Country/Region Policy & target
Singapore
• Revise the electricity mix target, which comprises 36-38%
renewable electricity, 20-22% nuclear, 22% gas and 19% coal
3. Green Growth Strategy
• Achieve carbon neutrality by 2050
1. Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 2015
• Reduce GHG emission intensity by 36% from 2005 levels by
2030
2. Long-Term Low-Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS)
• Achieve net zero emissions around mid-century
• Increase the carbon tax from an initial rate of SGD5/t CO2e to
SGD10-15/t CO2e by 2030
3. Green Growth Strategy
• Enhance Singapore’s economic, climate and resource
resilience whilst creating new business and job opportunities
that improve Singaporeans’ living standards and environment
4. Sustainable Singapore Blueprint (SSB)
• Launching initiatives to encourage Singapore-based
companies to adopt leading sustainability practices
5. Zero Waste Masterplan
• Reskilling and upskilling workers through initiatives such as the
Environmental Services Industry Transformation Map
• Partnering and supporting the private sector through grants
and incentives for R&D support and encouraging ground-up
solutions. For example, through the launch of a S$45 million
‘Closing the Waste Loop’ initiative to fund research supporting
circular economy approaches to resource management
• Partnering with the community to co-create, design and
implement ideas, programmes and policies together. For
example, in 2019, MEWR convened the #Recycle Right
Citizens’ Workgroup to co-create solutions to household
recycling in Singapore with more than 40 citizens from diverse
backgrounds. NEA will also convene a Citizens’ Workgroup on
Reducing Excessive Consumption of Disposables in 2020 in
30
Country/Region Policy & target
Thailand
order to find inclusive ways to collectively address the
excessive consumption of disposables in Singapore
6. Environmental Services Industry Transformation Map (ITM)
• Moderating manpower demands, e.g. through technological
solutions
• Ensuring sustainable manpower supply, e.g. through improving
the industry image and strengthening HR practices
• Building a skilled and resilient workforce, e.g. by upskilling and
reskilling workers through a Skills Framework for
Environmental Services
• Develop job placement and skills upgrading schemes. One
example of these schemes is the Work-Study Programme led
by SSG, which is a structured training programme to prepare
new entrants for jobs in particular industries
7. Environmental Services Industry Transformation Map (ITM)
• Includes initiatives strengthening the industry’s capabilities to
deliver green building projects
• Supporting R&D for new technologies and practices
• Identify key business opportunities in the green buildings
sector
1. Thailand Climate Change Master Plan 2015-2050
• Achieve climate-resilient and low-carbon growth in line with the
sustainable development path by 2050
2. LEDS
• Achieve carbon neutrality nation by 2065
3. The Thailand 4.0 initiative
• Towards a liveable society with climate change resilience and
a low-carbon environment
4. Skill Development Promotion Act (2002)
• To encourage the private sector to invest in the development
and training of their workers
• Tax exemptions and other benefits are available to
participating enterprises
31
Country/Region Policy & target
Indonesia
• Some companies in the construction and mechanical sectors
have actively promoted green skills, and some entrepreneurial
food producers are moving towards environmentally friendly
production without public support.
1. Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 2016
• To reduce GHG emissions by 29% by 2030
2. National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2020-2024
• Includes GHG emission reduction as a key macro-economic
indicator
• Outlines the green economy as a foundation for the nation’s
development
• Emphasizes sustainable growth
3. Low Carbon Development Planning
• The private sector is key in leveraging necessary funding to
implement the green economy agenda.
• An identified challenge with private sector involvement in
achieving a green economy agenda is the provision and
alignment of incentives for enterprises, especially small and
medium-sized enterprises.
The Philippines 1. Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)
• Reduce GHG emissions by 75% by 2030
2. National Climate Change Action Plan 2011-2028
• Enable a sustainable transition towards green growth through
advancing climate-smart industries and services.
3. The Philippines Green Jobs Act 2016 (PGJA)
• Only ASEAN country with the Green Jobs Act
• Provides the policy framework to encourage low-carbon,
sustainable growth and job creation through providing financial
incentives to enterprises with green human capital
development
32
Country/Region Policy & target
• A special tax deduction from taxable income on expenses
incurred by the induvial or business on skills training and
research and development for green jobs
• Exemptions from customs duties and taxes for the import of
capital equipment that is used directly in the promotion,
generation and sustenance of green jobs
Malaysia 1. Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)
• Reduce carbon intensity against GDP by 45% by 2030,
compared to the 2005 levels
2. 12th Malaysia Plan 2021-2025
• To achieving a carbon-neutral country by 2050
3. 2017-2030 Malaysia Green Technology Master Plan
• Set a targeted revenue of RM 180 billion and will create more
than 200,000 green jobs by 2030
4. National Energy Transition Roadmap
• Renewable energy installed capacity will be increased from
49% in 2035 to 70% by 2050
• Creating 310,000 green growth job opportunity in 2050
5. Green Technology Financing Scheme (GTFS)
• 2% rebate on interest from financial investment used to
purchase and implement green investments
2.5.1 The United States of America
The US has set an ambitious NDC to reduce its net GHG emission by 50-52% in 2030.
Last year, the US announced its Long-Term strategy to achieve net-zero emissions
no later than 2050. The net-zero pathway involves five key transformations, namely:
33
The US also implemented the Green Jobs Act of 2007, amended from the Workforce
Investment Act of 1998. The main aims were to:
a. Establish energy efficiency and renewable energy worker training programmes
that target certain persons (including individuals in need of updated training
related to the energy efficiency and renewable energy industries, veterans,
unemployed workers, and at-risk youth) and sectors of the energy efficiency
and renewable energy industries; and
b. Establish national research programmes to collect and analyse labour market
data to track workforce trends resulting from energy-related initiatives under
this Act.
34
2.5.2 The EU
The European Climate Law sets to achieve at least 55% net GHG emission reduction
compared to the 1990 levels by 2030 and reaches net-zero GHG emission by 2050.
