2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 148 are calculated to be at 2.55% while N for BG is 3.21%. Fertilizers with high N levels are said to increase leaf growth and enhance the growth of crops [6,10]. High levels of N when paired with P can cause an increment of root growth and improvement on roots to shoot ratio of plants [7]. P percentages of CDF and BG are at 1.52% and 2.16% respectively. On the other hand, K levels of BG are noted to be significantly lower than CDF at 0.63% for BG and 2.24% for CDF. K in fertilizers improves the quality of fruits and vegetables [5]. Through the chemical analysis of two organic fertilizers, there is no particular fertilizer which is superior. Table 1. Chemical composition of two organic fertilizers Type of Fertilizers Dry Matter Organic Matter N P K Chicken Dung Fertilizer 86.17 33.63 2.55 1.52 2.24 Bat Guano 67.70 14.82 3.21 2.16 0.63 Calculation of one-way ANOVA through SPSS yields results of the significance for the chemical analysis comparisons of the two organic fertilizers (Table 2). All the chemical analyses showed significant differences between the two organic fertilizers as P<0.001 except for N percentages where P=0.006. This can be related to the differences between the two readings at 0.7% for Nitrogen and only 0.6% for both P and K. Table 2. One-way ANOVA of the chemical compositions of two organic fertilizers Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Dry Matter Between Groups 682.036 1 682.036 233.955 <0.001 Within Groups 20.407 7 2.915 Total 702.442 8 Organic Matter Between Groups 708.134 1 708.134 47.032 <0.001 Within Groups 105.395 7 15.056 Total 813.529 8 N Between Groups 0.880 1 0.880 14.697 0.006 Within Groups 0.419 7 0.060 Total 1.299 8 P Between Groups 0.811 1 0.811 38.798 <0.001 Within Groups 0.146 7 0.021 Total 0.957 8 K Between Groups 5.227 1 5.227 110.146 <0.001 Within Groups 0.332 7 0.047 Total 5.559 8
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 149 2.2. Plant growth performance of chilli plants with different treatments Plant growth performance of three treatments was analyzed through their plant height. Results of oneway ANOVA analysis in Table 3 show significant levels of differences between the three treatments: no fertilizer (NF), CDF and BG where P<0.001. Analysis of plant treatments particularly naturally synthesized fertilizers is vital to ensure healthy crop growth. Through the analysis, the development of agriculture can be managed sustainably. Nevertheless, looking solely at the results of the chemical compositions of two organic fertilizers is not sufficient, as the percentage differences in the levels are small and not constant. Therefore, looking at the plant growth performance of chilli plants treated with BG and CDF, we can deduce that at a slight level, CDF is shown to be a better choice of organic fertilizer than BG. The significant difference between CDF when compared NF is much higher than BG compared to NF. Plant height of chilli plants treated with CDF is slightly better than BG. Table 3. One-way ANOVA of plant height within different treatments Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 6551.655 2 3275.827 37.549 <0.001 Within Groups 42137.887 483 87.242 Total 48689.542 485 4. CONCLUSION In conclusion, analysis of the plant growth of chilli plants with different organic fertilizer treatments is the best way to establish its value in the agricultural industry. Chilli plants treated with bat guano showed a lesser response regarding height and fruit production when compared to chicken dung fertilizer treatment. This is parallel to the higher percentages of several chemical analyses of chicken dung fertilizers. Finally, throughout the analysis, it is concluded that chicken dung fertilizer is a better choice as an organic fertilizer than bat guano. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors wish to convey an appreciation to the Centre of Pre-University Studies as well as the Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, University of Malaysia Sarawak, for the assistance and financial support provided during the research (Grant number: FRGS/1/2019/WAB01/UNIMAS/03/4). Thank you to Sarawak Forestry Corporation for the permit given to conduct the sample extraction (Permit number: SFC.810-4/6/1 (2021) – 51 and WL 27/2021). Other than that, the authors would like to give a deep gratitude for the hard work of all researchers for the discoveries made available in articles which are a part of this research. REFERENCES 1. Assefa, S., & Tadesse, S. (2019). The principal role of organic fertilizer on soil properties and agricultural productivity review. Agricultural Resource and Technology: Open Access Journal, 22, 2, 556192. 