mvG^ ˆkqvi KiGZ nq|
dGj ˆewki fvM mgGq mvfÆvGii KvhÆKÌg axi nGq hvq ‰es
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ZvQvov ˆkqviW mvfvÆGi wfwRUi aviYÞgZv PwÍÏk nvRvi|
mvRvGbv hvGZ KGi mevB AvK‡Ó¡ nq| cÉ^gevi eÅenvi KiGZ eÅenviKvixi msLÅv evoGZ ^vKGj ‰ MwZ KgGZ ^vGK| ‰GZ
KGi IGqeGcBGRi BGgR (Qwe) AvcGjvW I WvDbGjvW nGZ
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ˆnvΣvi ^vGK bv ‰es wbivcîvI AGbK ˆewk| ‰ aiGbi
‰KwU Qwe eËvDR KiGZ wMGq ˆ`GL ˆcRwU ˆjvW nGZ ˆewk mvfvÆGi AvbwjwgGUW eÅv´£DBW^ I ˆWUvGeR myweav cvIqv
hvq| dGj IGqemvBGUi ˆhGKvGbv ˆcBR AvcGjvW I
mgq ˆbq| ZvQvov ˆcRwU ˆ`Lv ˆMGjI mKj Qwe eËvDRvi WvDbGjvW nGZ ˆewk mgq jvGM bv| hv eÅenviKvixGK
Õ¼vQ±`Geva KGi|
cÉ`kÆb KiGZ cviGQ bv| ‰GZ ˆm weiÚ nq|
wkLbdj: 2 I 5 [e. ˆev. 2016]
K. ‰BPwU‰g‰j UÅvM Kx? 1
L. ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb KiGZ nq ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGKi IGqemvBUwUi KvVvGgv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ mgmÅv mgvavGb ˆZvgvi mywPw¯¦Z
gZvgZ `vI| 4
IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ ‰es HTML 7
cÉk² 9 kvnRv`cyi ‰m ‰b ‰BP gv`ivmvi ICT wkÞK M IGqemvBGUi bvg cwieZÆGbi civgGkÆi ˆcQGb ˆek wKQy
hywÚ iGqGQ| KviYmn hwy ÚàGjv eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv| DóxcGKi
bvwdm Bmjvg Web Design ‰i Dci cÉwkÞY MÉnY KGiGQb| ÷i‚GZ IGqe AÅvGWÈm ‰ WWW eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ| ‰LvGb
WWW ˆK ˆQvU nvGZi AÞGi wjLGZ nGe| ‰wU nGœQ
AaÅÞ gGnv`q ZvGK cÉwZÓ¤vGbi hveZxq Z^Å mÁ¼wjZ ‰KwU c†w^exi wewf®² ˆ`Gki mvfÆvGi ivLv ciÕ·Gii msGhvMGhvMÅ
IGqe ˆcBR hv B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg IGqe eËvDRvi mdUIqÅvi
WvBbvwgK IGqemvBU ŠZwii `vwqZ½ w`Gjb| wZwb WWW. eÅenvi KGi ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰Qvov DóxcGK Host name AsGk
kvnRv`cyi bvGgi cÉ^g AÞi S eo nvGZi AÞGi ˆjLv
Sahajadpursnhmadrasha.com bvGg ‰KwU IGqe mvBU nGqGQ| hv KLGbvB eo nvGZi AÞGi ˆjLv hvGe bv| KviY
ˆnvÕ¡ ˆbg mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆQvU nvGZi AÞGi wjLGZ nq| ‰Qvov ˆkGl
ˆLvjvi eÅeÕ©v KiGjb| IT weGklæ w`Gq mvBUwU cixÞv .com «¼viv Uc ˆjGfj ˆWvGgb eySvGbv nGqGQ| ‰LvGb .com
eÅenvi bv KGi .bd eÅenvi KiGj AvGiv ˆewk fvGjv nGZv mvPÆ
KiGZ ˆMGj wZwb bvwdm mvGneGK IGqemvBGUi bvg cwieZÆb Bwéb eÅenvi KGi LyuGR ˆei KiGZ| ZvB ejv hvq ˆh, IGqe