This move requires the member states to reduce emissions, invest in green
technologies and protect the natural environment. This law aims to deliver the
following objectives:
The Green Employment Initiative Communication is a framework that integrates the
labour market and skill policies to enable the region’s transition to a green, low-carbon
and resource-efficient country. It promotes green jobs, growth, and employment,
complementing the EU Circular Economy Action Plan and Green Action Plan for
SMEs. The initiative has set out the following policy actions:
35
i. Bridging existing skills gaps by fostering skills developments and better
forecasting skills needs across sectors and industries;
ii. Anticipating change and securing transitions by assessing and developing
sector initiatives on anticipation and managing restructuring by supporting
peer reviews on adequate labour market policies and by facilitating
occupational mobility to meet specific labour market needs in the green
economy;
iii. Boosting job creation by making efficient use of EU funding by shifting taxes
away from labour towards pollution and by promoting green public
procurement, entrepreneurship and social enterprises;
iv. Increasing data quality and monitoring of labour market developments by
providing financial support and training to national statistical offices;
v. Promoting cross-industry and sector levels of social dialogue as a pre-
requisite to facilitate the greening of the economy. As recommended by the
European Resource Efficiency Platform (EREP), the Commission supports
workers’ involvement in matters related to environmental management,
energy and resource use and emerging risks at the workplace, enhances
workers’ rights to information and consultation, and develops sector-wide
resource efficiency roadmaps;
vi. Strengthening international cooperation by engaging in the Green Growth
Knowledge Platform launched in 2012 by the Global Green Growth Institute,
OECD, UNEP and World Bank.
Even though policies play an essential role, there are a few other drivers and
challenges that need to be addressed that could create more green job opportunities.
36
2.5.2 China
China has updated its NDC target, which aims to have CO2 emissions peak before
2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060 (Xinhuanet, 2021). These targets will
be achieved through the increased share of non-fossil energy consumption, which is
to be around 20% by 2025, 25% by 2030 and over 80% by 2060. Other efforts that
would contribute to the carbon neutrality targets include increasing forest carbon sinks
and adopting a new energy vehicles fleet.
China’s 14th five-year plan (2021-2025) demonstrates the transition of the nation’s
growth model towards green development that promotes high-quality economic
growth and high-standard environmental protection. It outlines an 18% reduction target
for CO2 intensity and a 13.5% reduction target for energy intensity. The plan further
highlights the importance of high-quality green development and emphasises
innovation as a core for modern development. The plan has 20 quantitative targets
under five main categories: economic development, innovation, people’s well-being,
green development, and food and energy security.
37
2.5.3 Japan
The newly updated NDC shows the commitment of the Japanese government to
reduce emissions by 46% below 2013 by 2030 and towards a 50% reduction (CAT,
2022). A new Basic Energy Plan was approved in 2021 to achieve the new reduction
target. Under the new energy plan, the electricity mix target is revised and comprises
36-38% renewable electricity, 20-22% nuclear, 22% gas and 19% coal.
Japan also aims to achieve carbon neutrality in 2050 through its Green Growth
Strategy, with the main output being the decarbonisation of the electric power sector
and the electrification of other sectors (Kizuna, 2021). The green strategy
encompasses three main elements, which are:
i. Energy-related industries
ii. Transportation/manufacturing-related industries
iii. Home/office-related industries.
The three main principles in achieving the targets are:
38
i. Promote innovation and technology as the agents of change in tackling
global warming
ii. Promote green finance to support the development of innovation and new
technologies
iii. Support greater international cooperation for business-led adoption of
innovative green technologies
2.5.4 Singapore
In 2015, Singapore announced its NDC target of reducing GHG emission intensity by
36% from 2005 levels by 2030, where the emissions will be stabilised after the peak
emission around 2030. In 2020, Singapore submitted its enhanced NDC and LEDS,
where the country will aim to achieve an absolute emissions target to peak emissions
at 65 MtCO2e around 2030. By 2050, the country will have this peak emission halved
to 33 MtCO2e, moving its path onward to achieve net zero emissions around mid-
century. The LEDS are based on three main thrusts:
• To transform the industry, economy and society
• Harness emerging technologies as they mature
• Pursue and leverage international collaborations
The transformation involves industry, economy and society, with major sectors being
power, industry, transport, buildings, waste and water. In addition, the document also
shows a target to increase the carbon tax from an initial rate of S$5/t CO2e to S$10-
15/t CO2e by 2030.
Singapore Green Plan 2030 focuses on enhancing Singapore’s economic, climate and
resource resilience whilst creating new business and job opportunities that improve
Singaporeans’ living standards and environment (GDSA, 2021). The plan involves five
main pillars, which are:
39
i. City in Nature: to create a green, liveable and sustainable home for
Singaporeans;
ii. Sustainable Living: to reduce carbon emissions, keeping the environment
clean
iii. Energy Reset: to lower Singapore’s carbon footprint by increasing energy
efficiency through cleaner fuel usage;
iv. Green Economy: to seek green growth opportunities to create new jobs,
transform Singapore’s industries and harness sustainability as a competitive
edge;
v. Resilient Future: to build Singapore’s climate resilience and enhance its
food security.
2.5.5 Thailand
Thailand Climate Change Master Plan 2015-2050 aims to achieve climate-resilient
and low-carbon growth in line with the sustainable development path by 2050. The
plan outlines three key strategies, which are
• Climate change adaptation
• Mitigation and low carbon development
• Enabling the environment on climate change management
Under the recently submitted LEDS, Thailand also aims to reach a peak GHG
emission of 370 MtCO2e in 2030, then move towards net-zero emission by mid-century
and eventually towards a carbon-neutral nation by 2065. The main GHG mitigation
measures would be in the energy and transportation sectors. The country aims to
increase the share of renewable electricity generation to at least 50% of new power
generation capacity by 2050 and at least 69% of electric vehicles share among the
new vehicles in the market by 2035.
The Thailand 4.0 initiative (Startup in Thailand, 2020) emphasises a value-based
economy which consists of three elements, namely:
40
i. High-income nation group by being a knowledge-based economy
ii. Inclusive society
iii. Sustainable development and growth
The initiative focuses on transforming the country’s labour force into knowledge
workers across key economic segments through technology, science, innovation and
digitalisation. The four objectives to be delivered are (Royal Thai Embassy, 2022):
2.5.6 Indonesia
Indonesia’s NDC 2016 aims at an unconditional target of reducing GHG emissions by
29% by 2030, or a 41% reduction target contingent on sufficient international financial
support (WRI, 2021). Its newly updated NDC (submitted 2021) has maintained such a
reduction target but with new measures on adaptation and resilience. In conjunction
with its updated NDC, the country has also announced its first long-term climate
41
strategy, which drives it towards net zero by 2060 or sooner. It is envisioned that the
country will reach peak emissions in 2030, followed by an average annual decline of
30.7 MtCO2e and achieving a net sink of emissions in the forest and land use sector.
In 2020, Indonesia released its first-ever sustainable development plan, the National
Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2020-2024. It is one of the phases of the
country’s National Long-Term Development Plan (2005-2025). The plan includes
GHG emission reduction as a key macro-economic indicator, in addition to GDP
growth, poverty reduction and employment. The plan also outlines the green economy
as a foundation for the nation’s development, emphasising sustainable growth, a
sustainable approach to increase the value of natural resources, increasing
environmental quality, disaster management and tackling climate change.
