iJPCMR 2023 Abstract Book

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 248 ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LEVEL OF LIFE INSURANCE OWNERSHIP AMONG THE MALAYSIAN POPULATION Nadia Izzati Binti Kamessan, Zainil Hanim Saidin, Zarina Md Nor Management Section, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Email: [email protected] Abstract This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the level of life insurance ownership among the Malaysian population. A sample population of 450 respondents, who were non-life insurance policyholders, was targeted. Ultimately, 398 respondents (88.4% of the sample) met the inclusion criteria and participated in the study. Data collected through a questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS Version 27.0, employing various statistical techniques such as Frequency Analysis, Reliability Analysis, Pearson Correlation Analysis, and Multiple Regression Analysis. The findings of the study reveal that the premium factor of insurance exerted the strongest influence, followed by the risk factor associated with pandemics, on the level of life insurance ownership in Malaysia. The analysis confirmed the acceptance of the first and third hypotheses proposed in the study, while the second hypothesis was rejected. These results provide valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the field of life insurance, offering guidance for future investigations. Keywords: Insurance Factors, Insurance Premiums, Government Influence, Pandemic Risk, Ownership Rates, Life Insurance 1.0 Introduction According to Life Insurance Association of Malaysia (LIAM) 2022 Annual Report (2023), there were 13.4 million insurance policies in force in Malaysia, showing a minimal growth rate of 0.1% in 2022. Based on LIAM Annual Report (2018), the insurance sector in Malaysia has recorded higher total premiums and contributions, with an increase of 4.9% to RM66.6 billion compared to RM63.5 billion in 2017. Currently, comparing the 13.4 million number of insurance policies based on LIAM 2022 Annual Report to Malaysia's estimated population in 2023 which is 33.2 million according to Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM), it suggests that only approximately 40.4% of the population had insurance coverage in 2022. The Malaysian Budget 2021, with the theme "Teguh Kita, Menang Bersama" (Strong Together, Winning Together), was presented, with one of the primary objectives of the Malaysian Budget 2021 was the Well-being of the People, consisting of five measures. One of these measures was Social Protection, which included promoting ownership of insurance, life takaful, and critical illness coverage. In Malaysia, since January 1, 1997, the insurance industry has been required to comply with the Insurance Act 1996, which empowers Bank Negara Malaysia to regulate matters under the Act. This is because the insurance industry is a financial sector that contributes to national revenue, and the government expects it to continue to grow rapidly with active ownership by all segments of the Malaysian population for GDP growth. According to Lim Thien Sang et al.,(2020), the Government of Malaysia aims to achieve a national life insurance and family takaful penetration rate of 75% by the end of 2020. In conclusion, despite the economic challenges brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, a substantial number of Malaysians continue to view insurance as a less significant financial asset. This sentiment is reflected in the decreasing insurance ownership penetration rate in Malaysia, which stood at approximately 40.4% in 2022, down from 56% in 2019. 2.0 Research Objectives

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 249 The general objective of this study is to identify the insurance factors that influence the life insurance ownership rate among the Malaysian population to date. The specific objectives of this study are as follows: I. To determine whether the insurance premium factor affects the life insurance ownership rate among the Malaysian population. II. To determine whether government influences have an impact on the life insurance ownership rate among the Malaysian population. III. To determine whether pandemic risk factors have an effect on the life insurance ownership rate among the Malaysian population. 2.1 Research Questions Several research questions have been formulated to investigate the insurance factors that influence the life insurance ownership rate among the Malaysian population to date, in order to achieve the research objectives: I. Does the insurance premium factor influence the life insurance ownership rate among the Malaysian population? II. Does the government factor significantly influence the life insurance ownership rate among the Malaysian population? III. Does the pandemic risk factor impact the life insurance ownership rate among the Malaysian population? 3.0 Conceptual Framework This study will only focus on quantitative research, which means that each research question and objective will involve different relationships effects among the variables being studied. The research framework will explain the variables to be used in the study, as shown in Figure 1. The research framework is crucial in determining whether there is a positive or negative relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Based on this research framework, the independent variables encompass the first insurance factor, which is insurance premiums, using a questionnaire adapted from the study by Mun Yee & Majid (2014). The second insurance factor is government influence, using a questionnaire adapted from the study by Govender et al. (2013). The third insurance factor is pandemic risk, using a questionnaire adapted from the study by Yakath Ali & Nurul (2018). The dependent variable, on the other hand, is the life insurance ownership rate among the Malaysian population, based on a questionnaire adapted from the study by Krupasindhu Panigrahi, Azizan, & Ali Khan (2018). Figure 1 : Conceptual Framework 3.1 Results Demographic Profile According to Sekaran (2000), a good survey should have a response rate of at least 75% from respondents and this study has recorded 88.4% completed questionnaires. Therefore, the data from the survey questionnaires can be used for analysis and hypothesis testing. The summary of this frequency analysis is presented in the Table 1. Table 1: Summary of Respondents’ Demographic Profile INSURANCE FACTOR Insurance Premium Government Influence Pandemic Risk LIFE INSURANCE OWNERSHIP

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 250 Demographic Info Categories Number of Respondents Percentage (%) Have a Life Insurance Policy Yes No 52 398 11.6 88.4 Gender Male Female 170 228 42.7 57.3 Marriage Status Single Married, No Kids Married With Kids 113 151 134 28.4 37.9 33.7 Age 18 Years and Under 19 – 30 years old 31 – 59 years old 60 Years and Above 113 111 126 48 28.4 27.9 31.7 12.1 Work Status Working Full Time Work Part Time Jobless 149 158 91 37.4 39.7 22.9 Monthly Income Less than RM4,849 RM4,850 up to RM10,959 More than RM10,960 No income 170 128 9 91 42.7 32.2 2.3 22.9 3.2 Results of the Relationship between Variables Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was conducted to assess the linear relationship between the study variables. The variable "insurance premium factor" (PI) showed a strong positive linear relationship with the dependent variable "life insurance ownership rate" (KP), with a correlation coefficient of 0.611 (p<0.01). The variable "government influence factor" (PK) also exhibited a strong positive linear relationship with KP, with a correlation coefficient of 0.605 (p<0.01). The variable "pandemic risk factor" (RP) demonstrated a moderate positive linear relationship with KP, with a correlation coefficient of 0.514 (p<0.01). The analysis further revealed that PI and PK had a very strong positive linear relationship, with a correlation coefficient of 0.994 (p<0.01). PI and RP showed a moderate positive linear relationship, with a correlation coefficient of 0.571 (p<0.01). PK and RP also exhibited a moderate positive linear relationship, with a correlation coefficient of 0.581 (p<0.01). In summary, all three independent variables (PI, PK, and RP) showed significant positive linear relationships with the dependent variable (KP). Among the independent variables, the strongest relationship was observed between PI and KP, followed by PK and KP, and finally RP and KP. These findings are presented in Table 2. Table 2: Analysis of Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Variables KP PI PK RP Life Insurance Ownership Rate (KP) 1 Insurance Premium Factor (PI) 0.611** 1 Government Influence Factor (PK) 0.605** 0.994** 1 Pandemic Risk Factor (RP) 0.514** 0.571** 0.581** 1 **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). 4.0 Conclusions In conclusion, the main objective of the study, which was to identify the factors influencing life insurance ownership rates, has been achieved. All three objectives and research questions were also successfully addressed. Two out of the three hypotheses formulated at the beginning of the study were accepted at the end of the analysis. The study targeted a sample population of 450 respondents who did not possess life insurance policies, but data was obtained from 398 respondents. The data collected was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 27.0.

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 251 The data collection was conducted through an online questionnaire, and four types of analyses were performed: Frequency Analysis, Reliability Analysis, Pearson Correlation Analysis, and Multiple Regression Analysis. These analyses were conducted based on relevant previous studies. In conclusion, the study found that two out of the three factors examined, namely premium insurance and pandemic risk, have a significant impact on the life insurance ownership rate among the Malaysian population up to the present time. On the other hand, the government influence factor was found to have no significant relationship with the life insurance ownership rate. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the factors influencing life insurance ownership rates in Malaysia, providing insights for insurance companies and the government to improve their policies and initiatives. The study also highlights the importance of considering premium costs, pandemic risks, and targeted promotional efforts to increase life insurance penetration among the Malaysian’s population. References 1. Auxier, A.L. A Test of the Usefulness of Policy Information in Ranking Life Insurance Alternatives. The Journal of Risk and Insurance, 1976, 43 (1), 87. 2. Govender, V., Chersich, M., Harris, B., Alaba, O., Ataguba, J., Nxumalo, N. and Goudge, J., 2013. Moving towards universal coverage in South Africa? Lessons from a voluntary government insurance scheme. Global Health Action, 6(1), p.19253, DOI: 10.3402/gha.v6i0.19253. 3. Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia. (2020). Ucapan Belanjawan 2021. Retrieved From: https://www.treasury.gov.my/pdf/bajet/ucapan/ub21.pdf 4. Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610 5. Krupasindhu Panigrahi, S., Azizan, N. and Ali Khan, M., 2018. Investigating the Empirical Relationship between Service Quality, Trust, Satisfaction, and Intention of Customers Purchasing Life Insurance Products. Indian Journal of Marketing, DOI: 10.17010/ijom/2018/v48/i1/120734 6. Lai, T. L. (2000). Factors effecting individual life insurance ownership, a study of Penang residents. Universiti Sains Malaysia. 7. Bank Negara Malaysia (2016). Laporan Kestabilan Kewangan dan Sistem Pembayaran. Retrieved From: https://www.bnm.gov.my/-/laporan-kestabilan-kewangan-dan-sistem-pembayaran-2016 8. Life Insurance Association of Malaysia (LIAM) (2023 ). Annual Report 2022. Retrieved From: https://www.liam.org.my/pdf/annual_report_2022.pdf 9. Life Insurance Association of Malaysia (LIAM) (2018). Annual Report 2017. Retrieved From: https://www.liam.org.my/pdf/LIAM_ANNUAL_REPORT_2018.pdf 10. Lim Thien Sang, Mohidin, R.., & Ag Budin, D. S. (2020). The Role Of Financial Knowledge On Life Insurance And Family Takaful Awareness. Malaysian Journal of Business and Economics (MJBE), 7(1), 131. https://doi.org/10.51200/mjbe.vi.2838 11. Mun Yee, L. & Majid, N., (2014) Faktor yang mempengaruhi pembelian insurans perubatan dan kesihatan di Kuala Lumpur. Journal of Quality Measurement and Analysis, 10 (1). pp. 49-58. ISSN 1823-5670 12. Panigrahi, S. K., Azizan, N. A. B., & Al Shamsi, I. R. (2021). Product Innovation, Customer Satisfaction, and Brand Loyalty of Using Smartphones Among University Students: PLS–SEM Approach. Indian Journal of Marketing, 51(1), 8-25. 13. Yakath Ali & Nurul. (2018). Faktor – Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pembelian Takaful Keluarga Dalam Kalangan Penduduk Di Luar Bandar: Kajian Kes Di Kuala Ketil, Kedah. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30446.31041

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 252 SODIUM HIDROXIDE ACTIVATION OF NATURAL ZEOLITE FOR AMMONIUM REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION Mutia Irma1 , K.Y. Foo2 , Susilawati3 , S. Sabar1 1 Chemical Sciences Programme, School of Distance Education (SDE), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia 2 River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia 3 Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, 20155, Indonesia ABSTRACT Ammonium is one of the critical factors responsible for the eutrophication of water bodies. This study aimed to remove ammonium from water using a natural zeolite modified with Sodium hydroxide. Zeolite modified with 1.0 M NaOH at 80°C yielded the best ammonium removal efficiency, 23.68 % higher than the natural zeolite without activation. The characterization data of modified zeolite with NaOH, including FTIR, show superior traits for adsorption with higher heterogeneity compared to natural zeolites. The improved performance of the modified zeolite (qmax, 15.70 mg/g) was mainly attributed to its relatively high mesopore volumes and higher ion-exchange capacity that results from sodium hydroxide decomposition, oxygen release, and sodium-ion exchange. The highest adsorption capacity (qe = 6.17 mg/g) of ammonium ions was obtained for natural zeolite, with a 10–20 mesh particle size. After pretreatment with a 1 M NaOH solution, adsorption capacity increments were observed (7.18 mg/g) at 75 mg/L initial ammonia concentration. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm corresponds well with the equilibrium adsorption data (R2 0.91 for natural zeolite and 0.94 for modified zeolite), while the Freundlich model was found to be mismatched (R2 = 0.87 for natural zeolite and 0.89 for modified zeolite). Based on these results, it was concluded that zeolites might be effectively applied in wastewater treatment. It can be observed that the increment in removal efficiency was achieved in the ranges of 50–100 mg/L. In contrast, above 100 mg/L ammonium concentration, the removal efficiency of both zeolites decreases. Keywords: Adsorption, NaOH activation, Ammonia, Zeolite.

