Vedanta Integrated Social Studies Book 10 Final

Lesson Socio-economic Effects
After People’s Movement-II
7.8

Engage Yourself

What socio-economic changes have you observed in your locality recently? Do you think
that such changes have taken place because of political change? After Mass Movement-
II, Nepal has experienced real democracy. No one is above the constitution. Everybody
has got an equal opportunity in the country. Various social changes have taken place.
Marginalised, backward, women, Dalit, and Indigenous people have got the opportunity
in the mainstream of the country.
(1) What are social achievements that Nepal has experienced after 2063 BS?
(2) How was republican system introduced in Nepal?
(3) What economic changes have taken place in our country recently?
(4) What roles can you play to protect the socio-economic achievements after Mass

Movement II?

Nepali people have fought several times for democracy. There were series of
revolutions such as the People's revolution 2007, Students' movement 2036,
Satyagraha Movement 2042, Mass Movement-I, Maoist armed revolution and
Mass Movement-II. These revolutions supported to improve the situation for the
establishment of democracy in Nepal. Finally, democracy was restored on 11th
Baisakh, 2063 BS. The democracy has made several socio-economic changes in
Nepal. It was a major political change in the context of our country.

Social Effects Improve
lifestyle
The people’s movement-II is considered Proportionate
a milestone in the history of Nepal. It Inclusion

paved the way for many social changes in

Nepal. The new areas of social awaking Restoration SOCIAL Increase
have developed now through the principle of peace EFFECT in public
of 'Proportionate inclusion.' This aims to awareness
promote the backward and unprivileged

class, tribes, linguistic groups, gender,

etc. The movement brought them into the End of
mainstream of development. It ensured the discrimination

participation of such citizens in state affairs

by ending all kinds of discrimination. The

radical change in the issue of women, ethnic tribes, Madhesi, Dalit, physically

challenged, and backward communities take place. The reservation of seats based

on percentage and other positive discrimination has also been practised.

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Similarly, restoration of peace has taken place by ending all kinds of conflict in the
country. The lifestyle of the people has been upgraded along with the development
of education, health, transportation and communication, etc. After the mass
movement, the general awareness of the people has increased. The people with
blind support to the political ideology have developed a high sense of unity in the
national interest. There is good progress in mutual understanding, collaboration
and cooperation for national development. The level of literacy has grown up to
more than 65 per cent. People access to health facilities has increased significantly.
They have become able to recognise the corrupt people and complain against
them. Thus, proportionate inclusion, improvement in lifestyle, increase in public
awareness, end of discrimination, and restoration of peace are the major social
achievements after 2063 BS.

Economic Effects

Our country has gained remarkable economic progress after the mass movement
-II. The periodical plans are in operation. Big projects of national pride are
being implemented in various parts of our country. The economic growth rate
is increasing. Foreign investment is on the rise due to the restoration of peace.
Various agreements with foreign countries such as BIPPA (Bilateral Investment
Promotion and Protection Agreement), agreement for transit, transportation and
cooperation have been made. This has tried to boost up the national economy.

Poverty is an obstacle to

national development in Economic Growth
our country. Various efforts

have been made to eliminate Increase in Foreign Investment
poverty. The poverty rate

has been decreased to 18.7% ECONOMIC Management of foreign employment
in the fiscal year 2074/75. It EFFECTS

was 30.85 % in the fiscal year

2062/63 as Nepal has not Increase in Employment opportunity

been self-reliant on its own

production. The government Smooth Operation of Periodical Plan
has focused on rapid economic

growth and self-employment. Decrease in Poverty
The government has put

much effort to strengthen and

manage foreign employment. New areas as the destination of foreign employments

have been found out. Various supportive programmes have been announced in

every fiscal budget and periodical plans for the development of various sectors.

The non-resident Nepali have been requested to invest in Nepal. Thus, a decrease

in poverty, economic growth, increase in foreign investment, management of

foreign employment, increase in employment opportunity, smooth operation of the

periodical plan are major economic achievements after 2063 BS.

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Activities

(1) Organise a speech competition on the topic, "Political change as per people's
wish brings many socio-economic changes in the country." in the class and list
out the points presented in the speech.

(2) What socio-economic changes have taken place in your family life in the last
ten years? Prepare a list and share them in the class.

(3) Make a list of the socio-economic effects of political changes in the decade
2007 BS-2017 BS and the period after 2063 BS. Then, make a comparative study
of them through discussion and find out which period has made more progress.

Exercise

(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Write the meaning of political change.
(b) How did social conflicts end after mass movement-II? Write in one or two
points.
(c) Write the full form of BIPPA.
(d) What percentage of people are under the poverty line at present?

(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) How does political change bring change in the socio-economic life of the
people?
(b) What do you mean by proportionate inclusion? How does it bring positive
changes in society?
(c) What are the constitutional provisions regarding the rights to the
underprivileged groups in society? Mention in four points.
(d) Make a list of positive changes that you have observed in your society after
the Mass Revolution -II.

(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) Make a list of major economic changes after the people's Movement-I and
explain any two of them.
(b) Write a letter to a friend who lives in another country explaining Nepal's
economic progress after the Mass Movement-II.

Project Work

Make a list of social and economic changes that have taken place in Nepal
after the Mass Revolution 2062/63 on a chart paper and submit it to the Social
Department.

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Lesson

7.9 First World War: Causes

Engage Yourself

Have you ever watched any documentary, video or movie related to the First World War?
Why do different countries get involved in wars? The First World War was an expensive
and brutal war between the Allies and the Central Powers from 1914 AD to 1918 AD for
1565 days. There were various causes of the war.
(1) What were the major causes of the First World War?
(2) What were major events that took place during the World War-I?

The destructive war that broke out from 28th July, 1914 to 28th June, 1919 AD in
the history of human civilisation is known as the First World War. This war was
mainly fought for in Europe. It began primarily because of the rivalry between
several powerful European countries. It was the first human conflict between
two hostile groups called Allies Power and Axis Power, which led to humankind's
biggest massacre. It was called the great war because almost all countries of the
world were involved in the war, directly or indirectly.

World War I has been described as the ‘first modern war’ largely because it was the
first war in which advanced machine guns, chemical warfare, tanks, attack aircraft
and submarines were widely used. It was also the first ‘total war’, where nations
mobilised all of their available resources for the war effort. This is the war fought
first time through the land, water, and air route at a time. Millions of people,
mainly young men, lost their lives in this conflict. Towns, homes, businesses, and
farms were destroyed.

The following countries had participated in the war.

• Allies Power: Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Belgium, China, Japan, USA,
Romania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro, etc.

• Axis/Central Power: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey, etc.

Major Causes of the First World War

Wars have many different causes, so it is important to look at both long-term and
short-term factors. The long-term causes of World War I include tensions between
the European powers, the creation of the alliance system, territorial disputes or
competition among nations for resources or economic markets, competition over
the size of armies and navies and the rise of nationalism. The immediate or short-
term cause was the assassination of the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire. Less than two months later, all of the great powers of Europe were engaged

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in a bitter war that was to last more than four years. This bloodiest and the most
expensive war of that period was fought continuously for 1,565 days.

(1) Groupism of European Countries: A trend of having a secret treaty among
the European countries started in Europe after the Franco-Germany War. This
trend gave birth to groups among the European countries. After the unification
of Germany, Otto von Bismarck became the Chancellor of Germany in 1870 AD.
Bismarck adopted the policy of expansion of his territory by destroying France
immediately after he became the Chancellor. Accordingly, Germany attacked
France and annexed its two important provinces, Alsace and Lorraine, in 1871 AD.
This sowed the seed of rivalry between these two powerful countries in Europe.
Then, Bismarck brought a policy to isolate France. In order to implement his policy,
Bismarck signed a secret treaty with Austria-Hungary in 1879 AD and with Italy
in 1882 AD. This is known as the Triple Alliance in the history of the world.

TRIPPLE TRIPPLE
ALLIANCE ENTENTE

Italy 1907Britain
1882 1894
1882
1904

1879

Germany Austria – Hungary France Russia

Alliance
Entente

After the downfall of Bismarck in 1890 AD, France tried to rise again to power and
signed a secrete treaty with Russia in 1894 AD and with Britain in 1904 AD. This
is known as ‘Triple Entente.’ Entente is a French word meaning an ‘understanding’
or ‘alliance’. Each participating nation promised to provide military support if one
of its members was attacked.

Such secret treaties divided the European countries into two hostile groups. Each
group became suspicious of the other's motive. This led to the rise of fear and
political tension among the rival groups. Jealousy, hatred, unfair competition, and
the feeling of taking revenge spread among the European countries. This ultimately
led to the First World War.

(2) Extreme Nationalism and Militarism: Nationalism is the belief among
the citizens that their own country is better than all others. It is a strong belief
among the citizens that their country is superior to other nations. Nationalism is
essential for the progress and prosperity of the nation. It reflects the pride, loyalty

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and devotion of the citizens towards their nation.

Nationalism can either unite or divide the people of a nation or a region. However,
people were extremely loyal to their nations and demonstrated extreme nationalism
in Europe. They themselves thought that they were superior to others and were
born to rule the world. This created a distance between the countries and led them
to fight against each other.

Similarly, the European countries had hostility among themselves. This made them
feel insecure. Then, they started to strengthen themselves by increasing military
strength. They spent a huge amount of the national budget on military expenses.
This led to distrust, tussle and confrontation among the European countries. This
tendency paved the way for the outbreak of the First World War.

(3) Imperialism and Colonialism: Imperialism is the policy of one country
extending its territory to create an empire, usually for financial and strategic
reasons. After the industrial revolution of Europe, the raw materials available
in the industrialised European countries became insufficient. They also needed
markets to sell the goods produced from their industries. Therefore, imperialism
had become an obligation for them.

European powers searched for new places in the different parts of the world.
Countries like Britain, Spain, Italy, Russia, Germany, France, and Portugal
had colonised much of the world, including North and South America, Australia,
Africa, and parts of Asia. There was an unfair competition of colonising among
the European countries. Such a race of colonisation created tensions and rivalries
among the European countries.

(4) Role of Newspapers: The newspapers in Europe during that time published
fake news. Such news used to provoke unnecessary propaganda and misinterpret
the situation. German newspapers used to publish news against Britain. The
newspapers of Austria and Serbia had ill-intention and prejudice with each other.
This generated the feeling of revenge and war sentiment among the Europeans.

(5) Balkan Crisis: Turkey was a big empire before the First World War. Among the
Balkan region countries, countries such as Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro,
Albania, and Macedonia, were under Turkey's rule. They were considered the
Ottoman Empire. These Balkan countries did not have a good term with each other.
However, they had a similar objective to be independent of Turkey. They also knew
that it was not possible to win Turkey by fighting with it alone. Therefore, being
friends of a single enemy, four Balkan countries namely Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia
and Montenegro formed an alliance. It was called the Balkan League. They also
made agreements to launch a war against Turkey, get independence, and share
obtained territory equally among them.

The countries in the Balkan League attacked Turkey jointly from four sides in
1912 AD. Turkey was too weak to defend against any attack those days. Therefore,
Russia called it 'Sick Man of Europe.' In the course of the war, there was a treaty
between Balkan countries and Turkey, signed in London in 1913 AD. According to

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the treaty, Turkey had to give a large portion of its territory to Balkan countries.
The countries in Balkan League became independent from Turkey. They shared
the obtained land and also established Albania as a new Balkan country. This war
is popular as the First Balkan War in the history of the world.

