Imagining Ethnic Communities: Resource Conflicts and Development in Thailand

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Index

A 38
Agroforestry 19, 24
Animism 49, 53, 55, 58
Awards, Huay Hin Lad Nai
53
B 148
Bamboo shoots 145
Baron World Trade Co. Ltd. 90
Barotrauma (decompression sickness) 93, 106, 109-110
Borderland warfare 19, 24, 89-90, 117, 132
Borders and Boundaries, uncertainties see also Yuan Buddhism
Buddhism
5-6, 44, 47, 51-52, 74
C 19, 24, 109, 132, 136, 158
Cash crops 143, 159-160
Christianity 23, 93-95, 115
Chumchon Thai Foundation 8-9, 57
Citizenship, Dara-ang
Climate change 127-149
Community geographies, histories, activities 36-58
88-110
Chao Talay 105, 117-118, 123-124,
Huay Hin Lad Nai 156-157
Nor Lae 5-6, 13, 15, 39, 62
Community administration 72-73, 76, 157
14
Community forest 13-14
Community funds 55, 115, 146, 153-154
Community land titling
Community rights
Consumer spending

198

Cross-border farming 90, 92, 116
Burmese military “tax” 101, 106-107, 109
90, 107, 112, 114
Cross-border trade

D 111, 116, 138, 146
Debt 5, 7
Deforestation and capitalism 4-5, 7-8, 10
Deforestation and shifting cultivation see also Forest policies
45, 54, 57-58, 142
Development, state 3, 12, 29, 115, 134-135
Discrimination, ethnic

E

Education 46, 48, 92, 94, 97-98, 107,

117, 134

Entrepreneurial activities 57-58, 69-72, 108,

139-141, 156

see also Tourism

herbal tea 113, 116

sea walking 140

Environmental pollution 168

Ethnic armed groups 90

Ethnic groups in Thailand 1-12, 18-27

Dara-ang/Palaung 20-23

Karen 14, 18-20

Moken/Urak Lawoi’ (Chao Talay) 11-12, 14, 23-26

networks and alliances 49-52, 55-56, 82-84,

125-126, 159-161

Thai concerns about, and policies towards 10, 45

Evacuation/eviction policy 49-50

F 77
Fire protection, Huay Hin Lad Nai 11-12, 26, 133-134,
Fishing etc., competition and restrictions 141-142, 144, 146-147
134, 145, 151-152
tourism, adverse effects of 59
Food security 4-5
Forest policies 1980s-1990s 5-6, 13, 15, 39, 62
Forest, community 6, 15, 48
Forestry Bills

Index 199

G 120-123
“Good residents”, Dara-ang as

H 142
Healthcare, 35 baht scheme 19, 40-41, 80
Hi Hko 41, 43, 55-56, 71-72
Honey 60, 92, 128-131, 149, 155
Housing, living environment, quality of 8
Human rights violations

I 16-18
Imagining communities 154
Inter-ethnic tensions, Chao Ley

K vii, 90, 98
Khun Sa 23, 88, 91, 96-97, 127,
King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) 137, 160
26, 68, 178
Knowledge, local 147, 161-162
advice sought by authorities 78-79
transmission of, by generation

l

Land and resources 177-178

arable, scarcity of in Nor Lae 92, 98

availability 168

classification 60

communal ownership of 5, 12, 75

conflict over access 5, 39, 41, 48-50

customary law and practice, Karen 3 8, 76

eviction threat (withdrawn following protests) 49-50

rights/ownership 7-8, 12-14 passim, 95,

132-135, 143-144,

147-149, 157-158, 164

zoning, with US/international models 3-4

Leadership 79-81, 132, 148, 163

Learning centre 52, 55

Livelihoods 36

Chao Talay 150-156

Huay Hin Lad Nai 41-44, 53, 59-72

200 111-114

Nor Lae 5, 39, 46-47
Logging 45, 47

concessions 50, 52-53, 55
illegal 6, 56, 74, 77

M 8, 10, 42, 97
Mapping 3-7, 11-12, 27, 48
Market economy
10, 96-97
N 6, 44, 90, 96-97, 102,
National security 122-123
Natural resource management, Thai 10, 40

O 13, 15, 56
Opium
8, 11-12, 26, 162, 176
cultivation 3-8 passim, 22, 39, 48,
elimination 85, 93, 100-101, 178
6-7
trading 7-8
5-6, 13, 50-52, 83
P
P-Move 4-9 passim, 20, 39, 52,
Parks 56-57, 59-68
86-87, 172-173
marine
national 179
177-178
Projects, royal 178-179
Protected areas
Protest movements 181-183

R
Rai Mun Wian (shifting cultivation)

public relations
Recommendations, general

governance
land and resources
law
Recommendations, specific
Chao Ley

Huay Hin Lad Nai Index 201
Nor Lae
Research 179-180
Research, this 180-181
Resettlement, enforced 84-85
Resource protection 29-33
Rituals 3
45, 47
Rotational farming 52, 64-65 passim, 76-81
Royal Agricultural Research Centre passim, 87, 131, 133
Royal Forest Department see Rai Mun Wian
Royal Project Angkhang 91, 96
3
changes of management 90, 96, 108
friendly relations 102, 108
occupational groups 99-101
92
S
Sapa Gong Fai meetings 45
Shan State 88
22, 96, 98, 101
civil war 76, 78, 81, 118-119, 154,
Social capital 159, 164, 173
33, 134, 146, 149
Social conflicts and problems 14, 56
Special Cultural Zones 77-78
Spiritual Traditions and Ritual Practices 36
Strategies, adaptive 155-158
73-81
Chao Ley 115-119
Huay Hin Lad Nai 36
Nor Lae 159-166
Strategies, negotiation 82-87
Chao Ley 119-127
Huay Hin Lad Nai
Nor Lae 41-44, 70-71
58, 106-110
T 9, 126-127
Tea, wild
Tensions, intergenerational,
“Thai-ness”

202 12, 105-106, 108-109,
112-113, 134, 137,
Tourism 139-141, 144-145, 152
54
cultural
economic importance – a lever to 164-165
influence authorities 11, 143
Tsunami, 2004, effects of
54
V
Village loans (“1 village 1m baht”) 44, 109, 114-116, 138,
140, 152-153
W 163
Wage labour 9, 37, 40, 61, 75, 95, 100,
114, 128, 130
Warning system (Chao Ley) 3, 39
Water 13, 15-16, 27, 35

Watersheds 89-90, 117, 122
Within state space
15, 35
Y
Yuan Buddhism

Z
“Zomia”



IMAGINING ETHNIC
COMMUNITIES:

Resource Conflicts and Development in Thailand

This study explores the strategies of adaptation and negotiation of
three ethnic communities in different parts of Thailand: a Karen
community in Northern Thailand, a Dara-ang/Palaung community
on the Thai-Myanmar border, and a Chao Ley (Moken and Ural
Lawoi) community in Southern Thailand. All communities, to
a greater or lesser degree, and with varying success, have been
attempting to find ways to cope with the constraints and restrictions
they face due to their changing socio-economic and political
environment. Research illustrates how all three study sites are spaces
of struggle and negotiation, with people trying to arrive at something
they aspire to and strive for, their “imagining community” (Tanabe,
2008). Through their everyday struggles, the villagers are attempting
to contest the effects of state policy, development, and outside power,
and to protect their rights to land, livelihood, and natural resources.

Center for Ethnic Studies and Development (CESD)
Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University