DUW10012 Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

RISK ASSESMENT CARRIED
OUT FOR:

Routine and non-routine activities including
emergencies
Activities of all personnel having access to
the workplace (including subcontractors
and visitors)
Facilities at the workplace, whether
provided-by the organization or others.

99

WHO WILL CARRY OUT
RISK ASSESMENT?

1. Person or persons trained to
identify hazard and risk
assessment
In some cases legally
competent person, example :
Chemical Health Risk Assessor

2. Consultation with and
involvement of workers
Safety and Health Committee
OR workers and their
representatives

3. Involvement of supervisors

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DETERMINING SEVERITY

Severity in terms of:

➢ Harm to health
➢ Damage to property
➢ Damage to

environment
➢ Or the combination

of the above

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SEVERITY

Severity (S) Example
Catastrophic
Numerous fatalities, irrecoverable property
Fatal damage and productivity

Serious Approximately one single fatality major
property damage if hazard is realized

Non-fatal injury, permanent disability

Minor Disabling but not permanent injury
Negligible
Minor abrasions, bruises, cuts, first aid type
injury

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DETERMINING LIKELIHOOD
OF OCCURANCE OF HAZARD

Impact: Refer to
statistic and data

Aspect: Refer to
professional
judgment

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RISK

Risk can be calculated using the
following formula:

RISK = LIKELIHOOD x SEVERITY

There are 2 types of risk
assessment

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TYPES OF RISK ASSESMENT

Qualitative Risk Assessment
(Without numeric estimate,
Qualitative consideration only)

Semi-Quantitative Risk
Assessment

(Numeric estimate + Qualitative
consideration)

105

BASIC COMPONENTS OF RISK
MANAGEMENT

Hazard Risk Control
Identification (HI) (RC)

Risk Assessment Review
(RA)

106

UNDERSTAND
RISK CONTROL

107

PRINCIPLE OF
CONTROL

108

CONSIDERATION IN
IMPLEMENTING RISK CONTROL

➢ Review measures regularly; modify if
necessary

➢ Comply with national laws and
regulations

➢ Reflect good management practice
➢ Consider the current state of

knowledge
➢ Include information or reports from

organizations such as DOSH, OSH
services, and others.

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HIERARCHY OF CONTROL

MOST EFFECTIVE

➢ Elimination - remove the hazard.

FAIRLY EFFECTIVE

➢ Substitution - use less hazardous one.
➢ Isolation – isolate the work area i.e. X-ray

machine in restricted room

➢ Engineering Control – design, isolation at

source, barricade, guarding

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LEAST EFFECTIVE

➢ Administrative Control – safe work procedure,

isolation i.e. reduce exposure time and limit,
training, signage etc.

➢ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - last

option of control consideration.
LEAST EFFECTIVE

➢ Administrative Control – safe work procedure,

isolation i.e. reduce exposure time and limit,
training, signage etc.

➢ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - last

option of control consideration.

111

EXERCISE

Fill in the blank the question below with
correct answer .

1. A source or a situation with
a in terms of human injury or ill health,
damage to property, damage to the
environment or a combination of these
2. Risk is something that we as individuals
live with on a day-to-day basis.
Combination of Likelihood of an
of consequences
3. to hazard

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Match the words below with correct and accurate
meaning.

Man The way people carry
out their work

Machinery Substance such as
Materials chemicals and glases
use in the workplace

Workplace condition
i.e. air quality,

ventilation, lighting,
noise, vibration.

Method Unsafe acts

Media Instalation, layout and
design of equipment

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ANSWER
CHAPTER 4: Hazard
Identification, Risk
Assessment & Risk Control

114

UNIT 5.0

FIRE SAFETY
( CLO1, CLO1,C2, CLO2,A3)
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Course of contents

5.1 BASIC OF FIRE

▪ Concept of Fire Triangle
▪ Class of Fire
▪ Suitable Fire Extinguisher

5.2 Fire Safety Planning

▪ Fire Safety Plan
▪ Fire Control Method
▪ Fire Protection Method

5.3 DEMONSTRATE ESCAPE ROUTE

▪ Emergency Evacuation Plan
▪ Assembly Point

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Topic 5.1 BASIC OF
FIRE

5.1.1

Concept of Fire Triangle

• Definition of fire

5.1.2

Basic of Fire

• Gas or vapors
• Liquids or solid
• Ignition or flammables

5.1.3

Class of Fire

Fire Classes :

• A - Trash wood Paper
• B – Liquids Grease
• C – Electrical Equipment
• D - Combustible

117

5.1.1 CONCEPT OF FIRE
TRINGLE

Definition of fire :

A chemical reaction that occurs when a
flammable material and oxygen comes
into contact with a heat source or
ignition

118

5.1.2 BASIC OF FIRE

❑ Fire will not occur in the absence
of the element

❑ Fire will cease to exist if one of
the elements is eliminated

Gas or vapours
- May ignite by sparks or
small flames

Liquids or solids
- Requires more heat to ignite
- Requires more oxygen to
ignite (2-5%)

