Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology,
Curriculum Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur as an Additional Learning Material
vedanta
INTEGRATED SOCIAL STUDIES
10Grade
Authors: Youba Raj Dhakal Hritesh Shrestha
Surya Bahadur Gurung
vedanta
INTEGRATED SOCIAL STUDIES
10Grade
Authors: Youba Raj Dhakal Hritesh Shrestha
Surya Bahadur Gurung
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced, copied or transmitted in any way,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Design: Manoz Manohar
First Edition: BS 2078 (2021 A. D.)
Price: Rs. 640.00
Preface
Vedanta Social Studies is a carefully graded multidimensional textbook series of Social Studies for
school-level children. The series consists of ten books from grade one to grade ten. A team of subject
experts has prepared it in adherence to the latest national curriculum of the Curriculum Development
Centre. This series aims at promoting civic competence in the students, helping them grow into
responsible, honest, dedicated, hardworking, and influential citizens with positive attributes and a
profound sense of patriotism.
Prominent Features of this book:
It has been written rigourly according to the prescribed curriculum and approved by the Curriculum
Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur.
It has been prepared by a team of dynamic, experienced and highly qualified authors who have
extensive knowledge and decades-long experience in teaching, writing textbooks and teacher’s
guides, and facilitating teachers’ training and workshops.
Each unit contains a brief introduction and learning outcomes that enable pupils and teachers to
understand the subject matter of the unit, plan accordingly and delineate learning outcomes.
Each lesson begins with Engage Yourself section. It contains a couple of questions that connect
the subject matter of the lesson with the daily and practical life of the pupils, provides concise
background information of the lesson, and ends with few questions that clearly determine the
learning outcome of the lesson.
The content of the lessons has been written in simple, precise and lucid language so that the
students can study the lessons themselves and grasp the theme of the lessons. They are inclusive
and include the latest and comprehensive data and contemporary issues taken from various
authentic sources.
Almost every lesson has been illustrated with artist-made content-related pictures and attractive
illustrations. They have made the lessons more joyous, meaningful and engaging.
Abundant and a wide variety of Activities, Exercise and Project Work/Community Work are
given at the end of each lesson as per the objectives of the curriculum.
Supplementary Learning Materials have been presented at the end of the book with enough
guidelines and prompts so that pupils also can write on similar topics confidently. Glossary follows
this section that contains the key terms of each unit and their meanings.
We are earnestly indebted to Mr Suresh Kumar Regmi (Chairperson), Mr Jiwan Shrestha (Managing
Director), Mr Hukum Pd. Dahal (Academic Director), Mr Manoj Kumar Regmi (Executive Director, Sales
and Marketing), Mr Pradeep Kandel (Manager, IT Department) and all the members of the Vedanta
Publication family for their entrustment and cordial assistance to bring the series to this form. Likewise,
we owe gratitude to Mr Manoz Manohar for his sincere and utter diligence in the designing and layout
part.
We have attempted to make the series student-friendly, up to date, and cogent in every possible way.
However, we are always eager to welcome feedback, comments, and constructive suggestions from the
teachers, facilitators, and readers to further improve the series. Thank you!
NB: Supplementary learning and practice materials related to maps, contemporary affairs, and other
topics are available on www.vedantapublication.com.np.
Authors
Table of Contents
Unit : One ME, MY FAMILY AND NEIGHBOURHOOD 9
Lesson 1.1
Lesson 1.2 Human Resource Development 10
Lesson 1.3
Human Development Index and Nepal 17
Lesson 1.4
Concept of 24
Regionalism and Federalism
Provinces in Nepal 30
UNIT: TWO DEVELOPMENT AND ITS PREREQUISITES 40
Lesson 2.1 Sustainable Development 41
Lesson 2.2 Ongoing Development Projects in Nepal 46
Lesson 2.3 Infrastructure of Development: Skilled Human Resource
and Employment 52
Lesson 2.4 Contemporary Development Goals and Nepal 57
Lesson 2.5 Formulation of Development Proposal in Local Levels 62
UNIT: THREE OUR SOCIAL VALUES AND NORMS 67
Lesson 3.1 Our National Heritages 68
Lesson 3.2 Folk Songs of Nepal 77
Lesson 3.3 Folk Musical Instruments of Nepal 81
Lesson 3.4 Folk and Classical Dances of Nepal 88
Lesson 3.5 Our National Days 97
Lesson 3.6 International Personalities 102
Lesson 3.7 Universal Brotherhood 107
Lesson 3.8 Our Responsibilities towards Senior Citizens 109
UNIT: FOUR SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 113
Lesson 4.1 Human Trafficking as a Social Problem 114
Lesson 4.2 Domestic Violence and Untouchability 119
Lesson 4.3 Some Bad Customs 123
Lesson 4.4 Roles of Some International Organisations to Solve Social Problems 127
Lesson 4.5 Some Other International Organisations 131
Lesson 4.6 Identification of Social Problems and Problem Solving Skills 134
UNIT: FIVE CIVIC SENSE 136
Lesson 5.1 Legislature 137
Lesson 5.2 Executive 143
Lesson 5.3 Judiciary 147
Lesson 5.4 Constitutional Bodies in Nepal 153
Lesson 5.5 Other Constitutional Commissions 160
Lesson 5.6 Political Parties 166
Lesson 5.7 Election Process 169
Lesson 5.8 Roles of Citizens in Election 176
Lesson 5.9 Human Rights and National and International Agencies 180
Lesson 5.10 Rights of Women and Indigenous Nationalities 186
Lesson 5.11 Civic Identity and Citizenship 189
UNIT: SIX OUR EARTH 193
Lesson 6.1 World Climate and Factors Affecting the Climate 194
Lesson 6.2 Tropical Zone 199
Lesson 6.3 Temperate Zone 205
Lesson 6.4 Frigid Zone 211
Lesson 6.5 Effects of Climate on Vegetation and Wildlife 215
Lesson 6.6 Effects of Climate and Topography in Lifestyle 218
Lesson 6.7 North America: Natural Environment 221
Lesson 6.8 Economic Activities and Social Life of North America 226
Lesson 6.9 South America: Physical Features 231
Lesson 6.10 Economic Activities and Social Life of South America 235
Lesson 6.11 Africa: Natural Environment 239
Lesson 6.12 Economic Activities and Social Life of Africa 243
Lesson 6.13 North America, South America, Africa, and Nepal 246
Lesson 6.14 Natural Disasters: Earthquake and Tsunami 251
Lesson 6.17 Methods of Drawing Map and Modern Technology 257
Lesson 6.16 Map Work: Drawing Map of Nepal 261
UNIT: SEVEN STUDY OF HISTORY 265
Lesson 7.1 Revolution of 2007 and Delhi Agreement 266
Lesson 7.2 A Decade of Democratic Politics (2007-2017 BS) 272
Lesson 7.3 Abduction of Democracy and Ban on Political Parties 277
Lesson 7.4 Political Events from 2017 to 2046 BS 281
Lesson 7.5 Causes of Rise and Downfall of the Panchayat System 288
Lesson 7.6 Political Events From 2046 BS to 2062 B.S. 292
Lesson 7.7 Political Events After 2063 BS 296
Lesson 7.8 Socio-economic Effects After People’s Movement-II 301
Lesson 7.9 First World War: Causes 304
Lesson 7.10 Consequences of the First World War 310
Lesson 7.11 Causes of the Second World War 315
Lesson 7.12 Consequences of the Second World War 320
Lesson 7.13 Research, Identification, Preservation, and Promotion of
Historical Sites and Monument 325
UNIT: EIGHT ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 329
Lesson 8.1 Current Plan 330
Lesson 8.2 Importance and Prospects of Tourism Industry 337
Lesson 8.3 Water Resources: An Important Source of Energy 348
Lesson 8.4 Foreign Employment in Nepal 350
Lesson 8.5 Cooperatives and their Economic Importance 355
Lesson 8.6 Financial Education 361
Lesson 8.7 Financial Instruments 368
Lesson 8.8 Insurance 373
Lesson 8.9 Revenue and Tax Collection 378
Lesson 8.10 Consumers’ Rights 383
UNIT: NINE OUR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP AND COOPERATION 388
Lesson 9.1 United Nations and Its Organs 389
Lesson 9.2 Specialised Agencies of the United Nations 397
Lesson 9.3 Role of Nepal in the United Nations 402
Lesson 9.4 Activities of the United Nations in Nepal 405
Lesson 9.5 Contemporary Affairs and Their Impacts 410
Lesson 9.6 Globalisation and Localisation 414
SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS 418
Dialogue Writing 419
Editorial Writing 420
Report Writing 421
News Stories 422
Letter to the Editor 423
Newspaper Article 424
Election Manifesto 425
Formal Letter Writing 426
Slogans and Contents for Banners and Placards 427
Timeline 428
Bar Diagram 429
Pie Chart 433
Glossary (Terms and their meanings)
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre,
Sanothimi, Bhaktapur
Unit We and Our Society
1
Karnali
Gandaki N
Sudurpashchim Bagmati Province 1
Lumbini
Province 2
Introduction
We live in a community. People of different castes, religions, and cultures make the community.
As members of the community, we have to live with everyone. Various developmental activities
take place in our community. All citizens have to take interest in, understand and participate
in such activities. Only if we understand the process of development, we can contribute to the
development of our community and nation.
The development of human resources is crucial for developing social, economic, technical, and
other sectors of the country. Understanding the importance of natural resources and means
and their proper utilisation for the benefit of people requires human intelligence and effort.
Sustainable development is not possible without a dynamic, visionary, skilled, hardworking,
and competent workforce. A nation with efficient and skilled human resources is capable of
economic growth and prosperity. This unit helps us to understand development and inspires
us to participate in development-related work. We study human resource development, human
development index, the status of HDI in Nepal, regional development, federalism, and make a
comparative study of the seven provinces of Nepal in this unit.
Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this unit, we will be able to:
• introduce human resource development, and mention its need and importance;
• identify human resource development processes, and figure out the challenges of
human resource development in Nepal;
• suggest the tasks that need to be done to address the challenges of human resource
development in Nepal;
• define the human development index, and identify its situation in Nepal;
• describe the concepts of regional and federal development; and
• make a comparative study of all provinces of Nepal with regard to their geographical,
cultural, and socio-economic perspective.
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Lesson
1.1 Human Resource Development
Engage Yourself
What positive changes have you noticed in your community as compared to the past? Do
such changes occur themselves? Various means, resources, and a group of skilled human
resources are necessary for such progressive changes. Human resources are of various types
such as unskilled, semi-skilled, skilled, short-term, long-term, and sustainable. A country
needs to manage and develop its human resources for sustainable development. Human
resource management and human resource development have their own importance and
procedures.
