Exercise
(1) Identify the UN agency with the help of the given description.
IFAD ILO IME UNESCO WB WHO
(a) It is a UN organisation based in Geneva, Switzerland, which helps
workers around the world by making sure they are treated fairly,
paid equally for the same jobs, not forced to work in
dangerous conditions etc. ......................................
(b) It is a part of the UN, based in Paris, which is concerned
especially with providing help for poorer countries with
education and science. ......................................
(c) It is an organisation that is part of the UN, which lends money
to poorer countries so that they can develop their farming,
industry and health and education systems. ......................................
(d) It is an international organisation that is part of the UN, which
helps countries improve their people’s health by giving
medicines and providing information and education
about diseases, immunization etc. ......................................
(e) It encourages international trade and gives financial
help to poor nations. ......................................
(f) It advocates for change and connecting countries
to knowledge, experience and resources to help
people build a better life. ......................................
(2) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What do you mean by the specialised agencies of the UN?
(b) How does the funding of such specialised agencies of the UN come from?
(c) What are the full forms of UNHCR and UNESCO.
(3) Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) Prepare a list of the activities conducted by any four UN agencies working in
Nepal.
(b) What are various ways to make the activities of such UN agencies more
effective in Nepal? Suggest any four ways.
(c) Which is the most important UN agency among the ones given in the lesson?
Why? Justify your answer with logic.
Community Work
Some programmes of the UN should be running at your community level. Find
out about such programmes and prepare a report.
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Lesson Role of Nepal in the United
Nations
9.3
Engage Yourself
Do you know someone who has been to a foreign nation as a part of the UN peacekeeping
force from Nepal? As an active member, Nepal has been playing a significant role since
its membership in the United Nations.
(1) Which nations have Nepali peacekeeping troops been to maintain peace and order?
(2) What contributions has Nepal made to the United Nations?
The United Nations is an international organisation of 193 independent nations
established on 24th October, 1945 AD to promote international peace, security and
cooperation. Nepal attempted to develop its relationship with the outer world after
the World War II. Therefore, it appealed for membership in 1947 AD through the
Nepalese embassy in London and applied formally in 1948 AD. However, it was
granted membership after seven years on 14th December, 1955 AD.
Nepal has been playing a significant role in the UNO since its membership. The
roles of Nepal in the United Nations are as follows.
(1) Obedience to the UN Charter: After joining the UN, Nepal has put
its enduring faith in the principles of the UN Charter and shown its full
support towards it. It has been actively participating in the activities of the
UN with loyalty and dedication. Nepal has shown its commitment to all the
declarations, resolutions and treaties of the UN regarding human rights,
sustainable development, child rights, campaigns against terrorism, women
empowerment, environmental conservation, disarmament and so on. The UN
Charter guides Nepal’s foreign policy and the Constitution of Nepal 2072.
(2) Good Reputation in International Peacekeeping: The Security
Council of the UN sends a group of soldiers from different countries where
there has been a war to prevent further fighting or violence between hostile
forces in an area. Such body is known as the peacekeeping force. Since 1958
AD, Nepal has contributed more than 1,19,000 peacekeepers to some 42
peacekeeping missions, making it one of the UN’s largest troop-contributing
countries. A large number of Nepal Army, Armed Police Force Nepal and
Nepal Police personnel have been contributing to UN peacekeeping in Congo,
Haiti, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Sudan, Syria and some other nations.
In 1978 AD, when Israel attacked Southern Lebanon, the UN Security Council
sent peacekeeping forces, including some from Nepal. Some of the Nepalese
peacekeeping forces are still working there.
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Similarly, Nepali peacekeeping forces were deployed to establish peace in
Yugoslavia and Cambodia in 1992/93 AD. Nepali peacekeeping forces have
been working to restore peace in Haiti.
(3) Representation in the UN system: Nepal has worked as a temporary
member of the Security Council twice in 1969/70 AD and 1988/89 AD for two
years. Similarly, Kul Chandra Gautam was a Nepali representative who
served as the Deputy Secretary General of the UN in the early 2000s. Nepal
was elected as the Vice President of the United Nations General Assembly
for several times such as in 1958, 1968, 1975, 1988 and 2001 AD. It has also
worked as the executive member of the Economic and Social Council and the
UNESCO.
(4) Advocacy for Justice: As a member of the UN, Nepal has always promoted
justice and opposed against interference and discrimination. It had openly
opposed the intervention of Soviet Army in Hungary in 1956 AD. It resisted
the racist strategy of Great Britain in South Africa and coordinated the anti-
racist mission of the UN. It raised the voice against the attack in Egypt in 1956
AD. It also opposed the attack of Israel in its neighbouring Arabian countries
(Egypt, Syria and Jordan). Nepal takes initiatives to eradicate imperialism,
colonisation and expansionism. It always opposes neo-colonisation and
unlawful foreign intervention.
(5) Active Role for Disarmament: Disarmament is the act of taking away or
giving up weapons. Nepal has been playing an active role in disarmament. Nepal
is strongly committed to the principles of general and complete disarmament of
all weapons of mass destruction, particularly chemical, biological, radiological
and nuclear. It believes that nuclear science and technology should be used
only for peaceful purposes within recognised safeguard frameworks of the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). It has signed the Nuclear
Weapons Prohibition Treaty at UN.
(6) Obedience to the Principles of the Non-aligned Movement: Non-
aligned movement means the act of not supporting or depending on any
powerful nations. Nepal has not taken the side of any powerful parties during
a war or conflict as a member of the non-aligned movement. The guidelines of
non-aligned movement guide Nepal’s foreign policy. It has embraced the five
principles of the Panchasheela. The principles of the Panchasheela include
mutual respect for each-other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual
non-aggression, mutual non-interference, equality and mutual benefit and
peaceful co-existence.
(7) Active Participation in the UN Activities: Nepal has been working as
an active member of the United Nations. It has always shown its commitment
towards the UN resolutions, declarations, treaties and decisions. The specialised
agencies, bodies and entities of the UN run a wide range of programmes and
activities in Nepal.
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In this way, Nepal has been an active and loyal member of the United Nations
since its establishment. On the other hand, United Nations has been a true friend
and supporter of Nepal.
The contribution of the UN extends from technical assistance in science and
technology, agriculture and industry, trade and commerce to material help for
health and education, policy advice on development planning, humanitarian
assistance and protection of human rights and prevention of human wrongs.
The Security Council of the UN established the United Nations Mission in Nepal
(UNMIN) on 23rd January, 2007 AD in support of the peace process in Nepal. It
helped in signing the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the government
and the Maoists on 5th Mangsir, 2063 BS. It also assisted in the arm settlement,
election of the constituent assembly and integration of Maoist combatants.
Activities
(1) Meet one of the army personnel or concerned persons who has recently
returned from the peacekeeping mission. Ask what activities did he or she do
in the mission and present it in your classroom.
(2) What roles had the UN played in the establishment of peace in Nepal? Make a
study and present your findings in the classroom.
Exercise
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) When was Nepal granted membership of the United Nations?
(b) What is a peacekeeping force?
(c) Name any four nations where the Nepalese peacekeeping force has been
contributing to preventing fighting or violence.
(d) Define disarmament.
(e) What do you mean by non-aligned movement?
(f) Mention the five principles of the Panchasheela.
(g) Write the full form of UNMIN with its objective.
(2) Write short answers to the given questions.
(a) What contribution has Nepal made to the UN? Mention any four of them.
(b) Are you satisfied with the role of Nepal in the UN? Present your opinion in
four points.
(c) Mention the attempts made by Nepal to obtain membership of the UN.
(d) What roles has Nepal played in the UN for the welfare and rights of the
landlocked countries? Present your views in four points.
(e) The practice of sending peacekeeping troops to foreign nations has been
questioned time and often. In your view, is it right to send our peacekeeping
force to other countries? Present your opinion in four points.
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Lesson Activities of the United Nations
in Nepal
9.4
Engage Yourself
Have you observed any development projects carried out by the UN agency, body, entity
or fund in your surrounding? What roles did the World Health Organisation play during
the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal? United Nations, the world's largest organisation, has
been playing a significant role in the development of Nepal.
(1) What activities has the United Nations conducted in Nepal?
(2) What are the positive aspects of UN activities in Nepal?
The United Nations is a multipurpose international organisation. It works to
maintain international peace and security and to achieve worldwide cooperation to
solve international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems. It also
performs to respect and promote human rights, promote sustainable development
and maintain international laws.
The UN has been supporting Nepal in various sectors such as social, economic,
physical, technical and good governance. The activities of the UN in Nepal can be
presented in the following way.
(1) United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF): It was previously known as
United Nationals International Children’s Emergency Fund. It is a department
of the United Nations whose aim is improving children's health and education,
especially in poor countries. It has been working in Nepal since 1964 AD.
Major Activities of the UNICEF in Nepal
It helps the government improve the health and education of children and
their mothers.
It assists children in the country who are suffering from disease, hunger, etc.
It advances the rights of the most marginalised and disadvantaged children in
Nepal.
It focuses on areas related to health, nutrition, child protection, education,
water, sanitation and hygiene, poverty alleviation, HIV AIDS and social
protection.
It administers programmes to aid education and child and maternal health in
developing countries.
(2) International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD): IFAD
supports increased food production and education in poor communities. Nepal got
the membership of IFAD in 1978 AD.
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Major Activities of the IFAD in Nepal
It supports the development policies and programmes of the government and
other partners.
It provides rural infrastructure and services in developing countries.
It improves training, education and income-generating opportunities for poor
rural households.
It provides technical and financial support in the agriculture sector.
(3) International Labour Organisation (ILO): It is dedicated to improving
labour conditions and living standards throughout the world. Nepal received its
membership in 1966 AD. This UN agency received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969
AD in recognition of its activities.
Major Activities of the ILO in Nepal
It creates greater opportunities for women and men to secure decent
employment.
It works to eliminate child labours and release bondage workers.
It enhances the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all.
It strengthens the relationship among workers, employers and government
and encourage social dialogue.
(4) United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS): UNAIDS is an
innovative joint venture of the United Nations family, which brings together the
efforts and resources of 11 UN system organisations to unite the world against
AIDS. These are UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, UNDP, UNFPA, UNODC, the ILO,
UNESCO, WHO and the World Bank.
Major Activities of the UNAIDS in Nepal
It tries to turn back the spread of HIV/AIDS.
