2019 ELIP Digest

ELIP 2018

Pervasive Interaction Smart Bag is a novel idea that uses RFID Technology for packing our items smartly. Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) uses a reader to get information from a tag attached to the item. By adopting this
technique, a Smart Bag is formulated. Entities which are utilized in building a smart bag are RFID receiver, Keypad,
microcontroller, LCD, Voice IC, GPS, GSM. List of items and its count can be given by using keypad. Items are hooked
up with RFID tags.

Methodology
Research design explains briefly about the experiment design uses to conduct the project and experiment to collect the
data. This research will uses typical experiment design. Experimental design is the process of planning a study to meet
specified objectives. Planning an experiment properly is very important in order to ensure that the right type of data and
a sufficient sample size and power are available to answer the research questions of interest as clearly and efficiently as
possible. Figure 1 illustrated the flow of methodology.

Product Design
In our design, placing the components at the product is important aspect s. In our Smart Bag, we are using 3 force
sensitive resistors. Force sensitive resistors (FSR) change their resistance when it is pressed. Therefore 2 FSRs are placed
inside the 2 straps. The remaining one is placed at the center of the backside. Figure 2 illustrated the complete system of
Smart Bag.

Figure 1: Flow of methodology
Figure 2: Complete system of Smart Bag

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Design Smart Bag

Conclusion
This smart bag is able to alert the user about the overload and unbalance situation of the backpack. With the use of solar
charging, we can have an endless green source of renewable energy.

Reference
[1] R. Afify, “Reusing Existing HVAC Systems and Components,” ASHRAE J., vol. 57, no. June, pp. 78–80,
2015.
[2] B. Buttarazzi, G. Troiani, W. Liguori, and M. Basili, “Smart Sensor Box: A Real Implementation of Devices
Network for Structural Health Monitoring,” in IEEE 11th International Conference on Signal-Image Technology &
Internet-Based Systems (SITIS), 2015, pp. 816–823.
[3] M. Mcroberts, Beginning Arduino. Apress, 2010.

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ELIP 2018

Material Disposal Machine System

V. Naanthini1, a, K. I. Q. Khaiqal1, b, V. Lugeswaran1, c, R. M. H. Fadhilah1, d, T. Ishak1, e 1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] dharizfadhilah88@
gmail.com [email protected]

Keyword: Disposal machine; Arduino UNO

Abstract. In this era of globalization, according to statistics released by the Department of National Solid Waste
Management (JSPN) in 2017 of 1.48 million has been spent to dispose the waste in Malaysia. Expenses for the disposal
of waste increased by 0.3 per cent in 2017 compared to 2016. This phenomenon occurs due to a lack of public awareness
about recycling. People also do not like to recycle because recycling is not beneficial to them. To solve this problem,
researchers have designed a machine that can help the recycling process become easy and named as the “Solar Claimed
vending Machine System “. It plays an important role to save time and reduce electricity consumption in the process of
recycling as well as trace the goods- items such as non-metal, metal and paper. At the same time, this machine is specially
designed to detect and isolate of waste according to categories. Machines are equipped with sensors that will help the
process of sorting the items and weighing of waste recycled and total weight will be displayed on the LCD screen and
will be connect directly to the cashier’s PC. The machine also has LED lights that will light up when the machine is full.
This machine can be placed at the outside of retail stores such as “Koperasi” Polytechnic Ibrahim Sultan and etc. The
users will get a return in the form of money. This recycling machine can help to attract people to recycle because it is
beneficial to them and can help reduce the amount of waste. At the same time, the public will be aware of the advantages
and benefits that can be gained from recycling.

Introduction
A rising quality of life and high rates of resource consumption pattern had an unintended and negative impact on the
environment. The peoples living at the village and towns are suffering from the problem cause by high volume of waste
materials. But these problems have also provided a window of opportunity to find solutions. So, this research should be
encouraged the people to recycle the waste materials. These can be the starting for a new live in a clean environment.
Nowadays, the constructions industry uses many different types of materials in large quantities. This means there are
many opportunities for construction business to increase the amount of waste they reuse and recycle. The waste material
that they reuse and recycle is such as plastic bottles, papers and aluminium.
They are many benefits associated with recycling waste materials. Recycle waste materials reduced the amount of trash
and able to prevent the environment from pollution. Other than that, by recycle we can get ourselves prevent from
dangerous diseases. The recycling process is divided into four stages:

i. The first stage (collection),
ii. The second stage (processing),
iii. Third stage (manufacturing)
iv. Fourth stage (purchasing new products made from recycle materials).

The waste materials will be naturally separated in the bin with the help of the sensing device. It will make the process
at the second stage become more efficient and easier, make the manufacturing process become faster. We will be able
to use the products from the recycling materials. From the observation that has been done at the housing area, schools
and others, most of the waste materials is separate manually. There is no any direct source about the construction of the
machine in books, internet and others. The source that were obtained is only from the products that has been established
by some companies. It this process, solar as the main supply which will convert solar energy into electric energy. It will
also save electric power consumption because in this Era of an Economic instability, we as Malaysian should save state
spending.

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Previous Work
A material disposal machine is a device that accepts used (empty) beverage containers and returns money to the user.
The machines are popular in places that have mandatory recycling laws or container deposit legislation. In some places,
bottlers paid funds into a centralized pool to be disbursed to people who recycled the containers. Any excess funds were
to be used for general environmental clean-up. In other places, such as Norway, the state mandated that a vendor pay for
recycled bottles, but left the system in the hands of private industry. The recycler places the empty bottle or can into the
receiving aperture; the horizontal in-feed system allows the user to insert containers one at a time. (An alternative system,
found in many older machines, is one in which the user opens a door by hand and places the empty container in a pan.
When the door is released and closed, the process continues.) The bottle or can is then automatically rotated; the bottle/
can is then scanned by an omnidirectional UPC scanner, which scans the beverage container’s UPC.
Once a container is scanned, identified (matched to database) and determined to be a participating container, it is
processed and typically crushed (for one-time-use containers) to reduce its size, to avoid spillages of liquid and to
increase storage capacity. Refillable containers are collected and sorted by hand to be brought back to the bottling
company. The machines can use material recognition instead of/as well as a bar code scanner when needed [2]. The
first patent for a “Bottle Return and Handling Machine” was filed in the United States in 1920[3]. The first working
bottle return machine was invented and manufactured by Wicanders from Sweden used in the late 1950s.[3]In 1962 an
advanced automatic bottle return machine was designed by Aage Tveitan and manufactured in Norway by his company
Arthur Tveitan AS.[3]The first 3 in 1 machine was invented in 1994 by Kansmacker and is still in operation today in
Detroit Mi.

Methodology
This methodology is closely related to the rules and use of flow charts to show the journey of a project to be done. The
Gantt chart can also be used to indicate the activities performed during the project period. An overview of the design
of this product begins in this chapter. In this study, various sources of information and references have been found on
websites, books and magazines. Any information and facts that have been collected for reference purposes have been
helpful in the preparation of this product. After identifying the components and circuits, the installation of the circuit and
product description has been done. In this chapter, it will show every step of the applied implementation, Gantt chart,
flow chart and description of the components and also the circuit in more detail

Figure 1: Flow of methodology

Product Design
There are a few type of circuit that will be combined and included together to create this project. The circuit are 12V
battery, LCD Arduino, thermal printer and DC motor. Based on the observation of the investigation, the input material,
the capacitive sensor will detect whether the material is metal or non-metallic. Meanwhile, the motor rotates the basket to
position. The weight sensor weighs the material weight and automatically flip the door. The material falls into the basket.
Microcontrollers send information to thermal printer and customers can claim money based on quantity of materials via
receipt at cashier’s PC or counter

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Figure 2: Complete system of Disposal Machine

Figure 3: Drawing model

Product Setup

Figure 4: Modelling and setup
Conclusion
This machine is material disposal system design to separate the waste materials such as metal and not-metal accordingly.
Besides that, this machine also to encourage the users to do recycle process by giving them benefits such as money. Next,
this machine to help the waste collector to reduce their energy and time to separate those items accordingly to the recycle
centre. Next, to reduce the pollution of waste materials at the recycle centre and waste composite site and to save the cost
of electricity by using battery.

Reference
[1] J. J. Strobel, “Graphic design How Do Wind Turbines Generate Electricity?,” UW–Extension Environmental
Resources Center, pp. 1–2, 2014.
[2] M. W. Degefa and S. T. Teferi, “Energy recovery from exhaust air of textile industry,” Int. J. Renew. Sustain.
Energy, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 82–86, 2014.
[3] M. Mcroberts, Beginning Arduino. Apress, 2010.

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ELIP 2018

Energy Saver System for Laundry Room

Z. N. Ainniesafina1, a, Z. M. F. Ikmar1, b, S. S. Jamilah1, c1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Keywords: Reuse energy; Fan and light; infrared module

Abstract. Research and development efforts have been focused in this paper about a system that can reduce the use of
electricity. Many times we leave the room and hall without switching off lights and fans, thus electricity is wasted. In this
work we have presented a system in which energy will be saved based on number of people entering in or leaving out
of the room. If there is no person in the room, then light and fan will be switched OFF. On the other hand as soon as any
person enters the room, light and fan will be switched ON. On the basis of the intensity of sunlight we can increase or
decrease the intensity of light.

Introduction
We choose this project because it can save energy that is not used to avoid wastage. Besides, we decided to put in a
laundry room because they want to help the owner of the laundry room and the customers, so no need to open the
lights and fans every time they go to the laundry. The use of electricity increases dramatically in line with the rapid
development of the country. In general, domestic users are the third largest consumer after the industrial and commercial
sectors. In the context of electricity consumption, the power factor of the consumer plays a role as a measuring tool for
the efficient use of a system’s electrical energy. Low power factor indicates that the energy to be supplied increases. This
shows that the power system is not operating efficiently and there is a waste of energy.
Wastage of electricity is a problem often faced by domestic consumers. The use of low- cost tools contributes much to
this problem. Additionally, rising electricity tariff rates have made consumers aware of the need to save on electricity. It
has been found recently that many of the tools to save electricity have been in the market. These devices are said to be
able to increase the efficiency of electrical appliances at home and thus optimize the use of electricity. Currently, energy-
saving and energy-saving energy issues are taken seriously by both parties of electricity suppliers, particularly Tenaga
Nasional Berhad (TNB) and consumers. Various approaches to managing energy saving have been introduced to benefit
both parties, suppliers and consumers.
Furthermore, we also use Arduino to program the sensor and relay to function properly. The Arduino platform has
become popular with people just starting out with electronics, and for good reason. The Arduino can be used as the brains
behind almost any electronics project. In addition, part of being open source hardware means that others can modify
and produce derivatives of Arduino boards that provide even more form factors and functionality. Besides, we use the
infrared sensor for detecting brightness. Since the sensor works by looking for reflected light, it is possible to have a
sensor that can return the value of the reflected light. This is useful for tasks like line tracking. We will study in more
detail about the background before our present project. With the background of research, problem statement, objectives
of research and the scope of research that we will describe.

Previous Work
Recent Malaysian economy is developing rapidly indirectly changed the way Malaysians are increasingly busy fulfilling
job and social demands. In Malaysia, weather factors are often unpredictable and cause shirts are not always dry.
Prior to the laundry service, housewives will use automatic washing machines and cannot afford to wash their clothes.
Homemakers may be in a hurry to catch time by washing clothes and taking care of children. So there is a laundry shop
to facilitate everyday work. Because of this, many working, housewife or single people will wash their clothes in the
laundry.
Many laundry centres are open, and have become a common sight when in a residential area there are more than one
laundry shop. Opening a laundry for most entrepreneurs. Lately, a person who works is often busy and then is no time to
wash their clothes at home. Even if they have a washing machine at home, it is probable that once in a weeks, they will
send their clothes to the laundry. Therefore, to facilitate the work, they will wash and dry their clothes in the laundry.
When it comes to laundry, look at the fan and the lights are often open and left alone, even if there is no customer in
the laundry. This condition will lead to electricity waste. This situation happened until today. Therefore, we have been
thinking of creating a project that could reduce electricity consumption on fans and lights. Our project name is “Energy
Saver System for Laundry Room”. The “Energy Saver System for Laundry Room” is a project that will control the fans
and lights in laundry room in order to save the energy used. Therefore, we use Arduino, sensors and so on to complete
our project. Apart from the laundry, this project can also be used in public toilets, indoor soccer and others.