Bulgaria was dissatisfied with Serbia in the course of dividing the obtained land.
Germany and Austria agitated Bulgaria. Then, Bulgaria attacked Serbia in 1913
AD. This is called the Second Balkan War. In this war, other Balkan countries
supported Serbia. Eventually, Serbia defeated Bulgaria and became a big country.
Both the first and second Balkan wars increased war sentiment among the people.
This ultimately led to the First World War.

1. Character of William II: German Emperor Kaiser William II wanted to make
Germany almighty in Europe as well as in the world. He believed in the policy of
'World Power or Downfall'. He wanted to dominate Britain and prove it weaker
anyhow. This created a misunderstanding between Germany and Britain. Thus,
the bad relationship between Britain and Germany also paved the way to the First
World War.

2. Rebellious Feeling of Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Berlin Conference
in 1878 AD had given Bosnia and Herzegovina, two Balkan states, to Austria-
Hungary. According to the agreement, Austria-Hungary could occupy and govern
them. But, they could not be annexed to it. However, Austria -Hungary annexed
them into its territory in 1908 AD. The people in Bosnia and Herzegovina were
of Serbian origin. Their culture, language and lifestyle were just like Serbians.
Thus, they wanted to be either independent or annexed to Serbia. The youths of
Bosnia and Herzegovina formed an underground spy organisation. This was called
'Black Hand Society' or 'Unity of Death'. Serbia supported this organisation. This
developed enmity between Serbia and Austria-Hungary. This resulted in a war in
1914 AD.

Immediate Cause

The crown prince of Austria-Hungary, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, and his wife
Sophie Chotek visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Gavrilo Princep, a nineteen
years old Bosnian student and a member of the Black Hand Society, shot them on
28th June 1914 AD. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the murder.

The emperor of Austria-Hungary, Francis Joseph, with support from Germany,
quickly issued an ultimatum consisting of ten demands to King Peter of Serbia
on 23rd July, 1914 AD. Serbia agreed to accept nine of the demands but refused
to agree to the last one-that officials from Austria-Hungary be involved in the
investigation into the assassination of the Archduke. When Serbia failed to agree to
all ten demands, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28th July, 1914. Then,
the First World War began. Thus, the Austrian prince's assassination, Archduke
Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie Chotek at Sarajevo was the immediate
cause of the First World War.

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The Main Events of the First World War with Dates

Year Day Events
1914 A.D. 28 June
Assassination of the Austrian prince, Archduke Francis Ferdinand
28 July and his wife Sophie Chotek at Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princep, a
Bosnian student.
29 July Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, declared war against
30 July Serbia and made military attack on Belgrade, Serbia's capital.
Russia mobilised its army for the protection of Serbia.
1 August Germany pressured Russian emperor Tsar Nicholas-II to get its army
back.
3 August As Russia did not get its army back from Serbia, Germany declared
war against Russia. France ordered its army to support Russia.
1915 A.D. 4 August Germany declared war on France, and its army entered Belgium
1916 A.D. 12 August to attack France. Britain pressured Germany to bring its army back
1917 A.D. 20 October from Belgium as it is a neutral country.
1918 A.D. Britain declared war against Germany.
24 May Britain and France declared war against Austria-Hungary.
1919 A.D. 15 October First Battle of Ypres between Germany and Britain. Many soldiers
27 October died in the war.
28 October Italy declared war against Austria-Hungary
6 April Britain declared war against Bulgaria.
7 August Romania declared war against Austria-Hungary.
9 November Italy declared war against Germany.
The USA declared war against Germany
11 November Black Day of German Force (Revolution in German Army)
18 January German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II flew to Holland.
28 June
Peace term signed in France
Peris Peace Conference began.
Versailles Treaty was signed at Versailles Palace, and the First World
War formally ended.

Activities

(1) Conflicts, small or big, are natural in human society. However, we should not
let them cause serious harm. It is necessary to settle them on time. How can
we manage different kinds of conflicts before they have an adverse impact on
our life and relationship with others? Discuss with your friends and present the
conclusion in the classroom.

(2) Complete the following table, copy it on a chart paper and display it in the class.

Person Post Country
Otto Von Bismarck
William II
Tas Nicolas-II
Francis Joseph
Sophie Chotek
Gavrilo Princep
Archduke Francis Ferdinand

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Exercise

(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Why is the First World War also called the first modern war and total war?
(b) Which counties were in the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente groups?
(c) Why was the Black Hand Society formed?
(d) What was the demand of Francis Joseph that King Peter didn’t accept?
(e) When did the First World War start?
(f) When did the USA declare war against Germany?

(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) How did groupism among European countries cause the First World War?
(b) Write any four differences between nationalism and extreme nationalism.
(c) Explain the immediate cause of the First World War.
(d) Complete the following table and construct a timeline to show the events.

Major Events of the World War I (1914-1918)

Date Events
1st August, 1914 AD Germany declared war against Russia
Britain declared war against Germany
15th October, 1915 AD
Versailles Treaty was signed

(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) Introduce the First World War? What were its causes? Describe its six major
causes.
(b) Write about the World War's major events -I in your own words based on the
war network map given in the lesson.

Community Work

Draw an outline map of the world in an A4 size paper and indicate Allis and
Axis powers' countries with different colours.

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Lesson Consequences of the
7.10 First World War

Engage Yourself

Have you ever heard about any conflict or war without any destruction? Why do the
wars happen though they are destructive? World War-I was fought for more than four
years and ended in 1919 formally. It was a more destructive war till that period. It had
unprecedented loss of life and properties, humiliation to Germany and some negative and
positive changes as its consequences.
(1) What were the major consequences of world War-I?
(2) How can we minimise the occurrence of conflict in society?
(3) What was the role of Nepalis in the First World War?

The First World War was one of the most disastrous and horrible wars in human
history. It was called the Great War because it affected people on every continent.
It was supposed to be the "War to End All Wars." Instead, it set the stage for World
War II thirty years later. It caused heavy casualties, increased war crimes and
disturbed territorial integrity. In fact, it caused more damage than any other war
before it. Germany and Russia suffered the most, and both countries lost almost
two million men in battle.

Large sections of land, especially in France and Belgium, were completely destroyed.
Fighting turned buildings, bridges and railroad lines into ruin. Chemicals and gun
shells made farming land unusable for years to come. During the First World War,
the weapons used were also more advanced than any previous war, using tanks,
submarines, poison gas, aeroplanes, and long-range missiles.

The First World War has often been called “a war with many causes but no objectives.”

Some major consequences of the war are summarised below.

(1) Unprecedented Loss of Life and Properties: Loss of life and properties after First
World War
It is estimated that the First World War cost more
than 3 billion 36 million pounds. Poverty would have
been eliminated from the world if this amount was
invested in the development work. More than 65
million people were involved in this war directly. It
killed 9.2 million soldiers, wounded 29 million, and
left 7 million disabled. Another 10 million civilians
died. Germany and France each lost 80 % of their
male population aged between 15 and 49.

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Altogether, 36 countries were involved in the war directly, and many other nations
participated indirectly. It destroyed an unimaginable amount of property. Many
huge buildings, industries, bridges, hospitals and beautiful cities were destroyed.
Technically, the Allied Powers won. But they didn’t gain anything and were
burdened with heavy debt.

(2) Versailles Treaty and Seed of the Second Versailles Palace
World War: Versailles treaty was signed between
Germany and Allies on 28th June, 1919 AD in the
Versailles Palace of France. This ended the First
World War formally. This treaty is one-sided that
humiliated Germany as it accused Germany of the
war crime. According to the treaty, Germany had to
lose 13% of its land.

Some major provisions of the treaty are as given below.

a. War Crime: The Versailles treaty declared Germany the war criminal. According
to article 231 of the treaty, Germany was forced to take sole responsibility for
the war.

b. Territorial Loss: Germany had to give its land to various countries, as mentioned
below.

Alsace and Lorraine to France.
European - Malmedy to Belgium.
Memel city to the new Baltic state, Lithuania,
North Schleswig to Denmark
Posen, Prussia and upper Silesia to Poland.
Saar and Danzing were kept under the control of the League of Nations.
All its colonies to the Allies.

c. Demilitarisation: The Versailles treaty compelled Germany to withdraw its
army from Rhineland. The German army had to work under the Allies for 15
years.

German army was reduced to one hundred thousand, and new recruitment
was prohibited in the Germany army.

Germany was not allowed to deploy more than six warships.

Germany was forbidden to manufacture weapons, arms, ammunition,
tanks and warships.

d. War Compensation: Germany had to pay gold and other compensation worth
660 million pounds to the Allies power as compensation.

Saar coal production area had to be given to France for 15 years.

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(3) The Downfall of Monarchical Feudalism and the Establishment of
Republicanism: After the First World War, the absolute monarchy system in
European countries such as Germany, Austria, Russia, Finland got collapsed. The
republican system in many countries replaced the monarchical system.

(4) The Emergence of New Nations: New nations such as Albania, Poland,
Finland, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia emerged on the world map after the First
World War. Their emergence changed the political map of the world.

(5) Rise of Dictatorship: Due to the destruction during the war, there was an
economic depression in the world. Some powerful leaders promised their people to
tackle it. They got people's support as they were successful in tackling the economic
crisis to some extent. Such leaders turned into dictators. Nazi ruler Adolf Hitler in
Germany, Fascist leader Benito Mussolini in Italy, Francisco Franco in Spain rose
as dictators after the First World War. They remained in power by exploiting the
people and murdering their opponents.

(6) Worldwide Economic Crisis: There was an economic crisis in Europe after
the First World War. The war badly affected agriculture and industries. There
was a scarcity of capital investment. Therefore, the world suffered from famine,
unemployment, economic crisis and price hiking. The extreme economic crisis
faced by the European nation in the 1930s was the result of the First World War.

(7) Establishment of League of Nations: League of Nations was an association
of countries established as the significant result of World War -I. It was created to
promote international cooperation and achieve international peace and security.
It was established with the initiation of US president Woodrow Wilson on 10th
January, 1920 AD. However, America itself was never its member. Its headquarter
was in Geneva, and it worked as an umbrella organisation to all in the world.

Not every country joined the League. It had only 63 nations of the world as its
members. Nepal, for example, was never its member. Others that had joined later
quit and League often failed to take action. Though it didn't get succeeded, the
League ignited a dream for a universal organisation. The League was formally
dispersed on 19th April, 1946 AD and its powers and functions had been transferred
to the United Nations.

Social Changes

Most of the European nations had imposed compulsory army training during the
First World War. When men were involved in the war, women were often doing
what had previously been considered men's work solely. They participated in all
activities and worked in factories, shops, offices, hospitals and schools. It became
easier now for them to find their work in industry and business, as their traditional
barriers were removed. They worked hand in hand with men. They became
conscious of their rights and began claiming for them. Years later, the women's

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right movement began to take place in Europe, and they were granted voting and
other rights. Most of the nations involved in the war granted women the right to
vote for the first time shortly after the war ended.

The Role of Nepali Army in the First World War

Nepal was a neutral country in the First World War. However, Nepali soldiers
participated in the world war from the side of Britain because of a good relationship
between Rana rulers and British rulers. Chandra Shumsher, the then Rana Prime
Minister, sent 7500 Nepali soldiers under the leadership of Babar Shumsher.

Later, additional troops were sent under the leadership of Padma Shumsher, Tej
Shumsher, and Kesher Shumsher. The new recruitment in the Nepali army was
continued to help Britain in the war. Nepal also assisted Britain with a cash amount
of one million pounds. About 16,544 Nepali soldiers fought the First World War to
support Great Britain. Nepali soldiers exhibited bravery in different battlefields of
Europe, Asia, and Africa. They impressed even their enemies. The enemies highly
praised their bravery and honesty. The German keiser William II had commented
on the Nepali soldiers saying, "I can send my army to fight against any troops of
the world, but my heart shivers when I hear the name of the Gurkhas."