(1) What do you mean by human resources? What are their types?
(2) How can a country prepare its human resources for its all-round development?
(3) What is the importance of human resource management and human resource
development for a nation? What are their procedures?
(4) What are the challenges of human resource development in Nepal? How can we solve
them?
Introduction
Many changes have taken place in our community as compared to the past. Such
improvement in the economic and social condition of the community is known as
development. It also refers to the process of positive and progressive change in
any place. The development process does not occur automatically. It needs various
means, resources, and a group of skilled human resource.
Human resource means the people who are part of the workforce of an organisation,
business sector, or national economy. It also refers to people or a group of people with
skill, knowledge, and experience who can do any work well in a particular field. It
can be a person from general labour group to a highly skilled technician. Humans
are considered valuable resource because they have the ability to transform gifts
from nature into valuable resources that can be utilised for their benefit. They can
utilise capital resources, natural resources, and technical resources wisely.
Various kinds of human resources are essential in every sector for development.
They need to be of various levels and professions. For example, the health sector
requires not only qualified doctors, nurses, and surgeons but also capable and
skilled accountants, plumbers, administrators, and so on. Both administrative
and technical workforce such as peasants, businesspersons, doctors, engineers,
lawyers, pilots, teachers, bureaucrats, nurses, administrators, carpenters and
entrepreneurs are necessary for the social, economic, cultural, and scientific
development of the country.
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Types of Human Resource
We can divide human resources into two groups on the basis of their skill and
nature of work, and tenure of service.
(1) On the Basis of Skill and Nature of Unskilled human resources
Work Semi-skilled human resources
Unskilled Human Resource: The workforce with Skilled human resources
little skill is unskilled human force. Unskilled
people can also contribute to the development of the
nation through their manual work. The examples
of unskilled human resources are porters, labours,
sweepers, etc.
Semi-skilled Human Resource: The workforce that
has some skill and efficiency but not enough to be
an expert is the semi-skilled human resource. Semi-
skilled people usually take short-term training and
assist skilled people. Some examples of semi-skilled
people are drivers, bartenders, waiters, security
guards, carpenters, etc.
Skilled Human Resource: The workforce with
specialised training to perform its work is a skilled
human resource. Skilled people do jobs that require
knowledge and skill. They cannot be easily received.
They generally earn a high income. Doctors,
engineers, scientists, teachers and lawyers are
skilled human resources.
(2) On the Basis of Term or Tenure of Service
Short-term Human Resource: The workforce prepared for fulfilling the nation's
short-term or immediate needs is the short-term human resource. Examples
include temporary police personnel (myadi prahari), plant harvesters, census
enumerators, tour guide for certain seasons, and herbs or yarshagumba collectors.
Long-term Human Resource: The workforce prepared for fulfilling the long-term
needs of a country is the long-term human resource. Its examples include army
personnel, civil servants, police, etc.
Sustainable Human Resource: The group of people who are capable of serving their
nation throughout their life with their knowledge and skill come under sustainable
human resource. It is also known as constant human resource. Examples include
doctors, teachers, lawyers, engineers, nurses, carpenters, farmers, etc.
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All of these types of human resources are equally important for the all-round
development of a nation. No occupation is superior or inferior. Each profession
has its own importance. Every work contributes to our society in the same way.
However, skilled and sustainable human resources can be regarded as a more
significant type of resource as they can mobilise and produce other kinds of
resources according to necessity.
Preparation of Human Resource
The government should produce sustainable human resources as per the needs of the
country. The state should continuously meet the long-term needs by emphasising
on production of efficient workforce. In other words, the state should educate all its
citizens, make them competent, and provide employment opportunities. Then only
adequate skilled human resources are available in the nation, and development
takes its place.
Nepal should produce all types of skilled human resources as required. The
situation of efficient and skilled human resource production is not satisfactory in
our country. Along with the lack of infrastructures for development, there is also a
shortage of technically skilled human resource. It takes a long period of time and
enough preparation for the establishment of industries, development of science
and technology, and operation of big projects. The government also needs to spend
a huge investment. Therefore, the government has to focus on both operations of
huge development projects and production of sustainable skilled human resource.
Currently, various universities have been producing skilled and efficient human
resource in our country. Similarly, the Council for Technical Education and
Vocational Training (CTEVT) has been producing basic and medium level technical
workforce. These institutions produce skilled labour force according to the market
demand and the needs of the country. Technical schools also continue to produce
adequate semi-skilled and skilled human resource by providing abundant training
along with formal education. The skilled human resources produced from such
schools, institutions and universities should not focus on seeking jobs only. If they
are trained, competitive, and self-employed, they can contribute much to their
society and nation.
Brain drain is a serious problem in Nepal. A large number of educated and skilled
people are leaving our country to stay and work in another nation for better
payments and living conditions. The state should stop and employ such skilled
human resources by creating a large number of employment opportunities. The
efficient and skilled youths should work together in building a new and prosperous
Nepal.
There are two main aspects related to the issue of human resources. They are
human resource management and human resource development.
(1) Human Resource Development:
Human resource development (HRD) is the process of providing education,
training, opportunities, and resources to the working-age people of the country
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and using them as efficient human resources. Human resources can be developed
at schools, universities, technical schools, and various types of training centres by
improving the skills, knowledge, competencies, attitude, and behaviour of people
or students.
Need for Human Resource Development
Human resource development is the framework for helping the workforce develop
their skills, knowledge, and abilities which in turn improves the organisation’s or
country’s effectiveness. The given points validate the essence of human resource
development.
(1) To determine the type, cost, and demand for human resources on the basis of
the human resource plan and meet those needs.
(2) To recruit the necessary human resources and cut-off overstaffing when
needed.
(3) To regulate the costing of human capital in organisations and calculate
whether they should be raised or reduced.
(4) To examine the type of essential human resource and the probability of their
availability.
(5) To increase the efficiency of organisations by properly managing available
human resources.
(6) To enhance job satisfaction and morale of the people through objective
assessment and fair reward for their contribution.
Importance of Human Resource Development
We can clarify the importance of human resource development with the help of the
following points.
(1) Human resource development helps in getting competent human resource as
per the objectives of the organisation.
(2) It helps to upgrade and uplift the organisation, and preserve its values and
institutional structure.
(3) It helps in the overall planning, management, policymaking, mutual assistance
and budget management and managing the overall profit and loss situation.
(4) It helps in the effective utilisation of human resource.
(5) It helps to formulate an incentive plan for human resource development and
also provides guidelines to seek essential human resource in future.
(6) It contributes to effective communication, supervision, and leadership
development in the organisation.
(7) It expands the relationship between human resources within the organisation
and stakeholders outside the organisation.
(8) It helps in achieving high productivity from the organisation by making a
significant contribution in time management, capital mobilisation, energy
management, achieving expected achievement, training development, and
loss minimisation.
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Procedures of Human Resource Development
Human resource development aims at improving the current role of the available
workforce and preparing them for future roles. It helps to improve the relationship
between the workers, motivates them to work in teams and expands mutual
support. Various procedures are adopted for this process. They can be discussed
as follows:
(1) First of all, the types and number of the required human resources are studied
to determine their goals and objectives.
(2) The nature of work of the organisation, the types of employment employed in
the organisation, the number of jobs and their quality and the human resource
currently available in the organisation are analysed.
(3) A human resource development plan is prepared for the future, including the
structure and recruitment plan of the organisation.
(4) Priority is given to the demands according to the internal development and the
working method of the organisation.
(5) The decision on how much and what kind of human resource the organisation
needs in the future is made by considering the trend of human resource
development, workload of the worker or employee, other necessary aspects of
the organisation and budget.
(6) Adequate employment programme development should be included in the
human resource development plan.
(7) It is necessary to arrange refresher and capacity building training for the
employees working in the organisation to develop their skills and competencies.
(8) Training should also be arranged for the newly recruited workers and employees
in such institutions. Training provides more energy to the workforce and also
increases motivation for work.
(9) Ample internal and external training programmes should be arranged in the
human resource development plan.
Challenges of Human Resource Development and Their Solution
The situation of efficient human resource production is not satisfactory in Nepal.
Along with the lack of infrastructure development, there is also a shortage
of technically skilled human resources. The challenges of human resources
development in our country and their solutions are given below:
Challenges Solutions
There is a lack of skilled and technical human Plenty of technical schools and training institutions
resource for development work. should be set up to produce the skilled,
competitive, and technical human resource.
The education system of our country is not Educational curriculum and policies should be
practical and job-oriented. updated and revised according to the need and
demand of modern human self and the global
forces of market.
There is a shortage of all sorts of human resource A wide range of employment opportunities should
for development work as a large number of be created in our nation to lessen dependency on
youths are abroad for foreign employment. foreign employment.
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There is a lack of coordination between the supply The government should do proper planning and
and demand for human resources in our country. policies to create a balance between the demand
and supply of human resource in the market.
The development of human resource has not Various development projects should be launched,
taken the expected speed, especially in rural laying emphasis on people of rural areas, women,
areas among women, Dalits, differently-abled Dalits, differently-abled people and other
people and other backward areas, classes and backward communities.
communities in the country.
The productive human resource scattered across The government should formulate an effective
the country has not been properly managed and and visionary human resource plan to overcome
used in the nation-building campaign due to a the challenges of human resource development.
lack of clear human resource policies.
Foresights of Human Resource Development in Nepal
It seems necessary to adopt the following long term visions for human resource
development in Nepal:
(1) Produce capable and efficient human resources.
(2) Maintain the balance between supply and demand of skilled human resource.
(3) Emphasise on technical education and vocational training.
(4) Increase the efficiency of human resource-related institutions.
(5) Prepare and implement the policy related to human resource development.
(6) Conduct leadership development programmes for the young workforce.
(7) Maintain a balance between the human resource of educational institutions
and job opportunities available in the market.
(8) Develop the capacity of the targeted group.
(9) Develop human resources with skills and familiar with technology to compete
in foreign markets.
(10) Define work in an innovative way and make education job-oriented.
(2) Human Resource Management:
Human resource management (HRM) is the process of allocating the existing
workforce based on their efficiency, skill, number, and need. It refers to the process
of employing people, training them, developing policies relating to them, and
developing strategies to hold them. This process can take a lot of work from a
small number of people. It treats people as valuable assets and makes them more
responsible. Human resource management is the employment of human beings
according to their interests, abilities, skills and institutions, and the needs of the
country.
HRM plays a crucial role in the development of the nation. A country needs an
efficient and committed workforce for its wise use of natural, human and financial
resources. It becomes possible with effective human resource management. HRM
also helps to accelerate the process of economic growth and assists in improving
the living standard of citizens.