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 253 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ONLINE VS. LIVE LEARNING OF MATHEMATICS FOR CHINESE COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION STUDENTS Feng Daimin1 , Bok Guat Im2 , Liu Weiqin3 1 [email protected] 2 [email protected] 3 [email protected] ABSTRACT Online live learning is currently an innovative mode of online learning in the context of information technology, as well as a new online learning mode that enriches the traditional classroom learning mode since the occurrence of the new coronavirus. Although the convenience and effectiveness of online teaching has been accepted by more students, the teaching effect of this teaching method has not yet been well compared and studied. The College Entrance Examination is the largest and most important examination in China, which is of great concern to students and their parents. The reason why students choose live teaching is not only because it is similar to traditional classroom teaching, but also because of its better interactive effect with the teacher and the ability to have a competitive atmosphere with fellow examiners, whereas videotaped learning has higher requirements for students' independent learning ability. In the actual comparison of the three teaching methods, we found that the average learning performance of students under live teaching is better than that of videotaping, which proves that the interest and internal drive of students' learning is insufficient, and the traditional constrained task-based teaching method is still the main driving force for students' learning. The combination of live and recorded learning modes shows only a slight improvement in the average student performance compared with live broadcasting, which shows that the added benefit of recorded video is not high, and students are still mainly learning by live broadcasting. Recorded learning is conducive to enhancing students' independent learning ability and promoting the combination of professional education and competence education, but it is not yet acceptable to the vast majority of students, so how to realize the complementary advantages of live broadcasting and recorded video teaching is still to be further researched and explored. Keywords: live learning, recorded learning, learning interaction, learning effect 1. INTRODUCTION According to the statistical table of the number of students enrolled in the National College Entrance Examination for the calendar years 2019-2023, From 2019 to the year of 2023 the number of college students enrolled in Chinese institutions has increased from 10.31 million to 12.91 million. 10.31 10.71 10.78 11.93 12.91 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2019th 2020th 2021th 2022th 2023th The NO.of Applicants(Million) The NO.of Applicants(Million)

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 254 (Data recrouces:Ministry of Education in China, 2019-2023) With 10 million people taking the college entrance examination every year, the Chinese college entrance examination is already the largest-scale examination in China and the world(Fang, 2021; Zhang,2016). For this examination, mathematics is widely regarded as the most important and difficult subjects. Due to the assessment of mathematics in the college entrance examination has shifted from calculations and simple applications to the understanding of mathematical thinking and real-world problem solving, which poses a new challenge to students in terms of mathematical thinking and problem solving skills(Wang,L.2017). 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The papers, proceedings and dissertations included in the analysis were identified technology acceptance as the focus of their studies.Data were collected to focus primarily the findings and the future research of research employing UTAUT. We employed a combination of meta-analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM) techniques to examine our research model MASEM involves the techniques of synthesizing correlation matrices to create a pooled correlation matrix, which can be analysed using SEM (Viswesvaran and Ones 1998). Figure 1. Proposed theoretical model (Source: Adapted from Venkatesh et al. 2003) We also propose that attitude would influence behavioural intention (i.e., Dwivedi et al. 2017; Rana et al. 2016;2017) based on prior empirical research (e.g., Chen and Lu 2011; ). Figure 1shows the proposed model of IS/IT acceptance in our theoretical model. 3. RESULTS 3.1 Four Constructs （1）Performance Expectancy Performance expectancy is defined as the degree to which an individual believes that using the system will help him or her to attain gains in a job (Davis et al., 1992; Shin, 2009). According to Compeau & Higgins (1995), the theoretical background of this variable comes from usefulness perceptions (Technology Acceptance Model), extrinsic motivation (Motivation Model), job-fit (Model of PC Utilization), relative advantage (Innovation Diffusion Theory) and outcome expectations (Social Cognition Theory). （2）Effort Expectancy In UTAUT, effort expectancy is defined as the degree of ease associated with the use of the system. According to Venkatesh et al. (2003), this factor was derived from the perceived ease of use factor as proposed in Technology Acceptance Model (TAM).Performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions and social influence impact overall use

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 255 intention, the perceptions of these antecedents vary significantly between potential versus early users (Yen-Ting Helena Chiu et al., 2010). （3）Social Influence Social influence is the degree to which a user perceives that significant persons believe technology use to be important (Diaz & Loraas, 2010). （4）Facilitating Conditions Facilitating conditions is defined as the degree to which an individual believes that organizational and technical infrastructure exists to support use of the system. Similar discussion can be found in model of personal computer utilization by Thompson et al. (1991). The four constructs of UTAUT have significant positive influence and impact on the behavioral intention to accept and use ICT by the ADSU academic staff.. 3.2 UTAUT Hypothesis UTAUT hypothesizes that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions are the determinants of behavioral intention or use behavior; and that gender, age, experience, and voluntariness of use have moderating effects on the acceptance of IT. Sun & Zhang also suggested that it is necessary to examine the potential moderating effects of user technology acceptance. 4. CONCLUSION The studies examined works which employed UTAUT by focusing on findings on the core constructs of UTAUT to predict Behavioral Intentions. The results confirmed previous studies that the all of the four constructs of UTAUT contributed to Behavioral Intention even though PE seemed to be the most significant contributors among the four. Findings also suggest UTAUT has been more explanatory and list the suggestions for future works. Our findings showed that attitude partially mediates the effects of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, and social influence on behavioural intention, and also has a direct effect on usage behaviour. The immediate implications are for researchers who wish to examine behavioral intentions using UTAUT models. They will be able to consider what factors to examine and future research to conduct and what theoretical models to use for their research. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of foremost, I would like to thank my main supervisor, Dr. Bok Guat Im and my co-supervisor, Dr. Mohd.Faiz Bin Hilmi for their relentless assistance and constructive feedback during the course of my study. Special appreciation also goes to Dr. Bok Guat Im, my supervisor for her initial guidance. Their unwavering support and constant encouragement have enabled the successful completion of this thesis. REFERENCES 1.Ballou, D., & Springer, M.G. (2017). Has nclb encouraged educational triage? Accountability and the distribution of achievement gains. Education Finance and Policy, 12(1), 77-106. doi:10.1162/EDFP_a_00189 2. Bu, Y. Y. (2015). On the Construction and Implementation of Specialty Teaching Resources Database for Vocational Education Oriented towards SPOC. Vocational and Technical Education, 25(11), 12-15. 3.Bulger, M., Bright, J., & Cobo, C. (2015). The real component of virtual learning: motivations for face-to-face MOOC meetings in developing and industrialised countries. Information Communication & Society, 18(10), 1200-1216. 4.Dai, L. L., & Li, Q. (2015). MOOC: the Leverage Pivot of Higher Educational Reform in China. Heilongjiang Researches on Higher Education, 25(3), 23-26. Ding, L., Kim, C., & Orey, M. (2017).

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 256 Studies of student engagement in gamified online discussions. Computers & Education, 115, 126-142. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2017.06.016 5.Ezen-Can, A., Boyer, K. E., Kellogg, S., & Booth, S. (2015). Unsupervised modeling for understanding MOOC discussion forums: a learning analytics approach. International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge. ACM, 15(4), 146-150. 6.Giddens, D. (2016). To MOOC or not to MOOC: how can online learning help to build the future of higher education (Chandos information professional series). Australian Library Journal, 65(2), 142- 143. 7.Guterman, O. (2017). What makes a social encounter meaningful: the impact of social encounters of homeschooled children on emotional and behavioral problems? Education and Urban Society, 49(8), 778-792. doi:10.1177/0013124516677009

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 257 THE SOLUBILITY AND STABILITY OF A CHITOSAN-GRAFTPOLYETHYLENEIMINE BIOCOAGULANT SUSPENSION WITH pH AS A FUNCTION OF TIME, ZETA POTENTIAL, AND PARTICLE SIZE Muhammad Affuwan Azhar Laile1 , Sumiyyah Sabar1 , Fatehah Omar2 1 Chemical Sciences Programme, School of Distance Education (SDE), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia 2 School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia ABSTRACT Chitosan as a biopolymer has a few drawbacks that limit its application as a coagulant for water and wastewater treatment. Hence, this study investigates the relationship between the solubility and stability of chitosan-graft-Polyethyleneimine (Cs-g-PEI) as a biocoagulant with pH as a function of time, zeta potential, and particle size. Based on the study, PEI was successfully grafted onto chitosan. It can be observed from the FTIR spectra that the O-H stretching overlapped with the N-H stretching shifted, as compared to the FTIR spectra of chitosan. The solubility of grafted chitosan has improved to a neutral pH, while pristine chitosan is only soluble in the acidic region. Furthermore, Cs-g-PEI exhibited positive surface charge from pH 2 up to pH 6, and the point of zero charge is at pH 7. This has caused the biocoagulant to become unstable and form aggregates. The same pattern can be seen when the pH of the biocoagulant experiences variance at its respective pH during the study of pH as a function of time. Keywords: Chitosan; Polyethyleneimine; Biocoagulant; Zeta potential; pH; stability INTRODUCTION Chitosan is a polysaccharide consisting of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucosamine units that are formed from the deacetylation of chitin. The demand for chitosan and its derivatives as biopolymers has surged in recent years due to its criteria, such as being easily accessible, environmentally friendly, and having outstanding structural qualities (Jairo et al., 2018). However, pristine chitosan exhibited pHdependent behaviour, where it worked efficiently only at low pH during the process coagulation and flocculation of wastewater treatment (Lichtfouse et al., 2019). Hence, these drawbacks have limited the application of chitosan as a coagulant for wastewater treatment. Graft polymerization is a method for adding one or more side chains to the main polymer chain, which is also known as the backbone of chitosan. This is done chemically through a covalent bond. Furthermore, a study shows that grafting polyethyleneimine (PEI) on chitosan has resulted in improved solubility in pure water and neutral buffer (Wang et al., 2010). Other than that, it’s also important to study the stability of biocoagulant in various pH conditions, which will help in understanding the mechanism, aggregation, disaggregation, charges, and suitability of the biocoagulant to treat water or wastewater. Hence, this study will investigate the relationship between the solubility in water and the stability of the biocoagulant with pH as a function of time, zeta potential, and particle size. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chitosan (low molecular weight), polyethyleneimine (PEI, 50 % w/v aqueous solution). Hydrochloric acid (37% w/v aqueous solution), sodium hydroxide pellets were provided by R&M Chemicals. Acetic acids were supplied by QReC. Ultrapure water was used for the preparation of all chemical solutions. Preparation of Cs-g-PEI biocoagulant The biocoagulant was prepared based on Yusof et al., (2020) method with some modifications. Chitosan solution was prepared by dissolving 0.6 g of low molecular weight chitosan in 30 mL of 1% acetic acid.

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 258 Then, with constant stirring, 5 ml of 4% (v/v) polyethyleneimine (PEI) solution was added dropwise. The mixture was sonicated at 60 Hz and 45 °C for 30 min. The biocoagulant with an initial concentration of 1000 mg/L was prepared by dissolving 0.1 mL of Cs-g-PEI solution in 100 mL with ultrapure water. Then the mixture was stirred for 10 min and allowed to rest for 30 minutes before using it Characterization The water solubility of modified chitosan and pristine chitosan was studied in a pH range between 3 to 12 by using method from Yuan et al., (2022) . The pH stability of the modified chitosan biocoagulant as a function of time have been conducted (Fatehah et al., 2014). The biocoagulant was suspended in 300 ml of ultrapure water and the pH was adjusted by using 0.05 M NaOH and 0.01 M HCl. The pH value was recorded every 10 minutes within the duration of 60 minutes for each pH value. Zeta potential and particle size analysis were carried out according to Malvern Zetasizer procedure using the Zetasizer Nano (ZEN3600). Then, the biocoagulant has been characterized using FTIR-ATR at wavenumber between 4000 cm-1 to 600 cm-1 . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Characterization 3.1.1. FTIR-ATR The characterization was conducted to assess the interaction between chitosan and PEI during the graft polymerization. Based on Figure 1 (a), the FTIR spectra chitosan shows a wide peak at 3280 cm -1 , indicates the presence of O-H stretching overlapped with N-H stretching. Meanwhile, the peak shifted to 3311 cm1 at higher intensity for water soluble chitosan biocoagulant. The peak shifting could indicate the success of PEI graft onto chitosan (Chatterjee et al., 2011). The formation of peaks at wavenumber 1634 cm-1 and 1553 cm-1 suggests the occurrence of C=O amide I and N-H bending of amide II respectively. The intensity of both peaks increases as the concentration of PEI increases, which denotes the increasing number of amino groups in the formulation. Next, the peak locate at 1071 cm-1 indicates the bridge of C-O-C stretching. 3.1.2. Solubility in water The solubility of chitosan and modified chitosan in aqueous solutions was evaluated over a pH range of 3 to 12. According to Figure 1 (b), the transmittance of modified chitosan below pH 8 approaches 100%. This observation suggests that the chitosan derivative exhibits solubility in aqueous solutions with an acidic nature, and extending its solubility range up to a pH level that is considered neutral. The occurrence can be attributed to the presence of amino groups (-NH2) in chitosan and the modifier, polyethyleneimine (PEI), which undergo protonation, resulting in the transformation of the compound into a water-soluble cationic polyelectrolyte (Yücetepe et al., 2021). On the other hand, it was observed that as the pH level reached 8 and higher, there was a significant reduction in transmittance. This reduction in transmittance served as an indication that the solution had undergone a transition to an opaque state, rendering it insoluble in alkaline aqueous solutions. The same thing happened to unmodified chitosan at pH 7 and above. This is because the amino group (-NH2) present undergoes deprotonation upon exposure to an alkaline environment, resulting in its insolubility.(Yuan et al., 2022) Nonetheless, this study showed that the grafting of polyethyleneimine to chitosan enhanced its solubility in a neutral environment when compared to pristine chitosan. 3.1.3. Stability of biocoagulant with pH as a function of time. Figure 1 (c) presents the pH variation of a 50 mg/L chitosan biocoagulant suspension from pH 2.44 to 12.27 for 60 min with 10 minute intervals. The initial pH of the chitosan biocoagulant suspension is pH 5.26, and it’s observed to be stable with minimal variation in pH after 60 minutes. As the pH increase from pH 5.26 to 9.52, the biocoagulant become very unstable with huge variation of pH after 60 min. The pH started to decrease from its initial adjusted pH throughout the 60 minute duration, and obvious