Four main strategies are presented:
i. Create and increase green city development as a part of climate and
disaster security through:
a. Spatial planning, which orientates on environmental sustainability;
b. Improved institution and capacity of public officers to mitigate and
reduce disaster risks;
c. Providing public goods and infrastructure based on green construction
principles;
ii. Develop the rural and remote areas, with special attention on border
areas, disadvantaged regions, transmigration areas, and small islands;
iii. Eradicate illegal logging, illegal fishing and illegal mining;
iv. Improve governance in natural resources and increase community
participation in forest management.
2.5.7 The Philippines
On its revised NDC, the Philippines has increased its target to reduce GHG emissions
to a 75% reduction by 2030, where 72.29% is conditional on developed countries’
42
support in climate finance, technologies and capacity development. Under its National
Climate Change Action Plan 2011-2028, the long-term goal is to enable a sustainable
transition towards green growth through advancing climate-smart industries and
services. The main economic sectors are energy, power, industry, transportation, and
building. The action plan has three main focuses:
i. Promoting climate-smart industry, including green industry and green
services
ii. Creation of green jobs, including those offering environmental protection,
low carbon development, and climate change adaptation
iii. Development of sustainable cities and municipalities
The country is also the only ASEAN country with the Green Jobs Act 2016 (RA 10771).
This act provides the policy framework to encourage low-carbon, sustainable growth
and job creation through providing financial incentives to enterprises with green human
capital development. Under this act, enterprises are accessible to the following
incentives:
i. Special deduction from taxable income equivalent to 50% of the total
expenses for skills training and research development expense
ii. Tax- and duty-free importation of capital equipment if used directly and
exclusively in the promotion of green jobs of the business enterprise
2.5.8 Malaysia
Based on the revised Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2021, Malaysia has
increased its mitigation goal with an unconditional target to reduce carbon intensity
against GDP by 45% by 2030, compared to the 2005 levels. This aim is also captured
in the 12th Malaysia Plan 2021-2025, which serves as a medium-term plan with an
objective towards ‘A Prosperous, Inclusive, Sustainable Malaysia’ and the Shared
Prosperity Vision 2030. Malaysia is also committed to achieving a carbon-neutral
country by 2050. The 12th MP comes with three main themes, which are:
43
The elements of green economy and green growth have been incorporated. Under
Theme 1, advanced technology adoption, digitalisation and production of high-value-
added products are emphasised to contribute to the green economy agenda. Under
Theme 3, Advancing sustainability, a highlight has been given for advancing green
growth, enhancing energy sustainability and water sector transformation to achieve
sustainability and resilience, and moving towards a low-carbon nation.
Another leading player is the 2017-2030 Malaysia Green Technology Master Plan
(GTMP). It is fundamentally an outcome of the 11th MP 2016-2020, which specifies
green growth as one of the six game changers for the nation’s growth. The GTMP has
set a targeted revenue of RM 180 billion and will create more than 200,000 green jobs
by 2030. The plan focuses on four main pillars, namely energy, environment, economy
and social, with five strategic thrusts:
i. Strengthen the institutional framework;
ii. Provide a conducive environment for green technology development;
iii. Intensify human capital development in green technology;
iv. Intensify green technology research and innovations;
v. Promotion and public awareness.
Recently, Malaysia released the National Energy Transition Roadmap (NETR, 2023)
to reform the energy sector and increase the renewable energy mix. The renewable
energy installed capacity will be increased from 49% in 2035 to 70% by 2050. The first
44
part of the NETR outlines ten flagship catalyst projects and initiatives focused on
energy efficiency, renewable energy, hydrogen, bioenergy, green mobility, and carbon
capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS). These projects are expected to generate
more than RM 25 billion, create 23,000 job opportunities and reduce 10,000 Gg CO2
equivalent annually.
The second part of NETR highlighted the targets by 2050 for the 6 key sectors
mentioned in the last paragraph. For energy efficiency, the target is to have industrial
and commercial energy efficiency savings by 23% while residential savings is 20%.
For renewable energy, the coal installed capacity will be reduced to 0% while having
70% of renewable energy installed capacity. For hydrogen, 3 hydrogen hubs will be
built with green hydrogen production capacity up to 25 Million Tonnes Per Annum
(MTPA). The bioenergy is expected to generate up to 1.4 GW of power. For green
mobility, it is expected that biofuel can be blended with fossil fuel for heavy transport
up to 30%, green fuel blending by up to 40% for marine transport, and sustainable
aviation fuel (SAF) blending up to 47% for aviation transport. CCUS estimated to be
able to store 40 to 80 MTPA. From the second part of the NETR, it is estimated that
the energy transition able to generate investment opportunities totalling up to RM1.3
trillion by 2050 and create approximately 310,000 green growth job opportunities in
2050.
To encourage the implementation of green technologies, Malaysia offers financial
support called the Green Technology Financing Scheme (GTFS). The GTFS provides
a 2% rebate on interest from financial investment from participating financial
institutions used to purchase and implement green investments. Participants in the
Scheme can also access a 60% government guarantee on the funding required.
Malaysia also provides Investment Tax Allowance for purchasing green equipment
and assets and Income Tax Exemption for providing green services.
Besides those listed above, many more ongoing green-related policies in Malaysia are
listed in Figure 2.4. All the policies are classified according to the sector of interest of
this study, namely energy, building and transportation.
45
Even though policies are one of the main drivers of green job demand, other drivers
and challenges should also be identified to increase the demand for green jobs.
Currently, the actual data about green job demand in Malaysia is lacking. Therefore,
there is a need to review the methodology in estimating the green job demand in other
countries to be tailored to the Malaysian scenario, which is reviewed in the next
section.