Ignition or flammables
- Small spark/flames or
- Heated to self-ignition
temperature

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5.1.2 CLASS OF FIRE

Based on National Fire Prevention
Association (NFPA) 10: 1984 Code, There
are 4 classes of fire:

FIRE CLASSES

A – Trash Woof Paper C – Electrical Equipment

❑ Wood ❑ Energized
❑ Cloth electrical
❑ Paper equipment
❑ Rubber

❑ Many plastics

B – Liquids Grease D – COMBUSTIBLE
❑ Magnesium
❑ Gasoline ❑ Sodium
❑ Oil ❑ Potassium
❑ Grease ❑ Titanium
❑ Tar ❑ Zirconium
❑ Oil-based ❑ Other

paint flammable
❑ Lacquer
❑ Flammable metals

gases

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FIRE CLASS: A

Class A fires are those which
involve ordinary combustible
materials.

▪ These fires should be extinguished by using a dry
chemical extinguisher.

• Water is effective in extinguishing these fires type.

121

FIRE CLASS: B

Class B fires are those which
involve flammable liquid, gas,
oil, paint, and grease.

▪ These fires could be extinguished by
using a dry chemical or carbon dioxide
extinguisher. Flammable liquids may re-
ignite after being extinguished.

▪ DO NOT USE WATER

This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-SA

122

FIRE CLASS: C

Class C fires are those which
involve electricity.

▪ These fires could be extinguished by
using a dry chemical or carbon dioxide
extinguisher.

▪ Do not use WATER.

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FIRE CLASS: D

Class D fires are those which
involve combustible metals
such as magnesium, aluminum,
titanium, or sodium. Sodium
can react with water.

▪ These fires could be extinguished by using
a carbon dioxide extinguisher.

▪ DO NOT USE WATER

124ThisPhoto by Unknown Author

is licensed under CC BY-SA

SUITABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

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HOW TO USE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

P.A.S.S Method

P Pull the pin into
the handle
Aim the nozzle

A at the base of
the fire

S Squeeze the
level slowly
Sweep from the

S side to side

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Topic 5.2 FIRE

SAFETY PLANNING

5.2.1

Fire Safety Plan

• Definition of fire

5.2.2

Fire Control Method

• Starvation method
• Smoothering method
• Cooling method

5.2.3

Fire Protection Method

• General requirements
• Water supply
• Portable firefighting equipment
• Fixed firefighting equipment
• Fire alarm device
• Fire cut off

127

5.2.1 FIRE SAFETY PLAN

Never ignore the fire Read your building’s
alarm. evacuation plan.

Count the Know at least two ways
doors or desks out of your work area.
between
where you Post the fire
work and the department’s
nearest exits. emergency
number– 999–
This Photo by Unknown Author on your phone.
is licensed under CC BY

Know where
the fire alarm
pull stations
are located and
learn how to
use them.

128

IF THERE IS A FIRE

Sound the alarm even for a small
fire as exit the building.
Leave immediately and close
doors behind you.

This Photo by an Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

If you see smoke, try another
escape route.

129

EMERGENCY PLANNING

STRATEGY

A Written Plan Listing 1
Know the emergency
written plan listing must be in detail, r o utes
the procedures to be taken in the All employees must be
event of a fire. familiar with the evacuation
routes and emergency exits in
Specific procedures when 2 case of an emergency.
an emergency arises.
3 Alarm, horns, sirens
Safe shutdown procedures to
avoid equipment should be announcement system,
established to prevent equipment and other alarm devices
damage and additional hazards.
Notifying employees of
Maintained and tested on 4 emergencies and evacuations
a regular basis. must be clearly recognizable

All alarm systems and fire 5 during emergency conditions.
protection systems must be
tested weekly. The emergency
preparedness plan
Routes and exit doors 6
should be clearly posted on 8 The plan should be a working
a wall diagram document used for training
and practice. The plan must
An employee's current position be updated to reflect any
and emergency exit routes
should be posted on a wall 7 changes in the workplace.
diagram to show employees
the primary and secondary Evacuation drills must be
emergency routes for c onducted
evacuating the building. Each
department should display this to ensure employees are
diagram in a highly visible area.
knowledgeable and trained on

emergency plans. 130

5.2.2 FIRE Control Method

There are several methods commonly
used to control a fire, including the
following: -

1. Starvation Method
2. Smothering Method
3. Cooling Method

131

METHOD 1: STARVATION
METHOD

X

Separating Closing the Stopping
Fuel supply fuel supply
valve
STEP 1 STEP 3
STEP 2

132

METHOD 2: SMOTHERING
METHOD

X

Blocking Use CO2 replace
oxygen foam/CO2 Oxygen

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

133

METHOD 3: SMOTHERING
METHOD

X

Lowering Water Cools the
the heat absorbs fuel
heat
STEP 1 STEP 3
STEP 2

134

5.2.3 FIRE PROTECTION
METHOD

❑ General requirements

The employer shall be responsible for the
development of a fire protection program to
be followed throughout all phases of the
construction and demolition work and shall
provide for the firefighting equipment as
specified in this subpart.