2. Chen, Z., & Jiang, X. (2014). Microbiological safety of chicken litter or chicken litter-based organic fertilizers: a review. Agriculture, 4, 1, 1-29. 3. Kasso, M., & Balakrishnan, M. (2013). Ecological and economic importance of bats (Order Chiroptera). International Scholarly Research Notices, 2013.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 150 4. Khandaker, M. M., Rohani, F., Dalorima, T., & Mat, N. (2017). Effects of different organic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Capsicum annuum L. Var. Kulai (Red Chilli Kulai). Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 14, 1, 185-192. 5. Linn, K. Z., & Myint, P. P. (2018). Study on the effectiveness of natural organic fertilizers on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) cultivation. Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 1-10. 6. Oo, A. L., Khine, T. M., & Aye, T. T. Preparation and characterization of organic fertilizers made from bat guano, rice husk ash and groundnut leaves. Journal Myanmar Academy of Arts and Sciences, 17, 1B, 393-405. 7. Poliquit, D., & Calong, E. (2018). Bat guano levels of application influencing carrot (Daucus carota L.) growth and yield performance. Countryside Development Research Journal, 6, 1, 23-29. 8. Sakoui, S., Derdak, R., Addoum, B., Serrano-Delgado, A., Soukri, A., & El Khalfi, B. (2020). The life hidden inside caves: Ecological and economic importance of bat guano. International Journal of Ecology, 2020. 9. Schröder, J. (2005). Revisiting the agronomic benefits of manure: a correct assessment and exploitation of its fertilizer value spares the environment. Bioresource Technology, 96, 2, 253- 261. 10. Shetty, S., Sreepada, K. S., & Bhat, R. (2013). Effect of bat guano on the growth of Vigna radiata L. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3, 3, 1-8.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 151 HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS IN THE PRODUCTION OF gC3N4/TiO2 FOR PHOTOCATALYTIC EFFICIENCY ON RR4 DYE Nur Aien Muhamad1 , Siti Raihan Hamzah1 , Muhamad Afiq Rosli1 , Nureel Imanina Abdul Ghani1 , Nadiah Sabihah Md Natar1 , Mohammad Saifulddin Mohd Azami1 , Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak1 , Sumiyyah Sabar2 and Wan Izhan Nawawi Wan Ismail1* 1 Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi Mara, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia 2School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia a Main author (e-mail: [email protected]) *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT The synthesis of a composite material comprising g-C3N4 and TiO2 was effectively achieved through successful sol-gel and hydrothermal techniques, utilizing water as the solvent. The fabrication process involved employing titanium (IV) butoxide precursor for TiO2 formation, while the production of g-C3N4 involved the thermal polymerization of urea. In comparison to both synthesized TiO2 and g-C3N4, the g-C3N4/TiO2 composite performed better under visible light irradiation where it shows the outstanding photocatalytic activity using RR4 dye as a model pollutant. 5% of g-C3N4 composited into TiO2 denoted as TCN5 demonstrated superior performance, exhibiting an optimal rate constant (k) of 0.0920 min-1 in degrading 30 mg L-1 RR4 dye within 1 hour under 55 W fluorescent lamp. The degradation percentage escalated to 99.73%, indicating an improvement that is twice and four times greater than that of TiO2 and g-C3N4 alone, respectively. The synthesized g-C3N4/TiO2 was further studied using a range of analytical techniques, including x-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse x-ray (FESEM-EDX), elemental mapping analysis, and uv-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) to confirm the structural and optical properties. Keywords: Photocatalysis; Graphitic carbon nitride; Titanium dioxide; RR4 dye