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 259 shift can be observed at pH 8.58, where the pH reduces to 6.58. The decreasing of the pH values is due to dissolution phenomena that took place throughout the 60 minutes (Fatehah et al., 2014). However, when the suspension was adjusted to more acidic environment, it become very stable with less to no variation of pH is observed, especially at pH 4.32, 3.37 and 2.44. 3.1.4. Stability of biocoagulant with pH as a function of zeta potential and particle size In this study, zeta potential (ZP) was measured from pH 2 to 12, and the aqueous Cs-g-PEI biocoagulant was prepared with a concentration of 30 mg/L. Figure 1 (d) shows the changes in ZP measurements of Cs-g-PEI as the pH was adjusted. The initial pH of the biocoagulant was 5.35, and the ZP measured was +8.48 mV. When the pH was adjusted towards the acidic region, the ZP increased up to pH 4. It then dropped slightly at pH 3 and pH 2. However, in the acidic region, ZP remained positively charged. This is due to the protonation of the amino group (-NH2) which has led to the formation of a positive surface charge on the particle. As the pH moved towards the alkaline region, from pH 5.35 to 12, changes in particle surface charge occurred, causing the particle to become negatively charged. This occurrence happens when an electric double layer has an excess of countercharge in comparison with the charge present on its surface (Lyklema, 2006). Hence, the ionization of amino group caused it to deprotonate, which reduces the positive charge and eventually become negative. The charge inversion of the particle started to occur as it passed by pH 7.25, also known as the point of zero charge (pHpzc). At this pH, the net charge is zero, and the particles tend to agglomerate. Thus, it becomes unstable. Figure 1 (e) shows the particle size (PS) measurement of Cs-g-PEI biocoagulant from pH 2 to 12. At pH 5.35, the PS measured was 531.8 d.nm. As the pH decreases in the acidic region, the PS decreases. This happened because the zeta potential measured in this region is positively charged due to the protonation of the amino group (-NH2). The protonation has led to the formation of a positive surface charge on the particle, which increases the electrostatic repulsion between the particles, causes the particle to be stable, and promotes disaggregation (Zhao et al., 2022). It can also be observed that the particle size of the disaggregated particles was smaller as compared to the particle at pH near the point of zero charge (pHpzc). The PS of the particles near pHpzc,such as pH 6.36, 7.25, and 8.23, are 616.8 d. nm, 814.4 d. nm, and 1389 d. nm, respectively. The particles at this pH are deemed to be unstable and tend to agglomerate. As a result, the particle size increased. Furthermore, as surface charge approaches zero, the electrostatic repulsion between molecules and molecular aggregates is zero. Plus, the strength of the van der Waals bond between the molecules increase, resulting in aggregation and the formation of unstable particles (Zhao et al., 2022).

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 260 Figure 1 FTIR spectra (a), water solubility with pH (b), pH with function of time (c), zeta potential (d), and particle size (e) 4. CONCLUSIONs The solubility and stability of the Cs-g-PEI biocoagulant suspension with pH as a function of time, zeta potential, and particle size were investigated. This study demonstrated the importance of pH in the behaviour of biocoagulants, such as dissolution, aggregation, and disaggregation effects. Moreover, this study helps to predict the mechanisms of the biocoagulant and the type of pollutant that can be destabilised by the biocoagulant. Hence, it can be concluded that Cs-g-PEI biocoagulant shows better solubility and stability in the acidic to neutral region as compared to the alkaline region. Plus, based on the zeta potential measurement, it could be predicted that the main mechanisms governing the destabilisation of pollutants are charge neutralisation and sweep coagulation. 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr Sumiyyah Sabar and Dr Fatehah Omar for their advice and supervision, as well as staff of School of Distance Education and School of Civil Engineering. 6. REFERENCES 1. Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, T., & Woo, S. H. (2011). Influence of the polyethyleneimine grafting on the adsorption capacity of chitosan beads for Reactive Black 5 from aqueous solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 166(1), 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.10.047 2. Fatehah, M. O., Aziz, H. A., & Stoll, S. (2014). Stability of ZnO Nanoparticles in Solution. Influence of pH, Dissolution, Aggregation and Disaggregation Effects. Journal of Colloid Science and Biotechnology, 3(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1166/jcsb.2014.1072 3. Jairo, J., Díaz, F., Tavera Quiroz, M. J., & Manrique, O. P. (2018). Extraction and Efficiency of Chitosan from Shrimp Exoskeletons as Coagulant for Lentic Water Bodies. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13(2), 1060–1067. http://www.ripublication.com 4. Lichtfouse, E., Morin-Crini, N., Fourmentin, M., Zemmouri, H., do Carmo Nascimento, I. O., Queiroz, L. M., Tadza, M. Y. M., Picos-Corrales, L. A., Pei, H., Wilson, L. D., & Crini, G. (2019). Chitosan for direct bioflocculation of wastewater. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 17(4), 1603–1621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00900-1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 261 5. Wang, X., Yao, J., Zhou, J. P., Lu, Y., & Wang, W. (2010). Synthesis and evaluation of chitosan-graft-polyethylenimine as a gene vector. Pharmazie, 65(8), 572–579. https://doi.org/10.1691/ph.2010.9422 6. Yuan, Y., Tan, W., Zhang, J., Li, Q., & Guo, Z. (2022). Water-soluble amino functionalized chitosan: Preparation, characterization, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 217, 969–978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.187 7. Yücetepe, A., Yavuz-Düzgün, M., Şensu, E., Bildik, F., Demircan, E., & Özçelik, B. (2021). The impact of pH and biopolymer ratio on the complex coacervation of Spirulina platensis protein concentrate with chitosan. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 58(4), 1274–1285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04636-7 8. Yusof, N. H., Foo, K. Y., Hameed, B. H., Hussin, M. H., Lee, H. K., & Sabar, S. (2020). Onestep synthesis of chitosan-polyethyleneimine with calcium chloride as effective adsorbent for Acid Red 88 removal. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 157, 648–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.218

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 262 FOSTERING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: UNVEILING THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING ON BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY Weiqin Liu1 , Zulnaidi Bin Yaacob2 , Daimin Feng3 (10 font size) 1 School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia, [email protected] 2 School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia, [email protected] 3 School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia, [email protected] ABSTRACT Manufacturing organizations pose a significant threat to the environment and wildlife due to the escalating concerns surrounding environmental pollution and industrial waste. In response to this critical issue, the present study meticulously evaluates the role of Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) in elevating organizational operations towards business sustainability and achieving a competitive advantage. Utilizing the 'Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling' approach on a dataset comprising 174 respondents from manufacturing organizations in Malaysia, the outcomes reveal a consistently positive and statistically significant impact of all the examined potential solutions in advancing both business sustainability and competitive advantage.In light of these compelling findings, it is strongly recommended that manufacturing organizations prioritize the transparent disclosure of their environmental management practices through the implementation of proper EMA. This not only aligns with ethical and environmental considerations but is also identified as a strategic imperative for fostering sustainability and gaining a competitive edge in the industry. Keywords: Environmental management accounting; environmental performance; economic performance; social performance; competitive advantage INTRODUCTION Substantial concern persists regarding escalating rates of emissions, waste generation, water contamination, biodiversity loss, and the excessive utilization of finite resources (Khan et al., 2019). Furthermore, managers find themselves under increasing pressure from stakeholders (Latan et al., 2018). Additionally, this is often attributed to the wastage of resources, energy, and capital (Sari et al., 2021). In response to the heightened environmental concerns, researchers are directing increased attention towards Environmental Management Accounting (EMA). EMA is defined as the integration of financial and cost accounting with the aim of mitigating environmental costs, impacts, and risks (Bresciani et al., 2022). EMA is increasingly becoming a benchmark for evaluating the level of sustainability within an organization, especially when compared to relevant competitors (Sidik et al., 2019). Data for this study is sourced from companies listed in Malaysia. The rationale behind focusing on listed companies lies in their higher degree of standardization and representativeness in both operations and management practices. Findings derived from the data collected in these companies are anticipated to offer valuable insights that can guide other organizations in adopting sustainable initiatives. The hypotheses framework of the study is shown in Figure 1:

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 263 Figure 1. Hypotheses Framework The structure of the remainder of the study follows a sequential arrangement. The subsequent section encompasses materials and methods, succeeded by results and discussion. The final sections of the study include the conclusion and proposed recommendations. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY MATERIALS Initially, a total of 600 questionnaires were distributed, garnering 221 responses, resulting in a response rate of 36.83%. However, during the data screening process, 38 survey forms were excluded due to the presence of missing values, resulting in a total of 183 responses. Further refinement was carried out by eliminating 9 responses identified as potential outliers, both univariate and multivariate, in accordance with the criteria discussed by Hair et al. (2010). Consequently, the final dataset utilized for the present study comprised 174 respondents. METHODOLOGY In the current study, we has chosen a survey research design within the quantitative research approach. This design involves the collection of quantitative data from potential respondents through the use of a questionnaire, commonly known as a survey form. Survey research in the quantitative paradigm offers several advantages. It facilitates the collection of quantitative data, where the results are analyzed statistically, aiding researchers in deriving logical interpretations and conclusions (Hulland et al., 2018). Furthermore, this research design involves data collection from a sample, which, although smaller in size compared to the population, allows for the generalization of findings over a substantial proportion of the population.The survey methodology is recognized for its cost-effectiveness, making it a pragmatic choice for research endeavors. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION RESULTS Aligned with the study's objectives, proposed hypotheses, and the anticipated relationships among the variables of interest, the current research employs a statistical technique classified within the second generation. Specifically, the chosen methodology is 'Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling' (PLS-SEM). PLS-SEM is preferred over other covariance-based conventional SEM

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 264 techniques due to its enhanced predictability, capacity for explaining variation, robustness, and suitability for handling complex research models, as highlighted by Hair et al. (2019). The outcome generated from the PLS-SEM is summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Results of Path Coefficients Hypothesized Path Path Coefficient C.R P-value Remarks EMA ENP 0.224 10.334 0.000 Supported EMA ECP 0.214 7.597 0.000 Supported EMA SOP 0.294 8.442 0.000 Supported EMA COA 0.194 12.503 0.000 Supported ENP COA 0.293 11.631 0.000 Supported ECP COA 0.291 7.105 0.000 Supported SOP COA 0.275 11.215 0.000 Supported Note: Level of Significance (5% i.e., 0.050) Abbreviations: EMA, environmental management accounting; ENP,environmental performance; ECP, economic performance; SOP, Social performance; COA, competitive advantage. DISCUSSION The results of the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis indicate significant associations between EMA, dimensions of Business Sustainability, and Competitive Advantage. Here is a summary of the findings: 3.2.1. Association of EMA with Other Variables: Environmental Performance: Positive impact (b = 0.224, p < 0.05) indicates a significant association. A 1% improvement in EMA is linked to a 22.4% enhancement in environmental performance. Economic Performance: Positive impact (b = 0.214, p < 0.05) denotes a significant association. A 1% improvement in EMA corresponds to a 21.4% improvement in economic performance. Social Performance: Positive impact (b = 0.294, p < 0.05) demonstrates a significant association. A 1% improvement in EMA leads to a 29.4% improvement in social performance. Competitive Advantage: Positive impact (b = 0.194, p < 0.05) signifies a significant association. A 1% improvement in EMA results in a 19.4% enhancement in competitive advantage. These findings align with the conclusions drawn by Sidik et al. (2019). 3.2.2. Association of Business Sustainability Dimensions with Competitive Advantage: Environmental Performance: Positive impact (b = 0.293, p < 0.05) indicates a significant association. A 1% improvement in environmental performance leads to a 29.3% enhancement in competitive advantage. Economic Performance: Positive impact (b = 0.291, p < 0.05) denotes a significant association. A 1% improvement in economic performance corresponds to a 29.1% improvement in competitive advantage. Social Performance: Positive impact (b = 0.275, p < 0.05) demonstrates a significant association. A 1% improvement in social performance results in a 27.5% improvement in competitive advantage. These results are consistent with the findings reported by Sidik et al. (2019). In summary, the study provides robust evidence supporting the positive impact of EMA and Business Sustainability dimensions on Competitive Advantage, validating the hypotheses and reinforcing previous research conclusions. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION In the present study, the role of EMA is meticulously assessed for its capacity to propel organizational operations towards business sustainability and the attainment of a competitive advantage. Leveraging