46
Figure 2.4: Green-related policies
4
s in Malaysia according to sectors
47
2.6
Review Green Jobs Potential in
Developing Countries- A Practitioner’s
Guide
This section reviews three case studies on green job potential in three different
developing countries, with the first case study focusing on evaluating the potential of
green jobs in Mexico. The second case study is on the measuring methods and model
results for green jobs in Tunisia, and the last is on Malaysia’s green job mapping study.
Case Study 1: Evaluation of the Potential of Green Jobs in Mexico (ILO, 2014)
ILO took a task to identify the number and potential of green jobs in Mexico in 2013
(ILO, 2014). A green job was defined as “any job that either produces a product or
service related to environmental conservation and management or makes processes
more sustainable and has decent work conditions”. A five-step methodology was
adopted, and the steps are summarised below.
Table 2.6: Methodology adopted and input data considered for assessing green jobs
potential in Mexico
No. Steps Inputs
1 Overall • Total employment, formal and informal
economic and • Sectoral distribution, GDP per sector, working
employment
structure conditions, wage/salary
2 Identify key • Nine key green activities were considered: sustainable
green activities agriculture, sustainable forestry activities, renewable
in the country electric energy, clean industry, sustainable
construction, waste management, sustainable tourism,
public mass transport and federal government activities
and sustainability programmes
48
No. Steps Inputs
3 Estimate the • Information was mainly gained from secondary sources
size of and specialised consultations. Due to the lack of a
environmental survey, the results were considered indicative.
sectors, i.e.
production and • For direct environmental employment estimation, case
employment studies, coefficients for job estimates per unit of green
activity, and labour-output ratios from conventional
4 Estimate the sectors were used.
potential of
green jobs • A sectoral approach was used to quantify
using the environmental jobs where all workers within an
multiplier effect economic activity were considered.
• A Decent Work Index was developed, ranging from 0 to
100 and a threshold of 70 indicating a decent working
job. The calculation considered adequate wage
(monthly income), decent working hours, work security
and stability (written contract), and social protection.
• Different output multiplier factors were applied to the
respective activities. A higher value was mainly used
than conventional activities as most green activities
were expected to be more labour-intensive. Mexico’s
average output multiplier was 1.5, with a national
average employment multiplier of 5.
5 Analyse the net • For the modelling, the net effect was modelled by
impact of substituting 10% of final demand in agriculture, electric
change towards energy, construction, manufacturing industry and
green activities tourism sectors to their corresponding green activities.
The output showed a 0.04% decrease in production but
a net increase of 2% in total employment.
Case Study 2: Green Jobs in Tunisia - Measuring Methods and Model Results
(ILO,2018)
The document produced by ILO supports the development of a method for measuring
green and decent employment under the ILO Green Jobs Initiative. The report consists
of a methodology for measuring direct and indirect jobs resulting from the green
transition for Tunisia, with support from an input-output analysis (IOA) and input-output
(IO) table. The methodology consists of four main steps, as presented in Table 2.7.
49
Table 2.7: Methodology adopted for green jobs measuring using an input-output
table
No. Steps Description
1 Identify the “greenness” of each economic sector
Calculate the green employment in each sector, which is
2 the number of direct green jobs
Estimate Use the input-output table (IOT) to estimate indirect jobs,
existing green which involves constructing an IOT that distinguishes
jobs between green and non-green activities, including those of
3 green, non-green and partly green. Maintain consistency
with the original IOT and apply the new IOT to the original
employment vector
Create a simulation model based on the time series of the
4 Estimate future established IOT and macro-economic drives, e.g.
green jobs
population and GDP
The construction of the IO table is thus crucial for such an approach. The following
describes some of the key features in the construction of the IO table:
i. For the IO table, the rows show the demand for product i, which is needed
for the production process of another product j and as a final product for
consumption.
ii. The columns then present the cost structures of production and services.
The sums for the rows are equal to the sums in the columns.
iii. Each sector will be separated into a green and a non-green part for a green
IO table.
iv. A matrix and equations represent IO tables. Two main matrices are included:
the sectoral production and the labour-input matrix. Sectoral production is
the outcome of both final domestic demand and inter-industrial production
processes, where the labour-input matrix is obtained by left-multiplying the
Leontief inverse matrix with a diagonal matrix of employment coefficient.
The information on the equations can be found in chapter 2.3 in the report.
50
Case Study 3: Green Jobs Mapping Study in Malaysia (ILO Regional Office for Asia
and the Pacific, 2014)
The purpose of the 'Green Jobs Mapping Study in Malaysia' document was to present
a conceptual framework for characterising green jobs in Malaysia, and selecting
technical indicators in the environment and labour fields. The selection criteria for
green jobs were based on conditions for decent jobs and jobs contributing directly to
environmentally sustainable activities, products and services. The methodology was
based on ILO (2014) with the government of Malaysia and national experts led by the
Malaysian Ministry of Human Resources – Institute of Labour Market Information and
Analysis (ILMIA), and the methodology is shown below.
Table 2.8: Overall methodology for green job characterisation and estimation
No. Steps Description
1 Identification of
Key Sectors • Review the national development plan,
investment plan, climate change action plan and
2 Preparation of other strategic plans
Sector Profiles
• Integrate the different plans and identify common
3 Development of priority areas
Screening
Criteria • Understanding the overall structure of the
domestic economy and total employment
• Sectors include agriculture, energy, buildings,
transport, water and wastewater management,
and solid waste management
• Prepare the economic and employment profile
statistics of identified priority areas
• Include implications of climate change and
environmental policies
• Environmental criteria of the following are applied
sequentially to the data collected for each sector:
➢ Compliance with international and/or
national environmental laws
51
No. Steps Description
4 Estimation of ➢ Implementation of voluntary environmental
Green Jobs standards and associated management
systems linked to the production of green
goods and services
➢ The presence of government and/or
public/private strategic plans and targets for
environmental management
➢ The use of performance benchmarking by
government and/or private sector
➢ The use of activity-based approaches
• Decent work criteria consider the followings:
e.g. rules on minimum wage, no forced labour,
abolition of child labour, elimination of
discrimination
• Method 1: Using a ratio
This method is used when the size (%) of the
environment-related “core” sub-sector is available
relative to the whole sector size.
• Method 2: Using assumptions
This method is used when initial default values
used in previous studies are needed.
• Method 3: Using “what-if” scenarios
This method is used when there is no available
data to initiate the estimation, where scenarios
are created to understand the effects of green
job creation potential.