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 152 INTRODUCTION The textile industry plays a pivotal role in global dye production, utilizing dyes to enhance the visual appeal of fabrics [1]. However, this process generates wastewater containing dyes, posing significant environmental and public health challenges. Additionally, various industrial sources contribute to wastewater laden with organic contaminants, including dyes, used in materials like paper, plastic, textiles, and leather. Traditional treatment methods struggle to effectively address dye wastewater due to the resilience of dyes. This has spurred interest in innovative approaches, with photocatalysis emerging as a promising technology. Photocatalysis employs semiconductors like titanium dioxide (TiO2) to accelerate reactions under light, degrading organic dyes. TiO2 stands out as a cost-effective, stable, and potent photocatalyst [2]. However, TiO2 has limitations, including its narrow light absorption spectrum and susceptibility to photo corrosion. To overcome these issues, researchers have explored various modifications. Among these, combining TiO2 with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has gained attention for its superior performance. g-C3N4, derived from nitrogenrich precursors, possesses a moderate band gap energy (~2.7 eV), stability, and costeffectiveness [3]. It generates electrons and holes upon light exposure, enhancing organic pollutant breakdown. Notably, g-C3N4/TiO2 composites have shown promising results in enhancing photocatalytic activity. In the study, a g-C3N4/TiO2 composite was synthesized using sol-gel and hydrothermal techniques with water as the solvent. This method, known for its capacity to enhance the specific surface area, resulted in a composite containing 5 wt.% gC3N4. The composite displayed exceptional photocatalytic efficiency under visible light, particularly in the degradation of RR4 dye. A comprehensive analysis of its physical and optical properties was also conducted. In summary, this research showcases the remarkable photocatalytic performance of the g-C3N4/TiO2 composite, emphasizing its potential in addressing dye wastewater and other environmental challenges. MATERIALS AND METHODS A composite material comprising g-C3N4 and TiO2 was synthesized through a combination of the sol-gel method and a hydrothermal process as shown in figure 1. Initially, 1% by weight of g-C3N4 was blended with 7.5 mL of distilled water and agitated for 15 minutes. Subsequently, 7.5 mL of titanium (IV) butoxide was introduced into the mixture and stirred for 2 hours while maintaining an ice bath condition. The resulting solution underwent hydrothermal treatment at 180 o C for a duration of 4 hours. The resultant sample was then subjected to drying at 100 o C calcination for 2 hours at 550 o C. Depending on the mass ratio of g-C3N4 combined with TiO2 (1%, 2%, 5%, and 10%), the composite materials were labelled as TCN1, TCN2, TCN5, and TCN10, respectively. To facilitate a comparative analysis, the same procedure was employed to fabricate TiO2 without the inclusion of g-C3N4. The performance of the prepared samples in photocatalysis will be assessed by measuring the absorption of an RR4 dye solution in the presence of TCNX. A 55-watt light bulb was utilized as the light source and positioned 5 cm above a petri dish. 0.025 grams of the synthesized sample which was dissolved in 30 mL of a 30 ppm RR4 dye solution through ultrasonic treatment. At 15-minute intervals, 4 mL of the solution was extracted to determine the degradation efficiency of the photocatalyst using HACH DR1900 spectrophotometer conducted under UV-Visible light at a wavelength of 517 nm.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 153 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 1 displays the results of various analyses conducted on the synthesized samples, TiO2, g-C3N4, and TCNX, including XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, and photocatalytic performance assessments. In Figure 2(a) depicted XRD patterns for g-C3N4, TiO2, and TCNX, with varying proportions of g-C3N4 (X = 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%). It's noteworthy that g-C3N4 exhibits distinct peaks at 13.1o and 27.6o , which correspond to the (100) and (002) crystallographic planes. Synthesized TiO2, as TB3, exhibits anatase phase peaks at 25.61o (101), 38.07o (004), 48.34o (200), 54.14o (105), 55.36o (211), and 63.7o (213). However, in the case of TCNX, the g-C3N4 peak is noticeably missing due to its weak integration with TiO2, as noted by Matias et al, 2015 [4]. As the g-C3N4 peak remained undetectable in TCNX during XRD analysis, additional FTIR characterization was performed on the synthesized samples. Figure 2(b) shows spectra for g-C3N4, TiO2, and the g-C3N4/TiO2 composite. In TiO2, peaks at 806 cm-1 and 1640 cm-1 correspond to Ti-O and Ti-OH bonds, with a broad peak at 3205 cm-1 indicating O-H bonds due to moisture. Pure g-C3N4 exhibits an absorption band at 830 cm-1 (triazine peak) and peaks at 1380 cm-1 and 1567 cm-1 (aromatic C-N bond stretches), along with a broad peak at 3205 cm-1 indicating N-H and N-H2 