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Methodology
Along with the globalization of the world today, we use a lot of electricity for personal use, home electricity such
as lights and fans, and without us knowing, we use a lot of electricity. As the gadgets are increasingly sophisticated,
expensive and require high electricity supply, where it still switch on although not in used. Prior to this project, the
problem faced was waste of electricity. We can see in some laundry shops operating 24 hours. Maybe within a day 50
customers will come to wash and dry their clothes. Imagine the fans and the lights are never closed. In addition, electric
items such as fans and lights will be quickly damaged as the switch never closes. Consequently, electricity bills will also
increase over time. Therefore, we will design the project to solve the problems.
Figure 1 shows the flow of methodology. The project starts by performing comprehensive literature review. The main
focus areas of literature review are literatures related to successful using Arduino UNO. Next, we have identified the
problem, objectives and scope of research in more detail. We describe the project item with more details. Average the
component connect to Arduino UNO just follow the circuit design ‘Energy Saver System’. Connecting the circuit should
be made with caution. After that, we will transfer the circuit to PCB board. Because it can be easy to etching in PCB
board. Then, we must soldering the connection to the component having an electric current connection.

After soldering all the necessary components, we should test our products whether successful or not. When successful the
project, we have do the report writing. And then, when not successful the project, we should do troubleshoot the project
until successful.

Figure 1: Flow of methodology
Product Design
There are a few type of circuit that will be combined and included together to create this project. The complete flow
of Energy Saver System for Laundry Room as follows, first the power supply is electronic device that supplies electric
energy to an electrical load and direct to Arduino UNO, output from adopter 12V with current 1A to active the Arduino
UNO. Next, when incoming people, the infrared module be detect first people.
When people in more than 4 people, the Arduino will receive the signal and send it to the infrared module. We can setting
the incoming people at Arduino programming. Then the LCD display will show the count of incoming signal. When one
people coming in laundry, the light and fan automatically turn ON. Then, when if there are no people in the laundry. The
lights and fans will automatically turn OFF. The LCD display will show the count is zero.

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Figure 2: Complete system of Energy Saver System for Laundry Room

Product Setup

Figure 3: Modelling

Conclusion
In conclusion, we should be able to know how using sensor by integrate with Arduino to detect income and outgoing
people. Because it can to switch and turn off the electrical device in the area such as lamps and fans. Then, we must know
this project provide an environmentally friendly system. This is because the system can be used by various ages. Lastly,
we learn how to develop products that can control electricity consumption.

References
[1] K.Vignesh, P. Sakthi, A. Pugazhenthi, V. Karthikeyan, and C. Vinothkumar, “Free Energy Bicycle 1,” Int. J.
Innov. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 714–721, 2015.
[2] M. W. Degefa and S. T. Teferi, “Energy recovery from exhaust air of textile industry,” Int. J. Renew. Sustain.
Energy, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 82–86, 2014.
[3] M. Mcroberts, Beginning Arduino. Apress, 2010.

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ELIP 2018

BBZ Saji Hood

A. Adibah1, a, M. S. A.A. Farhan1, b, G. Syafiezal1, c, A. M. Amirudin1, d 1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Keywords: BBZ saji hood; PIC microcontroller

Abstract. BBZ poultry hood is specially designed to make it easy for users to heat their food at any time. As a result
of observations, researchers find that when food becomes cold, many people will waste their food and become wasted.
Additionally, the project we produce is to make it easier for consumers to heat their food quickly.

Introduction
In this increasingly modernized era, many people create and produce sophisticated and modern technology. Along with
the progress made, more and more technologies are developed to meet the will and will for human life. It has become a
habit for every man who wants comfort in himself. More and more competitors are producing easy technology resources.
A technology requires careful research, study, and observation of the problems encountered. For example, observations
were made on cold and cold food issues. From these observations, the idea is to create a BBZ saji hood to facilitate
individuals to heat the food safely, quickly and easily.

Previous Work
In this sophisticated modern age, the problem of individuals who forget to eat the food they buy. Using a project designed
BBZ hood, individuals need not think about their cool food to be heated. At the same time, the project is specially
designed to heat up cold food. The project also uses two 45-60 watts of power bulbs each to produce high heat so that
their cold food can be heated quickly.
Most Malaysians love to buy excessive food according to their passions. Therefore, this problem must be addressed by
creating a project that can make the food more durable by creating a BBZ Saji Hood that can heat up the food for longer.
In addition, the BBZ Saji Hood can also prevent this food from being eaten by animals. Therefore, the project (Seny
Bobozek) has the characteristics of heating the food to last longer than usual and high-tech. This project needs to be
implemented to complete the problem.

Methodology
Before the project was approved for implementation, discussions should be made with lecturers to facilitate the task.
Additionally, to emphasize the selection of materials can make it easy for students and costs are also important because
the cost of the project is not so expensive that it does not overload the student. After discussions with the lectures in detail
and the lecturers agree, we have decided that the project has been implemented and called a water dispenser.
Materials and equipment are important assets to complete this project providing existing materials will facilitate
installation work. Among the most important requirements for producing this project are water. Water is a major source
for us to continue living. Any equipment used with certain functions and is used only for certain processes. In the
production of circuits, the equipment used shall be inspected to enable and facilitate the production of the project. It is
also to ensure safety when running the circuit. In addition, we design the circuit in Live Wire Software.

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Figure 1: Flow of methodology

Product Design
After the development of the BBZ saji hood, this project will be analysed to measure the effectiveness and to ensure the
objective of the project successfully achieved. Throughout the analysis stage, strengths and weakness of the lamp were
identified. In this project of making a BBZ saji hood, we have one circuit which is the main that control all the part of the
BBZ saji hood.
The adapter which supply 5V of DC supply the voltage to the circuit but through the diode, capacitor, voltage regulator
and voltage divider. The diode allow the current to pass through when it is forward biased and become reversed biased to
block the current from flow backwards. The capacitor function as charge and discharge which works when there’s a drop
in voltage, it would automatically supply current to ensure that the voltage is enough. It is also works as a rectifier that
eliminates ripple of DC. The voltage regulator makes sure that the voltage that being supply is 5V and the voltage divider
divides the voltage into respective devices. The circuit has a PIC 16 reason we use this microcontroller because 16F877A
is capable of transferring data to a memory card that requires a memory card data card up to 368 bytes.

Conclusion
In the implementation or construction of the project there are several problems encountered and the problem must be
resolved through discussions with the group members to find a suitable solution for the project to run smoothly. Once the
BBZ Saji Hood has been completed, the inspection is done to ensure that the BBZ Saji Hood is in good condition.

References

[1] B. Buttarazzi, G. Troiani, W. Liguori, and M. Basili, “Smart Sensor Box: A Real Implementation of Devices

Network for Structural Health Monitoring,” in IEEE 11th International Conference on Signal-Image Technology &

Internet-Based Systems (SITIS), 2015, pp. 816–823.

[2] W. Mahesh, T. Sachin, G. Vishal, and M. Pawar, “Study of Electricity Generated By Ceiling Fan & Car

Wheel,” Int. J. Sci. Technol. Manag., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 764–769, 2016. 159

ELIP 2018

Portable Logic Gate Tester

N. H. Shahadan1, a, S. N. Norfizal1, b1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor

[email protected] [email protected]

Keyword: Tester; Portable; Logic gate

Abstract. Research and development effort have been focus on developing novel concept, low cost system and reliable
logic gate tester. He logic gate tester is something that very small and effort to bring everywhere.

Introduction
Much of a computer’s hardware is comprised of digital logic circuits. Digital logic circuits are built from just a handful
of primitive elements, called logic gates, combined in various ways. In a digital logic circuit, only two values may be
present. The values may be
−5 and + 5 volts. To allow consideration of all of these possibilities, it shows that digital logic circuits allow the presence
of two logical values: 0 and 1. So, signals in a digital logic circuit take on the values of 0 or 1. Logic gates are devices
which compute functions of these binary signals.
A basic AND gate consists of two inputs and an output. If the two inputs are A and B, the output (often called Q) is
“on” only if both A and B are also “on”. In digital electronics, the on state is often represented by a 1 and the off state
by 0. The relationship between the input signals and the output signals is often summarized in a truth table, which is a
tabulation of all possible inputs and the resulting outputs.
The OR gate is also a two-input, single-output gate. Unlike the AND gate, the output is 1 when one input, or the other, or
both are 1. The OR gate output is 0 only when both inputs are
0. A related gate is the XOR, or exclusive OR gate, in which the output is 1 when one, and only one of the inputs is 1.
In other words, the XOR output is 1 if the inputs are different [2]. An even simpler gate is the NOT gate. It has only one
input and one output. The output is always the opposite (or negation) of the input.

Previous Work
The earliest logic gates were made mechanically. Charles Babbage, around1837, devised the Analytical Engine. His logic
gates relied on mechanical gearing to perform operations. Electromagnetic relays were later used for logic gates. In 1891,
Almon Strowger patented a device containing a logic gate switch circuit. Strowger’s patent was not in widespread use
until the1920s. Starting in 1898, Nikola Tesla filed for patents of devices containing logic gate circuits.
Eventually, vacuum tubes replaced relays for logic operations. Lee De Forest’s modification, in 1907, of the Fleming
valve can be used as AND logic gate. Ludwig Wittgenstein introduced a version of the16-row truth table, which is shown
above, as proposition 5.101 of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921). Claude E. Shannon introduced the use of Boolean
algebra in the analysis and design of switching circuits in 1937.WaltherBothe, inventor of the coincidence circuit, got part
of the 1954 Nobel Prize in physics, for the first modern electronic AND gate in 1924. Active research is taking place in
molecular logic gates [3].

Methodology
As we know that the trainer that we used at the laboratory was so big and used the ac supply that used the adapter. With
this portable, it help the people to bring it everywhere. It shows the flow of methodology, this project start by performing
comprehensive literature review. The main focus areas of literature review are literature related to successful application
of logic gate. Based on literature review, a model of logic gate for this tester development. Next is the circuit of electronic
is developed, repairing on the model will be made to further improve the result obtained. Figure 1 show the flow of
methodology

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Figure 1: Flow of methodology

Product Design
Based on the characteristic of all the gates, it is easily to design a new portable logic trainer which using 9V battery as
the voltage supply, Voltage Regulator LM7805, IC 74LS08, 74LS32 and SN74LS05, resistor 330 Ohm, Light Emitting
Diode (LED), and toggle switch. Portable logic trainer will show how the truth table is obtained by the logic gate
expressions. It would help students to understand how the gate operates and how the output looks like. It need voltage
regulator as to fix the input voltage to become ±5V. The Light Emitting Diode (LED) is representing the output. When
the output is High=1, the LED will “On”, but when the output is Low=0, the LED will “Off”. So, the truth table could
be proving by the output of the trainer. Figure 1.0 shows the basic block diagram of a logic trainer operation. Figure 1.1
shows the example of logic gate truth tables.

Input Logic Gate Output
(AND, OR and NOT (LED On= 1, LED
± 5 (1= High and
0= Low) Gate) Off= 0)

Figure 2: Block diagram of logic trainer

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Setup design

Figure 3: OR gate when either one input is 1

Figure 4: AND gate when both input is 1

Figure 5: NOT gate when input is 0

Conclusion
Make the learning process become more interesting and easy. Portable logic tester can be demonstrate by the teacher
without bring the students and this will help student understand the logic gate better. Furthermore, this project could be
commercialized for future usage.

Reference
[1] “Chapter 2 Logic Gate,” USNA Edu, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.google.com.my/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CDkQFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%
2Fwww.usna.edu%2FUsers%2Fcs%2Fvincent%2Fsuppnotes%2FLogic%2520Gates%2520student%
2520version.pdf&ei=UaRxU5ySB4yn8AXa-YGIAg&usg=AFQjCNFZaRkByfJLuJ.
[2] B. Paton, Fundamentals of Digital Electronics. 1998.
[3] “Earliest Logic Gates Were Made,” 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.scribd.com/doc/24926600/
HISTORY-the-Earliest-Logic-Gates-Were-Made.
[4] Bellis and Mary, “History of the Electric Battery,” 2008. [Online]. Available: www.History of the Electric
Battery. About.com.

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ELIP 2018

Vehicle Theft Detection & Notification with Remote Engine
Locking

R. Thines1, a, P. R. Devan1, b, V. Munissawaran1, c, A. H. Arfah1, d 1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor

[email protected]

Keyword: Safety; Smart locking; Anti-theft; Alert notification

Abstract. Currently almost of the public having an own vehicle, theft is happening on parking and sometimes insecurity
places. The safe of vehicles is extremely essential for public vehicles. Vehicle tracking and locking system installed in the
vehicle, to track the place and locking engine motor. The place of the vehicle identified using Global Positioning system
(GPS) and Global system mobile communication (GSM). When the theft identified, the responsible person send SMS to
the microcontroller, then microcontroller issue the control signals to stop the engine motor. This is more secured, reliable
and low cost. The designed unit is very simple and low cost. The entire designed unit is on a single chip. As vehicle
automobiles are beyond the scope of this project, I stimulate the process by activating the relay.