mvBGUi bvg cwieZÆGbi civgkÆ hG^Ó¡ hywÚhÚy wQj|
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gvaÅGg DÚ IGqe ˆcR ˆ^GK ˆcGZ cvGi| ‰GZ KGi Zviv
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msKÌv¯¦ ˆhGKvGbv Z^Å DÚ IGqe ˆcR w`Gq w`Gj ˆh ˆKD
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ejv hvq ˆh, kvnRv`cyi gv`ivmvi IGqe ˆcRwUGZ hw`
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DG`ÅvM MÉnY KGiGQb’ gZvgZ `vI| 4 wewf®² cixÞvi djvdj IGqe ˆcGR w`Gq w`Gj wkÞv^Æx I
9 bs cÉGk²i Dîi AwffveKiv NGi eGmB djvdj ˆ`GL w`GZ cviGe| DcGivÚ
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K gvbyGli BbcyUK‡Z fvlvGK KwÁ·DUvi wbGRi ˆevaMgÅ wkÞv^ÆxG`i DcKvGii RbÅB ‰ DG`ÅvM MÉnY KGiGQb|
Kivi RbÅ ˆh fvlv eÅenvi KGi ^vGK ZvGK ˆgwkb fvlv eGj|
L ռ͸ `ƒiGZ½ (10 ˆ^GK 100 wgUvi) ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi
RbÅ eÅen†Z ‰KwU IGcb IqÅviGjm cÉGUvKj nGœQ e-Ð~ Uz^|
‰wU PAN ‰i IqÅviGjm wfwîK ˆbUIqvGKiÆ AvIZvfzÚ|
eZÆgvGb wewf®² wWfvBGmi gGaÅ ‰B ˆUKGbvjwR weΣ-Bb Kiv
^vGK| Zviwenxb ˆhvMvGhvGMi ˆÞGò eÐ~-Uz^ ‰KwU KvhKÆ ix
eÅeÕ©v| e-Ð~ Uz^ mvaviYZ KbwdMvi KiGZ nq bv| IqÅviGjm
ˆbUIqvGKiÆ AvIZvq e-Ð~ Uz^ mGeÆvœP 8wU wWfvBGmi msGhvM
cÉ`vb KiGZ cvGi ‰es ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb KiGZ cvGi|
cixÞvq Kgb ˆcGZ AbbÅ cÉGkv² îi
cÉk² 10 jvewY I jveYÅ `yB ˆevb| jvewY wek¼we`ÅvjGq M. DóxcGK jveYÅGK ˆKb IGqe ˆWvGgBb wKbGZ eGj
‰es KxfvGe IGqe ˆWvGgBb ˆKbv hvq? KviYmn
cGo| jveYÅ ‰BP.‰m.wm-GZ cGo| jveYÅ fvGjv M͸, KweZv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
ˆjGL| ‰Kw`b jveYÅ eo AvcyGK ejj, Avcy Avwg wewf®² M͸, N. DóxcGK jveYÅ IGqe wWRvBb Kivi ci KxfvGe Zv
KweZv wjwL| Avgvi M͸, KweZvàGjv ‰gb RvqMvq ivLGZ PvB IGqGe cvewjk KiGe? hwy Úmn hvPvB KGiv| 4
ˆhb mviv ˆ`kevmx I wek¼evmx ˆmàGjv ˆ`LGZ cvq| jvewY 10 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ejj, IGqe ˆcBR-‰ ˆZvgvi M͸, KweZvàGjv ivLv hvGe| K B´ŸviGbU eÅenviKvixG`i ˆ`Lvi DcGhvMx B´ŸviGbGUi
mvG^ mshyÚ wewf®² ˆ`Gki mvfÆvGi ivLv dvBjGK IGqe ˆcBR
‰RbÅ ˆZvgvGK IGqe ˆWvGgBb wKbGZ nGe ‰es IGqe eGj|
wWRvBb KGi ˆmUv Avevi IGqGe cvewjk KiGZ nGe|
wkLbdj: 5 L jveYÅ Zvi MÍ,¸ KweZvàGjv ‰KwU IGqemvBGU cÉKvGki
gvaÅGg mviv ˆ`kevmxGK RvbvGZ cvGi| ‰GZ KGi, ˆ`Gki
K. IGqe ˆcBR Kx? 1 ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vGbi gvbyl B´ŸviGbU ˆmev eÅenvi KGi Zvi ˆjLv