bonds. In g-C3N4/TiO2, peaks resemble those in g-C3N4 and TiO2, but g-C3N4 peaks are less intense due to limited quantity in the TiO2 composite. Figure 1. The result of (a) XRD and (b) FTIR of the synthesized sample. The surface characteristics of the composite material, composed of g-C3N4, TiO2, and TCN5, were examined via FESEM analysis. In figure 2(b), g-C3N4 exhibited a layered structure, while TiO2, figure 2(a) had a uniform spherical shape. In the TCN5 sample in figure 2(c), TiO2 was clearly visible, but g-C3N4 was not, likely due to its low proportion in the composite. Elemental mapping in figure 2(d) confirmed the presence of Ti, O, C, and N in the synthesized photocatalyst, indicating successful g-C3N4 integration into the TiO2 matrix. However, the C and N elements were present in small quantities, as can be seen at figure 2(e) suggesting limited g-C3N4 incorporation into TiO2. Lastly, figure 2(f), TiO2 outperforms gC3N4 in photocatalytic activity, while g-C3N4/TiO2 composite is notably more effective at degrading RR4 dye than individual components. This indicates a synergistic enhancement when both semiconductors are combined. Among the composites, TCN5 shows the highest efficiency with a removal rate of 99.73%, whereas TCN1, TCN2, and TCN10 display lower removal rates of 99.44%, 99.45%, and 99.19%, respectively. (a) (b)
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 154 Figure 2. FESEM images of (a) TiO2, (b) g-C3N4, (c) TCN5, (d-e) elemental mapping of TCN5, and (f) RR4 dye degradation percentage. CONCLUSION In summary, a g-C3N4/TiO2 was successfully prepared using water as a solvent via a straightforward sol-gel and hydrothermal method. Characterization, including XRD, confirmed our synthesis by revealing distinct peaks. To confirm the production of TiO2, the synthesized TiO2 matched commercially available TiO2 while g-C3N4 that can be seen clearly in the TCNX sample was confirmed by FTIR, FESEM, and mapping analysis. The photocatalytic performance was assessed through RR4 dye degradation, with TCN5 demonstrating remarkable efficiency (99.73% degradation rate), surpassing both synthesized TiO2 and pure g-C3N4. In summary, this study suggests that the g-C3N4/TiO2 composite holds promise for RR4 dye degradation and environmental remediation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our gratitude to Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) for providing generous internal financial support in this study under DPPD grant: 600-UiTMPs (PJIM&A/UPP-DPPD 3/2023) and providing facilities during experimental works. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 155 REFERENCES 1. Al-Tohamy, R., Ali, S. S., Li, F., Okasha, K. M., Mahmoud, Y. A. G., Elsamahy, T., ... & Sun, J. (2022). A critical review on the treatment of dye-containing wastewater: Ecotoxicological and health concerns of textile dyes and possible remediation approaches for environmental safety. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 231, 113160. 2. Guo, Q., Zhou, C., Ma, Z., & Yang, X. (2019). Fundamentals of TiO2 photocatalysis: concepts, mechanisms, and challenges. Advanced Materials, 31(50), 1901997. 3. Yan, W., Yan, L., & Jing, C. (2019). Impact of doped metals on urea-derived g-C3N4 for photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics: Structure, photoactivity and degradation mechanisms. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 244, 475-485. 4. Matias, M. L., Reis-Machado, A. S., Rodrigues, J., Calmeiro, T., Deuermeier, J., Pimentel, A., ... & Nunes, D. (2023). Microwave Synthesis of Visible-Light-Activated g-C3N4/TiO2 Photocatalysts. Nanomaterials, 13(6), 1090.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 156 ENHANCED PHOTO ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE OF DYE DEGRADATION AND HYDROGEN PRODUCTION THROUGH SILVER DOPED TIO2 Muhammad Afiq Rosli1 , Siti Raihan Hamzah1 , Nureel Imanina Abdul Ghani1 , Nadiah Sabihah Md Natar1 , Nur Aien Muhamad1 , Mohd Azlan Ishak1 , Muhammad Zahiruddin Ramli2 , Mohammad Saifulddin Mohd Azami1 and Wan Izhan Nawawi1* 1 Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia 2 College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Kampus Permatang Pauh, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang a Main author (e-mail: [email protected]) * Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT A commercial Degussa P25 TiO2 catalyst was modified by doping silver (Ag) to improve photocatalytic efficiency. The doping of Ag-TiO2 was carried out via photodeposition technique, wherein varied silver nitrate (AgNO3) ratios were mixed with Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) and distilled water (DW) to serve as the precursor for Ag. The polymer-based immobilization of the Ag-TiO2 composite was performed under ethanol conditions using polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The obtained photocatalysts undergo a few characterizations via FESEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR and EIS analysis. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) method was applied for the degradation of reactive red 4 (RR4). The optimal photocatalytic performance of the immobilized Ag-TiO2 material was achieved under 3% of Ag with 24V and 55W fluorescent lamp irradiation conditions, denoted as (3ATP), wherein more than 90% complete degradation of 30 ppm RR4 for less than 10 minutes process. This rate has been surpassing the immobilized unmodified TiO2. Results from FESEM-EDX, XRD and analyses confirmed the presence of Ag on the Ag-TiO2 composite without altering any phase transformations. Due to these optimization results of 3ATP in photocatalytic performances, the amount of hydrogen produced was analyzed using the GC-TCD instrumentation for the 3ATP sample and showed a promising amount as one of the methods for commercialization. Keywords: Photoelectrochemical, Photocatalysis, immobilization titanium dioxide, silver, RR4 dye, hydrogen
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 157 INTRODUCTION Globally, streams are facing contamination from organic dyes, mainly due to industrial and domestic wastewater pollution, posing significant threats to marine ecosystems even from small amounts of these compounds. This issue has major economic and environmental consequences, necessitating proper wastewater treatment, including physical, chemical, and biological methods. Traditional treatments often create costly byproducts, leading researchers to explore advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), particularly electrochemical AOP (EAOP), which boosts hydroxyl radical (•OH) production through direct current, addressing slow removal issues in other AOPs. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) technology, a type of EAOP, combines photocatalysis and electrolysis, showing promise for more effective •OH radical generation, and the potential for renewable energy production through H2 and O2 gases. Researchers are keen on exploring PEC for its eco-friendly H2 production from solar energy, using titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a preferred photocatalyst, despite its wide bandgap energy, which can be improved by modifying it with metals and non-metals. This research focuses on degrading real wastewater, H2 production, and studying intermediate products and modified TiO2 structures, employing a lab-scale PEC model capable of dual gas detection, such as gas trapping and carrier gas for GC-TCD detection. The photoanode is Ag-modified TiO2, and the photocathode is aluminum (Al) rod, with reactive red 4 (RR4) dye used as a model pollutant in laboratory experiments and real wastewater scenarios. METHODOLOGY Silver nitrate was used as the ag precursor mixed with isopropyl alcohol along with distilled water. The mixture then undergoes the photodeposition method for one (1) hour to make the silver well distributed with the TiO2. The prepared sample was then immobilized using two different polymers (ENR/PVC) and (PVP/ethanol) and bound into a conductive substrate. Aluminium plate was used as the solid substrate for the TiO2 to be immobilized for this experiment. The aluminium plate was weighed before the dip-coating process. The clean aluminium plate was dipped in the prepared solution until it covered up to 50% of the surfaces and dried by using a hot blower. This dipping process was repeated 2 times and 1 side of the coated plate was removed. The photocatalytic performance of immobilized AgTiO2/ENR/PVC and Ag-TiO2/PVP/ethanol was carried out by immersing the aluminium plate into a glass cell that contained 8 ml of 30 ppm RR4 dye (anionic dye) solution. The glass cell was set up with 55 W fluorescent lamp irradiation as the light source without aeration and bias applied at 20 to 24 V by using the direct current controllable power supply. The photoelectrochemical performance of immobilized Ag-TiO2/ENR/PVC and AgTiO2/PVP/ethanol was measured by absorbance value detected by the color degrading of RR4 dye at every 1 minute interval until the dye turned colourless approximately 10 minutes. UV spectrophotometer (DR1900) at 517nm of wavelength detection was used for the absorbance detection value for RR4 and 661nm for methylene blue.