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Activities
Consult the chairperson of your School Management Committee or headteacher
with the help of your subject teacher. Prepare a short article titled 'Human Resource
Development in Our School'. Include answers to these questions in your report.
(1) What is human resource development in school?
(2) Why should human resources be developed in school?
(3) What kind of plans have been made to develop human resources in the school?
(4) What kind of human resource plan should be made in future to make the
school better than the surrounding schools?
(5) What challenges may arise in the school while making a human resource
development plan? What can be done to address these challenges?
Exercise
(1) Offer very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Define human resource in your own words.
(b) Why is human resource considered a valuable resource? Write in a sentence.
(c) Make a comparison between short-term human resource and sustainable
human resource in a sentence.
(d) What do you mean by human resource management?
(e) Define human resource development in a sentence.
(2) Offer short answers to the following questions.
(a) What do you mean by long-term human resource? Introduce the types of
human resources on the basis of skill and nature of work.
(b) Write any two differences between HRM and HRD.
(c) Write the importance of human resource development in four points.
(d) Write the procedures of human resource development.
(e) What are the challenges of human resource development in Nepal? Mention
any two of them, and suggest any two measures to solve them.
(f) What sort of human resource development plan should the government
make to upgrade our country as a developed nation? Explain.
(g) Suggest any four effective plans and visions for sustainable human resource
development in Nepal.
Community Work
Which occupations do people follow in your community? What are their numbers
and occupations? What is the relationship between the human resource of the
community and employment? Which sectors have abundant human resource,
and which sectors have a shortage of skilled workforce? What should be done
to produce enough workforce for all sectors? Prepare a short report, including
answers to these questions with the help of your subject teachers or parents.
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Lesson Human Development Index
and Nepal
1.2
Engage Yourself
What things and facilities do you need to live a long, healthy, and decent life? Do all Nepali
people have access to proper food, clothing, housing, health facilities, and educational
opportunities for their well-being? Human Development Index is an important indicator
to measure development in three areas: health, education, and economic standard of
living. According to the report published by the UNDP in 2020, Nepal’s HDI is 0.602.
(1) What do you mean by human development index? What are the purposes of measuring
human development?
(2) How can we calculate the HDI of a nation? What is the current HDI of Nepal?
(3) What are the measures for improving the status of human development in Nepal?
Human Development
Development means a qualitative change that is always value positive. It occurs
when there is a positive change in quality. For decades, the level of development
was solely determined by its rate of economic growth in a country. This meant
that the larger the economy
was, the more developed How is the How are
the country was considered,
even though this growth economy People
doing? doing?
had little impact on most $
people's lives.
Human development is GDP
about human freedom. It Traditional Progress Human Development
is about building human
capabilities for everyone. Approach in Nepal Approach
It is concerned about
expanding the richness of human life rather than simply the richness of the economy
in which human beings live. It is a concept focused on people, their opportunities,
and their choices.
Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq, a Pakistani economist, introduced the concept of human
development. He described human development as a development that enlarges
people’s choices and improves their lives. People are central to all development
under this concept. These choices are not fixed and keep on changing. The basic
goal of development is to create conditions where people can live meaningful lives.
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The UNDP considers human development as a very broad concept that places
human beings at the centre of development. Leading a long and healthy life, being
able to gain knowledge, and having enough means to be able to live a decent life
are the most important aspects of human development.
Human Development Index
Human Development Index (HDI) is a measurement of the development of a country
that is based on the health, education, income, life expectancy, and standard of
living of the people who live there. It refers to a statistical tool used to measure
a country's overall achievement in its social and economic dimensions. The social
and economic dimensions of a country are based on the health of people, their level
of educational attainment, and their standard of living.
The HDI reflects average achievements in three aspects:
A long and healthy life, measured by life expectancy at birth;
Knowledge, measured by adult literacy (expected years of schooling) and mean
years of schooling; and
A decent standard of living,
measured by Gross National
Income (GNI) per capita in
purchasing power parity
(PPP$).
Indian Nobel prize winner
Amartya Sen and Pakistani
economist Mahbub-ul-Haq, with
the help from Gustav Ranis Amartya Sen Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq
(America) of Yale University
and Lord Meghnad Desai (Britain) of the London School of Economics, developed
the HDI in 1990. This report provides a rank-wise list of all member countries
according to the level of human development. The Human Development Index is
an important index to measure human development used by the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) since 1990.
Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq and Prof Amartya Sen were close friends and have worked together under Dr Haq's
leadership to bring out the initial Human Development Reports. Both these South Asian economists have
been able to provide an alternative view of development.
Purposes of Measuring Human Development
Human development is about the real freedom of ordinary people to decide who to
be, what to do, and how to live. The purposes of measuring human development
are as follow.
(1) To identify the status of human development;
(2) To determine areas for human development improvement;
(3) To improve the human development situation;
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(4) To present the basis for the preparation of the strategy to be adopted by the
country to improve the human development situation;
(5) To study the comparative condition of development of countries;
(6) To plan for the development of the country;
(7) To get guidance for the development of the country; and
(8) To develop education, health and economy in the country.
Calculation of the Human Development Index
Since its launch in 1990, the Human Development Index (HDI) has become an
important tool to measure achievements in three aspects of human development:
health, education, and living standards. It was introduced as an alternative to
conventional measures of economic development, such as income per capita and the
rate of economic growth. However, the methodology and indicators for calculating
the HDI were revised in the 2010 and 2014 Human Development Reports.
HDI is one of the best tools to keep track of the level of development of a country,
as it combines all major social and economic indicators that are responsible for
economic development. The HDI value ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 indicates the
lowest HDI, and 1 indicates the highest HDI.
Calculating the Dimension-specific Indices
The following table summaries the fixed boundaries used for each indicator of the
global HDI in 2014.
Dimension Indicator Minimum Maximum
Health 85
Education Life expectancy (years) 20 18
15
Standard of living Expected years of schooling 0
75,000
Mean years of schooling 0
Gross national income per capita (PPP 2011 $ 100
Life expectancy at birth: Average number of years that a newborn is expected to live if
current mortality rates continue to apply.
Expected years of schooling: Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance
age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist
throughout the child’s life.
Mean years of schooling: Average number of completed years of education of a country's
population aged 25 years and older, excluding years spent repeating individual grades.
Gross national income (GNI) per capita: The total income of a country's economy generated
by its production and its ownership of factors of production, less the incomes paid for the
use of factors of production owned by the rest of the world, converted to international
dollars using purchasing power parity (PPP) rates, divided by midyear population.
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Ranking Base
Countries are categorised into the four levels below based on their Human
Development Index scores.
HDI Score Level of human development
0.800 and above Very high human development
0.700 and 0.799 High human development
0.550 and 0.699 Medium human development
Below 0.550 Low Human Development
HDI Dimension Index Calculation
DIMENSIONS Long and healthy life Knowledge A decent standard
INDICATORS of living
Life expectancy at Expected years of Mean years of
Human birth schooling schooling GNI per capita
Development (PPP S)
DIMENSION INDEX Education index
Index GNI index
Life expectancy index
Human Development Index (HDI)
Calculation of HDI
Calculate the HDI of Nepal with reference to the given data published by UNDP
for 2020 AD. (0.602)
Life expectation: 70.8 years
Mean Years of schooling: 5.0 years
Expected years of schooling: 12.8 years
GNI per capita Income in PPP: 3457 Us dollar
Dimensional Index = Actual value-minimum value
Maximum value-minimum value
I. Education Index (EI)
Mean year of schooling,
Dimensional Index = Mean year schooling of respected country-minimum value
Maximum value-minimum value
= 5.0 – 00 = 51.50 = 0.333
15 –
Expected year of schooling,
Dimensional Index = Expected year of schooling of respective country-minimum value
Maximum value-minimum value
= 1128.8––00 = 1128.8 = 0.711
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Therefore, Educational Index = 0.333 + 0.711 = 0.522
2
II. Life expectancy (AI)
Life expectancy at birth of a country
Dimensional Index = Life expectation of respective country-minimum value
Maximum value-minimum value
= 7805.8––2200 = 5605.8 = 0.7815
III. GNI Per Capita Index (II)
GNI Per Capita Index of a country
Dimensional Index = ln(PCI of respective country) – ln(minimum value)
ln(Maximum value) – ln(minimum value)
= ln(3457)-ln(100) = 181.1.24585––44..660055 = 36.5.6423 = 0.53519
ln(75000)-ln(100)
Human Development Index (HDI), = 0.602
Human Development Index (HDI) = 3 E.I. × A.I. × I.I.
= 3 0.5222 × 0.7815 × 0.53519 = 3 0.21841327
Status of Nepal in Human Development Index
Nepal ranked 142nd in HDI in 2020, with a score of 0.602, as against 2019’s ranking
of 147 and a score of 0.579 out of 189 nations according to the report published by
the UNDP in 2020. Although HDI value of Nepal is in progressive state, it is still
behind in comparison to the most of countries in the world.
Although Nepal has progressed in HDI rank every year, it is still behind in
comparison to most of the countries in the world. Many countries are lagging behind
in the human development index due to political instability, illiteracy, civil war,
epidemic, starvation, natural disasters, lack of nationalism among the citizens,
lack of ability to mobilise human resources properly, lack of effective plans and
policies, high unemployment rate, and so on.
Measures for Improving the Status of Human Development
(1) Eradicate illiteracy and reduce the dropout rate of students;
(2) Increase access to education for children and adopt innovative, modern, skill-
based, and reliable sources of income;
(3) Increase employment opportunities;
(4) Develop tourism sector;
(5) Increase the utilisation of natural resources;
(6) Introduce innovative ways of farming;
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(7) Maintain political stability;
(8) Make family planning effective;
(9) Prevent the human resource of the country from migrating abroad and mobilise
them in their own country; and
(10) Provide quality health care to all the people.
Trends in Nepal’s HDI value over time
1.0 0.475 0.529 0.566 0.569 0.574 0.579 0.587
0.8 0.41 0.446 2017 2018 2019
0.6 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
0.4
0.378
0.2
0
1990
Activities
Study the tables given below. Answer the questions that follow after discussing
them with your friends.