Britain had awarded some of the Nepali soldiers with 'Victoria Cross' and the
'Military Cross' for their selfless contribution and outstanding demonstration in
the war. Prime Minister Chandra Shumsher was honoured with the title of General
of the British Army for his contribution. Nepal received a sum of 10 lakhs rupees
annually from the British East India company.

Activities

(1) The following data is the number of soldiers who died during the First World
War from different countries. Construct a bar-chart in a chart paper to show
the given statistic and display it in the class.

Countries No. of deaths of soldiers
Italy 6,50,000
Germany 17,73,000
Bulgaria 8,75,000
USA 1,16,516
Romania 3,35,000

(2) Find the photos and other information about the dictators in Germany, Italy
and Spain from different sources and write their short biographies. Then,
share among the friends in the class.

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Exercise

(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) When did the First World War end?
(b) How many people were killed in the First World War?
(c) Which article of the Versailles treaty declared Germany a war criminal?
(d) Who is the initiator for establishment of the League of Nation?
(e) How do you feel after reading this statement? “I can send my army to fight
against any troops of the world, but my heart shivers when I hear the name
of the Gurkhas.”

(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) “The Versailles treaty sowed the seed of revenge in Germany” Justify the
statement.
(b) Make a list of clauses of the Versailles treaty related to military restriction in
Germany.
(c) “Problem cannot be solved by taking revenge." Explain the statement with
reference to the First World War.
(d) How is the First World War one of the most disastrous and horrible wars in
human history? Justify your answer with reasons.
(e) What is a dictatorship? How did World War-I give its birth in European
countries? Write with examples.
(f) Write about the social changes as the effects of World War-I.

(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) Make a list of the consequences of the First World War and write about any
two of them briefly.
(b) Compose a dialogue between a teacher and students about Nepal's role in
the First World War and its benefits for Nepal.

Project Work

Write a short poem on the title, " If I were a German student at the time of
Versailles Treaty……"

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Lesson Causes of the
7.11 Second World War

Engage Yourself

Do you know someone who often repeats his or her mistakes? What do you feel when
you meet such people? Why do some people repeat their mistakes although they create
trouble? The world had repeated the mistake of fighting a world war again after two
decades of the end of World War-I. World War -II was more destructive than the First
World War as more advanced weapons were used in this war.
(1) What were the main causes of World War-II?
(2) Which of them is the most responsible one?
(3) What were major events that took place during the World War-II?

The Second World War started on 1st September, 1939 AD and ended on 12th
September, 1945 AD. It spread worldwide, causing a huge loss of lives and
properties. This war is known as the Second World War in the history of the world.
This war was fought between two hostile groups. Germany, Japan, Spain, and
Italy had an alliance called Axis power. Similarly, Britain, America, France, and
the USSR were in another alliance called Allied Power.

The Major Causes of the Second World War

1. Violation of Versailles’s Treaty by Germany: The treaty signed between the
Allies and Germany at Versailles palace of France on 28th June, 1919 AD is
known as the Versailles Treaty. This treaty was signed to end the First World
War. This treaty was a one-sided treaty that extremely humiliated Germany.
Germany was compelled to follow the terms of the treaty. At the time of signing
the treaty, The German Times, a daily newspaper, published the news under
the heading, "VENGEANCE GERMAN NATION. Today a calumnious treaty
will be signed in a glass mansion. Don't forget it." This developed the feeling
of revenge among the Germans from the beginning. Unexpectedly, there was
the rise of Hitler in a short period in Germany. He started breaching the terms
of the Versailles treaty. He extended military power and established arms
manufacturing industries. German soldiers were sent back to Rhineland in
1936 AD. These activities of Hitler paved the way for World War-II.

2. Rise of Dictators: The First World War ended causing acute economic crisis
and unemployment problems in the world. This led to frustration among the
people in many countries. The citizens of European countries were in search
of such supreme leaders who could handle the nation as per their sentiment.
Amidst such a situation, Adolf Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy,

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General Francisco Franco in Spain and Joseph Stalin in Russia came into
power with the slogans of extreme nationalism.

General Francisco Franco Joseph Stalin Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini

Once they came into power, they started to practise dictatorship. They spread
up militarism and the demonstration of weapons. They did so to warn and
challenge other countries. They also spread the slogan of ultra-nationalism.
Hitler aroused a sense of patriotism and assured for the reunification of Germany
as in the past. He competed in the election of the German parliament held in
1933 AD. His National Socialist (Nazi) Party won the election with majority
seats. Hence, Hitler became the Chancellor in the German parliament. He
suspended the constitution, took all country's power into his hand and ruled as
a dictator. He made it mandatory for all German youth to join military service.
This made democracy weaker in the world. Thus, the rise of dictators became
one of the causes of the Second World War.

3. Fear of Communism and the Policy of Appeasement: While the First

World War was being fought, there was a revolution in Russia in 1917 AD.

It was called the October Revolution. This revolution

is also called Bolshevik Revolution as Bolshevik Party

leader Vladimir Lenin led it. After this revolution,

communism was established in Russia. Russia made

good progress through this system in a short period

of time. This also influenced the European countries.

Britain and France were not satisfied. Britain was

afraid of losing its supremacy. Thus, Britain adopted the

policy of appeasement, wishing the alliance of Germany

to attack Russia so that it would lose its power. France Vladimir Lenin

supported Britain in this case.

4. Unholy Alliance of the Nation: In order to stop the spread of communism

in Europe, Germany signed a treaty with Japan in 1936 AD called the Anti-

Comintern Pact. Italy joined the pact in 1937 AD. It was then called the Rome-

Berlin-Tokyo Axis. Japan wanted to stop the spread of communism in China

through the Axis. These countries in Axis took the imperialism policy and

started to extend their empire. Japan invaded Manchuria of China. USA,

France, and Britain did not pay attention to their invasion, thinking that

they will stop the spread of communism in the world. But these countries

in Axis continued to fulfil their interest in threatening the world. Therefore,

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the countries such as France, Britain, Romania, Yugoslavia and the USA also
formed another group for their security. Soon after the group was formed,
Russia joined them. Then, the Second World War began.

5. Spanish Civil War: There was a civil war in Spain in 1936 AD fought between
the Republicans and the Conservatives. General Francisco Franco mobilised
the army to suppress the movement. Italy and Germany supported him. It
was a golden opportunity for Germany and Italy to test their military power
and ability of weapons. Franco got the victory in war and joined the anti-
communist alliance of Germany. This encouraged the countries of Axis power.
Then, the Second World War broke out.

6. Failure of the League of Nation: League of Nation was an international
organisation established on 10th January, 1920 AD. The major aims of this
organisation were to settle disputes among the countries and maintain peace
and security in the world. US President Woodrow Wilson was the initiator
for its establishment. But, America itself did not take its membership.
Other permanent members started to invade other countries violating their
principles and policy. Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 AD. It also gave up
membership of League of Nation in 1933 AD. Italy also invaded Ethiopia in
1936 AD. Germany, another powerful country, also quit League of Nation
membership. It also invaded Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 AD, and
1939 AD respectively. Russia captured Finland. The League of Nation could
neither control its members nor take any action against their act. Finally, the
failure of the League of Nation led to the Second World War.

7. Economic Crisis: After the end of the First World War, there was a severe
economic crisis in the world. Poverty increased, agricultural production
decreased, and industries were almost closed. The people were victimised by
problems such as unemployment, inflation and shortage of food. This made the
life of people more difficult. Such difficulties increased the dissatisfaction and
frustration among the people. Similarly, the unemployed youths joined the
military and armament. This finally caused the Second World War.

8. Immediate Cause (Attack on Poland by Germany): According to the
Versailles Treaty, two important territories of Germany, Danzig and Polish
Corridor, were given to Poland. Germany wanted to reach the Baltic sea
through these places. Therefore, Hitler demanded these two territories from
Poland. But Poland refused to return the territories. At the same time, Hitler
signed a treaty with Russia on 23rd August, 1939 AD. This is called Nazi-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact. They made an agreement not to attack each other for ten
years. They also agreed to divide Poland and annex its parts in their country.
On 1st September, 1939 AD, Germany made a sudden attack on Poland from
both air and land. This sudden attack was called “Blitzkrieg” in Germany and
“Lightening War” in English. On the same day, the Second World War started.

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Main Events of the Second World War with Dates

Year in A.D. Day and Month Events

1939 1 September Germany attacked Poland, and the Second World War
commenced.

3 September Britain and France declared war against Germany as it
refused to stop the war against Poland.

1940 9 April Germany attacked Denmark and Norway.

30 April Japan joined the Second World War, siding Axis power.

10 May Germany attacked Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg.

17 May Germany attacked France.

10 June Italy declared war against Britain and France.

10 July Britain started to take part in the war.

28 October Italy attacked Greece.

1941 6 April Germany attacked Yugoslavia and Greece

21 April Greece surrendered

22 June Germany attacked Russia

1 September Italy attacked Egypt

7 December Japan attacked American ships at Pearl Harbour.

8 December The USA declared war against Axis Powers countries such
as Japan, Germany and Italy

1942 27 February Ocean War at Java

4 May Battle of Coral Ocean

4 June Battle of Midway

1943 3 September Italy surrendered to the Allies (but it was made public on 8th
September, 1943)

1944 25 August United force of Allied nations such as Britain, Russia and
France freed Paris captured by Germany. Germany suffered
a great loss.

1945 17 January Russia invaded Warsaw of Poland

12 April Death of US president Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S
Truman elected as the US president.

28 April Mussolini murdered

30 April Hitler and his beloved Eva Braun committed suicide

7 May Germany surrendered at Rheims

6 August America dropped an atom bomb named Little boy on
Hiroshima, Japan.

9 August America dropped the second atom bomb named Fat man
on Nagasaki.

12 September Japan surrendered, and World War II came to an end.

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Activities

(1) Japan and Italy fought the First World War from Allied Power, but they joint
Axis power in the Second World War. Search the reasons from different
sources and discuss them in the class.

(2) How did the American policy of neutrality cause the Second World War?
Discuss in the class to find the answer.

(3) When a journalist asked the great scientist Albert Einstein what kind of
weapons would be used in the Third World War, he replied, "I don't know
about the Third World War, but if the Fourth World War takes place, stone
weapons will be used." What is the meaning of his reply?

Exercise

(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Which counties fought from the Axis power in World War-II?
(b) Name the dictators in Germany and Italy who ruled before World War-II.
(c) What do you mean by the policy of appeasement?
(d) Name the countries of the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis.
(e) When did Japan give up the membership of the League of Nations?
(f) When did the USA join the Second World War?

(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) Do you think that there wouldn't have been a Second World War if the
Versailles Treaty were fair? Justify your answer.
(b) Why is the rise of dictators a major cause of the Second World War?
(c) “Hitler’s nature and activities are responsible for causing the Second World
War.” Justify.
(d) Introduce the League of Nations in your own words and explain why its
failure was responsible for causing the Second World War.

(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) What are the main causes of the Second World War? Explain any two of
them.
(b) Explain the role of Britain, Russia and France in causing the Second World
War.

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Lesson Consequences of
7.12 the Second World War

Engage Yourself

Do you think fighting each other is good? How do you convince the people not to fight
each other giving example of first and Second World Wars? While comparing the first
and Second World Wars, the Second World War is more destructive than the first one. It
also has more negative impacts in the world. It is good to realise that the war never ends
without destruction.
(1) What are the major consequences of the Second World War?
(2) What should people and countries do to prevent such destructive wars in future?
(3) What was the role of Nepalis in the Second World War?