Based on Table 2.8, it can be summarised that the previous methodology employed
by Malaysia had four key steps. The first step was reviewing the key sectors in
Malaysia and the related national policies and plans of the sectors. The second step
was preparing the sector profile related to employment statistics. The third step was
52
developing the screening criteria to determine the number of green jobs available in
the sectors. Lastly, the green jobs available in these sectors were estimated using
ratios, assumptions and “what-if” scenarios, depending on the availability of data
obtained by the previous study.
The methodologies used by past studies in capturing their green job demand were
used as a benchmark for the current study in estimating the green job demand in
Malaysia, which will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 3.
2.7
Research Gap
As a fast-growing concept, green jobs are defined as decent jobs that contribute to
preserving or restoring the environment, either in traditional sectors such as
manufacturing and construction or in emerging green sectors such as energy,
renewable and energy efficiency, by ILO. It is crucial to comprehend what green jobs
are and how they differ from non-green professions to guide the policies designed to
hasten the adoption of sustainable technology and practices. Thus, the lack of a clear
definition of green jobs in Malaysia is slowing down the growth of the green economy.
This gap is addressed in Section 4.1.
Green jobs can be classified into various sectors: energy, building, transportation,
manufacturing, waste and water. However, there is no clear mapping of the
occupational framework in Malaysia according to those sectors with green jobs. Thus,
mapping between available programmes and courses, job titles, and occupational
frameworks is crucial to defining and promoting green jobs in Malaysia. Besides, this
information is also very crucial in ensuring that the skill development is tailored to meet
the need for green jobs in Malaysia. This gap is addressed in Sections 4.5 and Section
4.6.
53
The green-related policies in various countries were reviewed to understand green
economic growth and how to promote it. However, other drivers that drive green job
demand and challenges in developing green jobs remain scarce. This gap is
addressed in Section 4.8.
Lastly, for a better estimation of Malaysia’s green job demand, the methodology to
estimate green job demand in other parts of the world was reviewed and adopted in
this study, including the case studies of various countries in estimating green job
potential, and the green survey forms used. This gap is addressed in Section 4.3 and
Section 4.4.
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3
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Overall Workflow
The overall workflow of this study is outlined in Figure 3.1. Within the project
workflow are three methodologies for obtaining information: desktop study, survey
and focus group discussion (FGD). The details of each methodology are explained
in the next section.
• Benchmarking • Review green job definition
• Identify green skills/green areas of competence
Desktop Study • Identify training/ accredited centers’ readiness.
Focus Group Survey
Discussion
• Analyse green job demand
• Focus group Discussion 1: • Analyse marketability
• Analyse area of competence
Finalize the green job definition • Identify drivers and challenges
• Focus group Discussion 2:
Identify drivers and challenge to
increase community participants
Gap Analysis of green-related NOSS/ Course
• Identify available green-related NOSS/ course
• Map Courses with Sector
• Map Course with area of competence
• Gap analysis
Figure 3.1: Workflow of the project
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3.2
Desktop Study
This project began with reviewing green job definitions in other countries and
organizations. In addition, the definition of green skills demanded by the industry
was also examined. Published articles and technical reports on green jobs and skills
were identified from electronic databases, including ScienceDirect, Google Scholar,
and ResearchGate. Benchmarking analysis was conducted by gathering and
comparing information on policies related to green jobs. The reviews and
benchmarking exercise helped establish the definitions of green jobs and green
skills. The desktop study aimed to identify green-related courses or programmes
and assess the readiness of Training Institutions (TI), as illustrated in Figure 3.2.
The first steps involved identifying green-related courses/programs offered by TIs,
which include Accredited Centres (ACs), Institute of Higher Educations (IHEs) and
Training Providers (TPs). This process involved the use of two approaches. The first
approach involved identifying green jobs and extracting a list of NOSS under the
green jobs category from eMASCO. The second approach consists of screening
green NOSS (from the MySPIKE portal) to identify ACs and green courses/programs
offered by IHEs and training providers, based on the green jobs’ definition.
Accredited Centres refer to an organization, whether a training institute or company,
that has received approval from JPK to conduct skill training programmes based on
NOSS. These include a range of institutions such as industrial training institutes,
community colleges, vocational colleges, polytechnics, and private training centres.
On the other hand, IHEs comprise both public universities (IPTA) and private
universities (IPTS). In this category, diploma, degree, and master's courses and
programmes, as well as short courses related to green were identified. As for TPs,
they are training centres that provide short courses related to green jobs. This
category includes private training centres and government agencies such as
57
Petronas INSTEP, TNB ILSAS, the Sustainable Energy Development Authority
(SEDA), MGTC, and others.
Additionally, this methodology was also used to analyse courses or programmes
related to green jobs relevant to the current industry demand (Objective 2) and to
evaluate the readiness of existing TI in offering green-related courses and
programmes (Objective 3). The following subsection provides detailed information
about how this methodology was used to achieve these two objectives
Objective 2 Identifying green-related courses/programmes
Identifying green job Based on the green job
from eMASCO definition, screen green
NOSS (from MySPIKE
Extract the list of NOSS
from eMASCO’s green job portal) and courses/
programs from training
institution (TI)
Objective 3 Mapping with current and
future demand of green job
Gap Analysis
Can green-related
courses/programmes
supply fulfilled the
demand?
YES NO
TI is ready to offer green TI is not ready to offer green
courses/programmes courses/programmes
Figure 3.2: Flowchart for identifying green-related courses or programmes and
assessing the readiness of TI
58
3.2.1 Identifying green-related courses/ programmes
To achieve Objective 2, a combination of a desktop study and a survey was utilized.
In this objective, the list of courses/programmes offered by TIs was mapped with
green job areas identified from the survey. The number of courses/programmes
offered by TIs based on the green job areas was then identified and analysed. The
results were then compared with the green job demand estimated from the survey
conducted, where the suitability of the courses offered by TIs was then analysed.
3.2.2 Evaluate Existing TI-Offered Green-Related Courses and
Programmes (TI Readiness)
The final step for the desktop study was assessing the readiness of TIs. This
assessment was done based on supply and demand by estimating the number of
students/ trainees/ participants for green jobs-related training annually to the
projected number of students/trainees/participants by TIs in the next five years
(2023-2027).