HDI of SAARC Nations, 2020
HDI Country HDI Value Life expectancy Expected years Mean years GNI per capita
Rank 2019 at birth (years) of schooling of schooling in PPP (2011
72 Sri Lanka 0.782 (years) (years) PPP$)
95 Maldives 0.740
129 Bhutan 0.654 77.0 14.10 10.60 12,707
131 India 0.645 78.9 12.2 7.0 17,417
133 Bangladesh 0.632 71.8 13.0 4.1 10,746
142 Nepal 0.602 69.7 12.2 6.5 6,681
154 Pakistan 0.557 72.6 11.6 6.2 4,976
169 Afghanistan 0.511 70.8 12.8 5.0 3,457
67.3 8.3 5.2 5,005
64.8 10.2 3.9 2,229
Countries with High HDI 2020
HDI Country HDI Value Life expectancy Expected years Mean years GNI per capita
Rank 2019 at birth (years) of schooling of schooling in PPP (2011
1 Norway 0.957 (years) (years) PPP$)
2 Ireland 0.955 82.4 18.1 12.9 66,494
3 Switzerland 0.955 82.3 18.7 12.7 68,371
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.949 83.8 16.3 13.4 69,394
5 Iceland 0.949 84.9 16.9 12.3 62,985
83.0 19.1 12.8 54,682
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Countries with Low HDI 2020
HDI Country HDI Value Life expectancy Expected years Mean years GNI per capita
Rank 2019 at birth (years) of schooling of schooling in PPP (2011
0.433 (years) (years) PPP$)
0.433
185 South Sudan 0.398 57.9 5.3 4.8 2,003
186 Burundi 0.397
187 Chad 0.394 61.6 11.1 3.3 754
188 Central African Republic
189 Niger 54.2 7.3 2.5 1,555
53.3 7.6 4.3 993
62.4 6.5 2.1 1,201
From the 2020 Human Development Report
(a) Which are the countries with high human development? What can be the reasons?
Discuss.
(b) Analyse the human development situation of SAARC countries.
(c) What are the challenges for countries with poor human development status?
(d) What should be done to improve their human development situation?
Exercise
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Define human development in your own words.
(b) What do you mean by human development index?
(c) What is the status of Nepal in the human development index?
(d) Which countries have the highest and the lowest HDI among SAARC nations?
(2) Write short answers to the following questions.
(a) How is economic growth different from human development? Who
introduced the concept of human development? Write any two important
aspects of human development.
(b) Who developed the HDI? What does it reflect?
(c) What are the purposes of measuring human development? Make a list of
any four of them.
(d) How can we improve the status of human development in Nepal? Suggest
any four measures.
(e) Calculate the HDI of one of the SAARC countries of your choice on the basis
of above-given data.
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Lesson Concept of
Regionalism and Federalism
1.3
Engage Yourself
How many development regions were there in our country in the past? How many
geographical regions, provinces, districts, and local levels are there in Nepal at present?
When and why was our country divided into seven provinces? There was a unitary form
of government in our country for a long time in the past. Then, the federal structure was
introduced as its alternative for the proportional development of all sectors.
(1) What do you mean by regional development and federalism?
(2) What are the positive and challenging aspects of federalism?
(3) What are the bases of federalism in Nepal? Why is it necessary for our country?
Introduction to Development
Development refers to the economic and social progress of human beings. The
primary objective of development is to bring positive and constructive improvement
in the physical, human, social, and cultural conditions in a country. It makes
human life convenient, prosperous, and pleasant. Raising the standard of living
of human beings and satisfying them are the ultimate goals of development. It
increases people's self-reliance and ability, and brings gradual progress in the
existing condition of the country.
Human beings drive development in a specific direction according to their will.
Therefore, human resources play an important role in development. Both natural
and human means and resources are necessary for development. Rivers, land,
forests, mountains, and minerals are natural resources and means. Skilled human
resource, training, and technology fall under human resources. There are different
dimensions of development. They cover various aspects such as rural, community,
urban, human resource, economic, environment, administrative, and climate
change.
Development indicates the level of economic and social upliftment of the
population. It is necessary to conduct development activities for the betterment
of the country. The development brings positive and structural improvement in
the physical, human, social, and cultural condition of the country. Development
activities gradually change the existing situation of the nation. Since the concept
of development includes social, economic, and cultural progress, it is related to
meeting needs of people. The ultimate goal of development is to meet human needs.
The following aspects are included in the concept of development:
(1) Economic, social, political, and cultural progress of the country;
(2) Increase in productivity of goods and services;
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(3) Personal equality and freedom;
(4) Reform from traditional thinking to modern thinking;
(5) Effective use of social norms and beliefs;
(6) Economic and social transformation;
(7) Poverty alleviation and need fulfilment;
(8) Status upliftment and an increase in self-esteem; and
(9) Increase in self-dependence and competence.
Regional Development
Regionalism is the principle or system of dividing a country or state into separate
small administrative regions such as provinces. The concept of regional development
is essential for proportional development, easy access, increased participation, and
maximum utilisation of resources. It is related to strengthening the governance of
the country. The primary objective of regional development is to provide a quick
and easy delivery of service to people.
Nepal is topographically divided into three
Mountain Region main geographical regions. It is difficult to
Hilly Region
Terai Region carry out development work in the Himalayan
and Hilly regions, while it is somewhat easy
to build infrastructure in the Terai region.
Administratively, our country was divided
into 5 development regions, 14 zones and 75
Physical division of Nepal districts for the balanced development of all
regions in the past. Nepal was divided into 14
zones and 75 districts on 1st Baisakh, 2018 BS.
Late King Birendra divided our country into
four development regions (Eastern, Central, Protection Conservation Removal
Western, and Far-western) in 2029 BS. Later of cultural of the earth's of regional
the Far-western Development region was heritage
divided into Mid-Western Region and Far- carrying disparity
capacity
western region in 2037 BS.
Each development region covered parts of the Population Essence of Utilisation of
Himalayan, Hilly, and Terai region. This led control Regional means and
to a balanced distribution of natural resources Development resources
as well. It was expected that it would be easier Conservation Increase Development
to remove regional imbalances between the of ecosystems in public of basic
regions and enhance national unity. People participation needs
felt that it was not appropriate to conduct and
development work only from the capital city biodiversity
Kathmandu. Therefore, the need for the
development region was felt to carry out equal development work in all regions of
the country, to carry out proportional development, and to establish development
infrastructures. However, this concept did not work completely. The desire of the
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people and the expected progress of the country could not be accelerated. Despite
being divided into development regions, they seemed to support only the regional
administrative work. Consequently, the desire of the people turned towards
federalism.
Federalism
Federalism is a territorial distribution of power based on the sharing of sovereignty
between central bodies and peripheral ones. The term 'federalism' originated from
the Latin term "foedus" which means unions. Nepal became a federal democratic
republic since 15th Jestha, 2065 BS (June 3, 2008). The nation has been transformed
into a federal structure for the proper distribution and mobilisation of resources
and for the proportional development of all sectors by reducing economic, social
and religious imbalances.
Federalism is an important Karnali
concept of decentralisation. CHINA
Decentralisation is a process by N
which authority, responsibility, Gandaki Province 1
power, resources, and Bagmati
accountability are transferred Sudurpashchim
from the central level of the
government to the sub-national Lumbini
levels. It enables people to make
proper use of the resources INDIA Province 2
of their area, earn income,
consume it, and participate in
the development of their place Seven provinces of Nepal
to become responsible. The
United States of America is the first federal state in modern politics. Following
the recognition of America, many countries of the world have adopted federalism.
Nepal has also chosen federalism in the restructuring of the state. In the political
history of Nepal, federalism was not practised before 2065 BS.
Nepal has been divided into seven provinces according to the principle of the federal
system. The decentralisation of centralised state power to the federal, state, and local
levels, establishing participatory democracy and institutionalising republicanism
is the basis for federalism of Nepal. In addition, ending discrimination based on
ethnicity, language, gender, religion, class, and regional and local imbalances
are further factors. Each province has a self-governing government along with
a federal government at the centre. There are three tiers of authority in Nepal:
central (federal), provincial and local at present.
Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a
central authority and various constituent units of the country. Usually, a federation
has two levels of government. One is the government for the entire country that
is usually responsible for subjects of common national interest. The others are
governments at the level of provinces that look after much of the day-to-day
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administration of their state. Both these levels of governments enjoy their power
independent of the other. The Constitution of Nepal has allocated the state power
to the central, and provincial units in the following way.
List of Federal Power List of Provincial Power
To look after matters related to: To look after matters related to:
• defence and military; • state police administration and peace
and order;
• foreign and diplomatic affairs,
international relations and United • operation of banks and financial
Nations related matter; institutions in accordance with
the policies of Nepal Rastra Bank,
• central planning, armed police force, cooperative institutions, foreign grants
national intelligence, peace and
security; assistance with the consent of the
Centre;
• protection of national unity and
territorial integrity; • operation of radio, FM, television;
• international treaties or agreements, • house and land registration fee, motor
mutual legal assistance and vehicle tax, entertainment tax;
international borders; • advertisement tax, tourism, agro-income
tax, service charge, fee, penalty;
• customs, excise duty, VAT, individual
income tax and other types of taxes • state-level electricity, irrigation and
and fees; and water supply services; and
• central level large electricity, irrigation • State Assembly and State Council of
and other projects and so on. Ministers.
A hilly country like Nepal, Switzerland has been divided into 19 cantons and 6
semi-cantons. Similarly, the United States is divided into 50 states and India into
29 states. The basis for the federal structure division can be history, ethnicity,
language, region, geography, population, and availability of resources. Nepal has
been divided into seven provinces on the basis of identity and capability. According
to the Forum of Federations, the global network on federation, there are roughly 25
federal countries in the world today, which together represent around 40 per cent
of the world's population.
The federal level may also be known as a ‘national’, ‘central’ or ‘union’ government. Constituent units may
be known by a variety of names, including ‘states’ (Australia, India, Malaysia, USA), ‘provinces’ (Argentina,
Canada, Nepal, South Africa), ‘regions’ (Belgium), ‘cantons’ (Switzerland), ‘autonomous communities’ (Spain)
or ‘Länder’ (Austria, Germany).
Types of Federal System
A federation is a country formed by separate states that have given certain powers
to a central government while keeping control over local matters. Federations
have been formed in two ways. The first route includes independent states coming
together on their own to form a bigger unit. The United States, Switzerland, and
Australia are examples of 'coming together' federations. In this type, all states
usually have equal power and are strong in relation to the federal government.
The second type is where a large country decides to divide its power between the
provinces or states and the federal government. Nepal, India, Spain and Belgium
are examples of this kind of 'holding together' federations. In this kind, the central
government tends to be more powerful with regard to the states or provinces.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Federalism
Federalism is not a miraculous system that can bring out development overnight.
It has both strengths and weaknesses. They are mentioned below.
SN Pros (strengths) Cons (weaknesses)
1 State and local governments can create Policies in one state may challenge
policies specific to their region for rapid policies in another state.
development.
2 It contributes to the balanced There can be unhealthy competition for
development of a nation. development.
3 There can be a better and balanced It can cause overexploitation of natural
utilisation of means and resources. resources.