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L. jveYÅ Zvi M͸, KweZvàGjv KxGmi gvaÅGg mviv
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8 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚ ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY
M jvewY jveYÅGK IGqe ˆWvGgBb wKbGZ eGjwQj, KviY L IGqemvBU cvewjwks-‰i gvaÅGg eÅemvGK AvGiv
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ˆbGgi gvaÅGgB mviv weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉvG¯¦i B´ŸviGbU Commerce ‰i ‰Kgvò D`vniY hvi gvaÅGg ‰KwU
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IGqemvBU ˆ^GK Avjv`v KGi wPbGZ cvGi Zvi RbÅ jvewY eÅemvGK AvGiv hyGMvcGhvMx Kiv hvq|
jveYÅGK IGqe ˆWvGgBb wKbGZ eGj| IGqe ˆWvGgBb ˆKbvi
RbÅ wbw`ÆÓ¡ mvwfÆm wmGÕ¡Ggi mnvqZv wbGZ nGe| ‰B mvwfÆm M DóxcGKi ˆUwejwUi RbÅ HTML Code ˆjLv nGjv:
wmGÕ¡Gg wbw`ÆÓ¡ wd-‰i wewbgGq IGqe ˆWvGgBb ˆKbv hvq|
<html>
N jveYÅGK IGqemvBU wWRvBb Kivi ci Zv cvewjk Kivi <body>
RbÅ ˆek KGqKwU KvR mÁ·v`b KiGZ nGe| cÉ^GgB ZvGK <table border="1"width="200">
‰KwU ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb KiGZ nGe| AvBwc <tr><td>A</td><td>B</td>C</td></tr>
AÅvGWÈGmi Abyev`B nGœQ ˆWvGgBb ˆbg| ‰B ˆWvGgBb ˆbGgi <tr><td>D</td><td>E</td>F</td></tr>
gvaÅGgB mviv weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉvG¯¦i B´ŸviGbU eÅenviKvixiv <tr><td>G</td><td>H</td><td>I<td></tr>
jveGYÅi IGqemvBUwUGK LuyGR cvGe| ˆWvGgBb ˆbg <tr><td>J</td><td>K<td><td>L</td></tr>
ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb Kivi ciB jveGYÅi cÉavb KvR nGe IGqemvBU </table>
ˆnvwÕ¡s Kiv| KviY, B´ŸviGbGU Avgiv ˆhme Z^Å AvniY Kwi </body>
Zv ‰KwU IGqe mvfÆvGi msiwÞZ ^vGK| ‰GKB ˆnvwÕ¡s mvfÆvi </html>
eGj| ˆh mvfÆvGi IGqemvBU ivLv nq ZvGK UvKvi wewbgGq
fvov KiGZ nq| mvfÆvi fvov Kivi ci jveYÅGK ‰B mvfÆvGi N DóxcGKi ˆUwejwUi 1g mvwii meàGjv Cell ˆK Colspan
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IGqemvBUwU AvcGjvW Kivi RbÅ ‰Lb Zvi jvMGe ‰dwUwc eÅenvi KGi Merge (gvRÆ) Kiv mÁ¿e| wbGPi HTML ˆKvW
mdUIqÅvi| evRvGi wewf®² aiGbi ‰dwUwc mdUIqÅvi cvIqv eÅenvi KGi eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv:
hvq| ‰Lb ‰i ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU ˆm wKGb Zvi KwÁ·DUvGi
BbÕ¡j KGi Zvi IGqemvBUwU mvfÆvGii gvaÅGg cvewjk <html>
KiGZ cviGe| <body>
<table border = "1" width="200">