It runs various programmes with the aim of ‘Zero HIV Infection, Zero
Discrimination and Zero Death Due to HIV’.
(5) United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA): It was formerly known as
the United Nations Fund for Population Activities. It is the largest international
source of assistance for population programmes. This organisation has been helping
Nepal since 1971 AD.
Major Activities of the UNFPA in Nepal
It supports our national efforts to improve the sexual and reproductive health
of the most marginalised adolescent girls and women.
It works to ensure that helpless groups experience greater self-confidence,
respect and dignity.
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It has involved in various programmes for population management, gender
equality, women empowerment.
It has implemented the population and housing census.
(6) United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF): It provides
grants and loans to the 48 least-developed members of the UN like Nepal for
projects in areas such as agriculture and agro-industry, drinking-water supply,
health and nutrition, low-income housing, roads and rural schools. UNCDF has
been present in Nepal since 1984 AD.
Major Activities of the UNCDF in Nepal
It expands access to financial services for the poor through local development
programmes.
It helps to promote decentralisation in the local development, participatory
vision and natural resource management.
It also assists to boost the capacity of local people to provide standard service
to people.
(7) United Nations Human Settlement Programme (UN-Habitat): UN-
habitat promotes socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with
the goal of ensuring adequate shelter for all. It was established in 1978 AD with the
objective of improving the condition of people who are living in the slums. It had
helped the landless Koshi victims in 2065 BS. It promotes water and environmental
sanitation, water demand management, water resource management and capacity
building at various levels.
Major Strategies of the UN-Habitat in Nepal
Effective advocacy, monitoring and partnerships
Participatory planning, management and governance
Access to land and housing for all
Environmentally sound basic urban infrastructure
Strengthened human settlements finance systems, and
Excellence in management
(8) United Nations Volunteers Programme (UNV): The United Nations
Volunteers (UNV) programme is the UN organisation that contributes to peace
and development through volunteerism worldwide. It has been working in Nepal
since 1974 AD. It works to develop a network with government, UN agencies and
non-governmental organisations – anywhere where volunteers are requested or
placed.
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(9) UN Women: It is also known as the United Nations Entity for Gender
Equality and the Empowerment of Women. It is a UN entity working for women
empowerment and gender equality. UN Women Nepal Country Office was
established in April 2012. It supports governmental bodies in their formulation of
policies and norms.
Major Activities of the UN Women in Nepal
It works for the elimination of discrimination against women and girls in
favour of gender equality and women empowerment.
It focuses on strengthening women’s voice and providing space for women’s
meaningful participation in economic and social activities.
It seeks to contribute to transforming discriminatory social norms and
eliminating harmful practices and behaviour.
(10) World Food Programme: The United Nations World Food Programme is
the world’s largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger worldwide. The mission
of WFP is to help the world achieve Zero Hunger in our lifetimes. Every day, WFP
works worldwide to ensure that no child goes to bed hungry and that the poorest
and most vulnerable, particularly women and children, can access the nutritious
food they need. Its activities are running in 32 districts of our country. It has field
offices in Damak, Nepalgunj and Dadeldhura. It has been working in Nepal since
1963 AD.
Major Activities of the WFP in Nepal
It gives food aid to the promote development and save lives in times of crisis.
It helps to build livelihoods for the country’s most vulnerable people.
It also works to prevent chronic malnutrition and provides school meals to
more than 2,00,000 children.
(11) World Health Organisation (WHO): WHO was established in 1948 AD to
extend international cooperation for improved public health conditions. It conducts
various programmes in coordination with the Ministry of Health and Population.
Major Activities of the WHO in Nepal
It provides vaccinations and makes people aware of different diseases and
epidemics.
It focuses on the prevention and controlling of various communicable and non-
communicable diseases.
It provides technical assistance in the health sector.
It conducts different programmes that help in the improvement of health
service and reproductive health.
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(12) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): The UNDP is an
organisation formed in 1965 AD to help countries eliminate poverty and achieve
sustainable human development. It works with local inhabitants to find their own
solutions to global and national development challenges.
Major Activities of the UNDP in Nepal
It works to improve the policy environment and planning capabilities.
It protects Nepal’s development gains from the ill effects of natural disasters
and climate change.
It works to empower women and disadvantaged people and fostering policies
for equity and equality.
Activities
(1) Which UN agency is involved in the development activities in your local
community? Find out and present it in your classroom.
Exercise
(1) Offer very short answers to the given questions.
(a) In which sectors has UN been supporting Nepal?
(b) Name the focusing areas of the UNICEF.
(c) Which agency of the UN helped the victims of the Koshi River in 2065 BS?
(2) Offer short answers to the following questions.
(a) Make a list of any four activities run by the UNDP in Nepal.
(b) Discuss the relevancy of the UN-Habitat in Nepal.
(c) What can be done to make the programmes run by the IFAD more effective?
Suggest any four ways.
(d) Prepare a list of different INGOs working in Nepal.
(e) Write a letter to the Head of the ILO, suggesting any four efficient ways to
make its programmes more effective.
Community Work
Visit one of the projects run by the UN to collect the information about its
progress and prepare a report based on the following titles.
(a) Name of the project (b) Objectives of the project
(c) Benefits after the completion of the project (d) Conclusion
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Lesson Contemporary Affairs and
Their Impacts
9.5
Engage Yourself
How often do you read, listen or watch the news? Why should students be familiar with
currents affairs? Which is the latest piece of news that has influenced you?
(1) What do you mean by current affairs?
(2) What is the significance of contemporary affairs in social studies?
Events of political, social, or economic interest and importance happening in the
world at present are contemporary affairs. They refer to events and problems
in society which are discussed in newspapers and on television, radio, or any
other mass media. Such current events have an impact on the economic, social,
environmental and political spheres in the world.
The world is dynamic. Various events and changes take place in the world every
day. Some are desirable, while others are unacceptable and harmful to both nature
and humanity. The study of such incidents provides timely information about the
changes in the global environment and the positive and negative effects on the
country. Some events leave long-term impacts on the world. An event in one part of
the world may affect the rest of the world. Various issues related to climate change,
disarmament, nuclear energy, population growth, sustainable development,
terrorism and global health are global concerns and contemporary issues in the
global society. Let's take a look at some current events and their consequences.
(1) Sustainable Development: Sustainable development refers to economic
development capable of being maintained at a steady level without exhausting
natural resources or causing severe ecological damage. This concept dates back to
the 1990s. Its main goal is to protect the earth and its resources. The Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) declaration of the United Nations in September
2000 for fifteen years (2000-2015 AD) has set a foundation for Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030 (2015-2030 AD). Democracy,
good governance and the rule of law are considered as the criteria for sustainable
development. Failure to assimilate the concept of sustainable development leads
to environmental degradation and natural disasters or crises. Therefore, the needs
of the present generation should be fulfilled without comprising the needs of the
future generation.
(2) Disarmament: Disarmament means the fact of a country reducing the size
of its armed forces or the number of weapons, especially nuclear weapons, that it
has. It includes the balanced reduction of conventional weapons and the disposal of
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atomic bombs. The production of various types of biological and inorganic weapons
has shocked and terrified the world. Around the world, about 2 billion US dollars’
worth of general arms and weapons is traded each year legally, and arms of about 1
billion US dollar are smuggled. Some weapons continue to explode for years. With
the establishment of the United Nations, disarmament and the limitation of arms
are being maintained in order to maintain international peace and security. The
use and dispersal of such weapons have endangered human existence.
(3) Terrorism: Terrorism refers to threats of violent action for political, social,
economic, or other purposes or to force a government to act. It has become another
challenge for the world. Such groups of terrorists thrive on self-interest by terrifying
people. Terrorist attacks in New York, the USA, France and Belgium were inhuman
and distressing. Terrorist activities are rampant in Syria, Afghanistan and some
countries in Africa. Many innocent children and people lose their life in various
terrorist attacks. Although various regional and international organisations have
expressed their commitment to end terrorism, it has not ended so far.
(4) Landmines: A landmine is a bomb placed on or under the ground, which
explodes when vehicles or people move over it. Large numbers of people and animals
lose their lives due to explosives placed underground or in the sea. With modern
technology, such explosives are easily accessible. Mainly, innocent children, women
and animals are found to be the victims of such explosions. It has a negative impact
on society. Therefore, UN agencies and programmes provide necessary information
with financial and technical assistance. We also need to be aware of such issues
and never touch any suspicious objects.
(5) Population Growth:
The world is now going through a unique population pattern at present. The
population of elderly people is higher due to the improvement in medical service
and facilities. Europe has the lowest ageing population, and Asia has the highest.
Therefore, the concerns of senior citizens have received global attention. The
United Nations General Assembly issued a 62-point declaration on the elderly in
1982 AD, appealing not to consider elderly people as a problem but should be given
priority as a matter of social security. The old-age allowance has been introduced
since 2051 BS. We also need to develop a positive attitude towards old age.
(6) Nuclear Energy: The production and use of nuclear power are evolving as
another complex contemporary phenomenon. Iran and North Korea have created
conflicts in the international area by producing and using nuclear energy. But if we
look at the use of atomic energy, it started with the atomic bomb dropped by Japan
in 1945 AD. Therefore, the UN General Assembly established the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to deal with the problem of nuclear power in human
life. Nuclear energy should be used only for the welfare of humankind, such as
producing electricity.
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(7) Climate Change: Climate change is one of the most complex and burning issues
in the world at present. This concept is linked to global warming. Such problems
are mainly due to human activities. In fact, the less harmful gases we produce,
the more the ozone layer is protected. Rising global temperatures has a negative
impact on human life and biodiversity. Snow-covered areas have turned into black
mountains. Climate change can lead to acid rain disasters and various epidemics.
Therefore, it is important to create a clean environment, conserve biodiversity and
be aware of the causes, effects and mitigation measures of climate change.
(8) Epidemic: Various problems related to human health are emerging at present.
A variety of diseases such as Ebola, HIV AIDS, SARS, swine flu, Zika virus, and
Coronavirus (COVID-19) have developed into a complex problem. Such problems
have become more complex and have become epidemics. Epidemics have negative
impacts on human life. They frighten everyone. We need to improve our habits,
eating habits and social behaviours to prevent the outbreak of epidemics.