Introduction
In today’s world almost every common man owns a vehicle. Vehicle theft is a common issue which everyone faces
in insecure parking places. This is a major problem which seemingly little being done about it. Several underlying
problems had led to increase in vehicle theft, ranging from sheer human absent mindedness, to the lack of vehicle parking
structures. The safety of the public vehicle is extremely essential. Current security systems have certain Vulnerabilities
such as owner didn’t know that their vehicle being stolen when they not around the vehicle and they not affordable to do
anything when the theft stealing the vehicle with weapons in their hands.
GSM and GPS technologies are employed to make vehicle theft almost impossible. GSM is a globally accepted standard
for digital cellular communication. Owner of the vehicle uses Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) inserted within his cell
phone to send messages to GSM modem which is a part of vehicle theft prevention system that is attached to vehicle.
A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile
operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.
GPS technology is used for tracking vehicle. The GPS is a space-based navigation system that provides location and time
information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four
or more GPS satellites. The development of satellite communication technology has made it easy to identify the vehicle
locations. The proposed system integrates both GSM and GPS technologies. It provides real-time information such as
location of user in moving vehicles in a concise and easy-to-read format. Currently GPS vehicle tracking ensures user’s
safety while travelling. This vehicle theft prevention and tracking system is used in client’s vehicle as a theft prevention
and rescue device.

Vehicle Theft Detection/Notification with Remote Engine Locking mainly aims to reduce vehicle theft to a great extent.
If the vehicle is in try to steal, this system will make call to the car owner. After that the user is supposed to message back
the system for the microcontroller gives command to the vehicle to lock the engine. Whenever a person tries to steal a
vehicle, the microcontroller will interrupted. After that the GSM modem will make a call to the user indicating that the
vehicle is being stolen. The microcontroller will cut the power connection to stop the engine. This project also further
enhanced by using a GPS which will also help to find the exact location of the vehicle. This information is send to the
user via SMS.

Previous Work
In fact, the New York Police Department has gone even further, [1] declaring that car alarms are increasing crime, rather
than reducing it, due to the growing number of call outs in relation to complaints about faulty alarms. The reason is that
car alarms are so sensitive that they are usually triggered accidentally, with the result that people have become immune
to them, ignoring them as false alarms. Their tendency to go off accidentally can be the result of overly sensitive settings
or incorrect installation. Having your alarm professionally installed and set to a level where street noises and small
vibrations will not set it off can reduce the problem. Car alarms are somewhat effective against amateur thieves and joy
riders, as they will usually select a car without an alarm before one that is alarmed. Professional car thieves, however, can
disable an alarm in just a few seconds. Ineffective car alarms because noise pollution and stress, waste police resources
and do not get a second glance from passers-by. So perhaps the question should not be how effective are car alarms, but
how can we make them more effective?

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Methodology
Methodology is the ‘analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline, the systematic
study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied within a discipline’ or ‘a particular procedure or set of procedures.
Methodology includes a philosophically coherent collection of theories, concepts or ideas as they relate to a particular
discipline or field of inquiry. Methodology refers to more than a simple set of methods, rather it refers to the rationale
and the philosophical assumptions that underlie a particular study relative to the scientific method. Each step of project
is a process to complete the project. Every step must be followed one by one and must be done carefully. If some errors
happen it can make a project probably could not operate or do not look neat and perfect. Before the project finish, various
process needs to be done according to proper procedures to ensure that projects do not have any problems. Figure 1 show
the flow of methodologies.

Figure 1: Flow of methodology
Product Design
This system is operated using the car battery. Meanwhile, the GSM and GPS will be placed in the circuit to notify
the car owner that their car being stolen and to locate the last location where the car was. In this semester, the circuit
is constructed because this system only requires one circuit. First, the components for the system are identified and
draw the circuit in the Proteus for inclusion of the PCB design. Then, the etching of the circuit is done and started the
soldering of components. The system circuit is simple and easy to be placed in the car and this system only uses DC
supply. Moreover, this system uses Transistor, linear Voltage Regulator, diode, LCD display, resistor, terminal block, PIC
18F45K22, capacitor, relay, crystal, Bipolar (BJT) Single Transistor, IC Socket, GPS, GSM, Push Button.

Figure 2: Block diagram

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Conclusion
This product is a barometer of the wheels. They have the same concept with a measure of distance in our vehicles.
Interest in projects that we make is that it helps in the process of construction and measurements. This is because they
have wheel handy managed and very helpful in the measurement process.

Reference
[1] “Wireless Alarm System,” 2011. [Online]. Available: https://www.hkvstar.com/technology-news/
disadvantages-of-wireless-alarm-system.html.

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Fun Hands Physiotherapy (Therapy Gloves)

M. N. M. Rizuan1, a, R. Megsherlyn1, b1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor

[email protected] [email protected]

Keywords: Transmit and receive; Sensors; Mercury tilt switch

Abstract. Research and development efforts have been focused on developing motion sensors, are commonly used in
security systems. They work based on a wide variety of principles and are used in a wide variety of applications. Typical
usage could be in the exterior doorways or windows of a building for monitoring the area around the building. Upon
detecting motion, they generate an electrical signal based on which some actions are taken. Some operate in much the
same way as a military radar scanner, while others work based on vibration, infrared radiation and, even sound. All of
these different types of sensors have different strengths and weaknesses, which are important to take into account when
making a decision to choose a particle motion detection sensor.

Introduction
“From the start of this project, we’ve focused on understanding the real-world challenges facing these patients by
visiting them in their homes to perform research,” said Walsh, who is a Wyss Institute Core Faculty member, Founder
of the Harvard Bio-design Lab, and Assistant Professor of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering at SEAS. A team of
undergraduate students also contributed to an early glove design as part of his ES227 Medical Device Design Course.
Wyss Technology Development Fellow Panagiotis Polygerinos, Ph.D., and Wyss Mechanical Engineer Kevin Galloway,
Ph.D. incorporated the patients’ feedback at every stage of development of the glove to maximize its potential for
translation. “Ultimately, patients have to be comfortable with wearing the glove,” said Galloway. “In addition to glove
function, we found that people cared about its appearance, which could have a big impact on whether or not the glove
would be a welcome part of their daily routine”. Walsh’s team adapted the mechanics of the glove to make it more
comfortable and natural feeling to wearers. Over several iterations of design, the actuators powering the movements of
the glove were made smaller and were modified to distribute forces more evenly over the wearer’s fingers and thumb.
The resulting soft, multi-segment actuators, which are composite tubular constructions of Kevlar fibers and silicone
elastomer, support the range of motions performed by biological fingers.
The glove’s control system is portable and lightweight and can be worn using a waist belt or can be attached to a wheel
chair. Now, the team is working to improve on their glove control strategies that will allow the system to detect the intent
of the wearer. One potential solution is to leverage surface electromyography using small electrical sensors in a cuff worn
around the patient’s forearm. The electromyography sensors – which could be used to directly control the glove – work
by detecting the residual muscle signals fired by motor neurons when the patient attempts to perform a grasping motion.
“We are continuing to test the design of the soft robotic glove on patients, in relation to making it customizable for the
specific pathologies of each individual and understanding what control strategies work best – but we’re already seeing
a lot of exciting proof-of-concept experimental results,” said Walsh. “The current goal is to refine the overall system
sufficiently so we can begin a feasibility trial with multiple patients later this year.” For patients suffering from muscular
dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and incomplete spinal cord injury, the soft robotic glove could allow
them to regain some of their daily independence through robotic glove-assisted hand functions.

Previous Work
Development of a lightweight robotic glove is moving closer to the ultimate goal of assisting patients in their ability to
grasp objects independently and move their fingers and wrist actively. Having achieved promising results in proof-of-
concept prototyping and experimental testing, a soft robotic glove under development by soft wearable robotics expert
Conor Walsh, Ph.D., and a team of engineers at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and Harvard
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) could someday help people suffering from loss of
hand motor control to regain some of their daily independence. The majority of patients with partial or total loss of their
hand motor abilities experience greatly reduced quality of life due to their inability to perform many normal activities
of daily living. Tasks often taken for granted by the able-bodied, such as buttoning a shirt, picking up a telephone, or
using cooking and eating utensils, become frustrating and nearly impossible feats due to reduced gripping strength and
motor control in the hand. The stage is now set for that to change, however, thanks to soft, wearable robotic systems and
the Wyss Institute’s “from bench to bedside” translational approach that has enabled the glove’s potential end users to
be involved in every step of testing and development. The holistic approach ensures that technology development goes
beyond achieving functionality to also incorporate social and psychological elements of design that promote translation
and seamless adoption by its intended end users.

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Methodology
Medical technology is a broad field where innovation plays a crucial role in sustaining health. Physical therapy education
is one of the treatment used by the physicians that includes the therapist’s proper use and combination of conventional
tools and modern technology to improve the patient’s motor functionality. Based on the particular patient’s current
physical situation and specific needs, the physical therapist designs a program that uses different kinds of equipment.
The project starts by performing comprehensive literature review. The main focus areas of literature review are literatures
related to successful applications of robotic hand. The use robotic gloves while playing virtual reality games not only
added to the fun of therapy, but also seemed to speed up the healing process of muscles affected by stroke. Next stage, the
circuit of electronic is developed. Repairing on the model will be made to further improve the result. The result obtained
also can be a case study to study the feasibility of producing commercialize the product. First stage is to move the car
straight forward. Second stage is moving backwards. Third stage is moving the car forward and change its direction by
moving your hands to the left and right then backwards and turn-around.

Product Design

Fig. 1. Complete flow of therapy gloves

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Setup Product

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2. (a) Mercury tilt switch, (b) Therapy glove and RC circuit

Conclusion
Therefore, creating this project is very useful as today’s medical system uses more modern equipment and can also help
patient improve their recovery. With Fun Hands therapy gloves, it makes it easier for people to use it anywhere and
suitable for all ages.

References
[1] T. Agarwal, “Different Types Of Motion Sensors, Working And Application,” Edgefx Technologies, 2017.
[Online]. Available: https://www.edgefx.in/types-of-motion-sensors-working-and-applications/.
[2] J. Tyson, “How Radio Controlled Toys Work,” HowStuffWorks, 2000. [Online]. Available: https://
electronics.howstuffworks.com/rc-toy.htm.
[3] “How to Make a Remote Control Car,” Mepits Technology, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://
www.mepits.com/project/235/wireless/how-to-make-a-remote-control-car.
[4] K. J. Mcalpine and P. Karoff, “Soft robotic glove puts control in the grasp of hand-impaired patients,” Wyss
Institute, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://wyss.harvard.edu/soft-robotic-glove-puts-control-in-the-grasp-of-hand-
impaired-patients/.

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Motion Detector Lamp

Z. N. Ainniesafina1, a, I. A. A. Rahman1, b, H. Husin1, c1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Keywords: Motion detector; Sensor; Lamp; Arduino

Abstract. Project idea is to create a product which is a new innovation technology that can make human life easier.
Furthermore the aim is to reduce power energy used and also to design a user friendly system by using motion detector.
Despite there are products similar to this Motion Detector Lamp but the other competitor products do not have fully
automatic function such as this Motion Detector Lamp. Nevertheless the prices are far too expensive and unreasonably
quoted.

Introduction
Motion detector is a device that will detects moving objects, particularly people. Such a device is often integrated as a
component of a system that automatically performs a task or alerts a user of motion in an area. Lamp is a replaceable
electrical component that produces light. Motion sensors are also widely used in lieu of a true occupancy sensor in
activating street lights or indoor lights in walkways, such as lobbies and staircases. In such smart lighting systems,
energy is conserved by only powering the lights for the duration of a timer, after which the person has presumably left the
area.
An electronic motion detector contains an optical, microwave, or acoustic sensor, and in many cases a transmitter for
illumination. However, a passive sensor senses a signature only from the moving object via emission or reflection, i.e., it
can be emitted by the object, or by some ambient emitter such as the sun or a radio station of sufficient strength. Changes
in the optical, microwave, or acoustic field in the device’s proximity are interpreted by the electronics based on one
of the technologies listed below. Most low-cost motion detectors can detect up to distances of at least 15 feet (4.6 m).
Specialized systems cost more, but have much longer ranges. Tomographic motion detection systems can cover much
larger areas because the radio waves are at frequencies which penetrate most walls and obstructions, and are detected in
multiple locations, not only at the location of the transmitter.
Motion detector lamp will calm your fears when you are walking alone in a quiet a place. It will lights up a dark areas
automatically when it detects movement. Motion detector lamp is so inexpensive and easy to install. We will install the
lamp at the dark areas such as hallway lane in the hotel, walkway and other areas that necessary.