cÉk² 11 <tr><td colspan = '3'>ABC</td></tr>
<tr><td>D</td><td>E</td>td>F</td></tr>
ABC <tr><td>G</td><td>H</td></tr>
<th rowspan = "2">l&L</th>
DE F </tr>
<tr><td>J</td><td>k</td></tr>
GH I </table>
</body>
J KL </html>
wkLbdj: 3 I 5 Output:
K. nvBcviwjsK Kx? 1 ABC F
DE I&L
L. IGqemvBU cvewjwks ‰i gvaÅGg eÅemvGK AvGiv GH
JK
hyGMvcGhvMx Kiv mÁ¿e-‰i KviY eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
cÉk² 12 Students
M. DcGii ˆUwejwU ŠZwi Kivi RbÅ HTML ˆKvW
wjL| 3
N. HTML ˆKvW eÅenvi KGi DcGii ˆUwejwUi 1g Name Phone No
mvwii meàGjv Cell ‰es 3q KjvGgi meÆGkl `ywU ABC 0 1 2
Cell gvRÆ Kiv mÁ¿e wKbv weGkÏlY Ki| 4 PQR 3 4 5
11 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K IGqeGcBGR cÉwZwU Õ¼Z¯¨ dvBGji mvG^ ˆnvg ˆcBGRi XYZ 6 7 8
msGhvMGKB wjsK ev nvBcvi wjsK eGj| wkLbdj: 3 I 5
IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ ‰es HTML 9
K. HTML Kx? 1 N cÉ`î ˆUwejwUGK IGqe mvBU wnGmGe cvewjk Kivi RbÅ
KiYxq welqàGjv wbÁ²i…c:
L. WvBbvwgK IGqe mvBU Õ¡ÅvwUK IGqe mvBGUi
(i) cÉ^Gg ‰KwU ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb KiGZ nGe|
Zzjbvq AvKÆlYxq-eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 KviY cÉwZwbqZ AmsLÅ IGqemvBU B´ŸviGbGU hÚy nGœQ|
my±`i ‰KwU bvg hv mnGR gGb ivLv hvq ‰es A^ÆGevaK
M. cÉ`î ˆUwej wWRvBGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq HTML
Zv wbeÆvPb KGi ˆmB bvGgi ˆWvGgBb ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb KiGZ
ˆKvW ˆjL| 3 nGe|
N. cÉ`î ˆUwejwUGK IGqemvBU wnGmGe cvewjk KiGZ
PvBGj Kx Kx KiYxq AvGjvPbv Ki| 4
12 bs cÉGk²i Dîi (ii) IGqe ˆcR wWRvBb KiGZ nGe| (IGqe ˆcR ŠZwi Kiv|)
K HTML ‰i cƒYÆi…c nGœQ Hyper Text Mark-up (iii) ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb ‰es IGqe ˆcR wWRvBb
Language hv eËvDRvGi Z^Å cÉ`kÆb ev IGqe ˆcBR ‰ Z^Å
DcÕ©vcb I digÅvU KiGZ eÅenvi Kiv nq| mÁ·®² Kivi ci IGqe mvBUwU ˆKvGbv mvfÆvGi ˆnvÕ¡
KiGZ nGe| wewf®² cÉwZÓ¤vb AG^Æi wewbgGq ˆnvwÕ¡s
L Õ¡ÅvwUK IGqe mvBGUi ˆWUvi gvb IGqe ˆcR ˆjvwWs ev mvwfÆm cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK|
Pvjy Kivi ci cwieZÆb Kiv hvq bv ‰es ‰i KbGU´Ÿ ˆKvwWs
KGi ˆ`Iqv nq ZvB KbGU´Ÿ AvcGjvW KiGZ cÉPzi mgq (iv) IGqe mvBUwU AvGiv ˆewk cÉPvigyLx Kivi RbÅ mvPÆ
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KbGU´ŸàGjvi wbq¯¨Y Kiv KwVb nGq hvq ‰es ‰ IGqe mvBGU BwéGbi mvG^ mshyÚ KiGZ nGe|