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic
Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a virus that causes
diseases in humans and animals. In humans, it
usually causes respiratory infections (in the nose,
throat, or chest) that are not serious, but that
can sometimes cause more serious infections that
can kill people. It is very infectious, which means
it can spread quickly. It passes from person to
person in much the same way as a cold or flu.
The Novel Coronavirus was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019.
In COVID, ‘CO’ stands for Corona, ‘VI’ for Virus, and ‘D’ for Disease. The World
Health Organisation (WHO) has declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic.
What are the symptoms of COVID-19, and how does the virus spread?
Symptoms can include fever, dry cough, a runny nose, fatigue and difficulty in
breathing. Some may display very mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. In more
severe cases, the infection can cause pneumonia, grievous illness, and even death.
Older people and those with underlying medical problems are at a higher risk of
developing a serious illness.
Like other viruses, this virus is transmitted through direct contact with respiratory
droplets of an infected person (generated through coughing and sneezing) and
touching surfaces contaminated with the virus.
Prevention
To avoid the risk of transmission, we should:
Wash our hands frequently using an alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water.
Cover our mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing and avoid touching our
face.
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Avoid close contact with anyone who has a fever and cough and maintain a
physical distance of at least 1 m.
Seek medical care early if we have fever, cough and difficulty breathing.
Wear a mask and make sure it covers our nose, mouth and chin.
Activities
(1) These words are related to COVID-19. Discuss their meaning with your friends
and present the conclusion in the class.
contact tracing, epidemic, isolation, lockdown, personal protective equipment,
physical distancing, quarantine, self-isolation, vaccine, ventilator
(2) Collect information and facts about current events from newspapers, magazines
or radio, and present them to the class.
Exercise
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What do you mean by current affairs?
(b) Define disarmament in your own words.
(c) Write the relationship between terrorism and landmines in a sentence.
(d) What is nuclear energy?
(e) What do you mean by population growth?
(f) What is an epidemic?
(g) Introduce coronavirus in a sentence.
(2) Offer short answers to the following questions.
(a) Why should students study current affairs? Mention any four reasons.
(b) What strategies should the countries make to end terrorism? Write any four
action plans.
(c) Mention any two problems related to climate change and two measures to
solve them.
(d) What are the negative impacts of the use of explosive materials? Prepare an
editorial for a national day mentioning them.
(e) What are the symptoms and preventive measures of coronavirus?
Community Work
What are the common problems of senior citizens in your community? Take help
of some elderly people and senior people to prepare a list of some problems.
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Lesson
9.6 Globalisation and Localisation
Engage Yourself
What are some multinational brand products available in Nepal? Are all products used in
our country manufactured in Nepal? More and more goods and services, investments and
technology are moving between countries. It has been possible because of the process of
globalisation. It is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries.
On the other hand, localisation is the process of organising a business or industry so that
its main activities happen in local areas rather than nationally or internationally.
(1) What is the meaning of “Think globally, act locally.”
(2) What are the good and bad aspects of globalisation and localisation?
(3) How has globalisation affected your life?
(4) How have the Internet and means of communication helped in globalisation?
As a result of improved technology and communications and the influence of very
large multinational companies, the world is developing a single economy and
culture. This idea or situation is known as globalisation. Because of this process,
available goods and services, social and cultural influences are gradually becoming
similar in all parts of the globe. This tendency has also enabled financial and
investment markets to operate internationally. This process has spread products,
technology, information and jobs across national borders and cultures. The credit
for this process goes to international relation and cooperation. If there were no
cordial mutual relationship and collaboration among various countries of the
world, globalisation would never have been possible.
The entire world has turned into a single global village as the nations and people of
various parts of the world depend on one another due to various factors. They are
also linked with each other by means of communication and need for global trade.
The geographical boundaries are getting lost due to the process of international
integration resulted because of globalisation. Rigveda or The Knowledge of Verse
also mentions that the world is the nest of all the creatures of the world. Professor
Brown has also stated the concept of a single world without border.
Technology, transportation, international relation and international trade drive the
history of globalisation. There is no barrier to circulate views, goods and services
these days. Rapid development and expansion of technology have brought the
world closer. Globalisation has influenced our social, cultural, political, economic
and ideological point of view. However, it has mainly affected our economic aspect
as it has enabled financial and investment markets, services, persons, capitals, and
information operate and flow on an international scale. Therefore, globalisation is
the integration between countries through foreign trade and foreign investments.
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Several factors, such as rapid improvements in technology, liberalisation of trade
and investment policies and pressure from international organisations like World
Trade Organisation have facilitated the globalisation process. WTO has supported
liberalisation of foreign trade and investment. It was started with the initiative of the
developed countries. It helps to provide opportunities for multinational companies
in foreign nations by removing trade barriers. In this regard, globalisation has
fewer impacts on the developed countries and more effects on developing countries.
Besides the movements of goods and services and investments and technology,
there is also the movement of people between countries. Many people of Nepal have
been to foreign nations for better income, better employment opportunities and
better education. Globalisation is not a recent concept. Its significance has been
mentioned in the holy Vedas. However, it grew from the middle of the twentieth
century. It became more popular in 1990s after the end of the cold war between
different countries. The concept of democratisation, personalisation, human
rights, freedom and marketisation emerged in developed countries and spread to
developing nations. Other countries started to adopt the economic policies of western
nations as an effect of globalisation. On the one hand, globalisation has created job
opportunities, and on the other hand, it has increased foreign dependence.
The positive aspects or strengths and negative aspects or weaknesses of globalisation
are as follows.
Positive Aspects (Strengths) Negative Aspects (Weaknesses)
1. It has helped the developed countries in their 1. It has brought very little real benefit to developing
economic growth by improving their foreign and underdeveloped countries.
relationship, reducing poverty and decreasing
trade imbalance.
2. Developing and least developed countries receive 2. It can often lead to the destruction of local customs
foreign grants for quality education and better and cultures in developing and underdeveloped
health facilities. countries.
3. Information and knowledge about developed 3. It makes the poorer nations too dependent on
countries can be received through various means foreign investment.
of communication.
4. Trade diversification, balance in payment, 4. Shortage of skilled human resource occurs in
flow of capital, increase in foreign investment, developing and underdeveloped countries due to
enhancement in the capacity of the labourers and brain drain.
development of free trade occurs due to developed
in technology.
5. Due to high competition in the price of goods, 5. It may increase drug smuggling, illegal selling
the people in developing and underdeveloped of weapons, social displacement and fear of the
countries get the opportunity to consume goods spread of epidemics.
and services at a cheaper price.
6. It has helped in the maintenance of peace and 6. The national economy may be affected because
order by removing misunderstanding among the of the growth of multinational companies.
different countries of the world. The gap between the rich and the poor increases
due to unequal distribution of resources.
7. The life standard of the people of the developed 7. The developed countries establish multinational
countries has increased due to the availability of companies and exploit the resources of
goods and services of developed countries. developing nations through globalisation.
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Localisation
The process of limiting something or its effects on
a particular area is called localisation. It refers to
the limitation of any subject, product and service
to a limited area. It is a kind of administrative
decentralisation. In fact, it is the process of organising
a business or industry so that its main activities
happen in local areas rather than nationally or
internationally.
The process of localisation gives high priority to a certain place. It stresses local
culture, costumes, values, norms and traditions. It holds the belief that the views,
attitudes, wills and thoughts of local people should be emphasised. It aims at
the identification, promotion and preservation of indigenous knowledge and skill
technology using communication technology.
The practice of federalism has increased the significance of localisation in Nepal.
It emphasises the direct involvement of local people in the governance system,
distribution of service at local levels and transfer of authority from central to local
government. In fact, localisation means the conservation of typical originality. The
United Nations Development Project has also focused on localisation to achieve its
Sustainable Development Goals and Millennium Development Goals.
The positive and negative impacts of localisation can be mentioned as follow.
Positive Effects/Strengths of localisation Negative Effects/Weaknesses of Localisation
1. It focuses on the progress of the backward 1. It prohibits the use of globally reputed products
class. and services.
2. It gives priority to people-centred 2. It gives priority to the progress of a certain or
development. limited region.
3. It opposes the foreign or external 3. It makes certain caste or class orthodox towards
intervention and promotes the feeling of their cultures and ways of life.
nationality.
4. It helps to promote local products, cultures 4. It makes the people deprived of the global
and services. economy and foreign culture.
5. It plays an effective role in the promotion 5. It restricts on internationalisation or globalisation
and preservation of traditional local of the goods and services to people.
cultures and traditions.
6. It discourages the internationalisation of 6. It focuses on the development of a particular
labourers, goods and services. region than of the whole nation.
Differences between globalisation and localisation
Globalisation and localisation are different from each other. Globalisation
promotes the expansion of international relationship and cooperation. On the other
hand, localisation promotes the exploitation of local means and resources without
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Our International Relationship and Cooperation
foreign assistance. While globalisation focuses on global technology and economy,
localisation emphasises indigenous knowledge and technology. Globalisation
regards the whole world as a single village, but localisation limits something or its
effects on a particular area. In globalisation, there is less chance of price hike as
there is a high competition among the products, but in localisation, there is more
chance of price hike because of no or less competition. Globalisation offers chances
for multinational companies, but localisation restricts them. However, we cannot
claim that one is better than the other one. Each of them has its own strengths and
weaknesses.
Glocalisation is a combination of the words ‘globalisation’ and ‘localisation’. It is the
practice of conducting business according to both local and global considerations.
It is the process of changing products or services that are sold all over the world to
suit people in different local markets. It rests on the idea that local conditions must
be considered in globalisation while trading in all parts of the world. This practice
firmly holds on the belief that one has to think globally and act locally while doing
any business.
Activities
(1) Imagine that you got a chance to observe a fair with the slogan, “Use domestic
products and promote local industries”. What information do you expect
from that fair? Prepare a model of a news article, including your thoughts.
Exercise
(1) Write very short answers to the following questions.
(a) What do you mean by globalisation?
(b) What is the necessary factor for globalisation?
(c) Write the meaning of localisation in your own words.
(d) What is globalisation?
(2) Offer short answers to the following questions.
(a) Prepare a sample of a news story including the four advantages of
globalisation.
(b) What are the negative impacts of globalisation? Mention any four of them.
(c) Discuss the economic features of globalisation.
(d) How is globalisation different from localisation? Write any four differences
between them.
(e) Mention the strengths and weaknesses of localisation in your own words.