The Second World War began on 1st September, 1939 AD after Germany attacked
Poland. In the beginning of the war, Germany achieved great success. It defeated
countries of Allies power such as France, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Denmark,
Norway, Belgium and the Netherlands. Similarly, Japan also had supremacy over
the East. It invaded east and southeast Asia and reached up to India. America
requested to stop the invasion. But Japan refused to do so. Japan attacked Pearl
Harbour, Hawaii island of America on 7th December, 1941 AD. Then, America
joined the Second World War from the side of Allies power. It declared war against
Axis power on 8th December, 1941 AD. The Axis power countries were becoming
weaker as they had already fought a long war. They had to fight with the newly
joined powerful country, America.

Germany surrendered on 8 May, 1945 AD after Hitler committed suicide. Germany
was also divided into West Germany and East Germany. Japan alone continued war
against 44 countries. America dropped Atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
on 6th and 9th August, 1945 AD, respectively. Finally, Japan surrendered to the
Allies on 12th September, 1945 AD, and the Second World War came to an end.

The Major Consequences of the Second World War

1. Unprecedented Loss of Lives and Properties: The Second World War
was more disastrous than the First World War. Many advanced and sophisticated
weapons were used. Most destructive bombs like atom bombs were dropped. Millions
of people were killed. An estimate shows that 22 million people were killed, and
34 million people were injured. About 1100 billion dollars was spent in the war.
Many developed cities, industries and factories were destroyed. Cultivable land
converted into the desert. Many people became homeless. They became refugees.

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2. Polarisation and Cold War: The countries of the world became weak in
terms of economic and military power after the Second World War. But America
and Russia emerged as the most powerful countries. America made great economic
progress by supplying war equipment to the European countries during the war.
On the other hand, Russia had huge military power. Therefore, it could spread its
political influence in the world.

These two countries were different in political ideology. America was a capitalist
country, and just the opposite of it, Russia was a communist country. They started
criticising each other. Because of their influence in the world, polarisation started
into two blocks, i.e. communist and capitalist. Russia led the communist block,
and America led the capitalist block. They did not declare war against each other.
However, they started an unhealthy competition. Thus, the cold war started in the
world between these two powerful countries. This remained up to 1989 AD.

3. Establishment of Competitive Organisations in the Name of Economic
Reconstruction: The Western European countries and America established the
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in 1949 AD. This organisation was
established to check the spread of communism in Europe. It also aimed to promote
mutual defence and collective security. On the other hand, Russia established the
Warsaw Pact Organisation in 1955 AD. It was established in Warsaw, the capital
of Poland. Russia and the countries of Eastern Europe joined this organisation.

After the end of the Second World War, European countries needed to be
reconstructed promptly. But they did not have economic resources for it. Then,
American President Truman made an announcement to give economic assistance
to the 'free people'. This is popularly known as the Truman Doctrine. The main
aim of this was to stop the spread of communism in Europe. Very soon, the US
secretary of State, George Marshall prepared a plan to provide economic aid to the
European countries in the capitalist block. This is known as the Marshall Plan.
America spent about twelve and half-billion dollars on the Marshall Plan to build
European economy.

Similarly, Russia also established an organisation to provide economic assistance
to the member countries of the Warsaw Pact, called 'Council for Mutual Economic
Aid (COMECON)'. This organisation was established under the leadership of
Molotov, the foreign minister of Russia. Therefore, COMECON is also called
Molotov's Plan. Such competitive organisations supported European countries for
their reconstruction after the Second World War.

4. End of Colonialism and Wave of National Movement: Imperialistic
countries of Europe such as Britain and France, became weak after the Second
World War. They could not control their colonies. Then, the national movement
against colonialism spread in Asia and Africa. The colonised countries such
as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Egypt got independence from the British
Empire. Similarly, the French colonies such as Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos got

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independence. This encouraged people to fight against the undemocratic system for
establishing democracy. Thus, the wave of the national movement took place all
over the world.

5. Establishment of the United Nation Organisation (UNO): When the

Second World War was going on, the leading countries' heads were trying to stop

the war. They had several meetings to discuss permanent peace in the world. The

Allied countries had a meeting in London on 12th

June, 1941 AD. The meeting issued a declaration

appealing for the end of the war and enhancement

of world peace and cooperation. This is known

as the London Declaration. After three months,

Franklin Roosevelt, American President and

Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister,

met on a warship in the Atlantic Ocean on 14th

August 1941. They discussed the measures for UNO's headquarter

restoring permanent peace and security in the

world. Finally, they signed a treaty to establish a world organisation to fulfil its

mission. This was known as the Atlantic Charter.

Likewise, many meetings were conducted, and declarations were made for
establishing a peacekeeping organisation in the world. Finally, the representatives
of 50 countries had a meeting in San Francisco from 25th April to 26th June, 1945
AD and signed the Charter of the United Nations Organisation. Later, Poland
signed on the charter. After signed by 51 countries on the charter, the United
Nations Organisation was established formally on 24th October, 1945 AD.

6. Establishment of Non-Aligned Movement: The Non-Aligned Movement

is an international organisation. It was founded in 1961 AD by

the neutral countries that were not formally aligned with any

major power block that existed after the Second World War. The

founder members of the organisation were Jawaharlal Nehru

of India, Sukarno of Indonesia, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia,

Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. non-alignment
This organisation was formed based on the Panchasheel, a set of movement
five principles. The five principles are:

Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.

Mutual non-aggression.

Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs.

Equality and mutual benefit.

Peaceful co-existence

Initially, it had only five members. It has 120 members till 2021 AD. It has become
the second-largest organisation after UNO to include the countries of the world.

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Role of Nepal in the Second World War

Nepal did not take part directly in the Second World War. However,
it participated in the war on behalf of Britain like in the First
World War. Juddha Shumsher, the then Prime Minister, had sent
8000 Nepali soldiers to India under the leadership of Bahadur
Shumsher. Britain recruited one lakh Nepalese in India during
the war. Altogether two lakhs and fifty thousand Nepali soldiers Victoria Cross
participated in the war. Among them, 7544 Nepali youths were
killed and had disappeared. Similarly, 23,655 got injured in the war. Nepal had a
huge loss of Nepali youths in the war. The Nepalese fought in the war bravely and
achieved the title of 'Brave Gorkhali.'

Nepali soldiers fought against

Germany and Japan on behalf

of the British Government. They

fought in Cyprus, Greece, Syria,

Lebanon, Italy, Palestine, Iraq,

Singapore, Malaya, and Burma.

They demonstrated bravery,

honesty and dedication in the

war and impressed British and

opponent armies. Being happy,

Britain awarded Juddha Shumsher

with the full honorary designation King Birendra and Victoria Cross
Winners from Nepal
of 'General of the British Army.'
British Government provided lump-

sum rupees of 3 crores and 33 lakhs

to Nepal as a mark of her gratitude. Britain also promised to continue paying one

lakh rupees to Nepal, which had been paid from the First World War. Some of the

Nepali soldiers were also awarded supreme medals of Britain, ‘Victoria Cross’ and

‘Military Cross.’ The Nepali soldiers who participated in the war could experience

the development of democracy. Then, they helped in the mass revolution to end the

Rana rule in Nepal.

Activities

(1) "The cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, were destroyed not by America but by
the atomic power." Discuss in the class and note down the best ideas brought
into the discussion.

(2) Draw an outline map of the world, and locate the countries involved in the
Second World War and the places where major events took place in it.

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Exercise

(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Why did the USA join Allies Power in World War -II?
(b) What do you mean by cold war?
(c) When was the United Nations Organisation formed?
(d) Who signed the Atlantic Charter?
(e) Why did Germany surrender during the war?

(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) Evaluate the loss of lives and properties in World War-II in your own words.
(b) What do you mean by polarisation? How did polarisation take place after
World War-II?
(c) Write key differences between the Marshall Plan and Molotov's Plan.
(d) How did colonialism end after World War-II? Explain your answer.
(e) Why did Hitler commit suicide? Give your logic in four points.
(f) Write about the formation of the United Nation Organisations in brief.
(g) What is Panchasheel? List out the principles included in it?
(h) How do discussion and understanding help to pacify the war? Explain your
answer in four points.

(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) Compare the causes and consequences of the first and Second World Wars
and write your opinion in a short paragraph by analysing the facts.
(b) Write about the involvement of Nepali in the world wars. Would Nepal have
involved if there were no Rana rulers in Nepal? Why or why not? Write your
opinion in four points.

Community Work

"It is said that no power of the nation has a permanent enemy or friend in
politics." Meet a historian or educated person near your school or house and
request him or her to evaluate the background of First and Second World
Wars, hostile alliances of the countries and their effects. Then, prepare a short
report of your studies on the following titles

Tittle Objectives Findings Conclusion

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Lesson Research, Identification,
Preservation, and Promotion of
7.13

Historical Sites and Monument

Engage Yourself

Have you ever conducted any formal research till now? What were your objectives and
findings? What did you feel while writing the report of your research work? It is our duty
to identify, preserve and promote historical sites and monuments. Therefore, we should
practise having research on such important things in our locality. We need to explore the
important historical, religious, cultural and archaeological sites in our locality. This helps
us to develop our practical skills of knowing the facts in the locality and share formally.
We should develop the habit of finding important things in our area and advertise by
writing reports with our findings. Thus, research skill is very important to explore
important things of our locality that identify us worldwide.

(1) What are the possible areas for research in your locality?
(2) Do you know a simple structure of writing a research report?
(3) What are the important historical, religious, cultural and archaeological sites in our

country?
(4) How and when do you start your research for finding important things in your areas?

Historical sites and monuments such as temples, palaces, and forts are our
national pride. Many of them are recognised as historical and cultural sites by
government and international organisations. On the other hand, many of them are
still unidentified. All of them need recognition, preservation and protection. It is
the official responsibility of the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation,
Department of Archaeology and local bodies to find out the places of historical,
cultural, religious and archaeological importance. These bodies have been working
to fulfil their responsibility in this regard. Similarly, it is our duty to help the
authority to identify, preserve, and promote such historical sites and monuments.

If we understand their value, their significance goes high. There should be
systematic research to identify those sites and monuments. We should organise an
educational excursion to such places and write an excursion report to inform other
people about them. Here is a model of excursion report writing on the following
headings.

(a) Title and Introduction (b) Objectives (c) Methods of the study

(d) Findings (e) Conclusion

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Lumbini: A Historical and Religious Site of Nepal

Introduction

Social Studies is a multidimensional subject

with multidisciplinary subject matters. We learn

various things based on the concept, 'Learning

by doing’ in Social Studies. We obtain real

knowledge through research and interaction in

society. It also develops the habit of integration in

society. Taking the classroom to the community

and bringing the community in the classroom Lumbini Area
is one of the main methodologies used in Social

Studies teaching. Keeping all these things in

mind, we, the students in grade 10 of Namuna Ma. Vi. Kaski had visited Lumbini

along with Social Studies subject teachers. We were 36 students and 4 teachers

in this excursion. This excursion was organised in the context of the identification

and preservation of historical and religious heritages in Nepal mentioned in our

curriculum. This excursion report is prepared based on our visit to Lumbini on 27th

Ashoj, 2076 BS.