To obtain an estimated number of students/trainees/participants for green job-
related training annually, several assumptions were made. Firstly, the green-related
training can accommodate 20 students/trainees/participants per session for ACs
and TPs, and 16 students/trainees/participants for IHEs. Secondly, there are 5
sessions within a year, where the training programs can accommodate 100
students/ trainees/ participants annually for ACs and TPs, and 80
students/trainees/participants for IHEs. A more detailed calculation is available in
Appendix C. If the talent supply of green-related courses/programmes offered by TI
was found to be insufficient to meet the demand, it indicated that TI was not yet
ready to meet the demand. Conversely, if there were enough green-related talent, it
showed that TIs were ready to meet the demand.
59
3.3
Survey
The survey methodology was used to collect data for estimation of the demand for
green jobs, the marketability of MSC holders, relevant courses to enhance areas of
competence and key challenges in implementing green jobs in industries.
3.3.1 Review Green Jobs Survey from Other Countries
A review of green jobs survey from other countries has been conducted to
understand the green jobs criteria and categories for green jobs survey. Two
samples of green jobs survey have been rereferred for development of the
questionnaire for Malaysia green jobs survey.
Sample 1: California’s Green Economy
A Green Economy Survey was conducted in California by considering the
components of G.R.E.E.N. as follows:
i. Generating and storing renewable energy
ii. Recycling existing materials
iii. Energy-efficient product manufacturing, distribution, construction,
installation and maintenance
iv. Education, compliance and awareness
v. Natural and sustainable product manufacturing
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For the survey, the main questions involved are:
• Number of employees and type of business
• Number of employees that currently produce goods or services for the
GREEN categories
• Methods used to prepare current workers to produce green products and
services (e.g., in-house classroom training, vocational training, community
college courses)
• Green practices currently used on the site (e.g., alternative fuel vehicles,
energy efficiency, recycled products, pollution reduction, water conservation)
• New skills or knowledge needed for employers to perform green activities in
the future (e.g., principles of energy conservation, waste minimisation,
standards and legislation)
• The barriers to implementing green practices at the firm (e.g., shortage of
knowledgeable or skilled workers, shortage of available training programmes,
cost, government policies/regulations)
• Resources contributing to GHG emission reduction (e.g., technical support,
GHG emission reporting protocol, information on cost-effective actions to
reduce GHG)
• A mapping of green job descriptions with an estimation of current employees
of the respective green job
Sample 2: New Hampshire’s Green Jobs Survey
The Green Jobs Survey in the New Hampshire region was conducted to collect
information on job posting methods, worker qualifications and training needs at New
Hampshire firms in renewable energy, energy efficiency, or environmental protection
and sustainability. In this work, green was defined as
i. Green products and services: Businesses which have end products
supporting renewable energy, energy efficiency and environmental
sustainability but might not involve a green production process
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ii. Green process: Businesses which involve environmental management,
environmentally safe or energy efficiency business
iii. Green practices: Businesses which practise environmentally sustainable
activities and environmental stewardship but might not produce a green
product or utilise a green process
The survey’s questions were divided into five main sections, as shown in Table 3.1,
briefly illustrates the key questions under each respective section.
Table 3.1: A brief illustration of the main section and respective key questions under
the Green Jobs Survey
Section Description Key Questions
A Basic information
B • The specific green sectors where the
C Employment company falls under (e.g., renewable energy
D or energy efficiency, construction,
Green worker training manufacturing, transportation)
E & education
• Number of employments
Green worker skills • Methods of job advertisement (e.g., online
Future of the green job board, company website, newspaper)
economy in New • Number of green workers
Hampshire
• Requirement on certification/training course
by green worker
• Needs on green knowledge/skills for current
workers (e.g., on-the-job training, in-house
classes, community college)
• Basic skills needed for the workers in green
jobs at the company
• Qualifications needed for green works at the
company (e.g., organic farming, lean
manufacturing, Six Sigma, IS0 14001,
environmental regulations, renewable
energy knowledge, LEED certification)
• Challenges/barriers to implementing green
business (e.g., lack of demand for green
productions, lack of skilled workers, lack of
cost, lack of universal green standards,
complex regulations/requirements)
62
Other than reviewing surveys from other countries, some information related to
green skills needed was identified from reports such as the LinkedIn report (LinkedIn
Economic Graph, 2022) and Skills for Green Jobs: A Global View (www.ilo.org).
LinkedIn identified a list of popular green-related skills added by employees and
LinkedIn members in 2021 and the top fastest-growing green skills from 2016-2021
(LinkedIn Economic Graph, 2022). The list in Table 3.2 serves as a reference for
this study’s survey form.
Table 3.2: List of popular green skills in 2021 (extracted from LinkedIn Economic
Graph, 2022)
Top green skills added by Top green skills added by Top fastest growing
green skills from 2016-
employees in 2021 members in 2021
2021
• Sustainability • Sustainability • Sustainable Fashion
• Remediation • Environmental • Environmental
• Occupational Safety
Awareness Services
and Health Advisor • Renewable Energy • Oil Spill Response
(OSHA • Environmental, Health • Climate
• Climate • Sustainable Growth
• Renewable Energy and Safety (EHS) • Surface Water
• Environmental • Sustainable • Occupational Safety
Awareness
• Environmental, Health Development and Health Advisor
and Safety (EHS) • Sustainable Design (OSHA)
• Solar Energy • Environmental • Sustainable
• Corporate Social Business Strategies
Responsibility (CSR) Science • Solar Systems
• Recycling • ISO 14001 • Sustainable
• Environmental Landscapes
Management System
(EMS)
• Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR)
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3.3.2 Questionnaire Design
The questionnaire was designed and constructed based on the objectives of the
study. Both qualitative and quantitative types of questionnaires were involved in this
study. This questionnaire has five parts (Part A, B, C, D and E). Part A is for the
respondent profiling by identifying the background of respondents by the sector, the
company size and the number of employees according to academic qualifications,
including SKM, DKM and DLKM. Meanwhile, the other parts of the questionnaire
were designed to meet the project’s objectives, as summarized in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3: Mapping of the defined objectives onto the survey questions
Objectives Research Instrument
Objective 1: Identify the demand for manpower in • Part B.1: Question 1
the field of green jobs • Part B.2: Question 1
• Part B.3: Question 1
• Part B.4: Question 1
• Part B.5: Questions 1 and 2
Objective 2: Identify green jobs-related • Part B.1: Question 2
programmes/courses that are relevant to current • Part B.2: Question 2
industry demands • Part B.3: Question 2
• Part B.4: Question 2
• Part E: Questions 7 & 8
Objective 4: Identify the marketability of MSC • Part A: Question 6
holders in the field of green jobs • Part E: Questions 5 and 6
Objective 5: Identify factors to increase • Part C: All questions
community participation in green jobs • Part D: All questions
Part B is divided into five sections, where the first four sections are for the types of
companies, and the last section is for the green jobs’ projection for all the types of
companies. The types of companies that provide green jobs are defined as follows:
i. Companies that produce renewable energy, green products, and
energy-efficient products
64
ii. Companies that provide services in any green category
iii. Companies that use green products/technology
iv. Companies that apply green practices
The first type focuses on industries related to the energy sector that produces
renewable energy and the manufacturing sector that produces green products.