Previous Work
Currently in the whole world, enormous electric energy is consumed by everybody. There are several approaches have
been proposed like [1] Smart Street Light System Looking like Usual Street Lights Based on Sensor Networks. The main
aim for this smart street light systems is that lights turn on when needed and light turn off when not needed. Moreover,
the smart street light system in this project behaves like usual street lights that turn on all night. The special specification
of the smart street light system is that no one finds turn-off of street lights at night. Whenever someone see street lights,
they turn on and whenever no one see street lights, they turn off. But this project have a limitation which it cannot detect
pedestrians or vehicles. The light will not turn on even when there are pedestrians or vehicles.
The other approaches is [2] Motion Sensor Light Control System. The main aim for this motion sensor light control
system is to construct a motion sensor that is use to illuminate an area when a person walks by so that he or she can see
well. Many people place motion detectors in their backyards or even in their houses so that when they walk through that
area, the lights will automatically turn on. But, this project have some limitation which is it has a limited distance to
detect the motion. Things may trigger the motion detector that you don’t want to. An outside detector mounted too close
to a light that stays on at night, will be triggered continuously by bugs.

Methodology
Light are so important in human life. If there is no light, people tend to think negative or had a bad feelings like there are
people follow them even though there is no people. So, we make an observation at the place we target which is hallways
in the hotel that people need light to illuminate the place. However, most hotels do not provide such requirements for fear
of affecting their cost of living. Then, we can find a way to solve this case by creating Motion Detector Lamp product.

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Fig. 1. Flow of methodology

Product Design
There are a few type of circuit that will be combined and included together to create this project. The circuits are Arduino
Uno, Regulator and rectifier circuit, PIR Sensor, Light Sensor and also LED. The complete flow of motion detector lamp
as follows; first, the voltage regulator is convert current from AC to DC to make as supply. Then, the PIR sensor is used

as the input. It will detect every movement or heat of human. We used the Arduino as processor and it is connected with
PIR Sensor and Light Sensor. Light Sensor is used to detect the brightness of the surrounding. If light sensor sense dark,
the led will be brighter and vice versa.

Fig. 2. Complete flow of motion detector lamp

Design Review

Fig. 3. Simulation of circuit during day time and night time

Conclusion
We recommend motion detector lamp because it has its own objective and limitation same goes to this project. Many disadvantages
were discovered but the objective of this project were achieve and successful. The main objective of this project is to design a system
by using Arduino in order to control the brightness of lamp and to design a user friendly system by using motion detector. Based on
analysis made, many people still like to waste energy. If we use many electrical energy it will harm our earth and cause pollution. By
doing this project, people can understand more about electric and the importance of saving electrical energy.

References
[1] N. Yoshiura, Y. Fujii, and N. Ohta, “Smart street light system looking like usual street lights based on sensor networks,” in
13th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies: Communication and Information Technology for
New Life Style Beyond the Cloud, ISCIT 2013, 2013, pp. 633–637.
[2] E. L. Evans, T.C., Gavrilovich, E., Mihai, R.C. and Isbasescu, I., D. Thelen, J. A. Martin, S. M. Allen, and S. SA, “Patent
Application Publication : Electronic Device Having Proxmity Touch Function And Control Method Thereof,” 2014.

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ELIP 2018

Water Dispenser

A. Adibah1, a, R. M. N. Hakimi1, b, N. M. S. Afiq1, c1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor

[email protected]

Keyword: Water dispenser; Arduino Uno

Abstract. Water dispensers will be set up to address the problem users are always encountering where they are having
trouble carrying too much drinks when engaging with family or friends. We are having trouble carrying a lot of drinks
and other camping equipment requiring a lot of manpower. Furthermore, as a father with many young children it is the
responsibility of the father to complete the preparation of camping equipment and to provide mug for drinks and food to
serve the family during picnics or outdoor activities. The idea is to make everyday life easier and safety because users do
not need to spend more energy to lift up more mug or bottle. Water dispenser is perfect to meet your needs. These stylish
units provide water and are designed for commercial and residential use. In addition, this water dispenser is suitable for
all ages as it is easy and lightweight to carry anywhere because of enough water quantity to be served with two families.
How to use it, simply press ON switch, which is the main switch and then press the water switch, then the water will
come out into the cup. In addition, ice coolers are also available. Just press the switch and ice out in the appropriate
quantity.

Introduction
In the modern world of the universe, we live today have completely changed from the social and the environment.
Therefore, the need for us to have a comfortable life is important for us to face daily routine. Moreover, Malaysia has
a warning weather that makes people sweating and feeling uncomfortable. This weather can cause lethargy and energy
levels to be low in doing daily activities as an employee or a student. For those whose workers give full deployment of
heavy goods and think of ideas of brilliant ideas while at work to support themselves and families.
In our observation, Malaysians will visit the recreation center for example beaches, recreational parks and others to spend
some time with their loved ones. They will provide more mug to drinks to be served to others. They use mug because it
has a lot of quantities and a huge space for each. The space becomes compact when inserted into the car excludes other
devices. This mug also can be used anywhere regardless of time or place. Furthermore, for cold drink enthusiasts have to
carry ice and placed in small containers. Saving ice for a party or certain event that lasts longer or more than a couple of
days seems impossible to last longer, especially if you are chatting to chat with your guests. Stone ice is very dangerous
if it is practiced every day for icy drink practitioners.
Generally, the introduction of these components refers to the components to be used in the project to be implemented.
Among the components used in this project are resistor, transistor, motor and others. Moreover, every component to be
used in the implementation of this project has been studied in advance of its use and how it prevents not to have any
problems while using the component. Additionally, there are several tools used in the implementation of this project,
namely PCB boards, drills, filling fluids, wire cutters, and soldering tools. We use small ice boxes, 500ml water bottles
and so on. Once the project has been completed, it has analyzed and perceived the project. Upon completion of the
project casing, it is time to test the circuit that has been done or produce the result.

Previous Work
This study is aimed at reducing mug users and for the convenience of a ceremony or leisure activity. Besides, it is easy to
carry anywhere because it is not big and not heavy. The water dimensions of this dispenser are 50 centimeters for height,
length of 70 centimeters and 30c centimeters are the width for this project. We have a main switch for child evading play
and pressing switch on water dispenser. The water level indicator is installed to inform the level of drinking water in the
water dispenser. The green LED will be erased if the water level is less than 2ml.
Before committing or performing a job in the production of a project, planning must be done carefully and regularly
to present the project within the stipulated time. The first few steps that need to be taken in doing a project is to make
the sketch first carefully so that all planning runs smoothly without any problems. This planning is based on the study
and consent of group members with supervisors. As a result of the discussion that has decided to make this “WATER
DISPENSER” as a final semester project. In this chapter, it as a whole tells about the findings and project analysis
provided. In this chapter, there are project functions and problem solving projects as well as project safety precautions.
Generally, in this chapter you will be able to identify the project in more detail and accuracy.

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Methodology
Before the project was approved for implementation, discussions should be made with lecturers to facilitate the task.
Additionally, to emphasize the selection of materials can make it easy for students and costs are also important because
the cost of the project is not so expensive that it does not overload the student. After discussions with the lectures in detail
and the lecturers agree, we have decided that the project has been implemented and called a water dispenser. Materials
and equipment are important assets to complete this project providing existing materials will facilitate installation work.
Among the most important requirements for producing this project are water. Water is a major source for us to continue
living.
Any equipment used with certain functions and is used only for certain processes. In the production of circuits, the
equipment used shall be inspected to enable and facilitate the production of the project. It is also to ensure safety when
running the circuit. In addition, we design the circuit in Live Wire Software.

Fig. 1: Flow of methodology
Product Design
There are few type of circuit that will be combined and included together to create this project. The circuit are Arduino,
LCD display, Relay, switch and battery 24V. Firstly, Arduino is the control circuit functional the input and output. LCD
display will display the volume of the tank and the motor is output to take out the water. Battery 12V most important to
generate electric power to circuit.

Fig. 2: Complete flow of Water Dispenser

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Setup Product

Fig. 3: Inner view

Fig. 4: Front view and top view
Conclusion
The conclusions we had find are to know the results after the user uses our water dispenser project. We find consumers
using a lot of water jug while doing picnicking or in a ceremony. With this project we can reduce the use of water jug.
This water dispenser has a large volume and the time to discharge this water is long enough for only 15 users. Estimated
time of water is about 80 minutes.
Furthermore, what we are aiming for next is the use during picnics or organizing events. As we know, we need to do a
recreational activity whether it is a picnic or a function to strengthen our relationship. Upon viewing, this water dispenser
has given a positive reaction from the user because firstly, the water dispenser is not too large or heavy. It can be lifted
anywhere with its space not too large and can be placed in a small place.
After that, wastage can occur in any cause as an example of wastage of drinking water. This waste always occurs at a
ceremony or outdoor activities such as spilled water jug, uneven surface jug and so on. The water dispenser has a flat and
large surface and does not affect the required liquidity. The user only needs to press the switch and water will come out
through the host. Easy, fast and we are no longer worried about wastage of water.
This project has given attention to the user because, it’s ideal form, attractive light and has features for public use.
Consumers should not worry about the water balance of this dispenser, since equilibrium is the key point for users to
easily lift. Its modern-looking design, and has a cup placement beside it. Finally, we had find are to know the results
after the user uses our water dispenser project. We find consumers using a lot of water jug while doing picnicking or in a
ceremony. With this project we can reduce the use of water jug. This water dispenser has a large volume and the time to
discharge this water is long enough for only 15 users. Estimated time of water is about 80 minutes.
References
[1] B. Paton, Fundamentals of Digital Electronics. 1998.
[2] M. Mcroberts, Beginning Arduino. Apress, 2010.

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ELIP 2018

Mini Machine Food Waste Crusher

N. H. Shahadan1, a, S. N. S. Aziz1, b, S. N. Ahmad1, c1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Keywords: Machine; Blender; Arduino; Heater; Sensor

Abstract. Several treatment alternatives for food waste can result in both energy and nutrient recovery, and thereby
potential environmental benefits. The aim of present study was therefore to investigate the potential food waste among
households in Malaysia through an investigation of the amount of avoidable food waste currently disposed of. The
food waste machine can reduce the total solid waste (food) to be managed. To create a machine that can reduce the
environment pollution and making own the fertilizer.

Introduction
The project aims to design the food waste crushers that are suitable for use by gardeners, housewives, industry, and green
house concepts. In conjunction with green technology, the Malaysian government is trying to use recycled materials in
manufacturing fertilizers, food- destroying machines can help to achieve this goal. In addition, egg shell residues are said
to have good nutrients for plant growth and can be used as a product to disperse pests such as ants, lizards, cockroaches
and mice. This created machine can also be used to produce the product. Examples of ingredients that can be processed
are vegetables, fruits, rice, bread, and so on. The crushed food waste can be used as compost / organic fertilizers.

Previous Work
Based on the research, there are many problems arising from excessive waste disposal of 114 out of 290 landfills
nationwide are currently at a serious level. According to Wan Ahmad Uzir Wan Sulaiman, Sarawak Domestic Trade,
Co-operatives and Consumerism Director (MDTCC), the situation was the result of increasing garbage from time to time
as well as lack of public awareness on the problem. Furthermore, there is no suitable machine to use at home to process
food waste and even the existing machine is only used to destroy food waste but cannot utilize it as a reusable steel or
object. Its functions are quite limited from the food waste crushers that are being worked out as this machine will make
food waste in the form of cubes and dry ones that can last longer to be stored.

Methodology
To start this project, the planned product needs to be analysed more thoroughly in term of its advantages and
disadvantages whether it can help and solve consumer problem such as smallholders. In addition, the costs of shopping
and product backgrounds should also be emphasized. The product background is important to be analysed to ensure the
product runs smoothly and meets the safety features for users and environmentally friendly.
Beside, this product needs to be studied in terms of its shape and capability. This is because in this sophisticated era, the
product is designed to be modern and saves space. Beside, to design and capability, this product should also be designed
terms of connecting the circuit and the components used and also the function of each component. This project used the
components such as IR Sensor, Heater, Blade, Relay 2 Channel, Arduino Uno, Fuse 240V and Adapter. Arduino Uno is
used to control the movement of Mini Machine Food Waste Crusher.
Figure 1 below is the overall methodology flow chart. This project begins with literature review is about the details of the
product and analysis. The second step about the product design and the next step is about the circuit analysis and testing
to ensure the connection of the circuit and the components is properly and functionally connected.