Vedanta 415 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre,
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Dialogue Writing
Dialogue is a conversation between two or more people as a feature of a book, play or film. The primary
objective of a dialogue is to explore a subject or solve a problem.
Write a dialogue on the topic “Folk songs are our fundamental identity”.
Title Folk Songs Are Our Fundamental Identity
Dolma and
Mohammad (Dolma and Mohammad are grade ten students. Both of them live in Gorkha background
are inclusive and study in the same school. One day, they were returning from school information
characters together. Here is the conversation that goes between them.)
There
All Mohammad : Dolma, what are you and your friends going to do on need to be
characters Dolma this upcoming Parents’ Day? at least four
take part in Mohammad exchanges.
conversation : We are going to perform a group dance on a typical folk
Dolma song of Nepal. What about you, Mohammad? Closing
equally remarks
: My class teacher has assigned me the role of a volunteer.
So, I am going to serve the guests, parents and other
students. And why did you choose a folk song, Dolma?
Most of the students prefer Hindi songs to Nepali folk
songs these days.
: I think folk songs, folk music and folk dances are our
identities. They introduce our country to the rest of the
world. They entertain and refresh us. They represent our
simple and common way of life. They also depict our
unique and original culture. I didn't mean that Hindi and
folk songs are bad, but we should always promote and
preserve our own culture.
Mohammad : That’s a good idea. In which song are you going to
perform a group dance with your friends?
Dolma : We are going to perform in a Tamang Selo. We have
already requested our dance teacher to arrange a
Tamang costume for the dance.
Mohammad : I am very excited to see your performance, Dolma.
Dolma : Well, we will try to do the best from our side. I need to
take this way now. See your tomorrow, Mohammad.
Mohammad : Okay, bye, Dolma.
(Both of them go towards their home.)
Points to Remember
When you are composing a dialogue, you should:
• write the title of the dialogue based on the given topic or question.
• mention a brief background based on the context and subject of the conversation. The background
usually contains information about the time, place and situation of the conversation.
• give equal opportunity to both or all participants to take part in the discussion and express their views
and opinions. It means both participants should ask questions and seek ideas and views. Likewise,
there should be inclusive characters representing various ethnic groups, culture, geographical
regions, religions, etc. There should be four or more exchanges in the conversation.
• include closing remarks at the end of the conversation.
• use simple, real, clear, interesting and natural language. The dialogue's message should be clear,
and it shouldn't use any sentences or languages that offend people of any race, gender, class, or
background.
• arrange ideas in a logical order.
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Editorial Writing
An editorial is an important article or essay in a newspaper that expresses the editor’s opinion about an
item of news or an issue. An editorial is similar to an essay in that it focuses on a contemporary issue or
topic, offers an idea, and provides evidence and supporting arguments to convince its readers.
The global impact of COVID-19 on the tourism sector is devastating. The disease has greatly slowed
down economic activities across the world, primarily the tourism industry. What are various measures
to revive the tourism industry after the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic? Prepare an editorial.
Help Tourism Rebound
It goes without saying that the tourism industry underpins Nepal's economy like few others. Not only does Nepal
rely heavily on tourists to earn foreign currency, but also the industry is one of the biggest employers in the
country. According to the latest official data, eight per cent of the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the
country is contributed by the tourism industry. However, owing to the coronavirus pandemic, this sector has
remained in shambles for a long now. Where have all the restaurant workers who were made redundant in the
wake of the pandemic gone? When will the hotel entrepreneurs be able to reopen their doors for the tourists?
What are tourists' guides and gallant Sherpas doing these days to earn their livelihoods at a time when the flow
of foreign tourists has dwindled to nothing? It’s no brainer that they all are yet to see the light at the end of the
tunnel and resume their works. That’s vital for this industry to revive and climb higher again.
However, the tourism slump is not a problem unique to Nepal alone. Nor is it the only industry receiving the blow
of the pandemic. The plight of major tourists hosting countries like Thailand, Spain, Italy, the UK, France and the
US, among others, is no different, if not worse. Data show us that the damage wrecked by the coronavirus in
Nepal is not that severe in comparison to many other countries. But that is not to imply that we are on the safe
side. A few months back, when the pandemic was at its height and when most countries in the world were reeling
from nationwide lockdowns, several Italian tourists deciding to stay put in Nepal rather than heading for their
home country has sent a positive signal that the country is safer for tourists to visit than many others.
In addition to capitalising on such strengths, we've got to take several measures if we are to revive tourism to
its former glory. Mass vaccination drive with the goal of inoculating the entire vulnerable population, which is
gathering steam at the moment, is a positive step in the right direction. The campaign has sent a message that
the government is serious and is leaving no stone unturned to bring the pandemic under control. Second, at a
time when the bickering political factions and opposition party are organising gathering after gathering in a show
of force in disregard for social distancing norms, restriction of any sort that hinders the tourism industry from
emerging out of the pandemic should be put to rest. Third, the government, through its policy, shouldn't obstruct
the arrival of those foreign tourists who are carrying verified negative PCR test reports, among other verifications,
with them and are therefore safe to enter the country.
Fourth, the tourism businesses, which are reeling from the losses and laid off their employees fearing prolonged
shutdown, should be provided with financial resources as stimulus packages, making use of which they can rebuild
their businesses and hire back their former employees. And the government should make sure that its rescue
effort doesn’t further encumber the already-suffering enterprises. Never before in its history have the tourism
entrepreneurs borne the brunt of losses as they are doing now. The government should do all it can to lift their
spirit, to make feel them that it is standing by them. That way, they can feel that there is a government in the
country where they can turn to when in need.
Source: The Rising Nepal
Points to Remember
When you are writing an editorial for a newspaper, you should:
• write a precise topic or title for the editorial in not more than six words.
• decide what issue you will write about and clearly define the issue. You should try to obtain
background information and material about your topic or issue.
• follow the pattern and style of editorial writing. In most editorials, the writer's opinion is given near
the beginning, followed by supporting evidence and reasoning. Support arguments with the right
facts.
• write a simple, short, precise, logical and well-organised article.
• never be motivated by personal interest.
• develop an outline to follow before you start writing.
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Report Writing
A report is a document written by a group of people who have examined a particular situation or
problem. It can be of various types such as a research report, business report, project report, progress
report, observation report, travel report, analytical report, investigation report, survey report, etc.
Consult someone who is working for the protection of consumers' rights, and collect the required
information. Then, prepare a report on the basis of your consultation.
Title: A Study of Consumer Rights in Nepal
Introduction and Objectives
Consumer right means the right of customers to have information about the quality, strength, quantity, purity,
price and standard of goods and services that they consume every day. The objectives of this study is to know the
level of awareness among consumers in Nepal and to make customers aware of their rights.
Background
Of all the rights, consumer rights happen to be one of the most ignored by the public in Nepal. But this is
mainly due to the lack of awareness about the fact that there exist rights that protect the interests of consumers.
Consumer right was recognised as an issue in Nepal only after the restoration of democracy in 1990. Though
there were some legal provisions in the country's Civil Code earlier, there were no specific laws for the protection
of consumer rights. In Nepal, the Consumer Rights Protection Act 2055 and the Consumer Rights Protection
Regulation 2056 are enacted to ensure that consumers get a fair deal on all kinds of consumer items.
Methods of Investigation/Methodologies
This report has been prepared by consulting both primary and secondary sources of information. The primary
source includes the information that we gathered through an interview with Mr Jyoti Baniya, a consumers’ right
activist. On the other, secondary sources include the information collected from various books, newspapers and
the internet.
Findings
Based on the information collected through primary and secondary sources, we came to know that lack of
awareness happens to be the biggest obstacle in advocating consumer rights. The average Nepali citizen has
no clue as to what consumer rights are and why he or she needs to put on a claim upon them. The government
agencies have not done enough to implement the policies and other regulations enacted only for the purpose.
Consumers in Nepal have barely enjoyed the legal protection they deserve due to various reasons, which range
from poverty to high unemployment rate to illiteracy to lack of awareness.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Consumer right has so far remained one of the most ignored issues in Nepal. Although many people aren't
getting goods and services according to their cost, people don't claim compensation as many people do not
know that the law protects their rights, and they do not bother to begin legal actions.
Therefore, the government must speed up the process to establish consumer courts across the country. The
government and concerned authorities need to educate consumers about their rights. They should always hear
consumers’ complaints and take necessary actions. Consumer education should be provided to all the consumers
so that they can recognise their duties, rights and standards of goods and services that they are consuming.
Points to Remember
A report has the following parts:
• Title: Title or topic of the account.
• Introduction: Purpose/objectives, background and methods of investigation/methodologies.
• Findings: Analysis of facts obtained.
• Conclusions: Deductions (conclusions or opinions based on logic or reason) on the basis of
findings.
• Recommendations: Suggestions and advice based on conclusions.
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News Stories
News reports are short pieces of writing about current events that are of interest to the public. They
include the events of natural disasters, accidents, political events, sports events, social events, etc. They
focus on events and facts, not on feelings.
Byline International Event to Headline
Place and Main body
Date line Discourage Chhaupadi
has two
Lead Rastriya Samachar Samiti second National Women or more
summaries paragraphs
the events, Kathmandu, February 23, 2020 Rights Day. Several aspects
that
giving The government has relating to menstruation, describes
information strengthened its campaign sexual and reproductive
against chhaupadi practice, health rights, religious events
about the prevalent in some districts belief associated with
time, place in mid-west and far-west menstruation, and Conclusion,
and people Nepal. As part of its chhaupadi related act and includes
campaign, the Ministry policy will be discussed people's
involved of Women, Children, and during the event.
comments on
Senior Citizens is all set to On the occasion, the event or
organise an international Minister Gurung spoke action(s) to be
workshop on ‘Dignified on the need for treating
Menstruation’ from May 26 menstruation from the taken.
to 28. Speaking at a press human rights perspective
meet at the ministry today, to achieve gender equality.
Minister Parbat Gurung said The government has
researchers, rights activists, strengthened a campaign
government representatives to eliminate chhaupadi
and policymakers from 20 practice as per its plan to
countries will be build a civilised society
participating in the by ending all sorts of
workshop to be organised discrimination in the
on the occasion of the country, according to
minister Gurung.
Source: The Himalayan Times
Points to Remember
When you are writing a news story or news report, you should:
• write a short, eye-catching headline (title) in bold letters and a byline (source, place and date).