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 265 the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique, the outcomes reveal a consistently positive and significant impact of all the examined potential solutions in advancing and augmenting both business sustainability and competitive advantage. These findings underscore the pivotal role of EMA as a strategic tool in fostering organizational excellence and competitiveness through the judicious management of resources and environmental considerations. RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the research findings, organizations are encouraged to transparently communicate their environmental management practices through proper EMA. This disclosure serves as a catalyst in promoting the green image of the organization among customers, society, and all other stakeholders. Establishing a reputation for environmental responsibility is not only ethically commendable but also a strategic move in today's conscientious market environment. 5. REFERENCES 1. Bresciani, S., Rehman, S. U., Giovando, G., & Alam, G. M. (2022). The role of environmental management accounting and environmental knowledge management practices influence on environmental performance: Mediated-moderated model. Journal of Knowledge Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-12-2021-0953 2. Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis 7th. Pearson Prentice Hall. 3. Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR11-2018-0203 4. Hulland, J., Baumgartner, H., & Smith, K. M. (2018). Marketing survey research best practices: Evidence and recommendations from a review of JAMS articles. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 46(1), 92–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-017-0532-y 5. Khan, P. A., Johl, S. K., & Ntim, C. G. (2019). Nexus of comprehensive green innovation, environmental management system-14001-2015 and firm performance. Cogent Business & Management, 6(1), 1691833. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2019. 1691833 6. Latan, H., Jabbour, C. J. C., de Sousa Jabbour, A. B. L., Wamba, S. F., & Shahbaz, M. (2018). Effects of environmental strategy, environmental uncertainty and top management’s commitment on corporate environmental performance: The role of environmental management accounting. Journal of Cleaner Production, 180, 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2018.01.106 7. Sari, R. N., Pratadina, A., Anugerah, R., Kamaliah, K., & Sanusi, Z. M. (2021). Effect of environmental management accounting practices on organizational performance: Role of process innovation as a mediating variable. Business Process Management Journal, 27(4), 1296–1314. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-06-2020-0264 8. Sidik, M. H. J., Yadiati, W., Lee, H., & Khalid, N. (2019). The dynamic association of energy, environmental management accounting and green intellectual capital with corporate environmental performance and competitive advantages. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(5), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8283

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 266 ASSESSING MALAYSIA’S ASEAN INTEGRATION AND DIVERSIFICATION: THE IMPACT OF MACROECONOMIC CONDITION, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT, AND POLITICAL STABILITY Norasyikin Abdullah Fahami1,2, , Mohd. Faizal Basri2 1 Department of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 35400 Tapah, Perak, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] 2 Faculty of Management and Economics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT This study investigates the integration between Malaysia and other countries within the ASEAN-5 and their diversification opportunities. It focuses on examining the influential factors, particularly macroeconomic conditions, financial development, and political stability. Through a rigorous research methodology, including DCC-MGARCH, static linear panel data models as well as causality tests, it provides understandings into the relationships, determinants, and direction of causality between Malaysia and its ASEAN-5 partners. The findings will contribute to a deeper understanding of the country's role in this dynamic regional alliance. This research provides valuable insights that can be useful to policymakers, practitioners and investors who are actively seeking to make informed decisions and address the challenges and opportunities associated with ASEAN integration and diversification. Keywords: stock market integration, diversification, ASEAN-5, DCC-MGARCH, macroeconomic conditions, financial development, and political stability

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 267 PROTEIN – PROTEIN INTERACTION OF BISPECIFIC RECOMBINANT ANTIBODIES AGAINST IL8-CXCR2 USING COARSE-GRAINED MOLECULAR DYNAMIC SIMULATION Fatin Filzah Nur Binti Abdul Kadir Universiti Sains Malaysia Email : [email protected] Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most deadly cancer in the world. Chemokines and their receptors serve as important regulators of various metastatic and advanced cancers including interleukin-8 (IL8) and CXCR2 receptor are two of the most significantly upregulated biomolecules in advanced CRC. HY29 and 10F8 antibodies were shown to be able to block CXCL8-CXCR2 binding thereby reduce metastatic activities of CRC. However, molecular dynamics (MD) interaction of these biomolecules is less studied. Here, we used a combination of molecular docking, heated and long coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to identify key residues of established interaction. These key residues give highest contributing energy residues within the binding interaction. Furthermore, the result of decomposition residues analysis is in good agreement with the interaction analysis data. Current study provides a list of important interacting residues and further scrutiny on these residues is essential for future development and design of a new and stable bispecific recombinant antibody against IL-8 and CXCR2.

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 268 UNRAVELING THE MULTIFACETED DIMENSIONS OF INTERSECTIONALITY IN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES Chee-Yeong Yap1 1 School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia [email protected] ABSTRACT This overview synthesizes the core elements of intersectionality theory and explores the practical applications of intersectionality theory in interdisciplinary studies. Since its origin in feminist studies, intersectionality has evolved significantly. It provides a multifaceted framework to explain and predict the interconnectedness of social categories including gender, race, socioeconomic status, and age. The practical application of intersectionality has the potential to unveil the inner complexities of many social phenomena due to the intersections of different social categories. The core elements of intersectionality include: 1) moving away from additive analysis; 2) relationality of social categories; 3) social constructionism (Windsong, 2018). The use of intersectionality can further understand the intersectional experiences of marginalized groups, therefore provide constructive solutions to address them (Choo & Ferree, 2010). Intersectionality has been widely adopted across many fields of academic scholarship including sociology, psychology, public health, urban planning, education, gender studies, and political science. The intersectionality theory is a crucial puzzle for us to have a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of social phenomena. Its diverse applications across disciplines underscore its value in fostering a deeper, more inclusive understanding of societal structures and relationships, thereby promoting equity and social development. Keywords: Intersectionality; interdisciplinary studies; social categories; equity; social development. INTRODUCTION Intersectionality theory, originally rooted in feminist studies, has evolved into a critical framework in various academic disciplines. Its core lies in elucidating the interconnectedness of social categories like gender, race, socioeconomic status, and age. This extended abstract delves into the core elements of intersectionality, its significant findings across different fields, and its wide-ranging practical applications. CORE ELEMENTS The essence of intersectionality encompasses three core components (Windsong, 2018): 1. Moving Away from Additive Analysis: This element challenges the conventional approach of analyzing social categories in isolation. Instead, it advocates for a holistic view, recognizing that the confluence of various identities creates unique experiences that cannot be understood merely by summing up individual aspects. 2. Relationality of Social Categories: Intersectionality posits that social categories are interrelated and mutually constitutive. This relationality underscores how different axes of identity inform and shape each other, creating complex social dynamics. 3. Social Constructionism: This aspect emphasizes that social categories are not natural or inherent but are socially constructed and maintained. It invites a critical examination of how societal norms and structures create and sustain these categories.

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 269 APPLICATIONS OF INTERSECTIONALITY IN VARIOUS FIELDS a) Sociology: In sociology, intersectionality offers a lens to dissect societal and power structures, enhancing the understanding of group dynamics and societal stratification (Covarrubias, 2011). b) Psychology: Intersectionality in psychology aids in comprehending the complexities of individual experiences, particularly how intersecting identities impact mental health and (Moradi & Grzanka, 2017) c) Public Health: In public health, the framework is used to explore how overlapping social determinants, such as race and socioeconomic status, influence health outcomes and disparities (Agénor, 2020). d) Urban Planning, Environmental Policy, and Criminology: Intersectionality is instrumental in understanding how identity intersections contribute to societal challenges and opportunities in urban planning, environmental policy, and criminology (Osborne, 2015). e) Education: In the educational sector, intersectionality helps in understanding how various social identities of students and educators impact learning experiences, educational policies, and institutional practices. It sheds light on issues like educational inequalities and the unique challenges faced by students from diverse backgrounds (Núñez, 2014). f) Gender Studies: Central to its origin, intersectionality in gender studies examines the overlapping systems of oppression and privilege affecting individuals based on their gender, race, class, sexuality, and other identity markers. It expands the discourse beyond binary gender narratives, exploring the experiences of transgender, non-binary, and gender-nonconforming individuals (Davis, 2008). g) Political Science and International Relations: Intersectionality in these fields analyzes how identity and power dynamics influence political behavior, policy-making, and international relations. It offers insights into the role of identity in conflict, governance, and global political movements (Hancock, 2007). CONCLUSION Intersectionality theory is a crucial puzzle for a comprehensive understanding of social phenomena. Its applicability across various disciplines highlights its critical role in fostering a deeper, more inclusive understanding of societal structures and relationships. By acknowledging and addressing the multifaceted nature of social identities and experiences, intersectionality promotes equity and social development, making it a crucial tool in the quest for a more equitable society. REFERENCES 1. Agénor, M. (2020). Future Directions for Incorporating Intersectionality Into Quantitative Population Health Research. American Journal of Public Health, 110(6), 803–806. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305610 2. Choo, H. Y., & Ferree, M. M. (2010). Practicing Intersectionality in Sociological Research: A Critical Analysis of Inclusions, Interactions, and Institutions in the Study of Inequalities. Sociological Theory, 28(2), 129–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2010.01370.x 3. Covarrubias, A. (2011). Quantitative Intersectionality: A Critical Race Analysis of the Chicana/o Educational Pipeline. Journal of Latinos and Education, 10(2), 86–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348431.2011.556519 4. Davis, K. (2008). Intersectionality as buzzword: A sociology of science perspective on what makes a feminist theory successful. Feminist Theory, 9(1), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700108086364 5. Hancock, A.-M. (2007). When Multiplication Doesn’t Equal Quick Addition: Examining Intersectionality as a Research Paradigm. Perspectives on Politics, 5(1), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592707070065

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 270 6. Moradi, B., & Grzanka, P. R. (2017). Using intersectionality responsibly: Toward critical epistemology, structural analysis, and social justice activism. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(5), 500–513. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000203 7. Núñez, A.-M. (2014). Employing Multilevel Intersectionality in Educational Research: Latino Identities, Contexts, and College Access. Educational Researcher, 43(2), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X14522320 8. Osborne, N. (2015). Intersectionality and kyriarchy: A framework for approaching power and social justice in planning and climate change adaptation. Planning Theory, 14(2), 130–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095213516443 9. Windsong, E. A. (2018). Incorporating intersectionality into research design: An example using qualitative interviews. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 21(2), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2016.1268361