According to the GTMP, the energy and manufacturing sectors are important
sectors. The energy sector contributes 28% of the gross domestic product (GDP),
accounting for 25% of the workforce. The second type of company focuses on the
service sector, the main contributor to Malaysia’s economy.
Questionnaire Design Phase 1
Review relevant green Survey Pre-testing
job studies, reports
and surveys. Send survey to 30
companies to get
2 Phase feedback on the
Questionnaire questionnaire
Improvement
Improve the questions Phase 3
based on the input from
the survey pre-testing Survey Distribution
4 Phase Distribute the survey
through multiple
approaches
Survey Analysis Phase 5
Analyse the data using
SPSS
Figure 3.3: The flowchart of the survey methodology
65
3.3.3 Sample Size
The survey was determined using stratified random sampling, a method of sampling
that involves dividing a population into smaller groups–called strata. The groups or
strata are organised based on the shared characteristics or attributes of the group
members. The process of classifying the population is called stratification.
The sample size was estimated based on the number of establishments shown in
Table 3.4, using the Taro Yamane formula as shown in Equation (1) below (Yamane,
1973). The total number of establishments considered in this study was 80,174 for
the energy, transportation, and building sectors.
Table 3.4: Population of SMEs and large firms and its sample size
Sector Total Population Sample Size
Small 66,859 334
Medium 8,822 44
Large 4,492 22
Total 80,174 400
n= N (1)
1+N(e)2
where n is the sample size, N is the population size, and e is the acceptable sampling
error. For the estimation used in this study, 95% confidence intervals and p=0.5 were
assumed. The resulting sample size, n, is:
n= 80,174 =398 ≅400
1+80,174(0.5)2
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3.3.4 Survey Distribution
The survey was distributed to the targeted respondents, focusing on small, medium
and large-sized companies. A total of 2,046 respondents were obtained from the
MGTC database (335), UTM database (1,451), SEDA website (220) and individual
networking list (40). The distribution of the survey was carried out through:
Email:
• To respondents’ mailing addresses
Telephone:
• Using the respondents’ mobile number
Social Media:
• To the respondents’ WhatsApp and Telegram
Selected events
• Johor Conversations: A sustainable Johor Rooted in
Resilience at Menara KOMTAR JBCC, Johor Bahru, Johor,
4 April 2023 – attended by local authorities and relevant
industrial representatives
• Roundtable Discussion - Understanding Environmental,
Social, and Governance (ESG) and How to Integrate into
Business Practices at UTM Johor Bahru, 17 April 2023 -
attended by industrial representatives
• Seminar Memperkasa Sistem Latihan Dual Nasional (SLDN)
Melalui Penglibatan Badan Peneraju Industri (ILB) at Everly
Hotel, Putrajaya, 30 May 2023 – attended by ILBs and
related industrial representatives.
Industrial visits around Pasir Gudang, Johor
67
3.3.5 Survey Analysis
The total number of respondents in this study was 412, but after the data cleaning
process, only 400 were considered as per the sample size. The survey was
analysed based on 400 respondents. In order to determine the reliability of the data
collected, a reliability test was used, which was Cronbach’s alpha, and it was
determined using SPSS software. Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of internal
consistency, that is, how closely related a set of items are as a group. The
Cronbach’s alpha value must be greater than 0.70 to be considered acceptable. In
this study, Cronbach’s alpha value obtained from the SPSS software was equivalent
to 0.964. This finding demonstrates that the questionnaire data had excellent
internal consistency.
3.3
Focus Group Discussion
The FGD is a qualitative research and data collection technique in which a selected
group of people discusses a topic or issue in depth, facilitated by a professional
external moderator. The technique is predicated on the assumption that the group
processes activated during a FGD aid in the identification and clarification of shared
knowledge among groups and communities, which would otherwise be difficult to
obtain through a series of individual interviews. The step-by-step methodology
involved in conducting a focus group discussion is illustrated in Figure 3.4, which
was adopted from Focus Group (2017).
68
07 01
Analyze the session
and present a Determine the topic
through written and goals of the focus
06 and/or report group.
Conduct 90 - 12 02
minute session lead Steps to Identify potential
participants
by a moderator conduct a focus
05 group 03
Recruit 6-12 04 Prepare a guide (the
participants who moderator guide or
discussion guide)
receive an that outline the focus
incentive group questions
Choose a location
for the focus group
Figure 3.4: Steps to conduct a focus group, retrieved from Focus Groups (2017)
For this study, two FGDs were conducted to collect qualitative data on the definition
of green jobs in Malaysia as well as the drivers and challenges of green job
implementation in Malaysia. The potential participants for these FGDs were
identified through purposive sampling, where the top management from the ministry,
government agencies, and industries were invited. Then the results of these two
FGDs were analysed through the thematic analysis method. The details of each
FGD, including location, date, agencies involved, objectives and outcome, are
summarised in Table 3.5 below. A detailed list of participants for each FGD is also
provided in Appendix A.