• write an introduction (lead) which summaries the events, giving information about the time, place
and people involved. It catches the reader’s attention. It should always be written in present
perfect or simple past to show recent happening.
• write the main body consisting of two or more paragraphs in which the event is described in detail,
including information about incidents and the people involved, and
• write a conclusion, which includes people's comments on the event or action(s) to be taken.
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Letter to the Editor
A letter to the editor is a letter written to a newspaper, magazine or other periodicals about issues of
concern to readers, usually intended to be published in the paper. It is a written way of talking to a
newspaper, magazine, or other regularly printed publication.
Are you satisfied with the way the national festivals are celebrated? If not, how would you like them to
have been celebrated? Write a letter to the Editor, The Rising Nepal, Gorkhapatra Sansthan, Kathmandu
giving some suggestions.
Address Dhading Bensi, Dhading
Date
Inside April 2, 2021
address To,
Subject The Editor,
Salutation The Rising Nepal,
Opening Gorkhapatra Sansthan, Kathmandu
Body Subject: Celebration of National Days
Closing Dear Sir/Madam,
Remarks
Through the column of your popular daily, I wish to draw the attention of the government
and concerned authorities towards the way the national days are celebrated in our country.
The national days such as Martyrs’ Day, Children’s Day, Constitution Day, Democracy
Day, Education Day, International Women’s Day, International Labour Day and Republic
Days are special days for all of us. They mark significant events like great revolutions,
achievements and the days when our history took a new turn.
However, some people celebrate such important days only for the sake of celebration
these days. There is a general practice of giving public holidays during the national days.
The concerned authorities also organise programmes only for a short period of time
without any visionary plans and strategies. These activities and practices have shadowed
the importance of our national days.
To celebrate national days according to their spirit, various effective programmes should
be conducted throughout the country. The government and concerned authorities should
make public people aware of the importance of such significant days. Various media
should broadcast different programmes and documentaries related to the days. They
should cover all the important activities and news of the entire day. The government and
the concerned authorities also should launch various visionary programmes and projects
for the betterment of the people who are directly related to the specific national days.
Instead of giving public holidays, various competitive extra-curricular and co-curricular
activities can be organised in schools, colleges and all educational institutions.
Thanking you.
Yours sincerely,
Reena Shrestha
Points to Remember
When you are writing an LTE, you should:
• write your address on the top of the letter and the date below the address.
• leave a line, write inside address below the date, subject of the letter below inside address,
salutation below the subject, and the opening of the letter below the salutation.
• explain what the letter is about and give evidence for any criticism or need.
• state your opinion about what should be done and end the letter with suitable closing remarks.
• keep your letter concise and sign the letter by writing your full name, address, phone number or
email address.
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Newspaper Article
A newspaper article is a piece of writing about a particular subject in a newspaper or magazine. It is
usually non-fiction and informative in nature. The name of the writer is always mentioned in the article.
It should be written in an interesting or entertaining manner. It should give opinions, thoughts and facts.
It is in a less formal style than a report.
A news article can: • present an opinion,
• offer suggestions or advice.
• describe an experience, event, person, or place,
• provide information, or
Pros and Cons of Online Classes
The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically changed our way of doing things. Never in my life had I ever thought
that there would be a day where we would stay at home and study. Especially in a country like Nepal, where
traditional based learning is so popular, the fact that educational institutions are working on becoming technology-
friendly is a big surprise.
My association with online classes is a bit of love and hate. Owing to the pandemic, I could not commute to my
college. So, staying at home and studying online was comfortable and flexible. Online classes helped my studies
to continue smoothly without any gap. It was effective from the aspects of cost and time. I did not have to spend
money on transportation and did not have to waste time travelling back and forth.
And what I realised the most is that my presentation skills had improved. I was confident to present without any
practice and surprisingly did well. Also, my ability to use technology had also improved. Before, I was quite unsure
of using different applications available online. But now I am comfortable using them.
Despite many benefits, online classes were not completely easy for me. I was unable to retain my concentration
even for 15 minutes. Since all the classes are mostly recorded, I did not feel the need to listen to the lecturer hard.
Also, lack of self-discipline made my mind roam around. One funny thing about these classes was that a semester
had ended without me being able to see a few of my teachers’ faces.
Likewise, the frequent unstable internet services made it worse. Running around the house with a laptop just to
find the internet network was a headache. Information overload was another issue. I felt I was being bombarded
with too much information. Writing down points and interrupting teachers during the classes also did not
feel easy. I was suffering from a bad headache, eye pain, sore fingers and hands. The number of assignments
and presentations to be done were also many. Online exams, too, were not easy as expected. The different
requirements set by the university, besides using my brain to write was difficult to fulfil.
Therefore, despite many technologies being designed for the current situation, I will always put my bet on
traditional classes. The ability to interact and discuss without being affected mentally and physically is so much
better. But the situation created by the coronavirus cannot be ignored. We have to perform as per the demand
of our changing time. So, online classes have been highly helpful for education institutions to facilitate teaching
and learning activities.
Currently, the number of COVID-19 patients seems to be rising again in many countries gradually. The number,
particularly, has multiplied in highly populated countries like India and Brazil. This is why Nepal’s open border with
India and the increasing rate of infections there put Nepal in danger.
Therefore, the government should be very careful about controlling virus transmission. The Ministry of Education,
Science and Technology must come up with better plans for educational institutions to function smoothly. Now
that we have experienced both traditional and virtual mode of education, it is high time we prepared for both
modes of learning in an efficient manner. Doing so will help us adjust to the unexpected situation brought by the
pandemic in the field of education.
By: Bini Dahal Source: The Rising Nepal
Points to Remember
A realistic article should consist of:
• a title that attracts the readers' attention and suggests the theme of the article. The title can be
a single word, a phrase or even a sentence, which is catchy. Articles can also have subheadings
before each paragraph.
• an introduction that clearly defines the topic to be covered and keeps the reader’s attention.
• the main body of two or five paragraphs in which the topic is further developed in detail.
• The conclusion summarising the topic or a final opinion, recommendation or comment.
Vedanta 421 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre,
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Election Manifesto
A manifesto is a public declaration of policy and aims, especially one issued before an election by a
political party or candidate.
The slogan “Nepal Public Party for the Common Well-being”
of the Party
Introduction Symbol and
of the party flag of the
The agendas, Dear brothers and sisters, party
commitments Values and
Nepal Public Party (NPP) is a popular political party in Nepal. It was directive
and established in 2075 BS. It has been raising its voice against various principles of
resolutions evil practices, social problems and evils, and any unconstitutional, the party
of the party undemocratic and autocratic acts of both ruling and opposing parties
should cover since its establishment. The major values and directive principles of this Name and
all aspects of party are democratic ruling system, good governance, national sovereignty, address of
society and rule of law, national integrity, solidarity against social problems and evils, the party
all sectors of democratic conduct, human rights, common well-being and periodical
development. election system.
The following are the agendas, commitments and resolutions of our party
in the upcoming House of Representatives and State Assembly Election in
2079 BS.
• Competent, highly skilled and skilled sustainable human resource will
be developed for the mobilisation of human capital and natural means
and resources of the nation.
• High, stable, and sustainable economic growth will be attained by
making rational use of means and resources without damaging the
environment.
• Special attention will be given to issues of national and a public
concern such as national integrity, border encroachment, federalism,
poverty eradication, human rights, gender equity, corruption, human
trafficking, social justice, social inclusion, and so on.
• Great emphasis will be laid on the preservation and promotion of our
glorious art, culture, literature, folk music, folk songs, folk dances and
national heritage.
• The public-private partnership approach will be adopted and promoted
for mobilising investment to achieve the goals of development and
prosperity.
• Various effective projects will be implemented for the exploration,
identification, preservation and promotion of our historical and
religious sites and monuments.
• Fair, impartial and timely justice will be made commonly accessible and
reliable by formulating laws as per the wants and aspirations of the
Nepali citizens in line with the spirit of the constitution and federalism
and international standards.
• The production and productivity of agriculture, industry, service, hydro,
and other sectors will be enhanced to achieve rapid economic growth.
• An independent foreign policy will be conducted based on the Charter
of the United Nations, non-alignment policy, principles of Panchasheel,
international law and the norms of world peace to maintain a cordial
relationship with all nations of the world.
Finally, we appeal to all people to vote for the candidates of the Nepal
Public Party for the long-term prosperity of the nation.
NEPAL PUBLIC PARTY
Central Office: Gauradaha Municipality, Jhapa
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Formal Letter Writing
Formal letters are sent to organisations, government departments, chair holders, and so on to make
complaints, requests, inquiries, orders etc. In the case of formal letters, the person to whom you are
addressing the letter is not a friend or any other person known to you.
Write a letter to the WHO Representative to Nepal suggesting the ways to make the programmes
of WHO more effective to prevent the pandemic in our country.
Address of sender Waling, Syangja
Date March 2, 2021
Inside address To,
WHO Representative to Nepal,
Subject World Health Organisation,
Greeting Kathmandu, Nepal
Introduction
Subject: About Making the Programmes of WHO More Effective During Pandemic
Body
Dear Sir/Madam,
Conclusion It is obvious that WHO has been playing a significant role in advancing universal
Closing health coverage, providing effective delivery of priority public health programmes,
Remarks enhancing health security and disaster preparedness and response, and focusing on
multi-sectoral engagement and partnerships for improved health outcomes. It has
been conducting various effective programmes related to awareness, vaccination
and prevention of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Moreover,
there is an urgent need for an effective programme to prevent pandemics in our
country.
There is more risk of pandemics such as coronavirus, HIV AIDS, and so on in a
developing country like Nepal, where many people are illiterate and victims of
poverty. Therefore, WHO should launch various effective programmes to prevent
pandemics in our country. It should support Nepal's health care system to improve
its capacity to deal with pandemic and infectious diseases. It needs to provide
adequate funding for health sectors, develop tools to trace contacts, strengthen
public health sectors through volunteer mobilisation, and better utilise mass media
at the time of the pandemic. Moreover, it has to increase public awareness and
organise periodical health camps.
In the end, I hope the programmes of WHO would be more effective if it focuses
primarily on pandemics and the above-mentioned measures.