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Figure 1: Methodology flow chart
Product Design
There are a few type of circuit that will be combined and included together to create this project. The circuits are circuit
blender, heater, relay, and used the 240V power supply. Figure 2 is show a flowchart of current movement, figure 3 show
a product design.
Product Design

Figure 2: Current movement/flow

Figure 3: Product sketch

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Figure 4: Connection of relay 2 channel.

Figure 5: Mini Machine Food Waste Crusher
Conclusion
We purpose mini machine food waste crusher because it is suitable to use for gardeners, housewives, industries and green
house concepts. It can also reduce environmental pollution from food waste. Besides, it can save the money and time to
produce organic fertilizers and this machine is also an easy machine to use.
Reference
[1] “Tapak pelupusan sampah di malaysia, tenat,” The Borneo Post, 2011. [Online]. Available:
www.theborneopost.com/.../114-tapak-pelupusan-sampah-di-malaysia-tenat/.
[2] M. Mcroberts, Beginning Arduino. Apress, 2010.

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ELIP 2018

Smart Gas and Fire Detectors

M. M. Firdaus1, a, N. Denesh1, b, A. H. Arfah1, c1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor.

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Keywords: GSM, PIC microcontroller, Gas Sensor,

Abstract. The purpose of this project is to reduce fire outbreaks around the residential area. The objective of this
project is to produce detect fire and gas leakages, and reduce the rate of fire cases occurring around residential area and
factories and to alert blind people, residence and workers. This project is developed to solve fire incidents that occur
and designed to reduce the rate of fire cases occurring around residential areas and high-risk plant areas. The issue of
ammonia gas was leaked in Terengganu with 22 workers suffer from breathing difficulties were admitted to the hospital
and 21 students have been killed after a fire broke out at a school in Kuala Lumpur. So by this project we can overcome
this kind of issues. The material for this project is also readily available, manufacturing costs are also not expensive and
based on studies conducted (Global System for Mobile Communication) GSM, gas sensor, temperature sensor are the
best and ideal for this project. While for component forming, component selection, PCB circuit design, project casing
making and the methodology research is used to plan project production process. By referring the flow chart as a guide,
once the gas sensor and temperature sensor detect leaky gases or fire it will alert us by sounding the buzzer and sending
messages to the user’s number. If it does not detect the gas and the fire the circuit will operate as normal. This circuit
reset automatically once the gas and the fire problem is solved. Based on the results that have been taken, the results of
the analysis and discussion were carried out that The Smart Gas and Fire Detectors has achieved the objectives that have
been discussed. In addition, this tool is also proven to reduce the rate of fire cases occurring in the area of housing and
factories.

Introduction
Gas leakages and fire outbreaks in industries as well as houses have led to wide destruction and losses in the past. Gas
leakages and fire outbreaks both spread widely and lead to even greater loss of life and property if proper action is not
taken on time. So here we propose a system that detects gas as well as fire outbreaks and alert us accordingly so that
proper action may be taken to control it. This Smart Gas Detector can be used either at home or at the factory. It will
detect leaky gases and warn it by sounding the buzzer. It will also send messages to the person responsible for telling
that there is a gas leak. In addition, this tool can also detect fire. This tool is very useful for poor and visually impaired
parents. Parents can also work peacefully without any worries about their parents at house.

Previous Work
Project [1] Home and Industrial Safety Using Fire and Gas Detection System, for this system we use a gas sensor along
with a temperature sensor interfaced to the microcontroller. The microcontroller is also connected to an LCD screen and
a buzzer to show the alerting part. As soon as a fire starts the rise in temperature is recorded by the temperature sensor.
When temperature rises beyond a certain limit it sends a signal to the microcontroller the microcontroller processes the
signal and displays the fire alert status on LCD screen and also sounds the buzzer. Now the gas monitor too constantly
monitors for any gas leakage. As soon as any gas is detected at the sensor it sends a signal to the microcontroller. The
microcontroller now processes this data and sounds the buzzer and also displays the gas alert message on the LCD
screen.

Methodology
Based on flow chat on what if the circuit is switched on it will start the gas sensor, the temperature of the sensor will
receive the gas and fire upon completion it will send the signal to the pic as a process and continue to send the signal to
the buzzer, LCD display and GSM. GSM will send a message to a predetermined number and end, if it does not detect
the gas and the fire will start back.

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Figure 1: Flow of methodology

Product Design

Fig 1. Smart gas and fire detectors

Fig 2. Block diagram

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Conclusion
After the project was successfully implemented this project was able to detect leakage of harmful gases. We can also
serve the blind people to detect the leaked gas by removing the siren from the device. Through this tool it can alert the
host by sounding a siren, traffic light and receiving a call from this device in the event of any leakage or fire when the
host is in the house or outside the area. Lastly, this tool is as useful as it can also be used in factory area for safety.

Reference
[1] J. Hind Bsc, Fire and Gas Detection and Control in the Process Industry. 2009.
[2] R. O. Okeke and M. Ehikhamenle, “Design and Simulation of Gas and Fire Detector and Alarm System
With Water Sprinkle,” Int. J. Eng. Res. Gen. Sci., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 216–225, 2017.

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Curry Puff Machine

A. Adibah1, a, A. M. Amsyar1, b, A. H. Ahmad1, c1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Keywords: Arduino Uno; Motor Driver; Motor

Abstract. Most of the processes of curry puff making in small scale industry are well known as handmade product
where curry puffs are made by using human manpower completely. This certainly needs many human power and skilled
operators to increase their production rate at high competitive level. In another side, experienced curry puff maker use
the machine that imported from out of our country. This can be a burden for small scale industry player that want to start
and continue their small business. This project is to design a curry puff making machine that will help industry player
to start their business at low cost. To realize the model of the machine, a systematic approach called product design and
development is implemented to ensure the proper design is completed. It is covers the concept development, concept
scoring, selection and preliminary final design. Consequently a conceptual model of curry puff machine complete is
created. For further step, this conceptual model will be designed in detail and model analysis will be performed to
distinguish any design related issues.

Introduction
In this project, we focus on the skin and shape of the Curry Puff. We want to produce the curry puff with the nice skin
and the neatly shape it is. In our calculation, in one minute this machine can produce 6 pieces and in sixty minutes it can
produces 360 pieces. We also focus on the solution of the problem statement. We will make a research on the machine
and the equipment we use, about the component, function of it, the price and anything else. First, we will have to list the
component we need. Then, we will make a survey about the quality and the price. We also need to know the function of
the component and the description of it. Among the components used in this project is jumper wire, adaptor, extender
board, Arduino Uno, push on switch, resistor, motor driver and others

Previous Work
This project is to help people easier their job, this product can make two or more curry puff in one minutes, other than we
use by hand. It also can reduce the energy of human worker, and make the curry puff neat and efficiently. We focus on the
skin and shape of the Curry Puff. We want to produce the curry puff with the nice skin and the neatly shape it is. In our
calculation, in one minute this machine can produce 6 pieces and in sixty minutes it can produces 360 pieces. We also
focus on the solution of the problem statement. We focus on the skin and shape of the Curry Puff. We want to produce
the curry puff with the nice skin and the neatly shape it is. In our calculation, in one minute this machine can produce 6
pieces and in sixty minutes it can produces 360 pieces. We also focus on the solution of the problem statement. Material
and equipment is an important asset in the completion of a project. Providing available material will facilitate the task.
Among the requirements needed to produce Curry Puff Machine has been identified during the discussion.

Methodology
This proposal project is about The Curry Puff Machine, before that I would like to say thank very much to our family,
friend and lecture who is support us to make this proposal project success especially the lecture Miss Adibah, Miss
Rohanah, and Mrs Hidayu who always guide us and give a right way on how to do a proposal. Without them, we cannot
do it by ourselves. There are many obstacle that we have been through to make it success. This proposal is about curry
puff machine that help user to decrease the time of folding curry puff.
The Curry Puff Machine is a product that can overcome the problem which is the low quantity output, the shape of curry
puff not nice and the uses of human worker. When we use the old method the quantity of output will be limited. Other
than that, we use the energy of human worker too many and the sometime curry puff output were not neatly. But, with
our product the problem will be solve.

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Figure 1: Flow of methodology

Product Design

Figure 2: Complete system of Curry Puff Machine

Design Curry Puff Machine

Figure 3: Sketching of machine

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Setup Product

Figure 4: Product model

Conclusion
In the conclusion, we were able to make the process of curry puff easier by make a machine clipping the curry puff with
neatly and fast. We achieve our objective that is to increase the quantity curry puff, decrease the uses of human worker
and increase the making of curry puff efficiently. We also able to know about our component function that we didn’t
know before this, other than that we able to know on how to using Arduino in more deeply and how to apply soldering to
the part we want to solder. We hope our objectives have been achieved and success.

References
[1] I. Ibrahim, “Design of A Curry Puff Making Machine,” 2010.

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Dehydration Food Machine

N. H. Shahadan1, a, F. H. Rawi1, b, M. F. Fadir1, c1
Department of Electrical and Electronic, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor

[email protected] [email protected]

Keywords: Machine; Dehydrator; Fan; Heat; Reduce energy; Humidity

Abstract: In general, food dehydration is interpreted as the removal of moisture from a food product. In order to
distinguish this process from evaporation as described in the previous chapter, additional specifications related to
characteristics of the final product are usually required. There are many objectives of dehydration as applied to food
products, probably the most evident being to preserve the product during prolonged storage. The dehydration process
meets this objective by reducing the moisture content of the product to levels which are adequate to limit microbial
growth. In addition, reduction of the moisture content results in preservation of quality characteristics such as flavour
and nutritive value. Another objective of dehydration is the significant reduction in product volume, which promotes
efficiency in both transportation and storage of the important components of the food product. The somewhat less evident
objective in dehydration is to provide or manufacture a product which is convenient to use—a factor which may not have
reached its full potential as yet.

Introduction
Food dehydrator is a device that removes moisture from food to aid in its preservation. A food dehydrator uses a heat
source and air flow to reduce the water content of foods. The water content of food is usually very high, typically 80% to
95% for various fruits and vegetables and 50% to 75% for various meats. Removing moisture from food restrains various
bacteria from growing and spoiling food. Further, removing moisture from food dramatically reduces the weight of the
food. Thus, food dehydrators are used to preserve and extend the shelf life of various foods. Food dehydrator require heat
using energy sources such as solar or electric power. Food dehydrator’s basic parts usually consist of a heating element, a
fan, air vents allowing for air circulation and food trays to lay food upon.
A dehydrator’s heating element, fans and vents simultaneously work to remove moisture from food. A dehydrator’s
heating element warms the food causing its moisture to be released from its interior. The appliance’s fan then blows
the warm, moist air out of the appliance via the air vents. This process continues for hours until the food is dried to a
substantially lower water content, usually less than 20%. Most foods are dehydrated at 54 °C, although meats being
made into jerky should be dehydrated at a higher temperature of 68 °C or preheated to that temperature—to guard against
pathogens that may be in the meat. The key to successful food dehydration is the application of a constant temperature
and adequate air flow. Too high a temperature can cause hardened foods: food that is hard and dry on the outside but
moist, and therefore vulnerable to spoiling, on the inside.

Previous Work
There are many ways to dehydrate food such as by using the outdoor drying, the solar, oven drying, pasteurization and
the others. All the method have similar function to dehydrate the food. First method is outdoor drying. Drying under
the Sun makes sugar and high acid content in fruits making it safer to dry in the sun. Vegetables and meats are not
recommended for sun drying. Low sugar and acidic vegetables. This increases the risk of food damage. To dry in the sun,
the hot, dry, windy days are the best. Minimum of humidity of 30 °C is required with higher temperatures to be better. It
takes a couple of days to dry food outdoors. This is because of uncontrolled weather conditions, resulting in sun drying
can be at risk. Fruits dried under the sun are placed on a tray made of wood.
Second method is solar drying. Recent efforts to improve sun drying have led to solar drying. Solar drying also uses the
sun as a source of heat. The foil surface inside the dehydrator helps increase the temperature. Ventilation accelerates
drying time. Shorter drying time reduce the risk of food damage or mole growth. Solar drying method almost same like
outdoor drying. Solar method almost same like outdoor drying but the difference is the solar drying method dehydrate
in container with wrap up using foil and it have cover while dehydrate. While outdoor drying method dehydrate by at an
open space and the food is placed on the wood. It’s can be occur pollution because it’s dehydration in open space.
Third method is using the oven drying. Everyone who has the oven has a dehydrator. By combining heat factors, low
humidity and airflow, the oven can be used as a dehydrator. The oven is ideal for occasional drying of jerkies, fruit skins,
and chip bananas or to maintain excess produce such as celery or mushrooms. Because the oven is needed for cooking
every day, it may not be satisfying to conserve a lot of garden produce. The oven drying is slower than dehydrators as it
has no built-in fan for air movement. (However, some convection ovens have fans). It takes about twice as long to dry the
food in the oven compared to dehydration. Therefore, ovens are not as efficient as dehydrators and use more energy.