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International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 272 SEMANGAT KEKITAAN, KESEJAHTERAAN PSIKOLOGI DAN KEPERLUAN KEPUASAN PSIKOLOGI SEBAGAI PENYEDERHANA TERHADAP GOLONGAN ORANG KELAINAN UPAYA (OKU) DI MALAYSIA: SATU KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL *1Mohamad Aswad Samdan & *2Norizan Baba Rahim School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia *1Email Pengarang: [email protected] ABSTRAK Usaha untuk mensejahterakan rakyat khususnya memperkasakan golongan orang kurang upaya (OKU) di Malaysia telah banyak dibangunkan dan dibentuk sehingga menjadi dasar yang perlu diberikan perhatian. Dasar Kebajikan Negara 1990 bertujuan untuk mewujudkan masyarakat yang stabil dan terjamin, berdikari, penyamaan peluang, memupuk 13 semangat tolong-menolong, dan menyokong ke arah mempertingkatkan budaya penyayang. Selain itu, bagi memperkasakan golongan OKU untuk terus berdikari dan mendapatkan peluang pekerjaan serta mendapat hak sama rata dalam masyarakat ianya telah diberikan perhatian di dalam Dasar Sosial Negara 2003 dan Wawasan Kemakmuran Bersama 2030 (WKB 2030). Walau bagaimanapun, pelbagai isu yang telah dihadapi seperti diskriminasi, hak samarata, dan peluang pekerja terhadap golongan OKU (Khalil, et. al., 2022; Rafi, 2021; Rosli, Mahmud & Mahbob., 2017). Oleh itu, golongan OKU secara langsung akan rasa tersisih dan dipinggirkan yang menyebabkan emosi dan kesejahteraan psikologi mereka terjejas. Maka, untuk mencapai matlamat WKB 2030 dan Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan, usaha untuk memahami golongan ini perlulah diberikan perhatian dengan mengambil tahu dan memahami asas keperluan kepuasan psikologi mereka. Di samping itu juga, masyarakat perlu dididik untuk bersama-sama memberikan pertolongan dan bantuan yang sewajarnya dari aspek fizikal mahupun mental yang boleh mempengaruhi kesejahteraan psikologi golongn OKU. Maka dengan itu, untuk mewujudkan masyarakat yang stabil dan terjamin serta memupuk semangat tolong menolong selaras dengan Dasar Kebajikan Negara 1990 dan WKB 2030, satu kerangka konseptual dicadangkan selaras dengan usahausaha untuk memperkasakan dan mensejahterakan golonga OKU di Malaysia (Wawasan Kemakmuran Bersama, 2030). Oleh kerana, kajian terhadap semangat kekitaan dan kesejahteraan psikologi terhadap keperluan kepuasan psikologi masih lagi terhad, penyelidikan ini mengumpulkan data daripada pelbagai seumber dan akan mencadangkan kerangka konseptual berkenaan semangat kekitaan dan kesejahteraan psikologi serta keperluan kepuasan psikologi terhadap golongan OKU di Malaysia. Kata Kunci: Semangat Kekitaan, Kesejahteraan Psikologi, Keperluan Kepuasan Psikologi, Orang Kurang Upaya (OKU) 1. PENGENALAN Dasar Kebajikan Negara 1990 bertujuan mewujudkan masyarakat yang stabil dan terjamin, berdikari, penyamaan peluang, memupuk 13 semangat tolong-menolong, dan menyokong ke arah mempertingkatkan budaya penyayang. Dasar Sosial Negara 2003 pula, menekankan untuk mempertingkat dan memastikan orang kurang upaya menikmati hak sama rata dan penyertaan penuh dalam masyarakat Malaysia. Selain iitu, objektif Dasar Kebangsaan Orang Kurang Upaya 2007 adalah untuk mencapai integriti dan kestabilan sosial, keteguhan negara dan kesejahteraan untuk masyarakat Malaysia yang progresif dan mantap.

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 273 Selaras dengan Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan (SDGs) No. 8 (Kerja Layak dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi), di bawah Sasaran 8.5, iaitu mencapai guna tenaga penuh dan produktif serta kerja layak menjelang 2030 manakala Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan (SDGs) No. 4 (Pendidikan) pastikan inklusif dan pendidikan yang saksama, di bawah Sasaran 4.5, Menjelang 2030 iaitu memastikan akses sama rata kepada semua peringkat pendidikan. Oleh itu ianya telahpun dirangka dan dibangunkan bagi menjamin kemakmuran dan kesejahteraan masyarakat Malaysia terutama golongan OKU (Wawasan Kemakmuran Bersama, 2030). Namun, tidak dapat dinafikan bahawa terdapat kelompongan usaha-usaha untuk memperkasakan ekonomi dan mensejahterakan rakyat khusunya dalam usaha menjaga kebajikan dan hak-hak golongan OKU. Berdasarkan isu-isu yang sedang dihadapi seperti diskriminasi di tempat kerja, kekurangan dana untuk membayar gaji dan hasrat kerajaan yang masih tidak tercapai melaksanakan dasar satu peratus peluang pekerja kepada Golongan Orang Kurang Upaya (OKU) (Berita Harian Online, 2023) secara langsung akan mengganggu kesejahteraan mental dan fizikal mereka (Tah & Mokhtar., 2018). Bukan itu sahaja malah golongan OKU ini juga akan rasa terkilan dan rasa disisihkan (Kosmo Online., 2023). Oleh itu, kesejahteraan psikologi dijelaskan sebagai menjalani kehidupan yang baik (Berkman, 1971)[1]. Kesejahteraan psikologi merupakan sesuatu yang bersifat multidimensional dan didefinisikan dalam pelbagai bentuk (Hupert & So, 2013; Diener et al., 2010[4]). Walaupun secara amnya, tiada definisi tunggal, namun terdapat kesepakatan umum di kalangan sarjana bahawa individu yang sejahtera dari segi psikologinya seharusnya mempunyai mood dan emosi positif (contoh: gembira, bahagia, bersemangat); rendah emosi negatif (contoh: takut, bimbang); berpuas hati dengan kualiti kehidupannya (umum; khusus seperti pekerjaan; kekeluargaan); dan berfungsi secara positif seperti memiliki autonomi; makna dan tujuan hidup (Seligman, 2011; Diener et al., 2010 [4]; Ryff & Singer, 2006b). Terdapat dimensi kesejahteraan psikologi yang berbeza seperti kesejahteraan psikologi (Berkmen,1971)[1], kesejahteraan subjektif (Ryan & Deci. 2010)[2] dan jenis kesejahteraan fizikal (Seligman, 2011; Diener et.al., 2010; Diener, 2009; Ryff & Singer, 2006). Kesejahteraan subjektif boleh ditafsirkan sebagai kebahagiaan, melibatkan penilaian kognitif dan emosi yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan individu (Diener et.al., 2010; Diener, 2009; Ryff & Singer, 2006) manakala, Seligman (2011) menggabungkan aspek-aspek psikologi, emosional dan sosial manusia menyatakan bahawa asas bagi psikologi positif ialah kesejahteraan. Kesejahteraan adalah aspek terpenting dalam keseluruhan kesihatan dan memainkan peranan yang signifikan dalam mempertahankan kehidupan yang seimbang dan memuasakan (Seligman, 2011; Ryan & Deci, 2010; Rayff & Singer, 2006) yang merujuk kepada keadaan kesihatan mental individu termasuklah emosi, pemikiran dan tingkah laku. Seterusnya, keperluan kepuasan psikologi adalah konsep asas dalam memahami tingkah laku manusia dan kesejahteraan keseluruhan (Ryan & Deci, 2010)[2]. Sepanjang sejarah, pelbagai teori dan pendekatan telah muncul untuk menjelaskan keperluan asas kognitif dan emosi yang cuba dipenuhi oleh individu (Abraham Msolow, 1948; Ryan & Deci, 2002). Maslow (1948)[3] mencadangkan bahawa individu bermotivasi untuk memenuhi satu siri keperluan hierarki yang terdiri daripada keperluan fisiologi (contoh., makanan, air, tempat tinggal) kepada keperluan psikologi peringkat tinggi (contoh., harga diri, aktualisasi diri). Menurut Maslow, apabila keperluan yang lebih rendah dipenuhi, individu boleh maju ke arah memenuhi keperluan yang lebih tinggi. Teori ini menekankan kepentingan memenuhi keperluan asas sebagai asas untuk kesejahteraan psikologi (Moslow,1948; Berkman, 1971). Keperluan kepuasan psikologi muncul melalui teori penentuan nasib sendiri (SDT) yang dicadangkan oleh Edward Deci dan Richard Ryan. SDT mencadangkan bahawa individu mempunyai tiga keperluan psikologi asas: autonomi, kecekapan, dan pertalian (Ryan & Deci, 2010)[2] Dalam teori penentu kendiri, ianya ditakrifkan secara ketat sebagai ''pemakanan yang mesti diperolehi oleh entiti hidup untuk mengekalkan pertumbuhan, integriti dan kesihatannya'' (Deci & Ryan, 2000, hlm. 326)[2]. Secara metafora, sama seperti air, mineral, dan cahaya matahari adalah penting untuk tumbuh-tumbuhan

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 274 berkembang, para sarjana SDT menganggap kepuasan keperluan psikologi asas adalah penting bagi manusia untuk merealisasikan potensi mereka, (Deci & Ryan, 2000)[2] Selanjutnya, semangat kekitaan merujuk kepada perasaan penerimaan, perhubungan, dan pengenalan dalam kumpulan atau komuniti tertentu (Leary & Baumeister, 1995; Malone et.al, 2012[6]). Ia adalah keperluan asas manusia dan memainkan peranan penting dalam membentuk identiti individu, kesejahteraan psikologi, dan kebahagiaan keseluruhan (Leary & Baumeister, 1995)[5] . Rasa kekitaan telah dikaji secara meluas dalam kedua-dua bidang psikologi dan sosiologi yang menonjolkan kepentingannya sebagai aspek teras interaksi sosial manusia (Leary & Baumeister, 1995)[5]. Menurut Leary & Baumeister (1995)[5], manusia mempunyai keperluan psikologi untuk menjadi dan membentuk pertalian yang kuat dengan orang lain. Melalui hubungan inilah individu memperoleh nilai peribadi dan harga diri. Perasaan kekitaan timbul daripada persepsi bahawa seseorang itu dihargai dan diterima oleh orang lain dalam konteks sosial tertentu (Leary & Baumeister, 1995). Sama ada keluarga, sekumpulan kawan atau komuniti profesional, rasa kekitaan membantu individu mengembangkan rasa diri yang stabil dan positif (Leary & Baumeister (1995)[5] . Rasa kekitaan atau pengecualian daripada kumpulan sosial boleh memberi kesan buruk kepada individu dan pengecualian sosial akan membawa kepada perasaan kesunyian, terasing, dan penurunan harga diri (Leary & Baumeister, 1995). Merujuk kajian yang dijalankan di negara barat dan kajian yang dilakukan di Malaysia, terdapat kelompongan terhadap sampel kajian yang telah dilakukan. Selain itu, kajian yang dilakukan terhadap pembolehubah semangat kekitaan, keperluan asas psikologi dan kesejahteraan psikologi dalam kalangan tenaga pengajar golongan OKU masih lagi terhad.Oleh sebab itu kerangka konseptual ini dibangunkan supaya ianya dapat dilakukan untuk menerangkan konsep dan menjelaskan keperluan yang mendasari kesejahteraan psikologi golongan OKU selaras dengan usah mensejahterakan rakyat di Malaysia. 2. OBJEKTIF KAJIAN Kajian ini mempunyai objektif kajian seperti berikut: 1. Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara semangat kekitaan dengan keperluan kepuasan psikologi dalam kalangan tenaga pengajar OKU di Malaysia . 2. Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara semangat kekitaan dengan kesejahteraan psikologi di dalam kalangan tenaga pengajar OKU di Malaysia. 3. Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara keperluan kepuasan psikologi terhadap kesejahteraan psikologi dalam kalangan tenaga pengajar OKU di Malaysia. 4. Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara semangat kekitaan dengan kesejahteraan psikologi dan keperluan kepuasan psikologi sebagai penyederhana di kalangan tenaga pengajar OKU di Malaysia. 2.1 Soalan Kajian Soalan kajian berikut akan dibincangkan dalam kajian ini: 1. Adakah terdapat hubungan yang psoitif antara semangat kekitaan dengan keperluan kepuasan psikologi dalam kalangan tenaga pengajar OKU di Malaysia . 2. Adakah terdapat hubungan yang positif antara semangat kekitaan dengan kesejahteraan psikologi di dalam kalangan tenaga pengajar OKU di Malaysia.