Yours,
Suresh Dahal
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Slogans and Contents for Banners and Placards
A banner is a large strip of cloth with a design, picture, or writing on it. It is hung or carried
in a public place to show support for something. Likewise, a placard is a large written or
printed notice that is carried on a stick in a march. People usually write slogans, demands,
pleas, requests, agendas or messages on banners or placards for public demonstration or
attention. Pamphlets and placards are also related to banners and placards. A pamphlet is a
small, thin book with no cover or only a paper cover that has information about a particular
subject and a poster is a usually large printed notice often having a picture on it that is put
in a public place to advertise something.
A lot is done; A placard for children’s day
still much is left;
do not rest until every
child gets the best!
A banner for An educated man can feed a family, but an educated woman can speed its growth.
woman’s day
Points to Remember
When you are writing slogans or contents for banners and placards, you should:
• write slogans and sayings that are easy to remember and understand.
• write a catchy phrase arranged in a specific manner to represent an objective or a motto.
• not write any language that offends people of a certain gender, ethnic group, religion
and background.
• try to use rhyming words, idioms and proverbs (if possible).
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Timeline
A timeline is a chronological arrangement of events and dates in the order of their occurrence. It is often
used in history books and biographies. It can be shown in a vertical or horizontal line.
Show the following dates and events in a timeline.
Date Events Date Events
Constitution of the Kingdom of
2004 BS Nepal Government Act, 2004 B.S. 2047 BS Nepal, 2047
Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063
2007 BS Nepal Interim Government Act, 2007 2063 BS Constitution of Nepal, 2072
2015 BS
2019 BS Constitution of Nepal, 2015 2072 BS
Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2019
Dates CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL,
(2004 - 2072 B.S.)
2072
2068 Constitution of Nepal, 2072 Points to Remember
2064
Year in BS 2060 Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 When you are making a
2056 Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2047 timeline, you should:
2052 • write the title of
2048 Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2019
2044 Constitution of Nepal, 2015 the timeline at first
2040 mentioning 3 Wh (what
2036 it is about, where the
2032 event happened, and
2028 when it happened).
2024 • choose units of time to
2020 segment (for example:
2016 days, months, years, or
2012 decades), and state it;
2008 • segment your timeline
2004 with equal units and
2000 include the scale (for
example: 1 cm=2 years);
0 • plot all the given events
corresponding to the
dates they occurred; and
• draw a border line after
completing the timeline.
• mention the source of
the events outside the
border.
Nepal Interim Government Act, 2007 Source: Textbook Social Studies,
Nepal Government Act, 2004 B.S. Grade 10
Events Scale : 1 cm = 4 years
Vedanta 425 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre,
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Bar Diagram
A bar diagram is a visual tool that uses bars to compare data among categories. It is also
known as a bar chart or bar graph. The important thing to know is that the longer the bar,
the greater its value is. It consists of two axes. The horizontal axis usually shows the data
categories, and the vertical axis is the variables.
The given table shows the number of tourist who arrived in Nepal
from 2015 to 2019 AD. Represent it in a bar diagram.
Number of Tourists arrived in NUMBER OF TOURISTS ARRIVED IN NEPAL FROM 2015 TO 2019 AD
Nepal from 2015 to 2019 AD 14
Year Total 12 11.73 11.97
2015 538,970 Number of Tourists (in Lakhs) 10 9.40
8
2016 753,002 6 7.53
4
2017 940,218 2 5.38
0 2015
2018 1,173,072
2019 1,197,191
2016 2017 2018 2019
Years in AD
Source: Department of Immigration
Source: Department of Immigration
Points to Remember
When you are preparing a bar diagram, you should:
• write the title of the bar diagram at first including answers to 3 WHs (What, when and
where)
• mention what each axis of the graph represents. Y-axis (horizontal axis) usually represents
units /data categories, and X-axis (vertical axis) usually represents variables in an
appropriable scale;
• include legend and its meaning in multiple diagrams;
• make sure that the breadth of each bar is equal;
• maintain equal gap between the bars in the horizontal axis;
• present equal value of variables in equal gap in the vertical axis (X-axis);
• draw a border line after completing the bar diagram; and
• mention the source of the data outside the bar-chart.
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Pie Chart
A pie-chart is a diagram consisting of a circle that is divided into sections to show the size of
particular amounts in relation to the whole. We can use it to present various types of data in
Social Studies. It is also known as circle chart.
Present the following data in a pie chart.
Tourist Arrivals According to Travel Objectives in Nepal 2019
Recreation: 65 % Pilgrimage /Religious Purpose: 14 %
Trekking and Mountaineering: 17 % Others: 4 %
Source: Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation, 2020
Here, Converting the given date into degree.
Objectives In percentage In degree
Recreation 65% 65 × 3.6 = 334°
Trekking and Mountaineering 17% 17 × 3.6 = 61.2°
Pilgrimage /Religious Purpose 14% 14 × 3.6 = 50.4°
Others 4% 4 × 3.6 = 14.4°
TOURIST ARRIVALS BY TRAVEL OBJECTIVES IN NEPAL, 2019
4%
14% 65% Recreation
17% Others
Pilgrimage /Religious Purpose
Trekking and Mountaineering
Source: Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation, 2020
Points to Remember
When you are preparing a pie-chart, you should:
• calculate the total value (if necessary) and convert the given data into percentage and
degree;
• write the title of the pie-chart including answers to 3 WHs (What, Where, When);
• mention the legend of the pie-chart by writing what each fraction of pie-chart indicates;
• include percentages or values inside the chart; and
• draw a border line after completing the pie-chart.
• mention the source of the chart outside the pie-chart.
Vedanta 427 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre,
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Steps to Draw the Map of North America
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Steps to Draw the Map of South America
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Steps to Draw the Map of Africa
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GLOSSARY (TERMS AND THEIR MEANINGS)
UNIT 1: We and Our Society
Federal government : the national or central government of a federated state
Federal system : a system of government is one in which the different provinces of the country have important powers
to make their own laws and decisions
Human Development Index : a measurement of the development of a country that is based on the health, education,
and standard of living of the people who live there
Human development : the process of enlarging people’s freedoms and opportunities and improving their well-being
Human resource development : the job of helping employees develop their skills and knowledge, especially by
training them
Human resource management : the activity of managing a company’s employees, for example, by employing new
workers, training them, managing their employment records, and helping them with problems
Human resource planning : the process by which an organisation makes sure that it has the right managers and
employees to achieve its objectives
Human resource : the set of the people who make up the workforce of an organisation, business sector, industry, or
economy
Long-term human resource : the workforce prepared for fulfilling the long-term needs of a country
Province : any one of the large parts that some countries are divided into
Regionalism : the principle or system of dividing a country or state, etc., into separate small administrative regions
such as provinces
Republican state : a state with elected representatives of the people rather than government by a king or queen
Semi-skilled human resource : the workforce that has some skill and efficiency but not enough to be an expert
Short term human resource : the workforce prepared for fulfilling the nation's short-term or immediate needs
Skilled human resource : the workforce with specialised training to perform its work
Unitary : a unitary country or organisation is one in which two or more areas or groups have joined together, have the
same aims, and are controlled by a single government.
Unskilled human resource : the workforce with little knowledge and skill
UNIT 2 : DEVELOPMENT AND ITS PREREQUISITES
Development project : planned projects to achieve certain goals within a fixed duration by utilising available means
and resources
Development : the process of positive and progressive change in any place
Formulation of development proposal : a kind of plan prior to any development work to achieve the targeted goals
with available means and resources within a certain time frame
Global goals : 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Millennium Development Goals : a set of plans that the United Nations made in 2000 to try to reduce hunger and
improve the environment and other conditions in poor countries around the world
Natural resource : materials or substances occurring in nature which can be exploited for economic gain
Prerequisite of development : required pre-condition for any developmental work
Projects of national pride : a set of infrastructure projects by the government of Nepal based on the proposal by the
National Planning Commission
Self-employment : the state of not working for an employer but finding work for yourself or having your own business
Sustainable Development Goals : goals adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal call to
action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030
Sustainable development : economic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources
UNIT 3 : OUR SOCIAL VALUES AND NORMS
Classical dance : a strict, organised and rhythmic type of dance
Cultural diversity : the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society
Cultural heritage : the customs, language, values, and skills that are handed down from each generation to the next
in a particular cultural group and that help to maintain its sense of identity
Folk dance : a popular dance considered as part of the tradition of a particular people or area
Folk music : music that is passed on from generation to generation by oral tradition
Folk musical instrument : a musical instrument that developed among common people and usually does not have a
known inventor
Folk song : a traditional song from a particular region, or a modern song, usually with a tune played on a guitar, that
is written in a style similar to that of traditional music
Heritage : features belonging to the culture of a particular society, such as traditions, languages, or buildings, that
were created in the past and still have historical importance
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International personality : people who have made a significant contribution for the sake of humankind, nation and
the world
Martyr : a person who suffers greatly or is killed, especially because of political or religious beliefs
Monument : a structure or building that is built to honour a special person or event
National day : a day having significance for and usually celebrated throughout a nation
Natural heritage : natural features, geographical and defined areas that provide the habitat to endangered species
of plants and animals
Naumati Baja : a group of nine traditional musical instruments played during certain auspicious occasions like weddings
Non-aligned : if a country is non-aligned, it does not support or depend on any powerful country or group of countries
Panchai Baja : a set of five traditional Nepali musical instruments that are played during holy ceremonies, especially
marriages
Religious heritage : structures and beliefs that are related to certain religions
Senior citizen : an older person who has retired or receives an old-age pension
Universal fraternity : the concept of regarding and treating the whole world as a common home and the people as
family members
Vasudhaiva Kutubakam : Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam is a Sanskrit phrase found in Hindu texts such as the Maha
Upanishad, which means 'the world is one family.'
UNIT 4 : SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Chhaupadi Pratha : a social custom of keeping menstruating girls and women in a narrow shed (Chhau Goth) outside
their houses and depriving them of basics of life with the belief that gods would be angry if they were allowed to stay
inside the home during the monthly periods. It is prevalent in western Nepal, mainly in Doti, Achham, Bajura, Kailali,
Dailekh, Bajhang, Baitadi and Dadeldhura districts.