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 158 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 1 (a), (b) shows the percent removal (%) and degradation rate (min-1 ) of the RR4 dye using different polymer binders for 10 min of degradation, (c) shows all the spectra peak detected using FTIR, (d) and (e) shows the result of EIS spectrum of the unmodified TiO2, 3ATE before, 3ATE after and 3ATP samples and (f) shows the amount of hydrogen production using the GC-TCD. In this study, ENR/PVC and PVP/ethanol are two (2) types of polymer binders that were used to immobilize the modified photocatalyst onto Aluminium plate as conducting support material. Three (3) process approaches have been used under degradation of RR4 dye in this study in order to observe the best selection of polymer binder. Figure 1 (a) shows the degradation performance of modified photocatalyst via percent removal and (b) degradation rate under RR4 dye. The percentage of RR4 dye removal under PVP/ethanol was slightly higher which is 93.76% as compared to ENR/PVC which obtained about 90.24%. This is due to the excellent electrical properties of the PVP in conducting electricity as compared to the ENR as can be supported by EIS result in figure 1 (d) and (e). Even though ENR/PVC has higher degradation rate ENR/PVC which about 0.359 min-1 compared to the PVP/ethanol, 0.275 min-1 , it was not preferred as the optimum condition due to the leach out of the photocatalyst during the process and supported in FTIR discussion. As we observed in the FTIR spectrum of unmodified TiO2, PVC, 3ATE before and after the PEC process, the spectrum at 3140 and 1625 cm-1 band were corresponds to the O-H stretching and O-H bending vibrations of the hydroxyl group in TiO2 as stated by Deshmukh et al, (2020). The presence of ENR in the 3ATE sample was indicated by the peaks observed at 1256 cm-1 represents the C-O stretching groups, while the peak at 1400 cm-1 represents the CH2 hydrocarbon. Additionally, peaks detected at 1099 cm-1 indicate the presence of the C-O bond in the TiO2 and this peak also has been confirmed by the observation stated by Muneeb et al., (2023). However, the peak intensity at 1099 cm-1 decreases after the PEC process in the 0 20 40 60 80 100 PC EC PEC PEC EC PC % removal 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 PC EC PEC PEC EC PC K value (min-1) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 100 200 Z" Z' TiO2/ENR/PVC 3AE after 3AE before 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 0 -5 Z’ Z” a) b) c) d) e) TiO2/ENR/PVC 3AE after 3AE before PVC P25 1400 1099 3400 1625 1256 4000 3000 2000 1000 Transmittance (a.u) ENR
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 159 3ATE spectrum, which can be attributed to the leaching out of ENR from the sample. (Hamzah et al, 2023) also mention that ENR has been leach out after the photocatalysis process which due to this reason, ENR/PVC as the polymer binder has not been chosen as the optimum condition. There are several factors that influence the leaching out of ENR, including its solubility in the electrolyte. When ENR comes into contact with the electrolyte, some of its components may dissolve or leach out into the solution. The PEC process typically involves the application of electrical potential or current to the electrode, and this electrical stimulation, combined with any mechanical stress or strain on the ENR film or coating, can lead to material degradation or leaching. illustrates the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) spectrum obtained using the autolab instrument to assess the conductivity efficiency of the prepared samples. In figure 1 (d) and (e), it can be observed that the TiO2/ENR/PVC sample (3ATE before) exhibits a larger diameter of the semicircle compared to 3ATE after and 3ATP. It has been confirmed that the conductivity of the sample has been increased during the PEC process and even after a few cycles, the semicircle diameter has been reduced showing better conductivity. The semicircle diameter on the Nyquist plot reveals information about the electrochemical processes that take place at the electrode-electrolyte interface. A larger diameter typically indicates higher impedance, which can be attributed to processes like charge transfer resistance or diffusion limitations. Figure 1(f) shows the amount of hydrogen produced during the PEC processes that has been calculated based on the percent (%) concentration detected by the GC-TCD. From the bar graph, it clearly shows that 3% of Ag doped