Lumbini is an important historical and religious place in Nepal. It is an important
Buddhist pilgrimage site located in the Rupandehi district of Nepal. Siddhartha
Gautam, the founder of Buddhism, was born in this place in about 563 BC. The
Lumbini area is one of the heritage sites enlisted in the World Heritage Site in 1997
AD. There are many important things such as the Mayadevi Temple, monasteries,
Ashoka Pillar, museum, monuments, holy pond and Lumbini International
Research Institute.

Objectives

(1) General Objective: We organised this excursion to find out the historical
importance, the present physical status of all concerned things and suggest the
concerned authority to preserve, and promote the Lumbini area.

(2) Specific Objectives: Our specific objectives were as follow.

a. To find out the historical importance of Lumbini.
b. To know the present status of the Lumbini area.
c. To suggest for protection and promotion of this heritage site.

Methodology

In order to meet our objectives, we collected information about Lumbini from
different primary and secondary sources and prepared an excursion report based
on the collected information.

(1) Methodologies Applied to Collect Information from Primary Source:
We prepared a questionnaire and interviewed the people around the Lumbini area,
historians, and concerned authority of the heritage site. We observed different

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monuments, monasteries, and other things within the heritage site to find out
their physical condition.

(2) Methodologies applied to collect information from the secondary
source: We studied various books, articles, brochures, and newspapers that

contained information about Lumbini Area.

After we collected various information about Lumbini Area, we tabulated the
obtained data and wrote a report analysing the collected data.

Findings

(a) Historical Importance of Lumbini: Lumbini is the birthplace of Siddhartha
Gautam, the founder of Buddhism. Therefore, it is a famous pilgrimage of
Buddhists. Queen Mayadevi gave birth to Siddhartha Gautam on her way to her
parent's home, Dev Daha. Emperor Ashoka visited Lumbini on the occasion of the
20th years of his coronation and constructed a stone pillar in 249 BC. He inscribed
in Brahmi script on this pillar as "Idaho Buddha Jate" (Buddha was born at this
place). It is said that Mayadevi took a bath in Puskarini Pond before giving birth
to Buddha, and Buddha was first cleaned in the same pond.

(b) Present Status of Lumbini Area: The Lumbini area is an attraction for
tourists. There are many important places in this area, such as the Mayadevi
Temple, Puskarini Pond, Ashoka Pillar and many monasteries. Countries like
Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and
Germany have constructed monasteries in this area. Pitched road, guest houses,
library, and Gumbas within the Lumbini area have made Lumbini an important
tourist destination. The UN Secretary-General U Thant of Burma had made an
official visit in 1967 AD. This visit gave adequate media average to the foreign
audience. Ashoka Pillar is protected by a small fence. The fence is decorated with
prayer flags and banners.

(c) Suggestion for the Protection and Promotion of Lumbini Area: Lumbini
is an important heritage site of Nepal. It is our identity, national pride and
glory. It has great religious, cultural, archaeological and historical value. It is
our responsibility to safeguard and promote this area. Therefore, the following
suggestions can be given as measures to protect and promote the Lumbini area.

Some structures in the Lumbini area should be renovated in the same original
style.

The wider exposer of the site should be done through publicity within and
outside the country.

International level Buddhists conferences and summits should be conducted
in this area.

The visitor flow should be managed properly.
The management of environmental sanitation should be done.
There must be public participation for the protection of this site.
There must be proper attention to the protection of the environment, security

management and the protection of valuable items on the site.
Gautam Buddha International Airport should be constructed soon.

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Conclusion

The Lumbini area is an important religious and historical site of Nepal. Mayadevi
Temple, Puskarini Pond, Ashoka Pillar and many monasteries are the sources
of history, the centre of belief, a sacred place for Buddhists and a symbol of our
national identity. This site helps us to introduce our country to the globe. Therefore,
we must help the concerned authority with its promotion and protection.

Activities

(1) In the course of your study in school, you might have organised an educational
tour. How did you plan for the excursion? Prepare a sample plan for an excursion,
including the following headings.
(a) Need identification for the excursion
(b) Pre-excursion preparation plan
(c) Work division among the participating students and teachers
(d) Plan for reviewing the achievements.

(2) Explore an important historical, religious, cultural and archaeological site in
your locality and share your experience in your classroom.

Exercise

(1) Give very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What do you mean by an archaeological object?
(b) Why is report writing important? Write in one or two sentences.
(c) What part should be written after objectives in a simple excursion report?
(d) Name the two main sources of data in research.

(2) Give short answers to the following questions.
(a) Why should we protect and promote the heritage of our locality? Write your
opinion in four points.
(b) Prepare a news article for a daily newspaper describing about everyone’s
responsibility in the protection and promotion of the historical site.
(c) Write in brief about an important historical site of your district.
(d) There is a debate whether the historical and cultural places are to be
restructured in antique style or in modern style. Which side do you support?
Why?

(3) Give long answers to the following questions.
(a) You might have visited any historical site in the course of the educational
tour organised by your school. Prepare a short report of your tour on the
following headings
Title/Introduction Objectives Methodology
Findings Conclusion
(b) What do you mean by historical sites? Explain the social and economic
importance of the historical sites in brief with examples.

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Unit Economic Activities

8

Introduction

People living in our society are involved in various activities of making, providing, purchasing,
or selling goods or services. The study of such economic activities in society is known as
economics. It is the study of the way in which economies work, for example, the way in
which they make money and produce and distribute goods and services.
We study various economic activities that are being conducted and can be conducted
in our country in this unit. We are also going to learn about various topics that assist in
the conduction of such financial activities. The major topics related to economic activities
are tourism, energy, foreign employment, cooperatives, financial education, financial
instruments, insurance, revenue, and tax. We are going to study their importance,
prospects, types, impacts, challenges, problems, and measures to solve them in this unit.
Likewise, we study the current periodical plan of our country along with its need, long-
term vision, national goal, national objectives and national strategies. At the end of this
unit, there is a lesson named Consumers’ Rights. At first glance, this lesson may seem to
be a lesson related to civic sense as the constitution of Nepal has declared consumer right
as a fundamental right of every citizen. However, it is related to our day to day economic
activities of purchasing goods and services.

Learning Outcomes

On the completion of this unit, the students will be able to:

• mention the objectives, programmes, strategies and importance of the current plan;

• mention the importance, areas and possibility of tourism industry in Nepal;

• explain the use of water resources and the importance of energy;

• mention the importance, potential and challenges of foreign employment in Nepal's
economy;

• get acquainted with the concept of banks and cooperatives and to use them in future;

• be familiar with financial instruments; and

• get general information about insurance3,2t7axes, revenue and consumer rights.
Vedanta
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Sanothimi, Bhaktapur

Lesson

8.1 Current Plan

Engage Yourself

Do you have the habit of making plans before doing any work? Do you know the meaning
of 'look before you leap' and 'cut your coat according to your cloth'? We all need to develop
the habit of pre-planning before doing any work. Pre-plans can set guidelines for us and
help to achieve targeted goals by mobilising available means and reasons. Similarly, our
country also makes periodical development plans for its overall development. They help
to decide the best way of using human and financial resources. The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal
Year 2019/20 – 2023/24) is our country's ongoing periodical development plan.
(1) What is economic planning? What are its features and objectives?
(2) What are the reasons for periodical plan failure in Nepal? What are the measures to

solve them?
(3) What are the long-term vision, national goal, national objectives and national strategies

of the current plan?
(4) What are the major challenges and opportunities of the current plan?

Introduction

A plan is a set of things or decisions to do in order to achieve something in the
future. Likewise, planning means the act or process of making plans for something.
It refers to an idea or a detailed strategy prepared to achieve certain goals
or objectives within a specific time by utilising projected means and resources.
Similarly, economic planning is related to the economy or wealth of the nation.
It means decisions and activities of a government that are aimed at making its
economy grow and be successful. It sets guidelines for the government of a country
to control or influence the national economy. It is essentially a way of organising
and utilising economic resources to maximum advantage in terms of well-defined
socio-economic goals. It has certain visions, missions, goals, policies, priorities and
programmes for the development of the nation.

Features and Objectives of Economic Planning

The essential features of planning or economic planning are as follows:

(1) It is predetermined and has well-defined objectives or goals. Plans without
specific goals are no plans at all.

(2) It is periodic in nature. It means it is prepared for a fixed period.

(3) It focuses on optimum and rational utilisation of capital, natural and human
resources.

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(4) Its goals are to promote long-term growth, public welfare, and environmental
protection.

(5) It contributes to the achievement of specific national economic targets.

(6) It is democratic and seeks to distribute resources and means fairly.

History of Economic Planning in the World

Planned development has a short history Creation of More Self-reliance Economic
in the world. The Union of Soviet Socialist Employment and Social Growth
Republics (present-day Russia) was the first Opportunities
country to introduce a five-year plan (1928- Justice Reduction
32) for economic growth over limited periods Elimination Objectives in Income
in 1928 AD. Joseph Stalin implemented it. of Poverty of Economic Inequalities
Later, other socialist states also executed it. Improvement Planning Balanced
The Indian government adopted a five-year Increase in Regional
plan starting from the first year plan in 1951 of All Development
AD. China adopted the first five-year plan in Sectors National Modernisation
1953 AD. Income
Increase in
History of Planning in Nepal Per Capita

Income

Nepal does not have a long history of periodical planning. The National Planning
Committee was formed for planning in 1949 BS. Although the Ranas ruled Nepal
for 104 years, they did not take any considerable steps for the planned development.
However, Rana Prime Minister Juddha Shamsher had announced a 20-year plan,
which was never implemented. Economic planning was not initiated in Nepal
even after 2007 BS due to political instability, lack of clear directions and lack
of systematic plans and policies. Formal implementation for planned economic
development began in 2013 BS (1956 AD) with the implementation of the First
Five Year Plan. It marked a milestone in the history of our country.

The National Planning Commission is responsible for periodical economic planning
in our country. It assists the government in developing a national vision, periodic
plans, and development policies.

Need and Importance of Economic Planning

Every country needs to do proper economic planning for various reasons. Unless
an underdeveloped/ least developed country, like Nepal, wakes up and follows
systematic economic planning, it will be left far behind in the race of economic
well-being. The need and importance of economic planning are given below.

(1) To accelerate economic growth and raise the standard of living;

(2) To overcome poverty and remove inequalities;

(3) To develop agriculture, industries and other sectors of the economy;

(4) To reduce regional imbalance and attain a balanced development of the
economy;

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(5) To make plans for sustainable peace;
(6) To reduce employment and attain self-reliance; and
(7) To correctly allocate resources between current and future needs.

Reasons for Plans Failure in Nepal and their Solutions.

Formulation of periodical plans is not a recent phenomenon in Nepal. In fact, our
country has already formulated and completed fourteen periodical plans. The
fifteenth periodical plan is being implemented. However, many periodic plans fail
to achieve their goals or targeted achievements. The major reasons for plan failure
in Nepal, and possible ways to solve them.

Causes for Failure of Solutions
Periodical Plans in Nepal

1. Political instability and frequent 1. One government must be more
change in the government committed to complete the plans and
projects of another government.
2. Incapable political leaders
3. Formulation of impractical, outdated 2. Only capable and visionary youths and
leaders should be given priority to
and unsystematic plans and policies formulate plans and implement them.
4. Poor public participation
5. The conflict between political parties 3. Public should be made aware of taking
part in development projects of their
and stakeholders surroundings.
6. Unrealistic and unpractical framework
4. The government should focus on the
and deadline formulation of systematic and practical
7. Poor division of responsibilities plans and projects.

among concerned authorities 5. There must be a check and balance
8. Lack of punishment system for system in the implementation of plans
and projects.
incapability to finish projects in time

Review of the Fourteenth Plan (2072/73-2075/076)

The Fourteenth Plan (FY 2016/17 – 2018/19) was formulated as the first plan after
the promulgation of the constitution by the historical constituent assembly. By
becoming self-sufficient in agricultural production, medicine, and the energy sector,
this plan aimed to create an independent, advanced, and socialist-oriented national
economy. Furthermore, it was the first periodic plan to attempt to mainstream and
internalise sustainable development goals. During the development of this plan, it
was estimated that the destructive earthquake would cost the economy 700 billion
rupees. The long trade disruptions at the southern border points resulted in an
extra loss.