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 275 3. Adakah terdapat hubungan yang positif antara keperluan kepuasan psikologi terhadap kesejahteraan psikologi dalam kalangan tenaga pengajar OKU di Malaysia. 4. Adakah terdapat hubungan antara semangat kekitaan dengan kesejahteraan psikologi dan keperluan kepuasan psikologi sebagai penyederhana di kalangan tenaga pengajar OKU di Malaysia. 3. KERANGKA PENYELIDIKAN KONSEPTUAL Rajah 1: Kerangka Penyelidikan Konseptual 3. METODOLOGI KAJIAN Penyelidikan ini akan dicadangkan menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif. Data pendidikan khas yang dikeluarkan sehingga tahun 2020 terdapat 93,951 secara keseluruhannya (Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 2022). Jumlah tenaga pengajar pendidikan khas ini adalah daripada peringkat sekolah menengah, sekolah rendah dan program pendidikan arus perdana (www.moe.gov.my) di Malaysia. Untuk pengumpulan data sebenar, saiz sampel minimum untuk penyelidikan ini akan ditentukan menggunakan peraturan “rules of thumb” yang disyorkan oleh Hair, Black, Babin, dan Anderson (2010). Oleh itu, jumlah item yang mengukur semua pembolehubah ialah 41 item. Maka, saiz sampel terendah yang boleh diterima ialah lima kali item, atau 205 responden. Teknik persampelan bertujuan digunakan dalam kajian ini. Responden dipilih kerana mereka adalah satu-satunya orang yang mempunyai maklumat yang diperlukan atau memenuhi kriteria tertentu yang ditetapkan oleh penyelidikan (Sekaran & Bougie, 2010). Dalam kajian ini, tenaga pengajar OKU yang mematuhi kriteria berikut dipilih: 1)Tenaga pengajar yang dilantik oleh Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia dan Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat; 2) Pengalaman mengajar sekurang-kurangnya 1 Tahun; dan 3) Berkhidmat di mana-mana pusat pemulihan komuniti ataupun sekolah yang menerima kelulusan daripada Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat (JKM) dan Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (KPM).Untuk pengumpulan data, tinjauan yang ditadbir sendiri akan digunakan..Untuk menerangkan objektif kajian maka penyelidik akan mendapatkan kebenaran untuk penempatan soal selidik dan menghantar e-mel kepada responden menggunakan borang soal selidik. . Cadangan instrumen kajian seperti(1) Malone et.al (2012) untuk semangat kekitaan, (2) Deci & Ryan (2000) keperluan kepuasan psikologi dan (3) Berkman (1971a, 1971b) bagi skala kesejahteraan psikologi. Penarafan dibuat pada skala jenis Likert 5 mata (1=sangat tidak setuju; 5=sangat setuju)

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 276 untuk semua item ukuran. Untuk menganalisis data, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) versi 24.0 akan digunakan untuk analisis data. Analisis statistik SPSS akan menyemak data berdasarkan pengekodan, outlier, dan kenormalan. Selain itu, SPSS akan menjana statistik deskriptif, menunjukkan ciri-ciri data dalam bentuk taburan frekuensi, maksimum, minimum, min, sisihan piawai, dan varians semua pembolehubah. Kemudian, pada peringkat kedua, Partial Least Square (PLS) akan digunakan bersama SmartPLS 2.0 M3 atau yang terkini digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis. Mengikut prosedur ini, model carian akan dianalisis dalam dua peringkat menggunakan regresi PLS, iaitu (1) penilaian model struktur dan (2) penilaian model struktur. Pada peringkat pertama, kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan semua ukuran model harus diuji. Pada peringkat kedua, model struktur dinilai dengan menghampiri laluan antara model konstruk, menentukan kepentingannya, dan menilai kekuatan ramalan model. 4. KESIMPULAN Penyelidikan yang dicadangkan bertujuan untuk mengemukakan bukti empirikal tentang semangat kekitaan, keperluan kepuasan psikologi, dan kesejahteraan piskologi. Penyelidikan ini juga menawarkan nilai hebat dalam mencadangkan semangat kekitaan yang boleh diaplikasikan oleh tenaga pengajar OKU untuk memperhalusi hubungan antara keperluan kepuasan psikologi dan kesejahteraan psikologi dalam usaha untuk memperkasakan golongan orang kurang upaya di Malaysia. PENGAKUAN Penyelidikan ini tidak menerima geran khusus daripada mana-mana agensi pembiayaan dalam sektor awam, komersial atau bukan untuk keuntungan. RUJUKAN 1. Berkman, P. L. (1971a). Life Stress and Psychological Well-Being: A Replication of Langer's Analysis in The Midtown Manhattan Study. Journal Of Health and Social Behaviour, 12, 3545. 2. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68. 3. Maslow, A. H. (1948). “Higher” and “lower” needs. The journal of psychology, 25(2), 433-436. 4. Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social indicators research, 97, 143-156. 5. Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (1995). The need to belong. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. 6. Malone, G. P., Pillow, D. R., & Osman, A. (2012). The general belongingness scale (GBS): Assessing achieved belongingness. Personality and individual differences, 52(3), 311- 316.

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 277 INTEGRATING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (AM) INTO HIGHER INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA: A PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTATION Muntaka Musa and Ahmad Baharuddin bin Abdullah School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Nigeria, a populous and resource-rich nation, faces challenges hindering its technological development, including ineffective educational policies, corruption and inadequate support for technology. This paper advocates for the integration of Additive Manufacturing (AM) into Nigeria’s higher institutions, particularly in polytechnics and colleges of education. AM, as an innovative technology, holds the potential to revolutionize design, production, business models and fostering sustainable development. This study reviews existing literature on AM, highlighting its historical evolution, scope and environmental benefits. The roles of key regulatory bodies, the National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) are reviews. The study explores potential challenges within the existing education frameworks, including the Minimum Standards for the Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE) curriculum and course specifications for National Diploma (ND) and Higher National Diploma (HND) programs. The proposed framework for integrating Additive Manufacturing (AM) into higher education in Nigeria emphasizes collaboration and key steps. It includes a literature review and needs assessment, stakeholder engagement with educational institutions and government bodies, curriculum development aligned with regulatory guidelines, teacher training for effective AM instruction, infrastructure development with investments in laboratories, student engagement through practical projects, and quality assurance mechanisms for continuous improvement. This comprehensive approach aims to align AM education with national goals, preparing students with the skills needed for the evolving job market and contributing to Nigeria's sustainable development. Key Words: Additive Manufacturing; Technology; Education; Sustainable National Development. INTRODUCTION In Nigeria's diverse higher education sector, the absence of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology from the National Policy on Education (Kudolu, L. R. & Zeowa, S. C., 2023) is a notable gap. (Kravchenko et al., 2020) highlights that Additive manufacturing is recognised as a powerful facilitator, designed to boost business opportunities and generate income However, (Tavares et al., 2023) stated that additive manufacturing, including three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, is a fundamental element and basis of the inventive methodology within the industry. While, (Kohlbeck et al., 2022) added that the anticipated progress in additive manufacturing (AM) is due to its significant benefits and substantial social and economic impact. This oversight persists despite the government's awareness of the importance of sustainable development. The National Education Policy, as outlined by (Tabulawa, 2023), (Niyi Jacob & Samuel, 2020) and the Federal Ministry of Education (Federal Ministry of Education, 2023), draws the need for rectification and ensure quality assurance throughout the school system.

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 278 This paper review the exclusion of AM technology from higher education, highlighting challenges and emphasizing the need to bridge the gap for comprehensive national development. It explores the complex interactions of political, social, and cultural factors impacting Nigeria's education system, aiming to unveil dynamics leading to AM exclusion. The study critically review the economic implications, explores aligning education with sustainable development, and aims to uncover pathways addressing disparities and creating employment opportunities in key sectors. The paper calls for a holistic reevaluation of Nigeria's educational paradigms, emphasizing the integration of additive manufacturing technology into the National Policy on Education more especially in this modern technological period. This strategic move is seen as pivotal for preparing students to thrive in a dynamic, technologydriven world and for fostering inclusive growth and sustainable development in the country. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the paper is to establish a structured framework, address key issues and contribute significantly to Nigeria's education system by integrating additive manufacturing technology. METHODOLOGY The methodology for the study in figure 1 is to review existing literature on Additive Manufacturing (AM), explore NCCE and NBTE guidelines, and highlight opportunities for implementing AM programs in Nigeria’s higher institutions. Also, provide a framework emphasizing key steps, tools and required teamwork.

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 279 4. Overview of the Programmes by NCE and HND The major bodies overseeing higher education, NCCE and NABTE, provide standardized course specifications for NCE minimum of 6 semesters i.e. 3 academic sessions, while ND and HND durations are minimum of 4 semesters each i.e. two academic sessions programmes in Colleges of Education and Polytechnics. Further details, including specific examples, are provided in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 elaborates on NCE course specifications, while Table 2 provides additional insights into HND programmes. Table 1: Course Specifications for NCE III Second Semester Source: National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE), (2020) Table 2: Course Specifications for HND Third Semester Source: National Board for Technical Education (NBTE). (2020). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In conclusion, the NBTE and NCCE jointly aim to enhance the effective implementation of Nigeria's education policy, focusing on scientific and technological empowerment for youth and self-sufficiency. Despite shared goals, challenges such as inadequate funding, political commitment and planning hinder both organizations, particularly in technology and engineering. To handle these challenges and prepare young engineers for additive manufacturing, continuous training is imperative. This not only boosts material production but also enhances income, fostering sustainable national development. Achieving these objectives requires the government's prioritization of trustworthy individuals' involvement, adequate funding, transparent program administration, and qualified teachers imparting additive

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 280 manufacturing skills. These measures collectively contribute to increased productivity and, ultimately, Sustainable National Development. ACKNOWLEGEDMENT I would like to acknowledge the government of Nigeria and Isa Kaita College of Education Dutsin-ma Katsina State, for sponsoring my PhD programme. REFERENCES 4. Federal Ministry of Education. (2023). The Education Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP) 2023-2027 outlines the Nigerian government’s priorities for the education sector over the next five years, Federal Ministry of Education. GCE STRATEGIC PLAN 2023-2027. www.campaignforeducation.org (Accessed on 13th November, 2023). 5. Kohlbeck, E., Tokarz, B., Fagundes, A. B., Pereira, D., De Campos, D. B., & Beuren, F. H. (2022). Guidelines and facilitators for minimizing barriers in the implementation of product-service systems: a framework focused on circular economy. Independent Journal of Management & Production, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v13i5.1590 6. Kravchenko, M., Pigosso, D. C. A., & McAloone, T. C. (2020). Circular economy enabled by additive manufacturing: Potential opportunities and key sustainability aspects. Proceedings of the NordDesign 2020 Conference, NordDesign 2020. https://doi.org/10.35199/norddesign2020.4 (Accessed on 13th November, 2023). 7. Kudolu, L. R. & Zeowa, S. C. (2023). Evaluation of the implementation of technological education curriculum in polytechnics in South East, Nigeria. South Eastern Journal of Research and Sustainable Development (SEJRSD). 1, 1–5. https://sejrsd.org.ng/index.php/SEJRSD/article/view/263 8. National Board for Technical Education (NBT). (2020). National Board for Technical Education (NBTE). Curriculum and Course Specifications for Higher National Diploma (HND) in Mechatronics Engineering Technology. April, 1–370. https://net.nbte.gov.ng/sites/default/files/2020-02 9. National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE). (2020). National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE). New Minimum Standard for NCE Vocational and Technical Education. 1–128. https://ipcentreng.com/ncce-curriculum/ 10. Niyi Jacob, O., & Samuel, A. (2020). National Policy on HIV and AIDS for the Education Sector. National Gender Policy, 4(September), 1–9. 11. Tabulawa, R. (2023). National Policy on Education (NPE). In Globalisation and Education Policy Reform in Botswana (pp. 44–70). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003172482-3 12. Tavares, T. M., Ganga, G. M. D., Godinho Filho, M., & Rodrigues, V. P. (2023). The benefits and barriers of additive manufacturing for circular economy: A framework proposal. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 37, 369–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.03.006

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International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 282 THE INTENTION TO USE THE ARTIFICIAL TECHNOLOGY BETWEEN MANAGER LEVEL A CASE STUDY OF THAILAND OUTSOURCED CALL CENTER Wanamina Bostan Ali 1 , Patompop On-oun2 , 1,2 Faculty of Management Sciences , Prince of Songkla University [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT This empirical study aims to use factor analysis to determine the use behaviour and intention to use future technologies factors that contribute to a specific Outsourced Call Center technology with the Outsourced Call Center organisers that have a level of position in Thailand. The findings of this study could be of great use if adopted in subsequent integration of Outsourced Call Center technologies into Thai Outsourced Call Centers in the Thailand Outsourced Call Center industry, as it will allow Outsourced Call Center organisers to access the effect of position to Outsourced Call Center technologies. There were a total of 329 samples after factoring out the outliers in the data collected using an online distributed survey (through relevant online networks.) After the CFA and SEM analyses, the researcher used path analysis (Figure 7 and 8) to find the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The result of managerial levels found that the effort expectancy, the performance expectancy, intention to use future technologies, and use behaviour has a significant positive effect on level of position but social influence shows a negative effect with managerial level. However, for the result of operational levels, it showed that the performance expectancy, social influence, intention to use future technologies, and use behaviour has a significant positive effect on the level of position but the effort expectancy shows a negative effect with the operational level. Keywords: Call Center, Call Center technology, Thai Outsourced Call Centers, Managerial level, Operational level. INTRODUCTION Mobile phone communication is commonplace these days, and business competition is intense. While price and service are areas of competition for both, customer service stands out as a critical component that fosters customer confidence and trust in the business. Workers report issues or provide information to the Customer Service Center, also known as the Call Center, which is required to receive complaints from clients around-the-clock. Employee turnover in this department is significantly higher than in other departments these days because employees in this department have to deal with emotions and pressure from customers, management, or the department head. Another valuable resource for mobile phone service providers is the call center. It has also developed into another form of marketing tool that provides service to customers 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, in the service business as the number of customers increases. [1] According to Krungsri, Research, AI, or artificial intelligence, is going to play a huge role in business. especially for work that involves the use of a large number of people. or jobs that require calculating large amounts of data. One of the first jobs that used AI in Thailand was the use of AI in the call center under a solution called Chatbot. It's a very smart system. because it can handle large amounts of data. It is applied to the call center section, which must work with a large amount of data. [2] For one of industry lead showed that as for call center will able to work in the future, it will change from the present day. AI will play a role in helping Contact Center staff to work more efficiently [3], such as A chatbot is an AI that comes in to help agents answer customer chat questions in general that the AI can answer. However, when there is a matter that cannot be answered, the AI will send the agent to answer.