69
Table 3.5: Summary of FGD 1 and FGD 2
Focus Group Discussion Details
Focus Group Discussion I Location: Bangi Resort Hotel
(Objectives: to define ‘green Date: 29th – 31st July 2022
jobs’; obtain feedback on the Group 1: KASA, MGTC, FMM, KSM, PERKESO, JPK
questionnaire) Group 2: KASA, JPK, KeTSA, ST, UPSI
Outcome: Green job definition, green job categories, green
talent requirement, training for talent development, drivers for
green job initiatives, mapping green job, green job
questionnaire, green job guideline
Focus Group Discussion II Location: Hotel Avilion Admiral Cove, Port Dickson
(Objectives: to identify drivers Date: 3rd – 4th October 2022
and challenges; obtain Group 1: FGV Holdings Berhad, PAM, Greenbuildingindex
feedback on the Sdn Bhd, MAESCO, MGTC
questionnaire) Group 2: MIDA, SME Association of Malaysia, Proton
Holdings Sdn Bhd, MARii
Group 3: Ranhill SAJ, MIDA, MGTC, Indah Water, MWA
Outcome: Green skills, green job category, institutional
framework
70
4
FINDINGS AND
DISCUSSION
4.1
Definition of Green Job
A green jobs definition for Malaysia must be first established for this study and hence
was made the major agenda during the first FGD held on July 29th – 31st, 2022, at
Bangi Resort Hotel. A green jobs definition for Malaysia was proposed to experts
during the first FGD but was also re-iterated during the second FGD for further
discussion and confirmation from the participants. Malaysia’s green job definition
was based on ILO, ASEAN countries, US, UNEP and OECD’s definitions. From the
participants’ feedback, the green job definition resulted from the consensus obtained
after both FGDs is:
“Green job are occupations that contribute to
the preservation, conservation and
restoration of resources and the environment
and improve well-being through sustainable
”activities, practices, products and service.
This definition was referred to throughout this study. This definition also was
proposed to be used in Malaysia.
72
4.2
Demographic Profile
The respondents’ profile is presented by state (Figure 4.1), sector (Figure 4.2), and
size of business (Figure 4.3). Figure 4.1 shows the distribution of the respondents
by state and sector; 130 respondents were from Johor, 108 respondents from
Selangor, 58 respondents from Kuala Lumpur, 32 respondents from Negeri
Sembilan, 18 respondents from Penang, 12 respondents from Kedah, and the
remaining were from other states.
Terengganu 1
Kelantan 3
Sarawak 4
Putrajaya 4
Perlis
Melaka 5
Perak 8
Pahang 9
Kedah
Penang 10
12
Negeri Sembilan 18
Kuala lumpur
Selangor 32
Johor
55
108
130
Energy Transportation Building
Figure 4.1: Respondents’ profile by state
73
Figure 4.2 shows the distribution of respondents according to industrial sectors. The
majority of the respondents were from the construction and building sector (32%),
followed by transportation and logistics (23%), energy (20%), services (16%) and
manufacturing (9%) sectors. Figure 4.3 presents the respondents’ profiles based on
the size of the business, and most of them were from small companies (58%),
followed by medium-sized companies (24%) and large-sized companies (18%).
Building Energy
43% 27%
Transportation
30%
Figure 4.2: Respondents’ distribution by sector
Large Small
18% 58%
Medium
24%
Figure 4.3 Respondents’ distribution by the size of the business
74
4.3
Estimating Existing Green Jobs
The analysis of this section is to estimate existing green jobs from the survey. The
demand for green jobs was estimated from the current existing green jobs using the
ratio method. Based on the survey, only 41% of the respondents offered green jobs,
while 59% offered conventional jobs. The 41% of companies offered green jobs are
further breakdown by size of company as presented in Figure 4.4. Green jobs were
offered by only 29.5% of the small-sized companies, whereas 54.6% of medium-
sized companies and 67.9% of large-sized companies provided more green jobs.
Figure 4.4: Jobs’ breakdown by the size of the company
75
It can be seen that the small companies offered fewer green jobs than medium and
large-sized companies. This finding is due to the fact that small companies run their
businesses with conventional jobs. Many were unaware of green jobs and
considered green jobs would not bring any profit to the company.
The existing green jobs were identified from four types of companies across all
sectors, which are:
1. Companies that produced renewable energy, green products and energy-
efficient products
2. Companies that provided services in any green category
3. Companies that use green products
4. Companies that applied green practices
The distribution of the respondents by company type is presented in Figure 4.5. The
detailed analysis for each type of company is discussed in the next section.
41%
23% 25%
12%
Producer Services User of Green Applied Green
Product Practices
Small Medium Large
Figure 4.5: Percentage of respondents’ distribution by type and size of company
76
4.3.1 Green Jobs by Company Type
Based on Figure 4.5, only 12% of the respondents were from companies that
produced renewable energy, green products, and energy-efficient products. The
companies are divided into three categories, as presented in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Categories of producers
Category Description
Category P1 Generating renewable energy, including solar,
Category P2 wind, water, biofuels, biogas, hydrogen fuel cells,
Category P3 geothermal or combined heat and power
Manufacturing energy-efficient products,
including energy-efficient light bulbs, energy-
efficient equipment, energy-efficient vehicles
(EEVs), alternative fuel vehicles, electric vehicles,
or water-efficient products
Manufacturing natural and green products,
including businesses that produce bamboo
products, products out of previously recycled
materials, solar panels, rainwater harvesting
tanks or equipment
Figure 4.6 shows the distribution of respondents producing green products and
energy. Most respondents (45%) fell under Category P1, which is “generating
renewable energy”, followed by Category P2 (27.5%): “manufacturing energy-
efficient products”, and Category P3 (27.5%): “manufacturing natural and green
products”.
77
45.0 %
P1
27.5 %
P2
27.5 %
P3
Figure 4.6: Respondents’ distribution for company that are producer
The majority of the respondents (41%) are offered services in various green
categories. The services companies are divided into seven categories, as shown in
Table 4.2.
Table 4.2: List of categories for companies that provided services
Category Description
Category S1
Category S2 Installs and maintains renewable energy
plants/equipment for solar, wind, hydro, biofuels,
Category S3 biogas, hydrogen fuel cells, or geothermal
Category S4 Collects and/or processes recyclable materials
Category S5 and/or operates a recycling plant and/or
Category S6 environmental clean-up, remediation, and waste
Category S7 treatment and disposal
Constructs, installs, and maintains energy-efficient
products such as solar panels, energy-efficient light
bulbs, and energy-efficient equipment, as well as
conducts R&D
Provides services for electric vehicles, energy-
efficient vehicles, and charging facilities
Provides services for R&D&C on water
conservation, treatment, and distribution
Provides services for sustainable construction and
green building design and provides services for
green building certification
Sets up energy management systems, conducts
energy audits, environmental planning, carbon
accounting and mitigation, water conservation, and
any services related to green initiatives
78