As fire hazards occur, there shall be no ThisPhoto by Unknown Author
delay in providing the necessary equipment. is licensed under CC BY-SA

❑ Water Supply

A temporary or permanent water supply, of sufficient
volume, duration, and pressure, required to properly
operate the firefighting equipment shall be made
available as soon as combustible materials.

135

❑ Portable Fire Equipment
i. Fire Extinguishers and Small Hose Lines

Travel distance from any point of the protected area to
the nearest fire extinguisher shall not exceed 100 feet

ii. Fire Hose and Connection

136

❑ Fixed Firefighting Equipment
i. Sprinkler Protection

If the facility being constructed includes the
installation of automatic sprinkler protection, the
installation shall closely follow the construction

ii. Standpipes

In all structures in which standpipes are required, or
where standpipes exist in structures being altered,
they shall be brought up as soon as applicable laws
permit, and shall be maintained as construction
progresses in such a manner that they are always
ready for fire protection use.

137

❑ Fire Alarm Device

An alarm system, e.g., telephone system, siren, etc., shall
be established by the employer whereby employees on the
site and the local fire department can be alerted for an
emergency.
The alarm code and reporting instructions shall be
conspicuously posted on phones and at employee
entrances.

❑ Fire cut-off

Firewalls and exit stairways, required for the completed
buildings, shall be given construction priority. Fire doors,
with automatic closing devices, shall be hung on openings
as soon as practicable.

138

Topic 5.3

DEMONSTRATE ESCAPE
ROUTE

5.3.1 5.3.2

Emergency Evacuation Plan Assembly Point

• The hazard • Assembly point
• Building evacuation during • Designated assembly

emergency point

• Layout plan

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5.3.1 EMERGENCY
EVACUATION PLAN

❑ The hazard and consequence analysis should identify
the weakness in buildings, facilities, and equipment.

❑ Example of hazards that could cause a heavy
impact on the escalation in emergencies :

Early warning Materials

Establishment of hazard Removal, reduction,
warning and communication modification, segregation,
procedures. or elimination.

Heat , fluid Structure

Protective systems, This Photo by Unknown Author is
redundancy,control of the licensed under CC BY-NC
rate of release.
Building construction
standard

140

BUILDING
EVACUATION
DURING
EMERGENCY

141

ALWAYS…..

Make sure all staff know what Draw a floor plan with at least
to do in the event of a fire. two ways of escaping every
room. Make a drawing for each
floor.

Dimensions do need to be This Photo by Unknown Author
correct.
Make sure the plan shows is licensed under CC BY
important details:
Stairs, hallways, and windows Test windows and door
Do they open easily enough?
can be used as fire escape routes. Are they wide enough, or tall
enough?

142

TOPIC 5.3.2
ASSEMBLY POINT

ASSEMBLY POINT

Meaning: “A location designated as the place
for a group to meet or for people to gather in
an emergency.”

PURPOSE OF ASSEMBLY POINT

Assembly point signs are essential for
identifying areas of safety where persons
should assemble in the event of an emergency.

143

IMPORTANCE OF ASSEMBLY POINT

This Photo by Unknown Author
is licensed under CC BY-SA

In the event of a It also allows For anyone who
people to calm needs an area
fire-making sure down from the to receive
stressful medical
everyone is out procedure attention

of the premises

safe and allow

an appropriate

space to

headcount

144

DESIGNATED ASSEMBLY
POINT

This Photo by Unknown All occupants should evacuate the
Author is licensed under building by the nearest exit to the
CC BY-SA-NC outside of the building and then proceed
to the Assembly Point.

An Assembly Point is a
predetermined safe location
outside the building.

This Photo by Unknown Author
is licensed under CC BY -NC

It is at this location that all occupants
of the building must report to upon
evacuating the building in case of an
alarm of fire or any other emergency.

145

EXAMPLE ASSEMBLY
POINT LAYOUT

146

Link For Quiz

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeAxub2rjYO
sZvELbcXt-aalSw3YSFr1LWlmWR-s9ky2VkgPA/viewform

Reflection Activities

Question 1:

Three components are needed to start a fire?

Question 2:

What the Class A, B, and C fire?

Question 3:

What element of the fire triangle is played by the wooden stick in a bonfire?

Question 4:
What does P.A.S.S stand for?

This Photo by Unknown Author Answer?
is licensed under CC BY-SA
147

Youtube Link For
Video

How to use fire extinguisher ?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUojO1HvC8c

Credit by: Howcast

Making a Fire Escape Plan

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qDX3PvmLyE

Credit by: commerceohio

Emergency Evacuation Procedure

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCi5fP9D7hM

Credit by: Muneer Basha

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