Child labour : the use of children to do work that adults should do
Child trafficking : the action or practice of illegally procuring and relocating children, typically for forced labour or
sexual exploitation
Custom : a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society,
place, or time
Daijo (Dowry) Pratha : the practice of offering furniture, money and appliances to the bridegroom’s family from the
bride’s side in the name of wedding gifts
Deuki Pratha : an ancient custom in which a young girl is offered to the temple in the name of religion. It is practised
in hilly areas of far western Nepal, mainly in districts like Baitadi, Kanchanpur, Dadeldhura, Doti and Bajura
Domestic violence : violent or aggressive behaviour within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse
or partner
Ghumto Pratha : the practice of offering furniture, money and appliances to the bridegroom’s family from the bride’s
side in the name of wedding gifts
Girl trafficking : the activity of buying and selling girls illegally for sex, labour exploitation and other illicit activities
Human organ trafficking : the practice of using exploitation, coercion, or fraud to steal or illegally purchase or sell
organs of the human body
Human trafficking : the crime of buying and selling people or making money from work they are forced to do, such as
sex work; also known as people trafficking
Jhuma Pratha : the custom of offering the second daughter to the monastery (Gumba)
Red Cross : an international organisation that helps people who are suffering because of war or natural disaster
Save Our Soul (SOS) : the world's largest organisation caring for orphaned and abandoned children
Scout : an organisation originally for boys, which trains young people in practical skills and does a lot of activities with
them, for example, camping
Survival sex : a form of prostitution engaged in by a person because of their extreme need
Untouchability : an illegal and inhuman practice in which people of so-called low castes are treated as untouchables
by the people of so-called high castes
UNIT 5 : CIVIC AWARENESS
Appeasement : the act of giving the opposing side in an argument or war an advantage that they have demanded in
order to prevent further disagreement
Bicameral : having two houses as a legislative body
Bill : a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion
Check and balance system : a system that allows each branch of a government to amend or veto acts of another
branch so as to prevent any one branch from exerting too much power
Chief minister : the elected head of government of the province
Citizen : a person who is a member of a particular country and who has rights because of being born there or because
of being given rights, or a person who lives in a particular town or city
Citizenship by descent : the citizenship granted based on blood relationship is citizenship by descent
Citizenship : the state of being a member of a particular country and having rights because of it
Civil case : a case related to private disputes between persons or organisations
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Constitutional bodies : the commission established in accordance with the constitution
Constitutional Council : a council formed for the recommendation of the appointment of the Chiefs and officials of
the Constitutional Bodies and the Chief Justice
Council of ministers : the part of the government that carries out the entire administrative activities of the country
and makes plans and policies.
Criminal case : a case related to an action that is considered to be harmful to society as a whole
Democracy : the belief in freedom and equality between people, or a system of government based on this belief, in
which power is either held by elected representatives or directly by the people themselves
Election code of conduct : a set of guidelines to be observed by political parties, candidates, voters and other key
electoral stakeholders during an election
Election constituencies : one of the official areas of a country from which a member is elected as a representative of
the people from it in a parliament or legislature
Election : a time when people vote in order to choose someone for a political or official job
Electoral system : a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results
are determined; also known as the voting system
Executive : the part of a government that is responsible for making certain that laws and decisions are put into action
Executive : having or using the power to put important laws and decisions into effect
Favouritism : unfair support shown to one person or group, especially by someone in authority
First past the post electoral system : the system of using a voting system in which a person is elected because they
get more votes than anyone else in the area that they want to represent
Fundamental right : basic rights that are essential for all-round development of an individual
General election : an election in which the people living in a country vote to choose the government
Human right : the basic rights that it is generally considered all people should have, such as justice and the freedom
to say what you think
Impeachment : the impeachment of a senior official is the process of charging him or her with a crime that makes him
or her unfit for office
Inclusive : an inclusive group or organisation tries to include many different types of people and treat them all fairly
and equally
Indigenous : naturally existing in a place or country rather than arriving from another place
Judicial council : a body formed to recommend and give advice for the appointment, transformation, taking
disciplinary action and dismissal of the judges and other matters relating to judicial administration
Judicial review : the process in which a decision made by a government department or other public organisation is
examined by a court of law to decide whether it was right or not
Judiciary : the part of a country's government that is responsible for its legal system, including all the judges in the
country's courts
Legislature : the branch of government having the power to make laws
Manifesto : a public declaration of policy and aims, especially one issued before an election by a political party or
candidate
Mayor : a person who is elected or chosen to lead the group that governs a town or city
Motion of no-confidence : an occasion when most of the members of a parliament or other organisation say that
they do not support the people in authority and that they disagree with their actions; also known as the vote of no
confidence
National integrity : the bond and togetherness between people regardless of their caste, creed, religion or gender
Nationality : the psychological feeling with a positive attitude, love and sense of responsibility towards one’s nation
due to the state of belonging to the nation by origin, birth or naturalisation
Naturalised citizenship : the citizenship provided to a foreigner after he or she fulfils the conditions laid down by the
constitution and existing law of the respective country
Nepotism : the act of using your power or influence to get good jobs or unfair advantages for members of your own
family
NOTA : the option which enables the voter to officially register a vote of rejection for all candidates who are contesting;
it stands for none of the above
Panchayat system : the party-less political system in which the King had absolute power in his hand, and people
couldn’t choose their representatives
Parliamentary system : a system of government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of
members of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature
Political party : an organisation of people who share the same views about the way power should be used in a country
or society
Positive discrimination : the act of giving advantage to those groups in society that are often treated unfairly because
of their race, sex, etc.
Precedent : a decision about a particular legal case that makes it likely that other similar cases will be decided in the
same way
Proportional electoral system : the representation of all parties in a legislature in proportion to their popular vote
Proxy vote : a vote cast by one person as a representative of another
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Referendum : a vote in which all the people in a country or an area are asked to give their opinion about or decide
an important political or social question:
Repressive : having or using the power to put important laws and decisions into effect
Right : the fact that a person or animal can expect to be treated in a fair, morally acceptable, or legal way, or to have
the things that are necessary for life
Secular : not having any connection with religion
Separation of power : the constitutional allocation of the legislative, executive, and judicial powers among the three
branches of government
Sovereignty : complete power to govern a country
Speaker : the title of the person whose job is to control the discussions in a parliament
Supreme court : the court of law that has the most authority in a state or country
Unicameral : having only one legislative chamber
Universal Declaration of Human Right : a historical document that outlined the rights and freedoms everyone is
entitled to. It was the first international agreement on the basic principles of human rights.
Vote of confidence : an occasion when the members of a parliament or other organisation are asked to say that they
support the people in authority and agree with their actions
UNIT 6 : OUR EARTH
Alpine : relating to high mountain areas
Altitude : height above sea level
Antarctic region : the very cold area around the South Pole that includes Antarctica and the surrounding seas:
Atlas : a book containing maps
British type of climate : cool temperate oceanic climate
Bushmen : a member of one of the first groups of people to live in southern Africa, especially in the Kalahari Desert,
who used to live as hunter-gatherers but are now mainly farmers
Campos : grassland plains in South America with scattered perennial herbs
Cartographer : one that makes maps
Cartography : the science or art of making maps
Climate region : a region throughout which roughly similar climate is found
Climate : the general weather conditions usually found in a particular place
Climatic zone : any of the geographical zones loosely divided according to prevailing climate and latitude
Coniferous climate : cold temperate climate
Dark continent : a term for Africa when it was relatively unexplored
Downs : temperate grassland in Australia
Earthquake : a sudden violent movement of the Earth's surface, sometimes causing great damage
Epicentre : the point on the Earth's surface directly above an earthquake
Eskimos : a member of a race of people who live in the cold northern areas of North America, Greenland, and Siberia
Estate : a large area of land in the country that is owned by a family or an organisation and is often used for growing
crops or raising animals
Frigid zone : one of the two cold areas inside the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, which receive very little light from the
sun
Garden of World : the Mediterranean climatic region
Gaucho : a South American cowboy (person who takes care of male and female cows)
Globe : a map of the world made in the shape of a ball and attached to a support that can be turned around at the
same angle as the Earth turns in space
Granary of the world : the Prairies are known as the granaries of the world because of the huge production of wheat
Hausa : a member of a people of northern Nigeria and adjacent regions
Hypocentre : the point within the Earth where an earthquake originates
Igloo : a type of dome-shaped shelter built from blocks of solid snow, traditionally used by Inuits
Inuit : a member of an indigenous people of northern Canada and parts of Greenland and Alaska
Land of big games : Savanna or Tropical Grassland regions is known as 'the land of big games' or 'a land of safari'.
Land of superlatives : South America is also known as ‘the Continent of Superlatives' because of the presence of
world-famous natural features
Lapp : a member of a race of people who live in the far northern parts of Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Russia; these
people are now usually known as the Sami people
Latitude : the position north or south of the equator measured from 0° to 90°
Llama : a large South American animal with a long neck and long hair, often kept for its meat, milk, or fur and to carry
heavy loads
Llanos : an open grassy plain in Spanish America or the south-western US
Map : a drawing of the Earth's surface, or part of that surface, showing the shape and position of different countries,
political borders, natural features such as rivers and mountains, and artificial features such as roads and buildings
Masai : a member of the people of Kenya and Tanzania
Melting pot : a place where many different people and ideas exist together, often mixing and producing something
new
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Natural vegetation : plants that grow in a particular place naturally
Oasis : a place in a desert where there is water and therefore plants and trees and sometimes a village or town
Pacific Ring of Fire : a region around much of the edge of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic eruptions and
earthquakes occur; also known as the Rim of Fire, the Girdle of Fire and the Ring of Fire.