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Methodology
The methodology used to make this project a complete and functioning properly. Many methods or finding from this field
mainly generated in journals for others to take advantage and improve for future research. The methods used to achieve
the objectives of the project that will achieve a perfect result.

Figure 1 : System Development Life Cycle Figure 2 : Step in Project Implementation
Design product

(a) (b) (c)

Conclusion Figure 3: (a) Machine, (b) flowing, and (c) function

We can conclude that the benefits of this project are, the reproduction of bacteria is prevented when the food are dried.

The bacteria can’t grow on the food that has been dried. Next, pollution can be avoided by using the dehydration

techniques. By using dehydration techniques, the food is saved from the pollution because the process is manage from

indoor. After that, we can save time for the drying process by using the indoor drying method. The indoor drying method

is a lot faster than the outdoor drying method such as drying under the sun. While drying under sun, the foods has higher

probability to get infected by bacteria or even the air pollution. Lastly, the wastage of the electricity can be reduced

by using dehydration techniques. This dehydration techniques used less electricity compare to other high cost food

dehydrator.

Reference
[1] “Tapak pelupusan sampah di malaysia, tenat,” The Borneo Post, 2011. [Online]. Available:
www.theborneopost.com/.../114-tapak-pelupusan-sampah-di-malaysia-tenat/.
[2] “Sink-Guard Food Waste Disposer,” PT ADDON CADIAC ALFA, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://
www.sinkgard.com/.

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ELIP 2018

Intelligent Fan

M. A. M. Firdaus1, a, T. M. Ashraff1, b, A. H. Arfah1, c1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Keyword: PIR Sensor; LM35 Sensor; Fan

Abstract. This project is designed to produce modern and innovative technological fan to make it easier for users to use
fan in places such as bedroom and prayer room. From research many users forgot to switch off the fan when they go out
from the room. Furthermore, the construction of this Intelligent Fan has also been automatically controlled by sensors
that detect temperatures in a room. Research on this product is made by undertaking some earlier studies to develop
automated fans and to find the source of the problem faced by users out there. PIR Sensor and Arduino Uno is the main
component in running the automatic fan process. PIR Sensors activate Arduino by sense human motion so that other
components connected to Arduino can function automatically.

Introduction
Malaysia is a tropical country that is constantly experiencing hot and humid weather throughout the year. But lately,
Malaysia is constantly experiencing volatile temperature changes. Sometimes the temperature can increase and decrease
according to temperature changes. Because of this, temperature changes also occur in the office and at home. Although
the use of technology such as the use of fan and air conditioner is able to solve this problem, it still does not provide the
user with a clutch. This is because the operating speed of the equipment still requires the user to handle it. Therefore, the
project is designed to overcome this problem which is an automatic fan. This project used a temperature sensor to detect
room temperature. The temperature sensor send signal to microcontroller. The microcontroller also receives signals and
controls the output value of this system. After figuring out the temperature level, the microcontroller will determine the
fan speed level whether low or high speed.

Previous Works
Nowadays, the changing of temperature in Malaysia is unpredictable. However, the usage of product such as fan and air
conditioner are not enough to solve this problem because of the operation of the product are manually. Because of that,
an automatic fan is build. This product is an inexpensive and also providing comfort to the user.

Methodology
The project design includes hardware and software system. The detail of the workflow of the project will be discussed
with device program. This project consist of fan and relay function.

Figure 1: Flow of methodology

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Firstly, we initial the PIR sensor at pin A5 and the function of the PIR sensor, When the PIR sensor was detect the human
presences, it will activate the fan within its delay time, which was around 3 seconds. In this case, the function of PIR
sensor was like as switch. It will activate the fan. While the PIR did not detect any movements, it will deactivate the fan.
In this case, the fan will continue activate as long as the PIR sensor is detecting the movements. The fan will deactivate
when the PIR sensor did not detect human motions within 60 seconds. We put the Led so easy to recognize, when the PIR
sensors are active, the lights will blame and when the PIR sensors are deactivate, the lights will not be blamed, so this
shows the fan in an open or closed.
Next, The LM35 pin is A0, the LM35 sensor function are to detect the temperature the fan speed will change to level 1.
The LCD will display “SPEED LEVEL = 1” and the pin of the relay 1 with speed level 1 is pin 5. When the temperature
is increased between 23 °C to 26 °C, the fan speed will change to level 2 and the pin of relay 2 is 6. The LCD will display
“SPEED LEVEL = 2”. When the temperature was increased above 27 °C to 35 °C, the fan speed will change to level

3. The LCD will display “SPEED LEVEL = 3” and the pin of relay 3 is 7. But sometimes it works slowly to decrease the
fan speed and change of relay rate speed. Lastly, the led pin for show the PIR active high or active low is pin A2.

Figure 2: Circuit diagram

Project design

Figure 3: Picture product

Conclusion
We propose an automatic fan, where this fan can be used as best as possible in designated places. Additionally, it will
help users who have been using it more easily and wisely save time and can avoid the wastage of electricity. Additionally,
it can control a fan that works automatically without human help. Indirectly, it will also help disabled people to use this
automated fan. Lastly, by using this automated system, users are no longer worried about the power wastage because, this
fan will shut down on their own when the absence of movement.

References
[1] “Early Flood Detection System,” NevonProjects in NevonSolutions Technology, 2012. [Online]. Available:
http://nevonprojects.com/early-flood-detection/.
[2] Mamat Muhammad Yusof, “Flood Monitoring System Using GSM,” Blogspot.com, 2012. [Online]. Available:
http://muhammadyusofmamat89.blogspot.com/?m=1.

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ELIP 2018

Step by Step Power Generation

W. A. M. Hizami1, a, S. R. N. Iqmal1, b, A. Rozieana1, c1
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik Elektronik, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Kata kunci: Piezoelectric Sensor; Piezo Transducer; Arduino.

Abstrak. Masalah yang dihadapi oleh pengguna telefon pintar atau gadjet iaitu memerlukan permintaan yang segera
untuk elektrik semasa di tempat awam bagi mengecas telefon pintar dan sebagainya. Maka produk yang dinamakan
‘STEP BY STEP POWER GENERATION’ ini dicipta bagi membolehkan pengguna telefon pintar atau gadjet ini
mendapatkan sumber elektrik untuk peranti mereka. Apabila orang ramai memijak lantai yang mempunyai ‘Piezo electric
sensor’ di bawahnya, akan terhasil tenaga tekanan kemudian secara langsung ditukaran kepada tenaga elektrik dengan
menggunakan litar pengecasan tenaga elektrik yang terhasil disalurkan ke bateri 6v seterusnya elektrik akan keluar
pada port USB untuk membolehkan peranti dicas. Produk ini dapat mengelakan pengguna tiada sumber elektrik untuk
mengecas telefon bimbit atau gadjet mereka apabila kehabisan bateri di tempat awam untuk komunikasi perkara penting
atau panggilan kecemasan. Ciri-ciri alat ini juga ianya kelihatan seperti lantai biasa dan setempat.

Pengenalan
“Piezoelectric” atau biasa disebut juga dengan “Piezoelectric Sensor” adalah muatan elektrik yang terkumpul dalam
bahan pepejal tertentu, seperti Kristal dan seramik akibat dari mekanikal tekanan. “Piezoelectric” sering digunakan dalam
kehidupan seharian, hanya kita saja yang tidak sedar akan kewujudannya. Ianya terdapat dalam alat-alat seperti mikrofon,
jam quartz, pencetak dan oscillator elektronik hingga boleh dijadikan sebagai sumber tenaga alternative ditempat orang
ramai seperti di stesen ataupun di lapangan terbang. Dan ini sedang dilaksanakan di negara maju seperti Jepun dan
Amerika.
“Piezoelectric” berfungsi untuk menukarkan tenaga tekanan kepada tenaga elektrik. Jika terdapat tekanan di atas platform
yang terdapat “piezoelectric” dibawahnya, ia dapat mengecas telefon bimbit untuk orang ramai.

Kajian Terdahulu
Dalam proses perlaksanaan projek kami ini, “Piezoelectric Sensor” ini kami telah meneliti dan mengkaji kepada projek
dan kerja terdahulu yang hampir sama dengan tema projek kami. Kami juga telah mendapat idea untuk menaik tarafkan
projek tersebut untuk dijadikan sebagai projek kami. Kami juga ada mengambil idea untuk membuat projek ini daripada
produk yang sedia ada di pasaran seperti ‘Harvesting Energy Footstep’ yang hanya dapat mengalirkan arus elektrik
terus ke beban tanpa menyimpan tenaga elektrik. Setelah perbincangan dilakukan, kami bersetuju untuk menambah baik
projek yang sedia ada dengan membolehkan pengguna melihat voltan yang terhasil dan tenaga elektrik dapat disimpan di
dalam bateri.
Setelah melihat kepada projek-projek terdahulu, kami telah menambah lagi fungsi pada produk kami iaitu dapat melihat
voltan yang terhasil apabila terdapat tekanan pada platform dan tenaga elektrik dapat disimpan didalam bateri yang
telah disediakan untuk mengecas telefon bimbit pengguna. Kajian terhadap kerja terdahulu ini membolehkan seseorang
mencari idea untuk melakukan penambahbaikan sesuatu projek. Penambahbaikan itu boleh mendatangkan mafaat yang
banyak kepada pengguna yang akan menggunakan projek tersebut.

Metodologi
Dalam sesuatu projek, metodologi adalah satu bahagian penting dalam memastikan projek ini berjalan dengan sistematik
dan boleh disiapkan dalam masa yang ditetapkan. Di samping itu, kaedah yang membantu kita mendapatkan hasil yang
lebih baik. Langkah-langkah yang berkesan perlu dalam melaksanakan projek untuk menghasilkan projek yang berkualiti
yang lebih baik untuk berjaya, ia memerlukan kesabaran, penjagaan individu, dan kerja berpasukan sendiri.
Antara kaedah metodologi bagi projek ini ialah membuat perancangan bagi mencari idea untuk membuat projek ini.
Apabila sudah mendapat nasihat daripada penyelia projek, idea projek dipilih dan dikehendaki untuk melakukan proposal
bagi mendapat persetujuan penyelia projek. Seterusnya, pengumpulan data dilakukan untuk mengkaji sedikit tentang
projek yang hendak dilakukan agar tidak melakukan kesalahan. Di samping itu, kajian terhadap litar yang digunakan
juga perlu untuk memastikan simulasi litar berjaya. Selepas simulasi litar telah berjaya, reka bentuk hardware perlu di
titik beratkan kerana ini mengambarkan sesebuah projek yang lengkap. Apabila gambaran hardware dapat digambarkan,
sesebuah projek juga perlu melakukan software dengan berjaya. Hal ini jika projek tersebut memerlukan kedua-duanya ia
akan mendatangkan masalah jika salah satu daripada tidak berjaya dilakukan.

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Rajah 1: Aliran metodologi

Reka Bentuk Projek
Dalam projek ini, kami menggunakan arduino uno yang disambung kepada litar LCD dan juga litar pengecasan dan litar
“Buck Converter” yang diletakkan di dalam “casing”. Pada penutup “casing” ini LCD dilekatkan untuk membolehkan
pengguna melihat voltan yang terhasil daripada tekanan yang dilakukan oleh pengguna. “Piezoelectric”diletakkan di
platform yang telah disediakan untuk membolehkan pengguna memijak platform tersebut supaya dapat menghasilkan
voltan. Kemasan telah dilakukan supaya reka bentuk dapat dilihat dengan lebih menarik dan kreatif.

Rajah 2: Gambarajah blok produk
Rajah 3: Aliran program projek

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Rajah 3: Susunan dan reka bentuk projek

Kesimpulan
Secara keseluruhan, projek yang kami hasilkan ini bertujuan untuk memudahkan para penggunakan yang berada di
tempat awam terutamanya di kawasan pasaraya, stesen bas, lampangan terbang dan sebagainya untuk mendapat sumber
elektrik yang mudah alih. Ditambahkan dengan port USB yang pelbagai yang mampu mengecas pelbagai jenis telefon
bimbit dan peranti elektronik. Kami berharap apa yang kami hasilkan ini dapat dikembangkan lagi kerana ia dapat
membantu pengguna dan memudahkan pengguna pada masa akan datang. Selain itu, kami juga dapat mengaplikasikan
apa yang kami pelajari selama di Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan. Disamping itu, secara tidak langsung kami telah dapat
mereka bentuk sesuatu projek yang dapat memberikan kemudahan dan manfaat kepada para pengguna.