4 State and local governments compete to Citizens suffer because of inequalities in
offer services at lower costs. services across states.
5 People can participate actively in It is an expensive form of government.
development activities.
6 It increases self-reliance and keeps people It is complex, with many layers of
close to the government. government to deal with.
Necessity of Federalism in Nepal
Although no political system is perfect in itself, federalism has more possibilities of
carrying out a balanced development in a country. The following points clarify the
necessity of federalism in Nepal:
(1) To address community diversity;
(2) To provide opportunities to different sections of the community to participate
in the system of governance according to the social structure of the country;
(3) To develop the efficiency in local leadership; and
(4) To improve the living standards of the people by accelerating the pace of
development.
Federalism is like a rainbow, where each colour is separate. Yet, they make a
harmonious pattern. Federalism needs to continuously maintain a difficult balance
between the centre and the provinces. All concerned stakeholders of the country
should be responsible for the implementation of federalism. Then, only we can
achieve the expected return. Otherwise, no matter what the system is, the people
cannot get happiness, convenience, and development of the country.
Federalism is certainly no miracle cure and may not be appropriate for all countries
in all situations. There are successful examples of the federal state, but some
countries have failed as federal states, too. The list of failures includes countries
such as West Indies, Colombia, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and Yugoslavia.
Some countries with the unitary system Countries with the federal system of government
of government
China, France, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, United Brazil, Canada, Comoros, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Iraq,
Kingdom, etc. Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, South Africa,
Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, United States
of America and Venezuela
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Activities
(1) What are the bases for the division of federal structure in Nepal? Consult a
leader of local or central level, and make a list of the bases of the division with
his or her help.
(2) What complications can arise when running a country according to the federal
structure? Discuss in pairs and present in the class.
Exercise
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Make a list of any two major goals of development.
(b) Prepare a list of any two aspects included in the concept of development.
(c) Define regionalism in your own words.
(d) What do you mean by federalism? Write in a sentence.
(e) Write a major difference between the unitary system and the federal system
of government.
(f) What do you mean by a federal democratic republican state?
(g) What are the three levels of government under the current federal system of
Nepal?
(2) Write short answers to the following questions.
(a) Mention the importance of regional development in four points.
(b) What can be the bases for dividing a country into various units in a federal
system? Introduce any four of them.
(c) Make a list of any four positive aspects of federalism.
(d) Compose a dialogue between two friends discussing on both strengths and
weaknesses of federalism.
(e) "Federalism brings the government closer to the people.” Justify this
statement in a paragraph.
(f) What should the central, provincial, local bodies and the people do to
implement federalism in our country successfully? Mention the roles of each.
(g) Considering the advantages and disadvantages of federalism, how can a
federal constitution help ensure that the advantages are maximised and the
disadvantages are minimised?
Project Work
Which countries have adopted federalism in the world? Make their list with the
help of the internet, general knowledge books or encyclopaedia. Also, locate
them on the world map.
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Lesson
1.4 Provinces in Nepal
Engage Yourself
Which province do you live in? Where is its headquarters? What are its neighbouring
provinces or countries? What are the major rivers, mountains, protected areas, cities,
tourism centres, roadways, industrial sites, economic activities, ethnic groups, tourist
centres, and pilgrimage sites of your province? There are seven provinces in Nepal. Each
province has its own geographical location and socio-economic conditions.
(1) How many districts are there in each province in Nepal? What are their names?
(2) What are the typical features of each province in Nepal?
The constitution of Nepal has declared Nepal as a federal democratic republican
state. There are seven autonomous provinces in our country. Here is a brief
description of all seven provinces of Nepal.
Province Number 1
Province number 1 lies in the easternmost part
of our country. It is linked with Sikkim and West
Bengal of India in the east. West Bengal and
Bihar of India lie to its south. There are Bagmati
Province and Province number 2 to its west. Tibet,
an autonomous region of China, lies to its north.
This province is extended to all the ecological
regions of Nepal. There are 14 districts in the
province, and Biratnagar is its headquarters.
Tamor, Arun, Dudhkoshi, and Sunkoshi are the
main rivers of this province. Likewise, Kanchenjunga Conversation Area, Makalu-
Barun National Park, Sagarmatha National Park, and Koshi-Tappu Wildlife
Reserve are the chief protected areas here. Maipokhari, Sabhapokhari, Chho-
Rolpa (glacial lake) are the major lakes of this province. Mt Everest (8848.86 m),
Mt Kanchenjunga (8586 m), Mt Lhotse (8516 m), Mt Makalu (8463 m), Mt Cho Oyu
(8201 m), and Mt Janak (7090 m) are the major mountain peaks of the province.
People of this province belong to diverse ethnicity. Rai, Limbu, Sherpa, Brahmin,
Chhetri, Tajpuriya, Rajbansi, Dhimal, Meche, Koche, Muslim, Santhal (Satar), and
Musahar are the major ethnicities of this province. They follow different religions.
Hinduism, Kirat, Buddhism, and Islam are the major religions that people follow
in this province. Pathibhara Temple, Barahakshetra, Halesi Mahadev Temple,
Chhintang Devi Temple, Tsangboche Gumba, and Budhasubba Temple are the
major religious places of this province.
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Sagarmatha Koshi-Tappu
People follow various occupations to earn their livelihood in this province.
Agriculture, trade, industry, animal husbandry, and tourism are the major
economic activities of the people in this province. Milk production, piggery, poultry,
and goat are the important livestock business in this province. Many people have
gone abroad for foreign employment. Tea, cardamom, jute, sugarcane, paddy,
maize, wheat, and potato are the major agricultural products of this province. The
major trade centres of this province are Biratnagar, Ilam, Jhapa, Dharan, Gaighat,
etc. Mahendra Highway, Mechi highway and the like run in this province.
Province Area Population No. of districts No. of local levels Headquarters
No 1 25,905 45,34,943 14 (Taplejung, Panchthar, 137 (88 rural Biratnagar
sq. km (Morang)
(according to Ilam, Sankhuwasabha, municipalities, 46
the census, Tehrathum, Dhankuta, municipalities, 2 sub-
2068 BS) Bhojpur, Khotang, metropolitan cities
Solukhumbu, Okhaldhunga, (Dharan and Itahari)
Udayapur, Jhapa, Morang, and 1 metropolitan
Sunsari) city (Biratnagar)
Province Number 2
Province Number 2 lies in the southern part of our country. Province Number 1 lies
to its east. There is Bagmati Province in its north and west. It is linked with Bihar
of India to the south. There are altogether
8 districts in this province. Janakpur is
its headquarters. The Saptakoshi River
separates it from Province no.1 in the
east.
It has hot temperate climate and receives
abundant rainfall in summer. Bagmati
and Kamala are other important rivers
that flow through this province. The Parsa National Park is the only one protected
area of this province. This is the province that lies only in the Terai region.
People of this province belong to different ethnicities. Muslims, Yadav, Teli,
Rajput, Terai Brahmin, Santhal (Satar), Musahar, etc., are the major ethnicities of
this province. The majority of people of this province speak Maithili and Bhojpuri
languages. People living in this province follow various religions. Hinduism and
Islam are the major religions that people follow in this region. Besides them, few
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people follow Kirat and Buddhism. Janakpurdham, Gadimai, Chhinnamasta
Bhagawati, etc., are the main religious places of this province. Some popular
mosques are located in Bara, Parsa, and Rautahat. Chhath, Holi, Durgapuja,
Diwali and Eid, etc. are the major festivals that people celebrate in this region.
Janakpurdham Gadimai
People in this region do different work to earn their livelihood. Agriculture,
trade, industry and animal husbandry are the major economic activities of the
people. Foreign employment is another important occupation of the people in this
province. People are also involved in fishery and animal husbandry in this province.
Sugarcane, tobacco, paddy, maize, wheat and potato are the major agricultural
products of this province. This province is also famous for the production of fruits
such as mango, litchi, banana and pineapple. Its major trade centres are Birgung,
Janakpur, Simara, Lahan, Rajbiraj, Chandranigahapur, etc. Birgung is known as
the “Gateway to Nepal”. It is also known as the "Commercial Capital of Nepal".
Province Area Population No. of districts No. of local levels Headquarters
No 2 9,661 5,404,145 8 136 (59 rural municipalities, Janakpur
sq. km
(according to (Saptari, Siraha, 73 municipalities, (temporary)
the census, Dhanusa, 3 Sub-metropolitan cities
(Janakpur, Kalaiya and Jitpur
2068 BS) Mahottari, Sarlahi, Simara) and 1 metropolitan city
Rautahat, Bara and
(Birgunj)
Parsa)
Bagmati Province
Bagmati Province is extended from China in the north to India in the south.
There is Province number 1 to its east,
and Province number 2 lies to its south.
Gandaki Province lies to the west of this
province. This province covers all the
ecological regions of Nepal. There are
13 districts in this province. Hetauda is
its headquarters. Trishuli, Tadi, East
Rapti, Bagmati, Indrawati, Bhotekoshi,
and Sunkoshi are the major rivers of
this province. Likewise, Gaurishankar
Conservation Area, Langtang National
Park, Shivapuri-Nagarjun National
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Park and Chitwan National Park are the major protected areas of this province.
Suryakunda, Gosaikunda, Bhairabkunda, Panchpokhari, Indra Sarowar, Bishajari
Tal and Nanda-Bhauju Tal are the major lakes of this province. Mt Langtang (7205
m), Mt Ganesh (7163 m), Mt Gaurishankar (7134 m), Mt Dorjelakpa (6966 m),
Amadablam (6812 m), and Mt Jugal (6799 m) are the major mountain peaks in
this province.
Pashupatinath Gaurishankar Himal
People from various ethnicities live in this province. Brahmin, Chhetri, Newar,
Tamang, Sherpa, Tharu, Jirel, Chepang, etc., are the major ethnicities of this
province. They live in different clusters. This province is rich in cultural diversity.
The people of this region follow different religions and have various cultures.
Dolakha Bhimsen, Palanchok Bhagawati, Pashupatinath Temple, Swoyambunath,
Bouddhanath, Gosainkunda, Jame Masjid, Assumption Church (Dhobighat), etc.
are the major religious places of this province. Hinduism and Buddhism are
the major religions people follow in this province. Besides them, some people
follow Christianity. People of this province are engaged in various occupations to
earn their livelihood. Agriculture, trade, industry, service, tourism, and animal
husbandry are the major economic activities of the people. Industrial estates such
as Balaju Industrial Estate, Patan Industrial Estate, Hetauda Industrial Estate,
Bhaktapur Industrial Estate, etc. are located in this province. Many people have
gone abroad for the foreign employment. Paddy, maize, wheat, oilseeds, cotton and
potato are the major crops of this province. Vegetable and fruits are the other
agricultural products of this province.