Here is a review of the Fourteenth Plan concerning its qualitative goals and
achievements.

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Economic, Social, and Physical Targets and Achievements of the
Fourteenth Plan

SN Indicator Base Year Target until Progress until
(2072/73) FY 2075/76 FY 2074/75
1
2 Annual average economic growth rate (%) 0.8 7.2 6.9

3 Annual average growth rate of the agriculture 1.3 4.7 4.2
sector (%)
4
5 Annual average growth rate of the non-agriculture 0.6 8.4 8.0
6 sector (%)
7
8 Annual average inflation (%) 9.5 7.5 4.6
9
10 GDP per capita (in thousands) 79.4 116.5 117.5
11
12 Population living below the poverty line (%) 21.6 17 18.7
13
14 Human Development Index (HDI) 0.54 0.57 0.579
15
16 Gender Empowerment Index 0.56 0.58 0.568

Life expectancy (at the birth, year) 69 72 69.7

Population with access to drinking water facility (%) 83.6 90 89

Net enrolment rate at the secondary level (%) 37.7 45 46

Literacy rate of 15-24 age group 88.6 92 92

Electricity generation (installed capacity, MW) 85.1 2,301 1,250

Family with access to electricity (%) 74.0 87 88

Irrigation (in 100,000 hectares) 13.9 15.2 14.7

Population with access to internet service (%) 44.4 65 65.9

Source: The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 – 2023/24)

From the fiscal year 2076/077 to 2080/81, the Fifteenth Plan has been implemented
in our country. This is a five-year plan.

The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2076/77 – 2080/81)

The current Fifteenth Plan has been formulated after six decades since the beginning
of the planned development system in Nepal. It has set a vision for achieving rapid
and balanced economic development as well as prosperity, good governance, and
happiness of the citizens. This periodic plan includes 22 ongoing national pride
projects, 18 new transformative projects, and 177 high priority projects.

Major Features of the Fifteenth Plan

National plan based on the federal system;
Formed with great participation;
Priority in infrastructure construction, information technology, agriculture,

manufacturing industries, education and health;
Provision of statistics, monitoring and evaluation and incentives;
Basic plan to achieve the idea of "Prosperous Nepal, Happy Nepali.";
State and local level guidance plan;
Aim for high economic growth; and
Emphasis on project good governance, including the concept of project bank

and transformational project.

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National Goal

The Fifteenth plan will provide a basis for achieving the long-term vision of
"Prosperous Nepal, Happy Nepali". Accordingly, this plan nationally targets at
creating a basis for upgrading Nepal to the status of a high-income country by
transforming it into a socialism-oriented welfare state with a prosperous economy,
social justice, and improved living standards.

National Objectives

(1) To build the basis of prosperity by constructing universally accessible, quality,
and modern infrastructure, increasing productive and decent employment,
achieving high, sustainable, and inclusive economic growth and poverty
alleviation.

(2) To give citizens the feeling of well-being and decent livelihood by strengthening
the federal governance system through quality health and education, a healthy
and balanced environment, social justice, and accountable public service.

(3) To protect the country's national interest, self-respect, and independence
through socio-economic transformation and building an independent national
economy.

National Strategies

(1) To achieve rapid, sustainable and employment-oriented economic growth;

(2) To ensure universal and quality health service and education;

(3) To develop internal and cross-border interconnectivity and sustainable cities/
settlements;

(4) To increase production and productivity;

(5) To provide complete, sustainable and productive social security and protection;

(6) To build a just society with socio-economic equality and poverty alleviation;

(7) To protect and mobilise natural resources along with building their resilience;
and

(8) To promote national unity and provincial balance, strengthening of public
service.

Major National Goals, Targets and Indicators

SN National goals, targets, and indicators Unit Status in Target for the
FY 2018/19 FY 2023/24
1 Economic growth rate (at the basic price) Percentage 6.8
1,047 10.3
2 Per capita Gross National Income US dollar 18.7 1,595
69.7 9.5
3 Population under the poverty line (absolute poverty) Percentage 7,794 76
20,200
4 Life expectancy (at birth) Years

5 Blacktopped national and provincial highways (up to km
2 lanes)

6 National highways (above 2 lanes, including fast km 96 1,174
tracks)

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7 Railways km 42 348

8 Families with access to electricity Percentage 88 100

9 Population with access to internet Percentage 65.9 80

10 Electricity generation (installed capacity) Megawatt 1,250 5,820

11 Expenditure per tourist (per day) US dollar 48 100

12 Human Development Index Index 0.579 0.624

13 Population living in safe housing Percentage 40 60

14 Population with access to basic drinking water facility Percentage 89 99

15 Rule of Law Index Index 0.54 0.58

Source: The Fifteenth Plan (2076/77-2080/81)

Major Challenges of the Current Plan Major Opportunities of the Current Plan
(1) To ensure rapid economic growth by (1) The country's movement towards the

building modern infrastructures and direction of economic prosperity with
quality human capital. social justice caused by institutional
(2) To end the absolute and multidimensional stability and functional governments at
poverty and to largely reduce income the federation, province, and local level.
inequality. (2) The competitive spirit is seen in the
(3) To ensure planned urbanisation, province and local level governments in
integrated and safe settlement the areas of sustainable development,
development, development of rural prosperity, and good governance.
infrastructures, increase in consumption (3) There is also a high potential for utilising
of clean energy, and development of the available demographic dividend for
information technology. the development of the country through
(4) To enhance production and productivity the formation of human capital.
through commercialisation of agriculture (4) Poverty reduction through the
and forest products and expansion of the development of the local economy as
industrial sector. well as multidimensional use of natural,
(5) To increase the quality of the service geographical, biological, environmental
sector. and socio-cultural diversities.
(6) To increase opportunities for productive (5) There is a possibility of increasing public
employment through the development investment through the expansion of the
of skilled human resources and healthy financial scope of the internal resources.
and educated citizens. (6) There is a possibility of mobilising the
(7) To avail means and resources are required necessary investment for capital formation
for the achievement of the SDGs and the through intergovernmental partnerships
gradual implementation of fundamental and public-private partnerships.
rights guaranteed by the constitution. (7) The expansion of services due to the
(8) To estimate the cost of means and development of economic, social, and
resources, their distribution, and the physical infrastructures will contribute
management of human resource and towards growth in the production and
institutional arrangements required by productivity of the economy.
the three levels of government to fulfil
their responsibilities.

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Activities

(1) How are plans formulated at the federal level? Make an inquiry and present the
findings in your class.

(2) How much attention has been paid to the inclusion aspect while formulating
plans in your family and community? Prepare a short report with the help of
your personal, familial and communal experience.

Exercise

(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What do you mean by an economic plan?
(b) Make a list of any two common objectives of economic planning.
(c) When and which nation introduced a periodical plan for the first time in the
world?
(d) When did planned periodical development begin in Nepal?
(e) Introduce the National Planning Commission in a single sentence.
(f) Which periodical plan is in operation in Nepal?

(2) Write short answers to the following questions.
(a) What is a plan? Write any three features of an economic plan.
(b) Write a brief history of economic planning in the world and Nepal.
(c) Mention the need and importance of economic planning in four points.
(d) Make a list of any four major features of the fifteenth plan.
(e) What are problems that can occur while formulating plans? Write any four of
them.

(3) Answer these questions in detail.
(a) What are the reasons behind plan failure in Nepal? Mention any three of
them and offer four ways to solve them.
(b) Give a short introduction to our current plan and mention its five strategies.
(c) Critically analyse the opportunities and challenges of the current plan in
Nepal.

Community Work

How are plans formulated in your community? Conduct a study and prepare
a report to present it in the class.

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Lesson Importance and Prospects
of Tourism Industry
8.2

Engage Yourself

When was the last time you travelled out of your village or town? Why did you travel?
Do you think you were a tourist on these occasions? As Nepal is a naturally beautiful and
culturally rich country, there is a great possibility of tourism in Nepal. There are many
popular tourist destinations in our country. Have you ever visited any of them?
(1) What is tourism? What are its types? Who are tourists?
(2) Why is tourism important in Nepal?
(3) How can you say that there is a great prospect of tourism in Nepal?
(4) What are the problems seen in the tourism industry in Nepal? What are the measures

to solve them?
(5) What are the vision, goal, objectives and strategies of the government to develop the

tourism sector in the current plan?

People who travel or visit a place for pleasure, business, adventure, trekking,
mountaineering, pilgrimage, spending holidays, research, and so on are tourists.
Likewise, the business activity concerned with providing accommodation, supplies,
services and entertainment for tourists is known as tourism. The organised industry
that provides facilities such as goods and services to tourists at different travel and
tourism stages is called the tourism industry. It is a service-oriented industry.

According to United Nation World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO, 1991), “Tourism can be defined as the
activities of a person or a group travelling to, and staying outside from their own place at least more than 24
hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and or for other purposes.”

The existing forms of tourism throughout the world are

adventure tourism, business tourism, cultural tourism,

ecotourism, medical tourism, religious tourism, space

tourism, sports tourism, wellness tourism, wildlife

tourism, and so on. Tourists usually travel to enjoy

their holidays, experience a new climate, escape from

the severe climate of their place, observe and learn the Jungle safari

new lifestyle, conduct research, do official work, visit

famous places, do trekking, do mountaineering, and so

on. The tourism industry is often regarded as an industry without chimneys. In

other words, this industry is regarded as a non-polluting industry.

Types of Tourism

We can categorise tourism as:

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(a) Domestic Tourism: Domestic tourism involves trips made by local residents
within their own countries. If a student who lives in Taplejung visits the Khaptad
region for religious purpose, it is an example of domestic tourism. It is also known
as internal tourism.

Nepal Tourism Board, the country’s tourism promotional body, estimates more than
5 million domestic tourists go around their country annually. Most of the domestic
travel happens during the Dashain and Tihar festival holidays. Local tourism has
become more popular at present as compared to the past. Nepali citizens, mainly
youths of the New generation, visit different corners of the nation for vlogging,
photography, bungee jumping, trekking, rafting, paragliding, shooting videos to
post on social media, and so on. Some of major tourism activities are mountain
climbing, trekking, paragliding, rafting, bungee jumping, mountain flight, rock
climbing, mountain biking, jungle safari, bird watching and sightseeing in Nepal.

(b) International Tourism: International tourism involves trips of people between
two countries for a certain period of time. It refers to tourism that crosses national
borders. It usually requires various formalities such as a valid visa, passport,
currency exchange, and so on. An international tourist is a person who visits Nepal
with a foreign passport and stays at least 24 hours here.

The months of September to November is Nepal’s peak tourist season for both
domestic and international travellers. Nearly one-third of foreign visitors come to
Nepal during the autumn season.

Nepal is the only country in the world that is one of the world’s great trekking paradises and one of the nicest
countries in the world for trekking.

Sir Edmund Hillary

Importance of Tourism in Nepal

Nepal’s tourism industry is regarded as a significant contributor to employment
generation and foreign exchange earnings. In fact, tourism is the most economically
potential growth sector of the Nepalese economy. For a country like Nepal, which
is blessed with an abundance of picturesque natural destinations and cultural
diversity, the tourism sector has become an important part of the national economy.
The importance of tourism in Nepal can be described in the following points.