Rujukan
[1] Johnson Electric Company. Tentang PiezoElectric Sensor.http://www.nanomotion.com/piezo-ceramic-motor-
technology/piezoelectric- effect/
[2] Tushar Jain. Kajian bertetangkan Piezo Sensor. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnGX99jhcxc
[3] Navon. Reka bentuk litar Piezo Sensor.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkvMuXqnklk
[4] Wikipedia. Piezoelectric sensor. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_sensor

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ELIP 2018

Post-box with Android Notification

M. T. H. Hakimie1,a, M. N. M. Ridzuan1,b, Y. Fazlina1,c, A. R. I. Rafidah1,d1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic Ibrahim Sultan, Johor [email protected]

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Kata kunci: Android; GSM; RTC

Abstrak. “Post With Android Notification”adalah salah satu sistem yang boleh menghantar notifikasi sistem pesanan
khidmat rigkas (SMS) melalui GSM kepada telefon pintar pengguna apabila surat dimasukkan ke dalam peti surat
.Secara ringkasan projek ini ialah sensor inframerah digunakan bagi mengesan kehadiran surat yang dimasukkan
ke dalam peti surat.Selain itu,RTC digunakan bagi memastikan pengguna dapat mengetahui masa dan waktu surat
dihantar,Seterusnya,apabila sensor inframerah mengesan kehadiran surat data akan dihantar ke bahagian kawalan PIC
.Kemudian melalui kod program yang dihasilkan di dalam sistem PIC,data kehadiran dan masa surat dihantar akan
ke GSM seterusnya pengguna akan dapat melihat jumlah surat dihantar serta masa pada paparan skrin telefon pintar
pengguna.Disamping itu juga,paparan masa dan jumlah surat juga akan dapat dilihat pada skrin LCD di peti surat
pengguna.

Pengenalan
Surat-surat seperti penyata bank tahunan, pinjaman peribadi, bil-bil keperluan asas seperti bil elektrik dan air serta
pelbagai lagi surat akan di hantar ke rumah dan di masukkan ke dalam peti surat. Disebabkan oleh kehidupan masyarakat
yang semakin sibuk menguruskan urusan kehidupan seharian, mereka lupa dan alpha untuk memeriksa dan mengambil
surat yang dihantar ke dalam peti surat oleh posmen. Hal ini boleh menyebabkan masyarakat terlepas tarikh-tarikh
penting di dalam surat tersebut sebagai contoh tarikh temuduga pekerjaan jika berlakunya kelewatan untuk membaca
surat yang di hantar sehingga merugikan.
Oleh yang demikian, berhasrat mereka cipta suatu produk yang diberi nama sebagai ‘Postbox With Android Notification’
untuk mengaplikasikan sistem android di dalam peti surat. Ianya satu sistem dimana menggunakan coding yang direka
melalui aplikasi software Programmable Interface Controller (PIC) berkod 18F45K22 yang akan digunakan dalam sistem
android bagi mengesan ataupun mengenalpasti jika terdapat surat yang dihantar ke dalam peti surat di rumah. Aplikasi ini
direka khas untuk memberitahu dan memudahkan kepada pengguna jika terdapat surat di dalam peti surat yang dihantar
oleh ‘posmen’ tanpa perlu melakukan pemeriksaan peti surat secara berkala [1].
Tambahan lagi, menggunakan Liquid crystal display (LCD) pada peti surat bagi memaparkan jumlah surat yang
terkandung di dalam peti surat di rumah pada skrin LCD tanpa perlu dibuka oleh pengguna yang menggunakkan produk
ini. Selain itu, menambah sistem penggera buzzer pada peti surat bagi mengeluarkan bunyi dalam tempoh masa yang
tertentu setelah surat dimasukkan ke dalam peti surat. Sasaran utama projek ini adalah kepada masyarakat khususnya.
Peti surat yang telah di ubahsuai ini dengan penambaikkan system android, buzzer dan skrin LCD dapat menarik minat
pengguna serta pembeli di kalangan masyarakat yang tinggal di perumahan teres [1].

Kajian Projek
‘Postbox with Android Notification’ secara ringkasnya digunakan untuk mengesan kehadiran,jumlah dan masa surat
dimasukkan ke dalam peti surat bagi memaklumkan kepada pengguna melalui penghantaran sistem pesanan khidmat
ringkas (SMS) yang menggunakan GSM terus kepada telefon pintar [2].
Perbandingan antara projek ini dan produk sedia ada ialah GSM digunakan bagi menghantar notifikasi berbentuk sistem
pesanan khidmat ringkas iaitu sms menerusi telefon pintar pengguna menggantikan produk sedia ada dipasaran pada
masa kini yang menggunakan Bluetooth. Penggunaan GSM ini menggantikan Bluetooth dapat mengatasi beberapa
masalah antaranya jarak rangkaian yang tidak terhad. Selain itu, RTC juga digunakan bagi memaparkan masa surat
dimasukkan ke dalam peti surat. Melalui penggunaan RTC ini pengguna dapat mengetahui masa surat dihantar pada
paparan telefon pintar pengguna dan menjimatkan masa pengguna.

Metodologi
Dalam sesuatu projek, metodologi adalah satu bahagian penting dalam memastikan projek ini berjalan dengan sistematik
dan boleh disiapkan dalam masa yang ditetapkan. Di samping itu, kaedah yang membantu kita mendapatkan hasil yang
lebih baik. langkah- langkah yang berkesan perlu dalam melaksanakan projek untuk menghasilkan projek yang berkualiti
yang lebih baik untuk berjaya, ia memerlukan kesabaran , penjagaan individu, dan kerja berpasukan sendiri.

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Melakar Produk

Melakar peti surat

(a()b)PPanadnadnagnagnansissiisikaknirain

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Model Projek (b) Proses pendawaian

(a) Sarung paparan

(a) Sarung penutup (d) Post-box with Android Notification

Kesimpulan
Post-box with Android Notification ini dapat membantu pengguna mengetahui kehadiran surat di dalam peti surat dan
masa surat dihantar melalui sistem pesanan khidmat ringkas (SMS) yang menggunakan GSM menerusi telefon pintar
pengguna.Pengguna dapat menjimatkan masa tanpa perlu memeriksa peti surat dengan kerap. Selain itu juga,risiko atau
peratusan surat untuk rosak atau hilang dapat dikurangkan.

Rujukan
[1] http://www.ebay.com/itm/18KW-Intelligent-Postbox-Box-Device-MC-
/401210368708?hash=item5d6a0062c4:g:68wAAOSwnbZYCJtS
[2] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5356956/authors
[3] https://books.google.com.my/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JVZVBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg
=PA227&dq=power+saver+at+home+for+one+phase+in+market&ots=gFjfSdcyk1&s
ig=uoIYHmI4FqEWCVR6SwwxiCsw1qY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] https://www.google.com/search?q=electricity+saving+box&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8

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I-Dustbin

A. M. Norizzuddin1, a, M. S. F. Firduas Bin Mohamad1, b, Y. Fazlina1, c, A. R. I. RafidaH1, d
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor
[email protected]
[email protected]

Kata Kunci: Pengesan PIR; Pengesan Ultrasonik; LED; Servo Motor; Arduino UNO

Abstrak. Masalah yang sering berlaku di dalam bilik kuliah atau sebuah pejabat adalah kebersihan. Kebersihan sebuah
bilik tu akan bergantung pada cara orang membuang sampah. Maka tercipta lah projek yang diberi nama I-DUSTBIN.
Objektif utama projek supaya memudahkan orang membuang sampah. Justera itu, tong sampah telah diprogramkan
supaya terbuka secara automatik dengan mengesan orang yang berdekatan tong sampah untuk membuang tong sampah.
Seterusnya, tong sampah ini dapat memberitahu paras sampah di dalam nya. Dengan ini, kita dapat mengetahui paras
sampah bagi menggelakkan orang membuang sampah walaupun tong sampah sudah penuh. Tiga Lighting Emitting
Diode (LED) yang berlainan warna iaitu hijau, kuning dan merah digunakan untuk menunjukkan paras sampah.
Permasalahan pertama adalah tong sampah penuh tetapi masih ada orang yang tidak bertanggungjawab membuang
sampah di atas penutup tong sampah.

Pendahuluan
Arduino UNO sebenarnya adalah satu kit mikropengawal yang berasas pada ATmega28. Modul ini sudah dilengkapi
dengan berbagai ciri-ciri yang diperlukan untuk menyokong mikropengawal untuk berfungsi hanya untuk ke sumber
kuasa atau sambungan melalui USB ke PC Arduino ini sudah siap sedia. Arduino UNO ini mempunyai 14 pin digital
masukan dan keluaran,6 masukan analog, penyambung USB, penyambung kuasa masukan dan sebuah suis tekan reset.
Terdapat pelbagai jenis arduino yang boleh digunakan untuk membuat projek. Projek ini menggunakan pengaturcaraan
arduino UNO untuk beroperasi. Antara contoh lain yang boleh dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan dengan arduino ialah
membangunkan robot, mengawal, pengatur suhu, mesin, memaparkan LCD dan banyak lagi.
Seterusnya, pengesan PIR dan pengesan Ultrasonik juga digunakan di dalam projek ini. Pengesan PIR digunakan untuk
mengesan gerakan manusia atau benda lain yang bergerak dalam jangkauan pengesan ini. Pengesan PIR ini kecil, murah,
mudah digunakan dan tidak mudah rosak. Contohnya, pengesan PIR dipasang di projek ini untuk mengesan kehadiran
orang untuk membuang sampah dan secara langsung penutup tong sampah akan terbuka. Hal ini menyebabkan pengesan
banyak digunakan dalam peralatan rumah dan sebagainya. Selanjutnya, pengesan Ultrasonik digunakan untuk mengesan
objek yang berdekatan dengan jarak yang telah ditetapkan di dalam Arduino. Contohnya, dalam projek ini pengesan
Ultrasoni digunakan untuk mengesan paras sampah. Sekiranya, sampah di dalam tong dalam dapat dikesan oleh pengesan
Ultrasonik akan membuat LED menyala.

Tambahan pula, lampu LED adalah salah satu lampu induktor dalam kumpulan eletronik yang biasanya mempunyai
fungsi untuk menunjukkan status dari kumpulan elektronik tersebut. Dalam projek ini, LED digunakan untuk
menunjukkan paras sampah. LED tersebut menyala kerana pengesan Ultrsonik telah mengesan sampah yang dimasukkan
ke dalam tong sampah. Selain itu, motor servo digunakan di dalam projek untuk membuat penutup tong sampah. Motor
ini akan berputar sekiranya pengesan PIR telah mengesan kehadiran orang yang ingin membuang sampah.
Projek ini dibina atas beberapa pemerhatian yang telah dilakukan. Antaranya, ada sesetengah orang yang menganggap
tong sampah sangat kotor sehingga berasa jijik untuk membuka penutup tong sampah menggunakan tangan mereka. Hal
ini menyebabkan mereka akan membuang sampah di atas atau di tepi tong sampah. Sikap ini yang boleh menyebabkan
persekitaran menjadi kotor. Selain itu, jika tong sampah biasa kita tidak dapat tahu paras sampah. Justera itu, di dalam
projek ini pengesan Ultrasonik telah digunakan. LED digunakan untuk memberi paras sampah. Jika tong sampah kosong
LED berwarna hijau akan menyala. Sekiranya sampah pada paras separuh LED berwarna kuning akan menyala dan LED
berwarna merah akan menyala jika tong sampah penuh.

Kajian Terdahulu
Sebelum projek I-DUSTBIN ini tercipta. Sudah ada projek yang hampir sama fungsinya dengan projek ini. Antaranya,
pada 23 Jun 2016 seorang pelajar dari Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) telah membangunkan sebuah yang
diberi nama SMARTBIN. Penutup tong sampah pada projek ini akan terbuka sekiranya ada orang berdekatan dengan
menggunakan pengesan Ultrasonik. Pada masa yang sama, LED akan menyala. Seterusnya, projek ini menggunakan
pengesan beban untuk mengesan berat maksimum sampah di dalam tong sampah.
Selain itu, pada 6 Disember 2014 seorang blogger telah mencipta tong sampah yang namanya ialah SMART DUSTBIN.
Projek ini menggunakan arduino sebagai mikropengawal yang bertindak untuk menjalankan fungsi tong sampah ini.
Penutup tong sampah ini akan terbuka sekiranya mengesan ada sampah di atasnya. Menurut blogger ini, PIC juga boleh
digunakan untuk membina projek ini selain menggunakan arduino.