Bagmati Area Population No. of districts No. of local levels Headquarters
Province 20,300 5,529,452 13 (Dolakha, Ramechhap, 119 (74 rural municipalities, Hetauda
sq. km Sindhuli, Kavrepalanchowk,
(according to Sindhupalchok, Rasuwa, 41 municipalities, 1 sub- (Makwanpur)
the census, Nuwakot, Dhading, Chitwan, metropolitan city (Hetauda)
Makwanpur, Bhaktapur,
2068 BS) and 3 metropolitan cities
Lalitpur, Kathmandu) (Kathmandu, Lalitpur and
Bhaktapur)
Gandaki Province
Gandaki Province is also linked with both China and India. It is bordered by
Bagmati Province to the east, and Lumbini and Karnali Province to the west.
China lies to its north, and Lumbini Province and India lie to its south. This
province is also extended to all the ecological regions of Nepal. There are 11
districts in this province. Pokhara is its headquarters. Trishuli, Daraudi, Madi,
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Marshyangdi, Budhi Gandaki, Seti Gandaki
and Kali Gandaki are the major rivers of this
Province. Similarly, Manaslu Conservation Area,
Annapurna Conservation Area, and Dhorpatan
Hunting Reserve are the major protected areas
of this province. Lake Fewa, Lake Rupa, Lake
Begnas, and Lake Tilicho are the major lakes
of this province. Mt Dhaulagiri (8176 m), Mt
Manaslu (8163 m), Mt Annapurna-I (8091 m),
Mt Himalchuli (7893 m), Mt Machhapuchhre
(6993m), etc, are the major mountain peaks of
this province.
Gandaki province stands as tourist capital of the country − being decorated with five
of the world’s tall mountains ( Mt Dhaulagiri, Mt Annapurna, Mt Macchapuchhre,
Mt Manaslu and Mt Himalchuli). River rafting in three major rivers (Budhi
Gandaki, Kali Gandaki and Seti) cross-cutting the five trekking circuits add to a
unique tourism experience. Gandaki is equally blessed with a diverse set of fruits
and vegetation on the southern side of the state (Syangja and East Nawalparasi).
Pokhara Muktinath
People from diverse ethnicities live in this province. Thakali, Gurung, Magar,
Newar and Tharu are the major ethnicities. They reside in various clusters.
However, Chhetri and Brahmin are scattered everywhere. The people of this
region are followers of different religions. Hinduism and Buddhism are the major
religions that people follow in this province. Muktinath temple, Manakamana
temple, Devghat, Kalika Temple, Bindhyabasani Temple, and Barahi Temple
are the major religious places of this province. Some people follow Islam and
Christianity in this region. People are involved in various occupations such as
tourism, agriculture, trade, industry, service, and animal husbandry to sustain
their livelihood in this province. Some people have also gone abroad for foreign
employment. Barley, oats, apples, paddy, maize, wheat, and potato are the major
crops produced in this province.
Gandaki Area Population No. of districts No. of local levels Headquarters
Province 21,504 2,403,757 11 (Gorkha, Lamjung, 85 (58 rural municipalities, Pokhara
sq. km Tanahun, Kaski, Manang, 26 municipalities, 0 sub- (Kaski)
(according to Mustang, Parbat, Syangja,
the census, metropolitan cities and
Myagdi, Baglung, 1 metropolitan city
2068 BS) Nawalpur) (Pokhara)
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Lumbini Province
Lumbini Province is linked only
with India. Gandaki Province
and Karnali Province lie to the
north, and India is situated to its
south. Sudurpashim Province lies
to its west and Gandaki Province
is in its east. It is also extended
to all the ecological regions of
Nepal after East Rukum has been
declared a Himalayan district by
the Local Government Mobilisation Act 2074 BS. There are altogether 12 districts
in this province. Bhaluwang is declared the headquarters of this province. Tinau,
Bandganga, West-Rapti, Babai and Karnali are the major rivers of this province.
Likewise, Banke National Park and Bardiya National Park are major protected
areas of this province.
Lumbini Bardiya National Park
People who belong to different ethnicities follow various religions in this province.
Magars, Tharus, and Muslims are the major ethnicities of this province. They reside
in specific clusters. However, Chhetri, Brahmin, and Thakuri have settled sparsely
in most of the districts of this province. Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism are the
major religions that people follow in this province. Lumbini, Swargadwari Temple,
Thakurdwara, Resunga, and Bageshwori Temple are major religious places of
this province. People are involved in various occupations to earn their livelihood
in this province. Tourism, agriculture, trade, industry, and animal husbandry
are the major occupations of the people. Foreign employment is common in this
province too. Paddy, maize, wheat, oilseed, sugarcane, cotton, coffee, and potato
are the major crops produced in this province. People of this province also produce
vegetables and fruits.
Lumbini Area Population No. of districts No. of local levels Headquarters
Province 22,288 4,499,272 12 (Parasi, Rupandehi, 109 (73 rural municipalities, Bhaluwang
sq. km (Dang)
(according to Kapilbastu, Palpa, 32 municipalities, 4 sub-
the census, Arghakhanchi, Gulmi, metropolitan cities (Butwal,
Rukum East, Rolpa,
2068 BS) Pyuthan, Dang, Banke, Ghorahi, Tulsipur and
Nepalgunj)
Bardiya)
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Karnali Province
This province is linked only to China. China
is in its north, and Lumbini Province lies to
the south. Gandaki Province lies to its east
and Sudurpashim Province to the west.
This province extends from the Himalayan
region to the inner Terai region. There are
altogether ten districts in this province.
Surkhet is its headquarters. Thuli Bheri,
Sani Bheri, Tila, Humla Karnali, and Mugu
Karnali are its major rivers. Similarly,
Rara National Park and Shey-Phoksundo
National Park are the major protected
areas of this province. Rara, Shey-Phoksundo, and Bulbule are the major lakes of
this province. Mt Kanti (6859 m), Mt Kanjirowa (6612 m), Mt Changla (6563 m),
Mt Gorakh (6088 m), etc., are the major notable mountain peaks of this province.
Kakrebihar Rara Lake
People who have diverse culture and traditions live in this province. Dolpo,
Thakuri, Chhetri, Brahmin, Dalits, and Tharu are the major ethnicities of this
province. Raute is the major indigenous people of this province. The people of
this region follow different religions and have varied cultures. Hinduism and
Buddhism are the major religions that people follow in this province. Some people
also follow Christianity and Islam. Tripurasundari, Chandannath, Kankrebihar
and Deautibajai Temple are the major religious places of the province. People are
involved in various occupations to earn their livelihood in this province. Tourism,
agriculture, trade, and animal husbandry are the major occupations of the people
in this province. Foreign employment is also emerging as an important economic
activity of the people living in this province. Barley, oats, apples, paddy, maize,
millet, buckwheat, wheat, and potato are the major crops produced here.
Karnali Area Population No. of districts No. of local levels Headquarters
Province 27,984 15,70,418 10 (Rukum West, 79 (54 rural Birendranagar
sq. km Salyan, Dolpa, Jumla,
(according to the Mugu, Humla, Kalikot, municipalities, (Surkhet)
census, 2068 BS) Jajarkot, Dailekh, 25 municipalities
Surkhet)
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Sudurpaschim Province
This province is linked to both India and China. China
is in its north, and India lies to its west and south.
Karnali Province and Lumbini lie to the east. This
province extends from the Himalayan region to the
Terai region. There are 9 districts in this province.
Godawori is its headquarters. Karnali, Budhiganga,
Setiganga, and Mahakali are its major rivers. Likewise,
Api-Nampa Conservation Area, Khaptad National
Park and Suklaphanta National Park are the major
protected areas of this province. Lake Ghodaghodi of
Kailali district is counted as an important lake in this
Province. Mt Api (7132 m), Mt Saipal (7025 m), Mt
Lassa (6189 m), etc. are the major mountain peaks in
the province.
Api Shaileshwori
People of this province follow diverse religions. They have varied culture and
traditions. Thakuri, Chhetri, Brahmin, Dalits, and Tharu are the major ethnicities.
They follow different religions. Hinduism is the main religion that people follow
in this province. Badimalika of Bajura, Tripurasundari of Baitadi, Ugratara of
Dadeldhura, Baijanath of Achham, Shaileshwori Temple of Doti, Siddhanath and
Baijanath of Kanchanpur and Godawari, Benhana and Nainadevi of Kailali are
the major religious sites of this province. Tourism, agriculture, trade, and animal
husbandry are the major economic activities of the people. Many people go abroad
for foreign employment. People produce various crops such as barley, oats, apples,
paddy, maize, millet, buckwheat, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, potato, etc.
Sudurpaschim Area Population No. of districts No. of local levels Headquarters
Province 9 (Bajura, Bajhang, 88 (54 rural
19,539 2,552,517 Godawari
sq. km (according to Doti, Achham, municipalities, 33 (Kailali)
the census, Darchula, Baitadi, municipalities, 1
sub-metropolitan city
2068 BS) Dadeldhura,
Kanchanpur, Kailali) (Dhangadhi)
The government has published a new map of Nepal, including Kalapani, Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura inside
Nepal borders. An authentic document with an increment in area will be published very soon after completing
all formal and official procedures.
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Activities
(1) Which province does your village or town belong to? What are the
geographical, socio-cultural and economic features of your province? Find
out and present in the classroom.
(2) Make a comparative study based on the geography, population, land use,
roads, hydropower projects, various industrial sectors contributing to the
GDP of the country, tourist destinations, location of educational institutions
and human health conditions of all seven provinces and present the findings
in your classroom.
(3) Who are the current Provincial Chiefs and Chief Ministers of all seven provinces
of Nepal? Discuss in class and write their names.
Exercise
(1) Identify the following provinces with the help of the following descriptions.
(a) It is the largest province in the area in Nepal. ........................
(b) It is the smallest province in the area in Nepal. ........................
(c) This province has the largest number of districts ........................
in our country.
(d) This province has the smallest number of districts ........................
in Nepal.
(e) This province has the highest number of mountains (160),
including Mt Everest, the world's highest peak. ........................
(f) This province stands as the tourist capital of Nepal. ........................
(g) Lumbini, the birthplace of Gautam Buddha, lies in ........................
this province.
(h) The typical identities of this province are Gaura Parva ........................
and Deuda culture.
(i) This province is home to Lake Rara, the deepest lake ........................
in Nepal.
(j) This province lies entirely in the Terai region, and many ........................
industries are located in this province.
(k) This province is home to Dana gorge, the deepest gorge ........................
in the world.
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(2) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Write any two typical features of Province No 1.