eÅenviKvixi wbKU nGZ BbcyU ˆbIqvi eÅeÕ©v ^vGK bv|
Aci cGÞ WvBbvwgK IGqe mvBGU eÅenviKvixi Pvwn`v DcGivÚ welqàGjv h^vh^fvGe AbymiY KiGj cÉ`î
Abyhvqx ˆcBR ‰i KbGU´Ÿ cwieZÆb Kiv hvq| Z^Å ev
welqeÕ§ Lye `Ë‚Z AvcGWU Kiv hvq ‰es eÅenviKvixi wbKU ˆUwejwUGK IGqe mvBU wnGmGe cvewjk Kiv mÁ¿e|
nGZ BbcyU ˆbIqvi eÅeÕ©v ^vGK eGj WvBbvwgK IGqe mvBU
Õ¡ÅvwUK IGqe mvBGUi Zjz bvq AvKlÆYxq| cÉk² 13 Notepad ˆcÉvMÉvGg `ywU ˆKvWwU nGjv:
<a href = "HSC.html"> HSC ICT </a> ‰es
<a href = http: //www.dshe.gov.bd/> visit DSHE </a>
wkLbdj: 4
K. HTML Kx? 1
L. ˆKvb aiGbi IGqeGcBGRi Pvwn`v ˆewk? eÅvLÅv
Ki| 2
M cÉ`î ˆUwej wWRvBGbi RbÅ Table UÅvM I ‰i wKQy M. DÚ ˆKvGWi mvnvGhÅ ˆZvgvi cÉwZÓ¤vGbi bvg I
attribute eÅenvi KiGZ nGe| Table tag ‰i Sub tag àGjv
nGœQ th, tr, td, caption ‰es table tag ‰i attribute àGjv wVKvbv msewjZ IGqeGcBGRi ˆKvW ŠZwi Ki| 3
nGœQ border, width, align myZivs ‰ jGÞÅ cÉGqvRbxq
HTML code nGœQ| N. DóxcGKi ˆKvWwUi gGaÅ ˆKvb aiGbi ˆKvWwU ˆewk
eÅenvi Kiv nq? weGkÏlY cƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| 4
13 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
<html> K HTML ‰i cƒYÆbvg nGœQ Hyper Text Markup Language|
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HTML KvhÆKifvGe µÏvUdgÆ Õ¼wbfÆi (Platform Independent)
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<caption> Students</caption>
<tr align = "center"> <th> Name</th> L ˆhGnZz ˆcBR ˆjvwWs ev Pvjy Kivi WvBbvwgK IGqeGcGR
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<th colspan ="3"> Phone No </th> ˆWUvi gvb cwieZÆb Kiv hvq bv| ZvB WvBbvwgK IGqe
ˆcGRi Pvwn`v ˆewk|
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<td> ABC </td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>2</td> M DóxcGKi DÚ ˆKvW nGjv HTML GKvW| myZivs Avgvi
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<td>PQR</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td>
<p align= “center” style= “font-size: 30;
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color:green”>X College, Dhaka</p>
<tr align = "left">
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<td>XYZ</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td>
color:green”>Road#12><br/>
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House#12<br/>Dhanmonnidi, Dhaka</p>
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