(1) Source of Foreign Currency: Tourism is the main source of foreign currencies
in Nepal. Nepal's tourism sector has been contributing
more than Rs 80 billion worth of foreign currency to
the country’s economy. The government has kept the
development of tourism as a topmost priority as it is
the main source of foreign currency in Nepal.

(2) Development of the Cottage and Small bungee jumping
Industries: Cottage and small scale industries produce

handicrafts, paintings, etc. that attract tourists.

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When foreign tourists visit Nepal, they want to buy typical Nepali products such
as Thanka painting, ornaments, and so on produced from the cottage and small
industries, which aren't easily available here and there. Such desires of tourists
provide employment opportunities to local people and help in the promotion and
development of cottage and small industries.

(3) Creation of Employment Opportunities: The tourism industry is regarded
as a significant contributor to employment generation in Nepal. When tourists visit
our country, they need various types of services and goods. A large number of hotels,
homestays, trekking agencies, travel agencies, airlines, and rafting agencies have
been set up for their hospitality. Such institutions have been generating extensive
employment opportunities in Nepal.

(4) Promotion of Nepali Art and Culture: Nepal is a melting pot of many cultures
and religions, all co-existing in perfect harmony. A significant number of tourists
visit Nepal to observe its arts, culture, traditions, historical sites, archaeological
sites, monuments, ancient palaces and so on every year. It helps in the promotion
and preservation of our art and culture.

(5) Development of Infrastructures: Infrastructure is the key to develop a
successful tourism destination. When tourists visit any place, they need various
types of facilities such as hotels, restaurants, experienced agencies, flights, tourist
buses and so on. A country has to develop such infrastructures to improve the
living conditions of tourists and local people. Likewise, tourists are interested in
sightseeing, trekking, climbing, boating., rafting etc. These activities are related to
remote areas. In order to take tourists to remote areas, infrastructure facilities are
necessary. Thus, tourism helps to develop infrastructures.

(6) Publicity of Name and Fame of the Country: Nepal is a small country,
difficult to locate on the world map. Tourism helps to publicise the country in
different parts of the world. It helps to publicise Nepali art, skills, tradition,
cultural beauty, and hospitality to the world.

(7) Increase in Government Revenue: Tourism is an important source of
government revenue in the context of Nepal. The government earns revenue from
the tax, visa, fee, royalty, and so on. This increases government revenue.

Prospects of Tourist Development in Nepal

Nepal is well-known as a prime tourist destination in the world due to its snow-
capped mountains, abundant flora and fauna, exciting trekking routes, snow-fed
rivers and unique cultural and archaeological sites. Moreover, our country is not
only limited to its natural beauty but is also rich in cultural and religious diversity.
The variety of art, culture, geography, caste, religion, language, etc., have made it
a suitable tourist destination. Millions of people visit Nepal every year. In the fiscal
year 2018/2019, around 1 million and 197 thousand tourists arrived Nepal, and the
contribution of the tourism sector was 2.7 per cent in GDP. The tourism sector has
a high potential for the development of the Nepali economy.

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The potential for tourism development in Nepal can be mentioned as:

(1) Great Himalayan Trail: The area from Mt Kanchenjunga in the east to

Saipal Himal in the west is called the Great Himalayan Trail. It includes the

Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, the Makalu Barun National Park and the

Sagarmatha National Park. The central regions of

Langtang, Gosainkunda, and Gaurishankar Himalayas

are included in the path. Similarly, tourist destinations

of Manang, Mustang, Mugu, Dolpa, and Darchula in

the west fall also lie in this trail. The 1,700-km route

is one of the longest and highest trekking trails in the

world. The Nepal Tourism Board has recommended this

region as a tourist destination. Due to a lack of publicity Great Himalayan Trail
in the region, foreign tourist arrivals have not been as

expected.

(2) Natural Beauty: Nepal is a very attractive country in terms of natural beauty.
The mountain ranges, the scenic beauty, the variety of terrain, the caves, the
waterfalls, the lakes, and the rivers all attract foreign tourists. Therefore, a large
number of tourists come to Nepal to visit such places. This number could increase
further if our country focuses on the development of infrastructure.

(3) Historical and Religious Sites: Nepal is famous for its historical and
religious sites. It is the birthplace of Gautam Buddha and the land of temples.
Lumbini, Janakpur, Muktinath, Swargadwari, Ridi, Ugratara, Manakamana,
Pashupatinath, Krishna Temple, and Chagunnarayan are the major religious
places in our country. Similarly, the ancient palaces of the Kathmandu Valley are
considered important from the point of view of the tourist destination. Although
Nepal is a small country, UNESCO has recognised several places of Nepal as World
Heritage Sites. There are various types of historical and archaeological objects and
monuments. A large number of tourists come to observe and study them.

Lumbini Muktinath Pashupatinath

(4) Cultural Diversity: Nepal is a culturally diverse country. It is home to 125
ethnic groups with different cultures and traditions. Each ethnic group has its
own typical traditions, way of life, customs and values. There are many different
cultures, languages and dialects of various ethnic groups. Tourists visit Nepal to
observe, study and entertain such festivals, rituals, customs, traditions, etc.

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(5) Geographical and Climatic Diversity: Although Nepal is a small country,
it has a diverse climate. It has a cool climate in the north, a temperate climate in
the central region and a warm climate in the south. One can travel here at any
time except during the rainy season. Therefore, Nepal is a suitable destination for
tourists in both the summer and winter seasons.

(6) Adventure Tourism: Nepal is an ideal destination White water rafting
for adventure tourism. It is a suitable place for adventure
tourism, including mountaineering, trekking, rafting,
bungee jumping, paragliding, rock climbing, kayaking,
cycling, canoeing and rafting. The fast-flowing rivers
such as Bhotekoshi, Karnali, Marshyangdi, and Trishuli
are suitable for rafting. Yachting can be considered as an
adventure for recreation on the rivers. Such activities can
promote the tourism sector.

(7) Diversity of Natural Flora and Fauna: Due to the climatic and geographical
diversity, biodiversity is maintained in Nepal. It has a wide variety of flora and
fauna, birds and animals. The world's rarest one-horned rhinoceros and alligator
crocodiles are found in the Terai region of Nepal. Different parts of the country
have been developed as parks, reservations and conservation areas in our country.
Due to the abundance of various endangered species of animals and birds, a large
number of tourists are attracted to Nepal to observe the study of such animals and
birds. In Nepal, 118 types of ecosystems, 75 types of flora, 35 types of forests, 11,971
species of plants, and 11,861 species of animals have been identified. There are 20
protected areas, 10 wetlands of international importance, 11 botanical gardens,
more than 22,600 community forests, and more than 10,000 other community-
based forests. It has been found that more than 60 per cent of foreign tourists
visiting Nepal visit conservation areas and community forests.

(8) Majestic Mountain Ranges and Geographical Diversity: Nepal is naturally
rich. There are beautiful and majestic mountain peaks in our country. Among the
fourteen mountain peaks in the world above 8000 m, eight are in Nepal. There are
mountains in the north, high hills in the middle and plain land in the Terai region in
the south. A wide variety of birds and animals are found here. There are mountain
ranges including Mt Everest, Makalu, Gaurishankar,
Dhaulagiri and Annapurna. To climb these mountains
and see the view of the mountains up close and take part
in recreational activities, including hiking and mountain
flight, a significant number of tourists visit Nepal.

According to Lonely Planet, (a travel guide book publisher)

Kathmandu is the fifth top travel destination, while mountaineering
tripadvisor.com has ranked Kathmandu at the 19th out

of 25 best tourist destinations in the world for the year 2019. These facts reveal

that there are many places like Kathmandu that could fascinate tourists from

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around the world in our country. Tourism can be the main instrument for regional
development with a positive economic impact on the income, employment and
production in Nepal. However, the tourism sector has not been able to flourish
much in Nepal because of various reasons.

Problems in the Tourism Industry

There is lack of means of entertainment for tourists because of which they do
not want to stay long in Nepal.

Many cultural and religious sites aren’t maintained, preserved, and promoted
properly on a regular basis in our country.

There is lack of transport and communication facilities because of which
tourists who visit Nepal cannot get a chance to observe all parts of Nepal.
Particularly, there are poor aviation facilities in our country due to a lack of
all-seasoned airports and international airports.

Many places of Nepal are important from the natural, cultural and religious
point of view. However, they haven't been recognised and developed as tourist
destinations and trekking trails. No plans and policies have been made to
introduce them as tourist attraction centres.

Some hotels in tourist areas are unhygienic and not managed well. Thus,
tourists do not prefer to visit Nepal or stay long due to unhygienic and
unmanaged hotels.

Qualified and trained human resource required for the tourism sector such as
hotel managers, geographical experts, trained and expert guides, and so on
are scarce in our country.

Few trekking routes of Nepal are unsafe from the security point of view.
Trekking and mountaineering constitute the main attractions for 70 per cent
of the tourists, and their safe return is a challenging factor in the tourist
industry in Nepal.

Many popular tourist destinations in Nepal lack publicity. They are still
unknown to tourists in Nepal due to a lack of promotion and advertisement.

Private sector hasn't been involved in the protection and preservation of
religious and cultural heritages as well as in tourism development

Solutions

(1) The number, quality and capacity of domestic and international air services
should be expanded.

(2) There should be a provision of better communication and transportation
facilities in tourism areas. For this, the government and concerned authorities
need to make effective plans and policies.

(3) Various innovative recreational activities should be introduced, especially for
tourists.

(4) The procedures for getting visa, tickets and other legal procedures should be

made convenient.

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(5) Cultural and religious places of our country need to be preserved and promoted
for the development of religious tourism.

(6) The government and concerned authorities should focus on providing essential
goods and services for tourists at competitive prices.

(7) The government and concerned stakeholders must promote mountain tourism
in Nepal to advertise some of the tallest mountains in the world.

(8) The government should coordinate with various organisations such as the
Trekking Agents Association of Nepal (TAAN), the World Travel and Tourism
Council (WTTC) and so on to launch different products and facilities for
tourists.

(9) The government and concerned people have to promote rural tourism and
homestay programmes to cater quality facilities to tourists.

(10) Nepal should promote and advertise its art, culture, natural beauty, and
religious heritage all over the world through various means.

Tourism in the Current Plan

Vision: To develop Nepal as an attractive, safe, and captivating tourist destination.

Goal: To put Nepal at the forefront of the global tourism market.

Objectives

(1) To develop Nepal as an attractive tourism destination by making it safe,
quality-focused, and tourism-friendly.

(2) To increase the contribution of tourism in the economy by diversifying tourism
destinations and products.

(3) To make sure that the benefits of tourism are distributed equitably at the
ordinary people’s level.

Strategies

(1) To undertake extensive publicity and promotion of Nepali tourism in
neighbouring countries and major tourism markets.

(2) To promote integrated tourism development by bringing together other sectors
with tourism potential, including education, health, and sports.

(3) To develop and promote modern tourism infrastructure in line e with the
concept of the public-private- cooperative partnership while encouraging
domestic and foreign investment.

(4) To develop tourism as a driver of the economy. The provincial and local levels
will coordinate with the private sector for the identification, development, and
diversification of tourism destinations.

(5) To distribute benefits of this sector to the local level by connecting tourism
outputs to the value chain.