(b) Make a comparison between Province No 2 and Bagmati Province in two
points.
(c) ‘Gandaki Province has a high prospect of tourism.' Justify this statement in
one or two sentences.
(d) Make a list of any two typical features of Lumbini Province.
(e) Write any two similarities between Karnali Province and Sudurpaschim
Province.
(f) Province 2 has a huge potentiality for agriculture. How can it contribute to
the development of the entire nation? Write in a sentence.
(g) Most of the land in Gandaki Province is covered with snow. How can the
province take advantage from it?
(h) Province 2 has less area for grazing and less number of grasslands. What
effect does this feature have on the development? Write in a sentence.
(i) Gandaki Province has less area of forest. What can be its alternatives?
(3) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) Make a list of any two problems and challenges of Karnali Province in
development and suggest any two ways to solve them.
(b) Compare the possibilities of development between Province Number 2 and
Sudurpaschim province in four points.
(c) Make a comparative study of Bagmati and Lumbini Province in regard to
their geographical and socio-economic features in four points.
(d) What are the possibilities of development for Province number 1 and Gandaki
Province in your view? Mention any two potentials of each province.
(e) Karnali Province has less number of industries. Mention any two prospects of
development in the province and suggest any two ways for its development.
(f) Give a brief introduction of your province's geographical location, socio-
economic lifestyle, challenges, and possible solution measures.
(g) ‘Population and geography can be boon for development.’ Justify this
statement with enough reasons.
Community Work
Choose a major development project for your province. What should be done
to benefit most of the people of the state from the project? Offer some
suggestions.
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Unit Development and Its
Prerequisites
2
Introduction
Development is a dynamic process that brings positive changes in various aspects of life.
People experience development when their quality of life increases. Food, clothes and
shelter are the basic needs of people. After fulfilling these needs, they begin to think about
other requirements such as education, health facilities, entertainment, and rest. Then, they
start to think about the things that give them pleasure, satisfaction, respect, and honour. It
shows that development is attached to the prosperity of people.
The basic services and facilities necessary for the economic and social development of
nation are known as infrastructures of development. Education, health, communication,
electricity, transportation and drinking water are the main infrastructures of development.
We have already studied these infrastructures in the previous classes. The development of
various sectors takes place depending on these facilities.
In this unit, we study sustainable development, development projects in Nepal, skilled
human resources and employment opportunities, contemporary development goals in
Nepal, and planning for development at the local level.
Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this unit, the students will be able to:
• tell the concept of sustainable development;
• describe the major ongoing development projects in Nepal;
• participate and help in the operation of the project;
• mention the need and importance of skilled human resource and employment
opportunity as the infrastructures of the development;
• tell about the millennium development goals and sustainable development goals; and
• formulate the development proposal at the local level.
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Lesson
2.1 Sustainable Development
Engage Yourself
What changes have you noticed in your locality this year? Are there any positive changes
in the transportation, communication, education, health and energy sector? Why should
development last longer? What should be done to make it durable? Sustainable development
is a recent approach in the field of development. It is an economical and environment-
friendly approach to development. It focuses on having planned development so that the
negative changes are minimised.
(1) What is sustainable development? What are its objectives? Why is it necessary for a
country like Nepal?
(2) What are various dimensions of sustainable development? What are its problems and
challenges in our country? What can be our strategies for sustainable development?
Development is a dynamic process that brings positive changes in any sector. It
is often connected with economic growth. In this sense, to secure higher economic
status is development. However, economic growth alone does not represent true
development. Thus, development refers to the positive changes in the overall
condition of individuals, family, society, nation, and world. The proper utilisation
of means and resources supports development activities in any areas. Therefore, a
proper and systematic plan is necessary before launching any development project.
Sustainable development is a recent approach that encourages planned development
with proper utilisation of means and resources. It economic development that
is conducted without the depletion of natural resources. It is a durable or long-
lasting type of development that does not harm nature but protects it for the future
generation. It does not mean to make strong building, roads, and bridges only. It is a
development activity done by maintaining a balance between the development and
environment. It is an eco-friendly approach to development. It supports economic
development with the durable use of resources, benefiting both present and future
generations. It provides continuous benefits and cares for the carrying capacity of
the earth.
The United Nations Organisation (UNO) organised an international conference in
Stockholm, Sweden, from 5th June, to 16th June, 1972 AD. It was the first major
conference on international environmental issues. It is known as Stockholm
Conference or The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE).
The conference set out principles for preserving and enhancing the human
environment, with recommendations for international environmental action. The
conference also created the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in
December 1972, the first UN programme focused solely on environmental issues.
Vedanta 39 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre,
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The UN General Assembly meeting passed a resolution Gro Harlem Brundtland
for establishing a commission regarding environment and
development in 1983 AD. As per the decision, Brundtland
Commission was formed in December 1983 under the
chairpersonship of the then Norwegian Prime Minister,
Grow Harlem Brundtland. The primary task of the
commission was to suggest the world on environment and
development. This commission had presented a report
called 'Our Common Future' at the 42nd meeting of the UN
General Assembly in 1987 AD. The report defined the term
sustainable development in the following words:
" A sustainable development is a process in which the exploitation of resources,
the direction of investment, and the orientation of technological development and
institutional change meet the needs of the present generation without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their needs."
- Brundtland Commission (UN) 1987
Sustainable Development for Nepal
The National Planning Commission and the Ministry of Population and Environment
(MOPE) prepared Sustainable Development Agenda for Nepal in 2003 AD (2060
BS). It aims to guide and influence national-level planning and policies. It has
defined sustainable development in the following way:
“The over-arching goal of sustainable development in Nepal is to expedite a process
that reduces poverty and provides to its citizens and successive generations not
just the basic means of livelihood, but also the broadest of opportunities in the
social, economic, political, cultural, and ecological aspects of their lives.”
Therefore, development should meet our current needs without diminishing the
ability of future generations to meet theirs. In other words, we must use our
resources wisely. Sustainable development requires us to conserve more and waste
less.
Aims of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development must be backed up with economic growth, in line with
the requirements for ecological balance, and the entire human development.
The major objectives of sustainable development are as follow:
To help in poverty alleviation making rational use of means and resources;
To focus on human prosperities;
To run development activities without damaging the environment;
To impart social justice in the field of development;
To achieve high, stable and sustainable economic growth without hampering
the future; and
To encourage public participation in development.
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Features of Sustainable Development
The concept of sustainable development aims at maintaining economic advancement
and progress while protecting the long-term value of the environment. Some of its
major characteristics are enlisted below:
It helps in the reduction of poverty.
It assures a bright future for future generations.
It controls excessive usage of means and resources.
It ensures that the ecosystem is effectively conserved.
It allows the best possible use of available resources and means.
It distributes means and services in a fair and equitable manner.
It focuses on economic growth that is strong, stable, and long-term.
It works for social justice for the poor, the disabled, and women.
It gives priority to resources that can be recycled, reused. and renewed.
Dimensions of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is a multi-dimensional Administrative
concept. According to UNESCO, sustainable Dimension
development has six key dimensions. They are
described below: Political Moral
Dimension
1. Social Dimension: The development should Dimension
focus on the preservation and promotion of DIMENSIONS OF
culture. Social conditions, human relationships, SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
traditions, a transformation of good culture Social Economic
to the future generation come under the social Dimension Dimension
dimension of sustainable development. on Environmental
2. Economic Dimension: It focuses Dimension
intergenerational and intra-generational equity
while having economic growth and its sustainability.
3. Environmental Dimension: Development should be done without hampering
the productivity of natural resources and the environment. This dimension of
sustainable development is related to the bearing capacity of the earth and
ecological footprint.
4. Political Dimension: This dimension of sustainable development focuses on the
institutionalisation of democracy and political stability.
5. Administrative Dimension: The administrative dimension of sustainable
development includes the effective production process, transparency, responsible
and participatory development process, and equitable distribution system in
the administration.
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6. Moral Dimension: Environment and the earth are the common properties of
all. We should not disturb others while utilising them. Thus, moral dimension
of sustainable development emphasises the moral value in utilising means and
resources from the environment and the earth.
Strategies for Sustainable Development
We can achieve sustainable development to a considerable extent if we apply the
following strategies in Nepal. Economic
(1) UimspinrgovecldeaconoekrinfguesltsovseuscihnsatseaLdPoGf w(oLoidq,uceofaieldanPdestrmoolekuem-prGodausc),inbgiofugealss.aDndimension
(2) Making extensive use of solar energy and wind power.
(3) Establishing factories, industries and airports away from human settlement.
(4) Shifting to organic farming and not using harmful chemical fertilisers.
(5) Controlling illegal excavation of stones, sand, and pebbles from rivers.
(6) Laying emphasis on reuse, recycle and renew approaches.
(7) Imposing a ban on industries and old vehicles that cause environmental
pollution.
(8) Encouraging people to plant more trees and save the forest.
(9) Preventing and controlling inappropriate exploitation of natural resources.
(10) Making proper, visionary and long-term plans and policies for sustainable
development.
Activities
(1) What are the efforts made for sustainable development in Nepal? Discuss
among your friends to write a report, and present it in the classroom.
(2) Prepare a list of plans and strategies to conduct any development project
in your community according to the concept and principle of sustainable
development.
(3) Many roads are being constructed in various parts of our country without
visionary plans and objectives. What negative impacts does such construction
cause in future? Discuss some possible consequences with preventive measures.
Exercise
(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) How is development different from economic growth?
(b) Define sustainable development in your own words.
(c) When and where was the United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment held?
(d) What is the basic theme of sustainable development?
(e) Mention any two objectives of sustainable development.
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(2) Write short answers to the following questions.
(a) When and how did the concept of sustainable development emerge?
(b) Clarify the definition of sustainable development of the Brundtland
Commission in your own words.
(c) Explain the importance of sustainable development in brief.
(d) Mention any four major characteristics of sustainable development.
(e) Write any four impacts of development activity done without considering
the principles of sustainable development.
(f) Compose a dialogue between two friends discussing the necessity of
sustainable development.
(g) Do you think that sustainable development is necessary? Mention any four
reasons.
(h) What aspects should we consider while launching any development projects
according to the concept and principle of sustainable development?
Describe in a short paragraph.
(i) What are the challenges for the implementation of sustainable development
in Nepal? Describe in brief.
(j) What strategies should Nepal introduce for sustainable development?
Mention any four points.
Community Work
Select a development project being run in your locality and prepare a draft of
the plan to run the project according to the concept of sustainable development.