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 283 Voice biometrics is AI that helps in verifying customer identity through voice, whether the person speaking at the other end is the same person as in the database or not. Speech to Text is an AI that helps convert audio files into text. OBJECTIVES This study will have following objectives: To assess UTAUT Model contribute to the intent to use and the use of call center technologies. To Investigate the factors that influence call center technologies adoption in Thailand. RESEARCH QUESTION Following research questions will be addressed in this study: The questions in the survey will be grouped into three groups. First will be the demographic features of the respondents, second will be inquiries about the respondent’s views on social and technological support structures regarding the use of Call Center technologies ( the independent variables) and the third will be inquiries about their present and possible future use of Call Center technologies (the dependent variables). The questionnaires were adapted from Critical Factors Influencing ICT Adoption [5] and [6] The questionnaires consisted seven sections: Section A: Screening question Section B: Effort Expectancy Section C: Performance Expectancy Section D: Facilitating Condition Section E: Social Influence Section F: Intention to Use Future Technologies Section G: Use Behaviour CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK This study will collect information on Call Center organisers with two levels of position. Since the responses of this survey will be designed to be encoded into numerical data, this study will use a quantitative approach to interpret this data, using it for Kruskal-Wallistest as data analysis tool. The representative sample size of Call Center technology users in this study are 329 persons, calculated based on the confidence level. Where the population is unknown, the sample size can be derived by computing the minimum sample size required for accuracy in estimating proportions by considering the standard normal deviation set at 90% confidence level ( 1. 645) , percentage picking a choice or response (50% = 0.5) and the confidence interval (0.05 = ±5). The formula is: SS = [Z2p (1 − p)]/ C2 where, z = standard normal deviation set at 90% confidence level p = percentage picking a choice or response c = confidence interval Hypothesis of this study H1: The Levels of position has a significant positive on the effort expectancy. H2: The Levels of position has a significant positive on the performance expectancy.

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 284 H3: The Levels of position has a significant positive on the social influence. H4: The Levels of position has a significant positive on use behaviour. Analysis/Discussion A statistical assessment of the model fit is necessary to evaluate whether there is enough evidence to support the proposed causal relationships. There is a wide array of goodness-of fit indices that researchers can rely on to evaluate models produced by SEM. were used to analyse the data. Position Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Managerial Level 55 100.0 100.0 100.0 Valid Operation Level 274 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 1: Frequencies of respondents Figure 2: CFA Model for UTAUT Model of managerial level Figure 3: CFA Model for UTAUT Model of operational level

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 285 Chi-square=125.987 df= 85 p=0.003 RMSEA=0.094 RMR=0.128 GFI=0.784 CFI=0.872 NFI=0.704 Figure 4: Analysis of the UTAUT Model of managerial level Chi-square=229.332 df= 83 p=0.000 RMSEA=0.080 RMR=0.082 GFI=0.908 CFI=0.920 NFI=0.882 Figure 5: Analysis of the UTAUT Model of operational level Despite to 329 cases identified using Mahalanobis Distance techniques outliers (There was a significant difference between independent variables and dependent variables.), the hypothesis structural model is, if anything, an even poorer fit than the CFA measurement the indices for goodness of fit being outside acceptable levels. Hypothesis Hypothesis P Supported Hypothesis 1 The Levels of position has a significant positive on the effort expectancy. *** Supported Hypothesis 2 The Levels of position has a significant positive on the performance expectancy. 0.007 Rejected Hypothesis 3 The Levels of position has a significant positive on the performance expectancy. 0.340 Supported

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 286 Hypothesis 4 The Levels of position has a significant positive on the intention to use Call Center technologies. *** Supported Hypothesis 5 The Levels of position has a significant positive on use behaviour. *** Supported Figure 6: Results of structural path analysis of managerial level Hypothesis Hypothesis P Supported Hypothesis 1 The Levels of position has a significant positive on the effort expectancy. 0.151 Rejected Hypothesis 2 The Levels of position has a significant positive on the performance expectancy. 0.012 Supported Hypothesis 3 The Levels of position has a significant positive on the performance expectancy. *** Supported Hypothesis 4 The Levels of position has a significant positive on the intention to use Call Center technologies. *** Supported Hypothesis 5 The Levels of position has a significant positive on use behaviour. *** Supported Figure 7: Results of structural path analysis of operational level CONCLUSION This study has two objectives. First to determine The UTAUT model results contribute to use and the use of Call Center technologies the result showed some hypothesised are significant and second to investigate the factors that influence Call Center technologies adoption in Thailand. the result showed Call Center organisers with management level and operational level in Thailand have a high extensive on Call Center technologies. The UTAUT model showed a positive of construct that independent variables have a significant positive effect on dependent variables. Managerial level that showed a positive on effort expectancy in contrast the effort expectancy has a negative with operational level

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 287 because they have a low degree of ease associated with the use of the system. The performance expectancy has a positive with the intention to use future technologies so both levels of position had ahigh degree to belief that using Call Center technology will help them to attain gains in job performance. The social influence has a negative with the managerial level because the decision making power belongs on the way of the company more than the environment around them for experience of Call Center technologies were positive significant of two levels of position so in part of patch analysis show Call Center organiser base on level of position study in Thailand have a high degree of to the task of accepting and using new technologies when they have a positive intention to use them. REFERENCES 1. Head, E. (2022). Retrieved from https://www.verint.com/blog/why-the-contact-center-isessential-tothe-customer-experience/ 2. Krungsri, R. (2022). Retrieved from https://www.krungsri.com/th/krungsri-thecoach/life/good-life/callcenter-ai-chatbot 3. MOCAP LTD. (2023). Retrieved from https://www.mocap.co.th/customer-experience-callcentercontact-center 4. Venkatesh, V., Morris, M., Davis, F., and Davis, G. (2003). User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View. MIS Quarterly 27(1), 425-478. 5. Onaolapo, s., & Oyewole, O. (2018). Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, and Facilitating Conditions as Factors Influencing Smart Phones Use for Mobile Learning by Postgraduate

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 288 EVALUATION OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL IN CARBONATED SOFT DRINK FACTORY: A CASE STUDY Kyu Kyu Tin1 and Wirach Taweepreda2 * 1 Environmental Management, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90110, THAILAND 2 Polymer Science Program, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, HatYai, Songkhla 90110, THAILAND *E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Human activities create vast number of wastes and pollutants. In modern economies, various types of activity, including agriculture, industry and transportation, produce a large number of wastes and a new type of pollutants. Industrial wastes such as harmful gases and chemicals, agricultural pesticides, fertilizers and insecticides are the most important causes of soil pollution and also the excessive use of chemical adversely affects the microorganisms present in the soil, causing the soil to lose its fertility and resulting in the loss of minerals present in the soil, thus causing soil pollution. In a perfect world, every industry would act responsibly and never pollute the environment if it could be avoided. In reality incidences of soil pollution occur every day. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to investigate the physicochemical properties in soil sample from the vicinity of sampling site: Carbonated Soft Drink Factory and then the physicochemical properties such as pH, moisture, temperature and texture were determined. The contents of heavy metals (As, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, Hg) in soil sample were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Relative abundance of elements in soil from sampling site was determined by EDXRF technique. From the findings of microorganisms’ investigation fungi was observed in soil sample from sampling site according to morphological, cultural and microscopic examinations. The results of microorganisms were related to that of heavy metal contents in soil sample. Iron oxidizing bacteria are present in these soil sample due to the relatively considerable amount of iron in this soil. In addition, in current advances in biotechnology, fungi as veritable tool. Keywords: sampling site, physicochemical properties, pH value, moisture content, texture classes, heavy metals, microorganisms 1. INTRODUCTION Soil is defined as the naturally occurring unconsolidated material or organic material at the surface of the earth that is capable of supporting plant growth. Contaminants in the soil are physically or chemically attached to the soil particles, or if they are not attached, are trapped in the small spaces. Soil contamination is either solid or liquid hazardous substances mixed with naturally occurring soil. Soil Contamination is the presence of man-made chemicals or other alternation to the natural soil environment. This type of contamination typically arises from rupture of underground storage tanks, application of pesticides and herbicides, percolation of contaminated surface water to surface strata, leaching out waste from landfills or direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. Health consequences from soil contamination vary greatly depending on pollutant type. Contaminates in the soil can adversely impact the health

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 289 of humans and animals when they ingest, inhale or touch contaminated soil or when they eat plants or animals that have themselves been affected by soil contamination [1]. Therefore, Textile factory of soil sample was detected for the levels of selected physicochemical properties that are mainly an indicator of soil properties [2]. Some microorganisms have introduced mechanisms to resist such chemical waste and remediation by various process (bioaccumulation) [3-4]. Several past studies have mentioned that physicochemical and microbial parameters may be helpful as indicator of changing soil condition. 2. OBJECTIVE The objectives of the present work are as follow: - To collect the soil sample from sampling site of carbonated soft drink factory, Yangon Region - To investigate the physicochemical properties such as soil pH, moisture contents, temperature and texture - To determine relative abundance of elements were determined by ED XRF - To determine the heavy metal contents by using AAS - To isolate microorganisms in different soil samples by serial dilution method 2.1. RESEARCH QUESTION Following are the formulated research questions in this study. 1. Continuous enhance in industrial activities has contaminated the soil with heavy metals, therefore,those values are under EPA guideline or not, if it isn’t, have to seek current soil remediation techniques, nevertheless, heavy metals content is completely safe and satisfactory, if so, can we find natural resource for human benefits according to the waste to wealth? Shwe Pyi Thar Industrial Zone is located in Shwe Pyi Thar Township, at the Northern Part of Greater Yangon area. Shwe Pyi Thar Industrial Zone situated 40 feet above sea level. In these industrial zones, there are various kinds of running industries. There are sewage effluents in these industrial zones. The collected soil sample was Carbonated Soft Drink Factory. Sampling site-1(Carbonated Soft Drink Factory) is listed. The location map of study area is shown in Figure 1 and the photographs of sampling site is shown in Figure 2. Soil samples were taken at a depth of 20 cm in the selected area. The collected soil samples were mixed thoroughly. Soil samples included roots, gravel, rubbish was removed by hand picking. And then, soil samples were spread out in the shade for air dry. Air-dried soil samples were ground and sieved through a 80 mesh sieve by hand. These samples were stored plastic bags and clearly labeled before examine. 2.1.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 3. Material and Methods Soil Sample (carbonate soft drink factory) Heavy metals contents Toxic EPA Soil remediation nontoxic Waste to wealth Microorganism in soil

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 290 Figure 1. The location map of study area Figure 2. Photographs of sampling site in Carbonated Soft Drink Factory, Yangon Region 3.1. Determination of Hydrogen Ion Concentration(pH) Collected soil sample was dried, ground, sieved and weighed for experimental used. Air-dried soil sample 10 g was placed into a beaker and deionized water (25 mL) was added. The ratio of sample to water was 1: 25. The suspension was transferred into shaking bottle and shaken for one hour. Then, pH was measured by pH meter using glass electrode. The pH meter was standardized with buffer solution before use [5]. 3.2. Determination of Moisture Contents Moisture contents of soil samples were determined by using the oven drying method. The weight of crucible was first determined. A 10 g of accurately weighed air-dried soil sample was transferred into crucible and weighed accurately. Then, it was allowed to dry in an electric oven at 105ºC for 6 hours. Just after removal from the oven, it was allowed to cool in desiccator. The crucible and dried sample were weighed again [6]. The process of heating, cooling, and weighing was repeated until a constant weight was obtained. Then, the moisture content was calculated. 3.3. Determination of Temperature The thermometer was be placed at the 20 cm depth of the soil ensuring good thermal contact with the soil[4]. 3.4. Determination of Texture by Pipette Method Air-dried sample 10 g was weighed accurately and placed in a 500 cm3conical flask and small amount of distilled water was added. The flask was heated till boiling 10 cm3 of 10% sodium pyrophosphate solution was added to disperse the soil colloids and heating was continued for about fifteen minutes. Then, it was cooled. After cooling, the contents were transferred to 1000 cm3 graduated cylinder and the solution was made up to the mark with distilled water and then kept overnight to allow the soil colloids to settl The ext day, the contents were stirred for about four minutes. The solution from 9 cm depth was pipetted and transferred to a porcelain basin and then evaporated on a water bath [7]. For this residue, the percentage of clay and silt were