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Metodologi
Kebersihan dan keselesan sebuah tempat dapat mempengaruhi emosi seorang untuk melakukan sesuatu kerja. Sebagai
contoh, di dalam pejabat pekerja-pekerja memerlukan suasana yang bersih dan selesa untuk melakukan kerja dengan
baik. Contoh seterusnya, jika kelas dalam keadaan kotor akan menyebabkan pelajar tidak selesa dan membuat fokus
mereka terganggu. Hal yang membuatkan terhasil projek ini yang diberi nama I-DUSTBIN. Rajah 1 menunjukkan
susunan metodologi bagi projek ini.

Rajah 1.Aliran Metodologi

Reka Bentuk Projek
Beberapa litar digabungkan untuk membangunkan projek ini. Litarnya ialah litar pengesan ultrasonik, litar pengesan
pengesan PIR, litar motor servo dan LED. Rajah 2 menunjukkan cara I-DUSTBIN ini berfungsi.

Rajah 2: Aliran lengkap I-DUSTBIN berfungsi

Rekabentuk Projek

Rajah.3: Rekabentuk Projek

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Pemasangan Projek

Rajah.4: (a) Pandangan Depan (b) Pandangan Belakang (c) Pandangan Sisi

Kesimpulan
Dengan terciptanya I-DUSTBIN ini dapat memudahkan kehidupan manusia. Seterusnya, tahap kebersihan di sebuah
tempat ditingkatkan seperti di kelas atau pejabat. Tong sampah ini dapat memberi tahu kita paras sampah di dalam nya.
Jadi, jika tong sampah orang akan buang sampah di tong sampah yang lain.

Rujukan
[1] L. Louis, “Working Principle of Arduino and Using it as a Tool for Study and Research,” Int. J. Control.
Autom. Commun. Syst., vol. 1, no. 2, 2016.
[2] R. Gade and T. B. Moeslund, “Thermal cameras and applications: A survey,” Mach. Vis. Appl., vol. 25, no.
1, pp. 245–262, 2014.
[3] M. Z. M. Rodzi, “SMARTBIN Bijak Uruskan Sampah,” Utusan Malaysia Online, 2017. [Online]. Available:
http://www.utusan.com.my/sains-teknologi/teknologi/smart-bin-bijak-urus-sampah-1.490517.
[4] Asrul, “Tong Sampah Automatik (Automatic Dustbin),” PIZ Electronic, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://
pizotronic.blogspot.my/2012/08/tong-sampah-automatik-automatic-dustbin.html.

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Paper Recycled Vending Machine (Pa.Ma F@N)

A. W. Shikin1, a, D. Farah1, b, M. N. Fitri1, c, W. T. Rumaizi1, d 1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, Johor
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Katakunci: Kitar Semula; Pengesan Pemberat; Keluaran Duit Syiling

Abstrak. Pa.Ma F@N adalah idea hasil daripada isu-isu permasalahan yang terjadi di kawasan kediaman masyarakat
amnya di Malaysia[1]. Mesin ini direka untuk menyelesaikan masalah longgokkan sampah termasuk sisa kertas yang
boleh dikitar semula. Mesin ini hanya menerima satu jenis kitar semula iaitu kertas dan pengesan pemberat yang
digunakan untuk mengenal pasti berat kertas sebelum memberi maklumat kepada unit pemprosesan ‘Arduino Uno’ untuk
memproses keluaran iaitu duit syiling mengikut jumlah berat yang ditimbang. Mesin ini menggabungkan beberapa litar
elektronik antaranya litar bekalan, litar kuasa, litar pengesan berat, litar unit pemprosesan, litar geganti dan litar solenoid.
Litar unit pemprosesan adalah bahagian utama dalam projek ini di mana litar ini akan memproses masukan iaitu berat
surat khabar daripada pengesan pemberat mengikut program yang telah ditetapkan dan memberi maklumat itu untuk
solenoid dan memberi keluaran duit syiling kepada pengguna mengikut jumlah berat yang ditimbang. Fungsi utama unit
pemprosesan arduino uno juga untuk memberi arahan kepada geganti dan solenoid akan mula menjatuhkan kertas ke
dalam tangki. Pengesan pemberat beroperasi untuk memberi maklumat kepada litar tersebut.

Pengenalan
Proses kitar semula dapat menghasilkan produk yang sama dan menjadikan sumber lain yang berharga. Dalam kehidupan
seharian hari ini, hampir sepuluh juta kepingan kertas digunakan oleh pengguna untuk penggunaan sekolah, pejabat,
restoran, dan sebagainya. Kehidupan seolah-olah tidak lengkap tanpa sekeping kertas walaupun kini semakin banyak
penggunaan komputer dan gadget yang canggih. Oleh itu, kami mendapat idea untuk mereka bentuk Pa.Ma F@N yang
mempunyai fungsi yang sama seperti mesin layan diri yang sudah sedia ada. Mesin layan diri ini tidak memerlukan
pekerja untuk menjual produk kerana ianya berfungsi secara automatik. Di samping itu, mesin layan diri ini mempunyai
banyak kelebihan seperti dapat beroperasi 24 jam setiap hari. Reka bentuk Pa.Ma F@N adalah mesin yang boleh
memudahkan pengguna untuk mengitar semula kertas dengan mudah berbanding menghantar atau menjual kepada
pembekal kertas kitar semula. Reka bentuk mesin ini juga dapat memberi ganjaran kepada pengguna, seperti wang.
Antara komponen yang digunakan dalam mesin ini adalah peralatan elektronik seperti pengesan, geganti dan solenoid.
Mesin ini juga bersaiz kecil berbanding mesin layan diri yang sedia ada.

Metodologi
Rajah 1.0 menunjukan carta alir bagi perjalanan proses mesin kitar semula ini. Kami menggunakan surat khabar
sebagai masukan. Surat khabar yang dimasukkan ke dalam mesin akan ditimbang oleh pengesan berat dan akan
memberikan maklumat berat tersebut kepada litar unit pemprosesan arduino untuk mengenal pasti berat tersebut sebelum
memproseskan ke peringkat seterusnya. Jika berat tersebut kurang daripada 5 kg, maka litar arduino akan memproseskan
berat timbangan tersebut (berat×10sen). Jika berat timbangan tersebut melebihi daripada 5kg maka,timbangan tersebut
akan dibayar dengan harga maksimum iaitu RM0.50. Setelah litar aduino melakukan pengesahan bagi timbangan
tersebut, berat tersebut akan dipaparkan di skrin LCD.

Rajah 1: Carta Alir bagi Sistem Pa.Ma F@N

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Rekabentuk
Mesin ini menggunakan gabungan sistem antaranya litar bekalan kuasa (12V - 0V), pengesan berat (TAL101), arduino
uno, litar geganti, solenoid untuk mekanisma dan solenoid untuk mengeluarkan duit syiling. Mesin ini menggunakan
pengesan pemberat untuk mengesan berat surat khabar. Litar unit pemprosesan adalah bahagian utama dalam projek ini
di mana litar ini akan memproses masukan (berat surat khabar) dari sensor mengikut program yang telah ditetapkan dan
memberi maklumat itu kepada solenoid dan memberikan keluaran (duit syiling) kepada pengguna. Fungsi utama arduino
uno juga untuk memberi arahan kepada geganti dan solenoid akan mula menjatuhkan kertas ke dalam tangki. Lihat pada
rajah 2.0 untuk keseluruhan gambarajah blok rekabentuk sistem Pa.Ma F@N.

Rajah 2: Gambarajah blok rekabentuk sistem Pa.Ma F@N.

Rajah 3: Rekabentuk Luaran Pa.Ma F@N.
Analisis Data
Solenoid
Solenoid 12V yang digunakan dalam mesin ini dapat menunjukkan bacaan ketepatan komponen yang digunakan.
Keputusan yang diambil semasa eksperimen melalui 100 kali cubaan untuk mendapat ketepatan masa serta untuk
mendapatkan purata ketepatan komponen pada setiap keluaran duit syiling (10sen). Rujuk pada rajah 4 bagi masa
percubaan eksperimen.

10 SEN TRIAL

4

2

0

TRIAL ATTEMPTS

Rajah 4: Masa percubaan 10sen bagi 100 eksperimen solenoid
Hasil purata bagi satu kitaran solenoid mengikut eksperimen yang telah dilakukan adalah selama 1.9saat. Berdasarkan
kajian tersebut, tetapan masa telah ditetapkan dalam program untuk mengeluarkan setiap duit syiling adalah bersamaan
2saat.

Pengesan Pemberat
Pengesan pemberat (TAL101) ini hanya boleh menerima berat sebanyak kurang daripada 5kg pada satu masa. Bagi
mengkaji sensitiviti pengesan pemberat ini maka, pengiraan sisihan piawaian dilakukan untuk mendapatkan julat berat
yang sebenar bagi setiap berat yang dikaji untuk 1kg sehingga 5kg. Sebanyak 30 kali cubaan bagi setiap berat untuk
mengenalpasti nilai purata berat bagi setiap kategori dalam julat yang tepat. Rujuk pada rajah 5 percubaan eksperimen
pengesan pemberat.

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Weight sensor for 1kg Weight sensor for 1kg

1.1 1.1
1.05 1.05

1 1
0.95 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 0.95 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

Min, ̅ : 0.9kg Min, ̅ : 1.9kg
Sisihan, s2 : 0.01kg2 Sisihan, s2 : 0.01kg2
Sisihan Piawaian, s : 0.1kg Sisihan Piawaian, s : 0.1kg
Julat : ( 0.8kg – 1.0kg ) Julat : ( 1.8kg – 2.0kg )

Weight Sensor for 3kg Weight sensor for 4kg
3.2
4.2

3 4

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

Min, ̅ : 2.9kg Min, ̅ : 3.9kg
Sisihan, s2 : 0.01kg2 Sisihan, s2 : 0.01kg2
Sisihan Piawaian, s : 0.1kg Sisihan Piawaian, s : 0.1kg
Julat : ( 2.8kg – 3.0kg ) Julat : ( 3.8kg – 4.0kg )

Weight sensor for 5kg

5.2

5

Min, ̅ : 4.9kg
Sisihan, s2 : 0.01kg2
Sisihan Piawaian, s : 0.1kg
Julat : ( 4.8kg – 5.0kg )

Rajah 5: 30 Percubaan bagi pengesan berat

Berdasarkan pengiraan sisihan piawaian yang dilakukan mendapati hasil yang sekata iaitu 0.1kg di setiap 1kg hingga
5kg. Maka, pengiraan ini telah ditalakan semula dalam program untuk mendapatkan julat yang tepat bagi setiap berat.

Kesimpulan
Kesimpulannya adalah kita perlu mempraktikkan bagaimana untuk kitar semula dalam rutin harian kita supaya masalah
mengenai timbunan sampah tidak akan muncul dalam media sosial[3]. Kaedah kitar semula adalah cara terbaik untuk
mengurangkan masalah yang telah dialami oleh pelajar dan komuniti. Berita dari Astro Awani mengenai kurangnya
pekerja adalah salah satu masalah yang dapat kita selesaikan jika kita menggunakan mesin kitar semula [4]. Kita juga
boleh mendapatkan lebih banyak manfaat daripada mesin kitar semula seperti kita mendapat wang selepas menjual kertas
yang tidak digunakan dan kita juga boleh mengamalkan rutin dalam kehidupan seharian kita. Kita akan menjadi orang
yang berdisiplin dan bertanggungjawab jika kita tidak membuang sampah dengan mengasingkankan benda yang boleh
dikitar semula terutamanya kertas. Di samping itu, daripada kenyataan masalah dapat menjadikan projek kami lebih
sempurna kerana mendapat persetujuan dari masyarakat.

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Rujukan
[1] M. Z. M. Rodzi, “SMARTBIN Bijak Uruskan Sampah,” Utusan Malaysia Online, 2017. [Online]. Available:
http://www.utusan.com.my/sains-teknologi/teknologi/smart-bin-bijak-urus-sampah-1.490517.
[2] Asrul, “Tong Sampah Automatik (Automatic Dustbin),” PIZ Electronic, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://
pizotronic.blogspot.my/2012/08/tong-sampah-automatik-automatic-dustbin.html.
[3] L. Louis, “Working Principle of Arduino and Using it as a Tool for Study and Research,” Int. J. Control.
Autom. Commun. Syst., vol. 1, no. 2, 2016.

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