Pampas : the large, flat areas of land covered in grass in parts of South America
Polar climate : the climate found in the Frigid zone
Prairies : a wide area of flat land without trees in Canada and the northern US
Pygmies : members of one of several groups of very small people who live in Central Africa
Red Indian : a member of one of the groups of people who were living in North and South America before Europeans
arrived
Richter scale : a system used to measure the strength of an earthquake:
Sahara type of climate : tropical desert climate
Savannah : a large, flat area of land covered with grass, usually with few trees, that is found in hot countries, especially
in Africa
Seismograph : a piece of equipment that measures and records the strength of an earthquake
Selva : a tract of land covered by dense equatorial forest, especially in the Amazon basin
Siberian climate : cold temperate climate
Steppe : a large area of flat unforested grassland in south-eastern Europe or Siberia
Sudan type of climate : savannah grassland
Summer rain climate : tropical monsoon climate
Taiga : the very large area of wetland in the far northern parts of the world that is covered with conifer trees
Temperate zone : the part of the Earth's surface between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer or between the
Antarctic Circle and the Tropic of Capricorn; characterised by temperate climate
Tropical zone : the part of the Earth's surface between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn; characterised
by a hot climate
Tsunami : a long, high sea wave caused by an earthquake or other disturbance
Tundra region : the very large area of land in North Asia, North America, and northern Europe where, because it is
cold, trees do not grow and ground below the surface is permanently frozen
Tupik : an Eskimo summer dwelling made from the skin of the seal
Veld : a flat, open country with few trees that is characteristic of parts of Southern Africa
Weather : the conditions in the air above the Earth, such as wind, rain, or temperature, especially at a particular time
over a particular area
West European climate : cool temperate oceanic climate
Winter rain climate : Mediterranean climate
Zoo of the World : Savannah grassland
UNIT 7 : OUR HISTORY
Allies power : the powers of Great Britain, France, Russia, Belgium, Serbia, Japan, Italy, etc. that opposed to the
Central Powers in the WWI
Anti-Comintern Pact : a pact formed in 1936, based on agreements between Germany and Japan to oppose
communism and the Third International : Italy and Spain subsequently became signatories
Appeasement : the act of giving the opposing side in an argument or war an advantage that they have demanded in
order to prevent further disagreement
Atlantic charter : the joint declaration issued by F. D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill on August 14, 1941, consisting
of eight principles to guide a post-war settlement
Autonomous : independent and having the power to make your own decision
Axis power : the alliance of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Japan, established in 1936 AD and lasting until their
defeat in World War II
Black Hand Society : underground spy organisation formed by the youths of Bosnia and Herzegovina to revolt against
the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary
Blitzkrieg : a fast, violent attack on a town, city, etc., usually with bombs dropped from aircraft
Civil disobedience movement : the act by a group of people refusing to obey laws or pay taxes, as a peaceful way of
expressing their disapproval of those laws or taxes and in order to persuade the government to change them
Cold war : a state of extreme unfriendliness existing between countries, especially countries with opposing political
systems, that expresses itself not through fighting but through political pressure and threats
Colonialism : the belief in and support for the system of one country controlling another
COMECON : Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, the English name for an economic organisation of Soviet-bloc
countries
Comprehensive peace agreement : an agreement that was signed on 5th Mangsir, 2063 BS that declared the end of
10 years long armed revolution launched by Maoists from 2052 BS in Nepal
Delhi agreement : a tripartite agreement among Ranas, Nepali Congress and King under the negotiation of the Indian
Government in New Delhi on 1st Falgun to introduce democracy in Nepal
Dictatorship : a country ruled by a dictator
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Disarmament : the act of taking away or giving up weapons
Extreme nationalism : extreme nationalism that promotes the interest of one state or people above all others
Feudalism : the feudal system, the social and land-owning system of western Europe in the Middle Ages or of any
society that is organised according to rank
First World War : the war from 1914 to 1918 in which many countries fought
Imperialism : a situation in which one country has a lot of power or influence over others, especially in political and
economic matters
Janakpur incident : an incident that took place on 9th Magh, 2018 BS in which a group of anti-Panchayat youths, under
the leadership of Durgananda Jha, hurled a bomb at King Mahendra's jeep. The King had a narrow escape from there.
Jhapa revolt : the incident in which some youths of Nepal Communist Party (Marxist and Leninist) from Jhapa revolted
against the Panchayat government for the freedom of the poor and against the feudal in 2028 BS
Landmine : a bomb that is put on or under the ground and that explodes when a person steps on it or a vehicle drives
over it
League of Nation : an organisation of several countries, formed to try to keep world peace, that existed from 1920
to 1946
Marshall plan : a US programme providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II; also
known as the European Recovery Programme
Militarism : the belief that it is necessary to have strong-armed forces and that they should be used in order to win
political or economic advantages
Molotov plan : the system created by the Soviet Union in 1947 in order to provide aid to rebuild the countries in
Eastern Europe that were politically and economically aligned to the Soviet Union
NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organisation is an international organisation which consists of the USA, Canada, Britain,
and other European countries, all of whom have agreed to support one another if they are attacked
Nazi-Soviet : an international organisation which consists of the USA, Canada, Britain, and other European countries,
all of whom have agreed to support one another if they are attacked
Non-Aggression pact : a formal agreement between countries to not attack each other.
Non-alignment Movement : a movement of a group of countries not to support or depend on any powerful country
or group of countries
Nuclear energy : the energy released during nuclear fission or fusion
October revolution : the revolution in the Russian empire in 1917, in which the tsarist regime was overthrown and
replaced by Bolshevik rule under Lenin
Ottoman Empire : the former Turkish Empire in Europe, Asia, and Africa, which lasted from the late 13th century until
the end of World War I
Pearl Harbour event : surprise attack by Japan on the US naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941
AD
People’s movement I : the mass movement launched against the Panchayat system for 49 days from 7th Falgun to 26th
Chaitra, 2046 BS to restore multiparty democracy led by Ganesh Man Singh
People’s movement II : the mass movement launched against monarchy for 19 days from 24th Chaitra, 2062 BS to 11th
Baisakh, 2063 BS to restore multiparty democracy organised by the alliance of seven parties
Piskar assassination : an incident at Piskar Mahadev in Sindhupalchowk on 1st Magh, 2040 BS in which the police
surrounding the area where a cultural programme was going on against the Panchayat system, made random firing,
and killed adults and innocent children.
Polarisation : the act of dividing something, especially something that contains different people or opinions, into two
completely opposing groups
Rebellious : if a group of people are rebellious, they oppose the ideas of the people in authority and plan to change
the system, often using force
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis : an alliance between Italy, Germany and Japan formed to prevent the spread of communism
in Europe
Royal coup : the introduction of the party-less Panchayat system by King Mahendra on 22nd Poush, 2017 BS
Second World War : the war from 1939 to 1945 in which many countries fought
Sick Man of Europe : Turkey was called ‘Sick Man of Europe’ before the First World War because it was too weak to
defend against any attack those days. Thus, Russia called it with this name.
Sukhani assassination : the incident in which five people were martyred at the same time in the communist movement
by the then government on 21st Jestha, 2030 BS in a place called Sukhani, a bordering area between Ilam and Jhapa
Terrorism : (threats of) violent action for political purposes
Timburbote incident : the incident that took place in Timburkote, Okhaldhunga in 2031 BS in which youths organised
to end the party-less Panchayat system were killed by the Panchayat government
Triple alliance : the agreement of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy to support each other, which lasted from 1882
until 1914
Triple entente : an agreement in 1907 between the UK, France, and Russia to support each other
Ultimatum : a threat in which a person or group of people are warned that if they do not do a particular thing,
something unpleasant will happen to them
Unprecedented : never having happened or existed in the past
Versailles treaty : a peace agreement made in 1919 AD at Versailles in France, following the defeat of Germany in
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre, 436 Supplementary
Sanothimi, Bhaktapur Learning Materials
World War I, between Germany and the Allies; this treaty also established the League of Nations
Veto power : an official power or right to refuse to accept or allow something
Victoria Cross : a decoration awarded for obvious bravery in the Commonwealth armed services, instituted by Queen
Victoria in 1856 AD
Warsaw Pact Organisation : a group of countries in eastern Europe, including Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Hungary, Poland, and the former Soviet Union, which was established on May 14, 1955 AD to oppose NATO during
the cold war
Weapons of mass destruction : weapons, like nuclear bombs, that cause a lot of damage and kill many people
UNIT 8 : ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Adventure tourism : tourism involving activities that are physically challenging
Consumer : a person who buys goods or services for their own use
Cooperative : a company owned and managed by the people who work in it
Credit card : a small plastic card that can be used as a method of payment, the money being taken from you at a
later time
Custom : the support given to a business, especially a store, by the people who buy things or services from it
Development proposal : a draft to achieve the targeted goals with available means and resources within a certain
time frame
Economic planning : decisions and activities by a government that are aimed at making a country's economy grow
and be successful
Electronic banking service : a range of banking and other services or facilities that use electronic equipment
Excise : a tax made by a government on some types of goods produced and used within their own country
Finance system : a set of institutions, such as banks, insurance companies, and stock exchanges, that permit the
exchange of funds
Financial education : the process of building knowledge, skills and attitudes to become financially literate
Financial literacy : the ability to understand and effectively use various financial skills, including personal financial
management, budgeting, and investing
Foreign employment : being employed in a different country than that of a person's origin
Hundi : the act of sending money through private traders, representatives or unregistered organisations
Income tax : a tax that you have to pay on your income, usually higher for people with larger incomes
Inflation : a general, continuous increase in prices
Insurance : an agreement in which you pay a company money and they pay your costs if you have an accident, injury,
etc.
Remittance : the act of sending money from one place to another
Revenue : the income that a government receives regularly
Self-employment : the state of not working for an employer but finding work for yourself or having your own business
Tax : an amount of money paid to the government that is based on your income or the cost of goods or services you
have bought
VAT : a type of tax that is paid by the person who buys goods and services
UNIT 9 : OUR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP AND COOPERATION
Climate change : changes in the world's weather, in particular, the fact that it is believed to be getting warmer as a
result of human activity increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Epidemic : the appearance of a particular disease in a large number of people at the same time
Globalisation : the increase of trade around the world, especially by large companies producing and trading goods
in many different countries
Glocalisation : the process of changing products or services that are sold all over the world to suit people in different
local markets
Localisation : the process of organising a business or industry so that its main activities happen in local areas rather
than nationally or internationally
Panchasheela : five important principles adopted at the Conference of Asian and African countries organised in
Bandung, Indonesia, on April 18 to 24 in 1955 AD. The principles are : mutual respect for each other's territorial
integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and
mutual benefit, and peaceful co-existence
Pandemic : a disease that spreads over a whole country or the whole world
Specialised agency : international organisations that coordinate their work with the United Nations through negotiated
agreements
United Nations : an international organisation that was established on October 24, 1945 AD and aims to solve world
problems in a peaceful way
Vedanta 437 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre,
Integrated Social Studies - Book 10 Sanothimi, Bhaktapur
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Approved by Curriculum Development Centre, ? Supplementary
Sanothimi, Bhaktapur Learning Materials
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Vedanta Integrated Social Studies Book 10 Final
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