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 291 calculated. After, four hours of the stirring, the solution was pipetted from 4 cm depth and evaporated. From this residue, the percentage of clay was calculated. Then, the percentage of silt was obtained by difference. To determine the amount of sand, the remaining solution was poured into 50 µm sieve and the clay and silt were washed with water. The percentage of sand was then calculated. 3.5. Quantitative Analysis of Soil Samples by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED XRF) Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (Shimadzu EDX - 700) can analyses the elements from Na to U in vacuum condition. X-ray fluorescence uses X-rays to excite an unknown sample. The samples were placed in the sample chamber of EDX-700 spectrometer that can measure the sixteen samples at a time. The chamber was pumped up to vacuum. The vacuum pressure was about 38 Pa and the detector temperature is about 170ºC. Therefore, liquid nitrogen needs to be added at the time of analysis. The measurement condition of the Xray spectrometer was used Rh target. Each sample was run for a counting time of about 100 seconds and the spectrum obtained was stored and analyzed in PC based multi-channel analyzer using EDX - 700 software. 3.6. Determination of Heavy metals by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer A 0.1g of air-dried soil sample was accurately weighed into a beaker followed by addition of 10.0 mL of 1 : 1 HNO3 : H2O. The solution was heated to 95ºC from 5 min followed by sequential addition of 5.0 mL of concentrated HNO3, 1.0 mL of 30% H2O2, and 5.0 mL of concentrated HCl and removed from the hot plate. After cooling, digested soil solution was filtered to a 100 mL volumetric flask and diluted with deionized water to a final volume of 100.0 mL. The solution was transferred to a plastic bottle for storing. The prepared solution was ready for the determination of the heavy metal by AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). 3.7 Isolation of Microorganisms from Soil Sample 0.2 mL of 104 dilution of soil suspension was placed on isolation media. The inoculated media was incubated at temperature 28ºC for 48 hours. Several colonies resembling, colony counted was started. The sterilization of inoculating wire loop was accomplished by holding it vertically in the flame of a spirit burner till the whole length became red hot. When the loop became sufficiently cool, one colony grown on the plate was scrapped off from the surface of the agar medium by means of a sterile inoculating loop. The loop with one colony was streaked or spread over the surface of a new plate medium which was then incubated at 28ºC for 24 hr. Preparations for staining were made on microscopic slides, which were cleaned by immersion in detergent solution and then washing with water. The cleaned slide was held with a pair of forceps and dried by passing through the flame of a spirit burner. A drop of sterile distilled water was placed on the perfectly cleaned slide. A loopful of sample was taken with a sterile inoculating loop and mixed with sterile distilled water on the slide. After preparing the film, the slide was dried by passing through the flame of a spirit burner for a few second. After mixing the slide was flooded with crystal violet solution for 1 min, washed thoroughly under tap water, and then the iodine solution smeared for 1 min. It was then decolorized with neutral red solution for 30 sec and washed under tap water. The slide was dried by passing through the

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 292 flame of a spirit burner for a few sec. Next a drop of emulsion was examined by a light microscope [8]. 4. Results and Discussion The pH values of the soil samples were found to be in the range of 6.70-8.10. The pH of soil samples was found to be agreement with the literature value for plant growth. Alkaline soils have pH 7.5 to 8.5 and acidic soils have 4 to 6.5 soils with pH values outside these range are usually toxic to most plant. The pH range of 6.5 to 7.5 is the optimum for availability of most of the nutrient elements [9]. The moisture percent of soil sample was found to be 1.64 and the temperature of soil sample was 28°C. The texture classes of soil from the representative sampling site were sandy loam. The soil material is sandy loam that is particularly influenced by the presence of large amount of very fine sand, giving it a relatively smooth quantity (Table 1). Table 1. The physicochemical properties of carbonated soft drink factory of soil sample Sampling Site Physicochemical Properties pH Moisture (%) Temperature (° C) Sand Silt Loam Soil Class Carbonated Soft Drink Factory 7.99 1.64 28 76.40 11.80 10.20 Sandy Loam According to the EDXRF analysis result, A total of 11 elements had been investigated. The sampling site1 was more abundant iron. Iron is required in large amounts than other micronutrients and some of its forms are so insoluble that it sometimes becomes deficient even when large amounts are present [10]. Isolation plays a vital role for the identification of bacteria and this is separation of pure culture from mixed culture. A pure culture means a culture consisting of one species of bacteria. From this isolation, high potent colonies were found in soil from sampling site. Figure 3 EDXRF spectrum of soil sample from sampling site – 1 The content of heavy metals in the collected soil samples were found to be in the range of As (6.319) ppm, Cu (0.110) ppm, Fe (32.44) ppm, Pb (1.537) ppm, Zn (3.150) ppm and Hg (9.365)

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 293 ppm by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Moreover, it was found that the content of heavy metals in all soil samples were within the limit of standard EPA values [12]. Table 2. Contents of Heavy Metals in Soil Samples Sampling Site Heavy Metal (ppm) As Cu Fe Pb Zn Hg Carbonated Soft Drink Factory 6.319 0.110 32.44 1.537 3.150 9.365 Standard EPA Values 3-12 1-50 10-500 10-70 9-125 2-16 Potato Dextrose Agar medium is used for isolation of fungi from soil sample from sampling site. From this investigation, it indicated that sampling sites-1 have fungal activity. The Table as shown in 3 and the Figure are shown in 4. (a) (b) (c) Figure 4.(a) Culture of bacteria in nutrient agar medium(b) Culture of fungus in potato dextrose agar medium (c) Isolation of fungus in soil samples from sampling site-1 Table 3. Isolation of Microorganisms in Soil Sample Sampling Sites Microorganisms Microorganisms (fungi) Morphological Examination Carbonated Soft Drink Factory Bacteria Fungus Color Colony + + Green Single For Bacteria (++) -more potent For Fungus (+) -presence ( -) -absence CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES From these investigation, microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) are widely spread in the soil sample. Moreover, contamination of bacteria as well as fungi are accordance with that of heavy metals on soil samples. The results microorganisms were related to that of heavy metal contents in soil samples. The results of present work show that the vicinity of carbonated soft drink factory area was not effective on industrial pollution. The identification tests may be conducted for further studies. In industrial, agricultural and medical, fungal nanobiotechnology has been noted and also this work can be considered and prepared biosurfactant from soil

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 294 microorganisms. Nevertheless, statistical analysis of physicochemical properties of soil sample should be considered and Techno economic assessment (TEA) and Life Cycle Costing analysis (LCCA) and Life cycle assessment (LCA) also must be counted to go waste to wealth materials. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude and obligation to Department of Chemistry, University of Yangon and Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai. 5. REFERENCES 1. Manali Oak, (2012), “Facts about Soil”http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts about the soilhtml (Accessed Date : 1.1.2012) 2. Talema, Alemu & Mengistie, Alemayehu. (2019). Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters of Soil Samples Around Bahir Dar Textile Industry, Northern Amhara, Ethiopia. 10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2019.29.34. 3. Nath, S., Deb, B., & Sharma, I. (2012). Isolation and characterization of cadmium and lead resistant bacteria,Global Advanced Research Journal of Microbiology, 1(11), 194-198. 4. Tamiru, M., Hamba, Y., & Ahmad, M. (2014). Assessment of heavy metals andantibiotic resistance in rhizobacteria isolated from rhizosphere soils contaminated with tannery effluents in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 11(2), 543-550. 5. Handbookfor AOAC members (1989), AOAC, Arlington, V 6. Jackson, M.L.,(1967), “Soil Chemical Analysis,” Prentice Hall of India Pub Ltd., New Delhi, India, 26-32 7. Gupta, P.K., (2000), “Methods in Environmental Analysis, Water, Soil and Air”, A Grobios (India) 8. Kettler, T.A., Doran, J.W. and Gilbert, T.L. (2001). Simplified method for soil particlesize determination to accompany soil-quality analyses. Publications from Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory - ARS/UNL Faculty. Paper 305. 9. Avishai Ben-David, Charles E. Davidson,Estimation method for serial dilution experiments, Journal of Microbiological Methods,Volume 107,2014,Pages 214-221,ISSN 0167-7012, 10. Biswas,T.D. and Mukherjee, S.K.,(1994), “Soil Science”, Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi, 2-13 11. Tompson, L.M and Troeh, F.R., (1973), “Soils and Soil Fertility”, Mc Graw Hill Book Company, New Delhi, 70

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 295 12. Kinuthia, Geoffrey & Ngure, Veronica & Beti, Dunstone & Lugalia, Reuben & Wangila, Agnes & Kamau, Luna. (2020). Levels of heavy metals in wastewater and soil samples from open drainage channels in Nairobi, Kenya: community health implication. Scientific Reports. 10. 8434.10.1038/s41598-020-65359-5.

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 296 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND SLEEP QUALITY Yongchun Mao1 , Gunasunderi Rajua 1 , Muhammad Azrul Zabidi 2 1 School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia to [email protected] 2 Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia to [email protected] ABSTRACT Occupational stress and sleep quality are prevalent issues that can impact the physical and mental well-being of adults. An association between occupational stress and sleep quality has been found. However, this association is not entirely the same across different occupational groups. Additionally, variations are present in the research design and instruments employed. This systematic review aims to investigate the association between these two factors and identify gaps and limitations in current research. Articles published between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2022, were retrieved from the WOS, Scopus, and PubMed databases. Out of 1225 articles, 38 studies met the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the review. In the study, research designs, samples, instruments, and associations between occupational stress and sleep quality were statistically analyzed. These studies encompassed a diverse range of occupations, including both blue-collar and white-collar workers. Cross-sectional study is the most common research method. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was the most frequently utilized tool for assessing sleep quality, while there was a wide variety of measurement tools employed to assess occupational stress. The association between occupational stress and sleep quality consistently demonstrated a negative association, although the specific dimensions varied among studies. Moreover, several other factors were identified to have direct or indirect effects on occupational stress and sleep quality. For future research in this field, we propose four recommendations: (1) Consider utilizing objective measures to assess occupational stress and sleep quality. (2) Employ controlled experiments to further validate the causal relationship between occupational stress and sleep quality. (3) Investigate occupational groups that have received less attention. (4) Take into account the potential influence of other factors on occupational stress and sleep quality. Keywords: occupational stress; sleep quality; systematic review; occupational safety and health INTRODUCTION Occupational stress, also referred to as job stress, work stress, or work-related stress, encompasses the detrimental reactions that arise when job demands surpass an individual's capacities, resources, or requirements, leading to adverse effects on their cognition and psychology [1]. Common job demands encompass workload, work-life balance, physical environment, and emotional involvement [2]. With societal development, job demands have generally risen across diverse industries, amplifying the prevalence of occupational stress and garnering increased attention [3] . Sleep plays a vital role in human health. Sleep quality is associated with various physical health problems, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular issues. Furthermore, sleep quality is linked to psychological factors, including mild cognitive impairment, low mood, heightened aggression, and depression. Nonetheless, sleep problems prevail among various populations, encompassing industrial workers, nurses,

International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 297 drivers, and students. Numerous studies have established an association between occupational stress and sleep quality. Research as early as 1988 indicated a link between self-reported poor sleep quality and work-related stressors [5]. This association extends beyond blue-collar workers to include white-collar workers as well. Instances of this association have been observed in various occupations, including oil workers, cable manufacturing workers, and couriers, as well as in nurses, dentists, and office workers. Work-related factors, such as workload, job title, and role conflict, have been found to be associated with sleep quality. Likewise, occupational stress is also related to various dimensions of sleep quality, such as daytime dysfunction, sleep duration, sleep disturbances, and the use of sleeping medication. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist 46. The search encompassed three databases: Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, and PubMed. The search queries used to retrieve articles were as follows: In WOS, the query was ((AB=("occupational stress" OR "job stress" OR "work stress" OR "work-related stress")) AND AB=(sleep)) AND LA=(English). In Scopus, the query was ((AB=("occupational stress" OR "job stress" OR "work stress" OR "work-related stress")) AND AB=(sleep)) AND LA=(English) . In PubMed, the query was (("occupational stress"[Title/Abstract] OR "job stress"[Title/Abstract] OR "work stress"[Title/Abstract] OR "work-related stress"[Title/Abstract]) AND (sleep[Title/Abstract])) AND (English[Language]). Publications were limited to those written in English, and the time frame spanned from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2022. Table 1 provides the inclusion and exclusion criteria used in this systematic literature review. Table 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Empirical studies Reviews, commentaries, methodological articles, theoretical articles or practical articles Statistical description of occupational stress and sleep quality Lack of statistical description of occupational stress or sleep quality Association between occupational stress and sleep quality Lack of association between occupational stress and sleep quality RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The search strategy yielded a total of 1,225 articles, comprising 421 from WOS, 458 from Scopus, and 346 from PubMed. After removing 410 duplicate articles, 815 articles remained. After evaluating titles and abstracts against the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 750 articles were excluded, resulting in 65 articles remaining. Subsequently, the two researchers conducted data extraction and review, resulting in the inclusion of 37 articles, representing 38 studies, for further analysis. RESEARCH DESIGN The results of the research designs in the 38 studies are shown in Table 2. Most studies investigating the association between occupational stress and sleep quality were cross-sectional in nature, while only a limited number were longitudinal studies. No experimental studies were