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Indicators and Targets in the Tourism Sector

SN Indicators Status Target
(2075/76 BS) (2080/81 BS)
1 Arrival of foreign tourists 11,97,000 35,00,000
2 Average length of stay 12.7 days 15 days
3 Average daily spending (per person) USD 48 per day USD 100 per person
4 Contribution of tourism to GDP 2.7 per cent 10 per cent
5 Direct employment 2,00,000 5,82,000

Activities

(1) What activities has the Nepal Tourism Board conducted for tourism
development? Search on the internet or newspapers, and present to the
class.

(2) What are the major tourist destinations in your locality? Write their names
and specialities to share in the classroom.

Exercise

(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) Who are tourists?
(b) Introduce tourism in a single sentence.
(c) Why is tourism called an industry without chimneys?
(d) Why do tourists usually travel? Mention any two reasons.
(e) Introduce the Great Himalayan Trail in a single sentence.
(f) What are the major tourism activities in Nepal? Write any two of them.
(g) What is the vision of the government regarding tourism in the current plan?

(2) Write short answers to the following questions.
(a) What are the types of tourism? Explain them.
(b) Write the importance of tourism in Nepal.
(c) “There is a great prospect of religious tourism in Nepal.” Justify this
statement in a short paragraph.
(d) Prepare a news sample for a national daily newspaper covering the journey
of the Great Himalayan Trail and the entertainment that can be obtained
from it.

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(e) What kind of adventure tourism activities are possible in Nepal? State in a
short paragraph.

(f) What can the government and the concerned authorities do to increase the
number of tourists in Nepal? Write any four measures.

(g) What activities have been carried out for the development of the tourism
sector in Nepal? Mention any four of them.

(h) Mention any four strategies included for tourism development in current
economic plan of Nepal.

(i) Make a list of any two positive and negative impacts of tourists' visit to
Nepal.

(j) What can be various ways to make tourists stay longer in Nepal? Mention
any four of them.

(k) "The income generated from the tourism industry should be spent on the
development of the local level.” Present the reasons for confirming this
statement.

(l) Show the following statistics in a pie-chart.

Tourist Arrivals According to Travel Objectives in Nepal 2019

Recreation: 65 % Pilgrimage /Religious Purpose: 14 %

Trekking and Mountaineering: 17 % Others: 4 %

Source: Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation, 2020

(3) Write long answers to the following questions.
(a) Mention the roles of the tourism industry, government and local level for
tourism development in points.
(b) What are the prospects of tourism development in Nepal? Explain them.
(c) What are the problems in the tourism industry in Nepal? Mention any three
of them and four ways to solve them.
(d) Mention any seven places in Nepal that can be developed as major tourist
destinations with their typical features.

Community Work

Some hotels, transportations and homestays may be operated at your locality.
How have the local communities are benefited from such activities? Search
and prepare a report.

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Lesson An Water Resources:
Important Source of Energy
8.3

Engage Yourself

Is there electricity connection in your house? How do you obtain it? What do you
use electricity for? Since Nepal is rich in water resources, there is a great prospect of
hydroelectricity in Nepal? We can receive many benefits from hydropower generation in
our country. The current status of the power supply in our country is satisfactory. However,
there is a long way to go, and there are still several factors obstructing hydropower
generation in Nepal.
(1) What is energy? What are its major sources?
(2) Why is water an important source of energy in Nepal?
(3) What is the possibility of hydroelectricity production in Nepal?
(4) What are the benefits of hydropower generation for our country?
(5) How is the present situation of power supply in Nepal?
(6) What are the problems in hydropower development in Nepal? How can they be solved?

The heat, light or power from physical, and chemical
sources such as coal, electricity, firewood, fuel, gas,
petroleum, water or nucleus is called energy. It is used
for providing heat, cooking, driving machines, providing
light, operating vehicles, and many other purposes.
There are two types of sources of energy in the context
of Nepal. They are traditional sources and commercial Energy for cooking food
sources. Traditional sources include firewood, agricultural
residues, etc., and commercial sources include petroleum products, coal, electricity,
solar energy, wind energy, and so on.

Energy is an essential element in human life. Our daily life cannot run without
energy. In the past, people used to use firewood as energy. Later, coal, petrol,
natural gas and solar energy were also used. Among them, electricity is the most
profitable and reliable energy. There are many sources of electricity. Electricity
can be obtained from the sun, wind, water, diesel, nuclear plants, etc. Out of these,
hydroelectric power, also known as hydroelectricity, is the cheapest and the most
reliable energy. It can also be produced on a large scale.

Prospect of Hydropower in Nepal

The water resource is one of the most important natural resources in Nepal. Despite
being landlocked, it has abundant surface and underground sources of water. Most
of the rivers in Nepal are fast-flowing and snow-fed. Such rivers have water all
year round. Due to the natural appearance of the land with vertical slopes and the

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abundance of perennial rivers with permanent water flow, Kaligandaki Hydropower
there is a lot of potential for hydropower development in
our country.

There are over 6,000 rivers in Nepal, with a total length
of 45,000 kilometres (km). The estimated theoretical
power generation capacity is 83,290 MW, and 43,000 MW
is considered to be economically and technically feasible
with no environmental hazards. However, the current
hydropower generating capacity is far below its capacity.

Major River Basins Theoretical Potential Technical Economical
in MW Potential in MW Potential in MW

Saptakoshi 22350 11400 10860

Saptagandaki 20650 6660 5270

Karnali and Mahakali 36180 26570 25125

Southern River 4110 980 878

Total 83290 45610 42133

Source: Electricity Demand Forecast Report (2015-2040)

Advantages of Hydropower Production

1. Our country doesn’t have to depend on petroleum products and helps in
decreasing and maintaining the balance of payment if hydropower is exploited
properly.

2. Hydropower can be used to operate vehicles, machines and run industries.

3. Deforestation can be controlled, and foreign exchange can be earned by
exporting electricity.

4. It promotes the development of transport and communication and helps in the
development of the country by generating employment.

5. It also contributes to the modernisation of agriculture and the protection of the
environment.

Present Situation of Hydropower in Nepal

Nepal is considered rich in water resources, but the energy crisis is still there due
to a lack of effective water resources use. However, the problems of the energy
crisis are not so critical at present as they were in the past as the Nepal Electricity
Authority (NEA) has declared the nation as load-shedding free since 2018 AD.

By February 2020, 90.0 per cent of the population in Nepal has access to electricity.
As of July 2018, 88.0 per cent of the population had access to electricity. The power
generated in the first eight months of the fiscal year 2019/20 has increased by 8.3
per cent to 1,355 MW compared to 1251 MW, the total electrical power generated
by the fiscal year 2018/19. Out of the generated electricity, 1233 MW is from
hydroelectricity, 54 MW from thermal plant and 68 MW from renewable energy.

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In the fiscal year 2018/19, the import of electricity from India was 2,813.07
gigawatt-hours, but in the current fiscal year 2019/20, the import of electricity
has decreased by almost half to 1,468.77 gigawatt-hours. With the increase in
domestic production of electricity, the demand for electricity imported from India
has been declining. The current plan/Fifteenth Plan (2075/076-2080/81) has aimed
to generate 5,000 MW electricity making access of electricity to 100 per cent of the
population of all local levels.

History of Electricity Generation in Nepal

The history of hydropower generation in Nepal is not long. Hydroelectricity was
generated for the first time in Nepal in 1911 AD (1968 BS) during the period of
Chandra Shumsher. He built Chandrajyoti Hydro-electric power station after he
visited London in 1908 AD. The capacity of the station was 500 KWH. After getting
inspired by the living style and effects of electric light in London, he thought about
building an electricity power station in Nepal.

Problems in Hydropower Development in Nepal

Lack of human and financial resources required for hydropower generation;
High project cost due to difficult geographical conditions;
Frequent change in policy and regulations which create uncertainty for

investors;
Lack of political commitment and visionary plans and policies;
Lack of efficient human resources for hydropower development;
Delays in project implementation due to problems in land acquisition; and
Lack of construction-friendly infrastructure for hydropower projects.

Measures to Solve Them

Some portion of remittance should be mobilised in the development of
hydropower projects through public-private partnership (PPP) projects.

An investment-friendly, clear, simple and transparent policy should be
introduced to promote private sector participation in the development of
hydropower.

The basic infrastructure necessary for hydropower electricity, such as
transportation and communication, should be developed.

Hydropower projects should be developed by attracting investment from the
private sector as well as from the governmental sector. There need to be joint
ventures of government and private sector for the promotion of hydropower
development.

Appropriate incentive provisions should be provided, and a transparent process
shall be pursued to attract national and foreign investment in hydropower
development.

The political parties should be committed not to hinder hydropower development
in any way.

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Activities

(1) Introduce traditional and commercial sources of energy to the classroom.
(2) Organise an oratory contest on the title 'Hydropower development is the

best way to solve the energy crisis in Nepal'.
(3) This personality is known for solving the load-shedding

problem in Nepal. Who is he? What did he do? What
do you know about him? Share your knowledge about
him with your friends.

Exercise

(1) Write short answers to the following questions.
(a) What do you mean by energy?
(b) Give two examples of both traditional and commercial sources of energy.
(c) How much is the potential of hydroelectricity production from the technical
and economic point of view in Nepal?
(d) When was hydroelectricity produced for the first time in Nepal?
(e) What can be the two ways to utilise the water resources available at your
local level? Write.

(2) Write short answers to the following questions.
(a) Make a list of any four benefits of proper use of water resources.
(b) ‘Nepal has immense potential for water resources.’ Justify this statement.
(c) What activities should be carried out for the development of hydropower?
Mention any four activities.
(d) Is it possible for Nepal to earn foreign exchange by exporting electricity?
Write your opinion in four points.

(3) Write long answers to the following questions.
(a) Although Nepal is a rich country in water resources, it has not been able to
produce hydroelectricity as per its capacity. What are the reasons behind it?
Mention any three of them and any four ways to solve them.

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Lesson Foreign Employment
in Nepal
8.4

Engage Yourself

Have any of your family members gone abroad for foreign employment? Which country
have they gone to? What are the major destinations for foreign workers from Nepal? Foreign
employment has remained the backbone of our national economy for a long. There are both
positive and negative impacts of foreign employment on our country.
(1) What is foreign employment?
(2) What are the positive and effects of foreign employment in our country?
(3) What are preparations one has to make before going for foreign employment?

Introduction

It is the age of globalisation. The uninterrupted flow of

information technology, labour and capital creates the

economic environment of every country. Due to a lack

of adequate employment opportunities, many citizens of

our country are forced to go abroad. Such an act of people

going abroad in search of employment is called foreign

employment. It refers to the employment opportunity Ministry of Labour, Employment
and Social Security
with a certain wage under certain terms and conditions

grabbed beyond one's national political or geographical

boundary. Foreign Employment Act, 2064 (2007) defines foreign employment as

the employment to be obtained by worker abroad.

Foreign employment can benefit our country in the short term, but in the long run,
it is not beneficial. Nepali labour and sweat go abroad, and there will be a shortage
of human resources for the development of the country. Nepali mainly go to work
in India, Europe, Hong Kong, Israel, Korea, Malaysia, Japan, America, Australia,
and the Gulf countries of the Middle East.

The history of foreign employment in Nepal is not so long. After the restoration of
democracy, the trend of going for foreign employment has increased. Due to contact
with the outside world, this number has increased after 2063 BS. Some youths go
for foreign employment because of their personal choice, but many are compelled
to go because of the financial crisis and lack of good employment opportunities.
The number of young people going abroad to study is also increasing at present.
Their objective is to study and earn at the same time. Foreign employment has also
become important for the development and improvement of international relations
in other countries. It has both positive and negative effects.

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