A Draft of the Plan to Run the Project as per the Concept of
Sustainable Development
Name of the Project: _____________________________________________________
Place: __________________________________________________________________
Objectives : 1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
Status of Public Participation: _____________________________________________
Estimated Cost: _________________________________________________________
Duration of the Project:___________________________________________________
Targeted Beneficiaries:____________________________________________________
Measures for its Sustainability:____________________________________________
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Lesson Ongoing Development
Projects in Nepal
2.2
Engage Yourself
Have you noticed any ongoing development project in your area recently? What benefits
does it provide to local people after its completion? Such development projects are the bases
for national development. There are many such development projects ongoing in various
parts of our country. Some of them are declared as projects of national pride. It is expected
that Nepal would have a turn up in its economy after the completion of the projects.
(1) What are development projects? How can we classify them on the basis of their goals,
amount of investment, expected outcomes, and affecting regions?
(2) What are the development projects of national pride in Nepal? What are their objectives?
A project is a planned piece of work designed for development or to improve
something. The Government of Nepal designs and launches various projects to
achieve certain goals within a fixed duration by utilising available means and
resources. Such planned actions are development projects. They help to achieve
development goals and uplift the standard of people.
Various means and resources are necessary to run speedy and proportionate
development projects. They include capital for investment, all types of human
resources, means of communication, means of transportation, stable government,
appropriate plans and policies, and tools and technologies. They are known as the
infrastructure of development.
Development projects can vary from big to small on the basis of goals, amount of
investment, expected results, and affected areas. On the basis of time duration,
they can be short-term projects or long-term projects. Likewise, the projects can
be local, provincial, and national on the basis of covering areas. The national-level
development projects require more investment, means, and resources compared to
provincial and local level development projects. Such huge development projects
are national-level development projects. A large number of people receive benefits
from such projects.
Development Projects of National Pride
There are many ongoing development projects in Nepal. Some development projects
run with national investment and some run with foreign aid. Among them, some
projects are ‘important’. They are of strategic importance, focus on large-scale
infrastructure building, and cultural and environmental protection. Ultimately,
they contribute to the socio-economic upliftment of the country. The Government
of Nepal has declared such priority projects as development projects of national
pride from the fiscal year 2068/69 BS. The government gives high priority to
these projects by ensuring resource allocations and making provisions for serious
monitoring of their implementation.
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre, 44 Unit Two:
Sanothimi, Bhaktapur Development and its Prerequisites
Objectives of Projects of National Pride
Although the project objectives of each project of national pride are different, the
objectives of projects of national pride on the whole can be mentioned as follows:
To lay the foundation stone of a prosperous Nepal;
To increase the production and productivity of the agricultural sector through
irrigation facilities;
To enhance intensive interconnection through infrastructure development;
and
To promote national heritage and develop our country as a major tourist
destination.
According to the progress report of the National Planning Commission, 2077 BS,
there are twenty-four Projects of National Pride in Nepal.
1. Babai Irrigation Project 13. Melamchi Drinking Water Project
2. Bheri-Babai Diversion Multipurpose Project 14. Mid-Hills Pushpalal Highway
3. Budhigandaki Hydropower Project 15. Pashupati Area Development Project
4. East-West Railway and Kathmandu Metro 16. Pokhara Regional International Airport,
Railway. Pokhara
5. Gautam Buddha Regional International 17. President Chure-Terai Madhesh
Airport, Conservation Area Programme
6. Hydroelectric Transmission Project 18. Rani-Jamariya-Kularia Irrigation Project
(Millennium Challenge Account, Nepal)
7. Kaligandaki Corridor Project 19. Second International Airport, Nijgadh Bara
8. Karnali Corridor Project 20. Sikta Irrigation Project
9. Kathmandu-Terai Expressway 21. Sunkoshi Marin Diversion Multipurpose
Project
10. Koshi Corridor Project 22. Terai Hulaki Marg
11. Lumbini Area Development Project 23. Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project
12. Mahakali Irrigation System 24. West Seti Hydropower Project
Among the projects mentioned above, some of them are briefly described here.
(a) President Chure-Terai Madhesh Conservation Area Programme
The Chure region is located between the plain low lands (Tarai Madesh) in the
south and the mid-hills (Mahabharat range) in the north. It comprises 36 districts
and extends from the east to the west, covering nearly 12.8% of the total landscape
of the country. It is regarded as home to about 14% of the total population of Nepal.
The forest covers about 60% part of this region. It is also known as the Siwalik
region. Likewise, the Bhawar region is the foothill region that separates the Terai
from the Chure region. The Doon Valleys, also known as the inner Terai, are the
valleys in between Churia Hills.
Despite its importance, the fragile land is degrading at an alarming rate due to
increased human pressure (livestock grazing, timber smuggling, deforestation,
Vedanta 45 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre,
Integrated Social Studies - Book 10 Sanothimi, Bhaktapur
illegal excavation of sand, and stones from
rivers) and various disasters. Consequently,
these have accelerated the loss of soil and
biodiversity, floods, riverbank cutting decrease
in farmland productivity, and threatened the
sustainability of the whole Terai area.
Therefore, the Government of Nepal launched
the President Chure Conservation Programme People working in TMCCDP
as the project of national pride. This project
primarily manages human settlements through the conservation and sustainable
management of natural resources and heritage (forest, water, plants, and
biodiversity) of the Chure, Bhawar, and Doon region.
The project area covers 12.78% of the total land area of Nepal, extending from
Ilam in the east to Kanchanpur in the west at an altitude of 200-2100 m. This
programme was launched from the fiscal year 2067/68 BS under the Ministry of
Forest and Environment in 26 districts of Nepal. This programme was declared
as the project of national pride from the fiscal year 2070/71. There is an authentic
body at the centre to run various programmes in this area, called President
Terai-Madhesh Chure Conservation Development Committee. Construction and
management of nursery, production of saplings of varieties of plants, distribution
of saplings and afforestation, conservation of fragile areas, controlling landslides
and flood are the major activities of this project. The 15th Periodical plan targets
to benefit 42 lakh population of 37 districts (after Nawalparasi was divided into
Nawalpur and Parasi) through this programme.
(b) Pokhara Regional International Airport:
Pokhara Regional International Airport is
one of the ambitious projects of national pride
in Nepal. It covers an area of 3600 ropanis at
Chhinedanda of Pokhara. The primary aim of
this project is to develop Pokhara as one of the
attractive tourist destinations in the world.
Prime Minister KP Oli laid down the project's
foundation stone on 1st Baishakh, 2073 BS.
According to the 15th Periodical Plan, it can be Pokhara Regional International Airport
completed within the fiscal year 2079/80, and
its estimated cost is about 21 Arab 60 Crore
rupees. The main structure of the airport is 45-meter-wide and 2500-meter-long
concrete runway. Separate domestic and international terminals, taxi parking, air
traffic control tower and a 50-meter-long air bridge are other physical structures
of the airport. A Chinese company has been working on the construction of the
airport. It is expected that 200 seated jet can land and take off in this airport. This
definitely supports to develop Pokhara as an international tourist destination.
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre, 46 Unit Two:
Sanothimi, Bhaktapur Development and its Prerequisites
(c) Budhigandaki Hydropower Project
This is a project concerned with a reservoir.
It is located at the boundary between Gorkha
and Dhading districts, about 80 km away from
Kathmandu to the west. Its estimated power
production is 1200 MW. The total estimated
cost of the project is more than 2.5 Kharba.
However, the 15th periodical plan estimated
2.8 Kharba rupees based on its cost in 2072/73.
World Bank, National Financial Organisation, Budhigandaki River
and Asian Development Bank provide financial
support to this project. However, the project is completely operated, regulated and
supervised by the Government of Nepal. It is expected that it will be a supportive
alternative for enhancing the energy sector of Nepal after its completion.
(d) Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project
Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project is situated in the northern part of
Dolakha district. The prime project area is in Lamabagar. It is the run-of-the-
river type of hydropower project with the Tamakoshi River as its water source.
The producing capacity of the project is 456 Megawatt of electricity. The estimated
cost of the project was about 35.29 billion rupees. However, the 15th Periodical plan
amended it as 49.29 billion rupees, excluding the interest during the construction
period of the project. The plan has a target to
complete it in the fiscal year 2076/77. This
project is run with the investment of Nepal
Electricity Authority, Employees Provident
Fund, Citizen's Investment Trust, Nepal
Telecom, National Insurance Company, and
the general public. This is the project which
runs with national investment. The project
is being run under the organisation named Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project
'Upper Tamakoshi Hydroelectricity Limited',
established in 2063 BS.
(e) Mid-Hill Highway (Puspalal Lokmarga)
Nepal is a mountainous country. Lack of good transportation is a major obstacle
to development in Nepal, especially in the hilly and mountainous regions. As per
the concept of the present east-west highway, the mid-hill highway construction
work has started as a project of National pride. This highway joins the hilly area
from the east to the west. The total length of the highway is 1776 km from Chiyo
Bhanjyang of Panchthar in the east to Jhulaghat of Baitadi in the west through
Dhankuta, Baglung, and Surkhet. The main aim of the project is to accelerate
the socio-economic development of hilly regions by connecting them through the
road network. This project was launched from the fiscal year 2064/65 BS. It was
Vedanta 47 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre,
Integrated Social Studies - Book 10 Sanothimi, Bhaktapur
expected to complete by the end of the fiscal
year 2074/75 BS. It could not get completed on
time. Therefore, the 15th periodical plan has
expected to be completed within the fiscal year
2079/80. According to the 15th Plan, one crore
people of 26 districts in the hilly region will
get benefit after the completion of this project. Mid-Hill Highway (Puspalal Lokmarga)
The estimated cost for the completion of the
project is 1 Kharba, 1 Arba 50 Crore rupees.
The government is set to develop 10 model cities along the highway so that the
migration from the hilly region to Terai can be reduced.
Activities
(1) Collect information about the following development projects of national
pride of Nepal from different sources and share in the class.
• Bheri-Babai Diversion Multipurpose Project
• Melamchi Drinking Water Project
• Pashupati Area Development Project
• Second International Airport, Nijgadh Bara
• Terai Hulaki Marga
(2) How is the status of all projects of national pride in our country? Collect their
progress project with the help of the internet or newspapers, and present it in
the classroom.
Exercise
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Define a project and a development project in your own words.
(b) What do you mean by projects of national pride?
(c) How many projects of national pride are in operation in Nepal now? Mention
any two essential factors to run such projects.
(d) Name the funders of the Budhigandaki Hydropower Project and Upper
Tamakoshi Hydroelectricity Project.
(2) Give short answers to the following questions
(a) What do you mean by development project? Explain the need and
importance of such projects for national development.
(b) Make a list of the prerequisites of development projects, and write about
any one of them.
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre, 48 Unit Two:
Sanothimi, Bhaktapur Development and its Prerequisites
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Vedanta Integrated Social Studies Book 10 Final
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