exhibits higher hydrogen produced as compared to unmodified and can be concluded that the modified photocatalyst can enhance the hydrogen production during the PEC processes. This is due to the presence of silver that provides extra electron for the formation of hydrogen during the water splitting processes instead of the electron that have been provided by the external bias and photocatalyst. Based on the results obtained, this experiment shows a promising method in increasing hydrogen production on an industrial scale which aligned with the world demand for green energy. CONCLUSION In summary, this study successfully improved the photocatalytic efficiency of commercial Degussa P25 TiO2 by doping with silver (Ag) using the photodeposition method. Different Ag-to-TiO2 ratios were tested, and the resulting Ag-TiO2 composites were efficiently immobilized with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) in ethanol. Comprehensive characterization confirmed the composition and structure of these materials. Using the photoelectrochemical (PEC) method, the 3% Ag-TiO2 composite under specific irradiation conditions (3ATP) demonstrated excellent performance, degrading over 90% of reactive red 4 (RR4), outperforming unmodified TiO2. The presence of Ag in the composite was confirmed without altering its structure. Importantly, the 3ATP sample consistently maintained photocatalytic activity due to the polymer-based immobilization method, and it also showed promise for hydrogen production, suggesting potential for commercial applications. These results highlight Ag-doped TiO2 as a highly effective photocatalyst for various environmental and industrial uses.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 160 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) for providing financial support under the internal grant “Dana Pembudayaan Penyelidikan Dalaman (DPPD)” code no: 100-TNCPI/PRI 16/6/2 (012/2023) in conducting this study. We would also like to acknowledge Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) for providing all the facilities. REFERENCES 1. Burton, N. A., Padilla, R. V., Rose, A., & Habibullah, H. (2021). Increasing the efficiency of hydrogen production from solar powered water electrolysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 135, 110255. 2. Deshmukh, S. D., Pattebahadur, K. L., Mohod, A. G., Patil, S. S., & Khirade, P. W. (2020). Structural and dynamics study of polar liquid mixtures by dielectric and FTIR spectroscopic characterizations. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 297, 111819. 3. Divyapriya, G., Singh, S., Martínez-Huitle, C. A., Scaria, J., Karim, A. V., & Nidheesh, P. V. (2021). Treatment of real wastewater by photoelectrochemical methods: An overview. Chemosphere, 130188. 4. Elemike, E. E., Onwudiwe, D. C., Wei, L., Chaogang, L., & Zhiwei, Z. (2019). Noble metal–semiconductor nanocomposites for optical, energy and electronics applications. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 201, 110106. 5. Gogoi, D., Namdeo, A., Golder, A. K., & Peela, N. R. (2020). Ag-doped TiO2 photocatalysts with effective charge transfer for highly efficient hydrogen production through water splitting. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(4), 2729-2744. 6. Hamzah, S. R., Rosli, M. A., Natar, N. S., Ghani, N. I. A., Muhamad, N. A., Azami, M. S., ... & Nawawi, W. I. (2023). The Crosslinking and Porosity Surface Effects of Photoetching Process on Immobilized Polymer-Based Titanium Dioxide for the Decolorization of Anionic Dye. Colorants, 2(1), 73-89. 7. Muneeb, A., Rafique, M. S., Murtaza, M. G., Arshad, T., Shahadat, I., Rafique, M., & Nazir, A. (2023). Fabrication of Ag–TiO2 nanocomposite employing dielectric barrier discharge plasma for photodegradation of methylene blue. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 414995. 8. Zhang, Y., Bu, Y., Wang, L., & Ao, J. P. (2020). Regulation of the Photogenerated Carrier Transfer Process during Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: A Review. Green Energy & Environment.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 161 SURFACE INTERACTIONS OF IMMOBILIZED TIO2/ENR/PVC UNDER ACID PHOTOETCHING FOR RR4 DYE PHOTODEGRADATION Siti Raihan Hamzah1a, Muhammad Afiq Rosli1 , Nur Aien Muhamad1 , Nadiah Sabihah Natar1 , Nureel Imanina Abdul Ghani1 , Muhammad Saifulddin Azami1 , Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak1 , Razif Nordin1 , Wan Izhan Nawawi1* 1 Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Perlis, Kampus Arau, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia. a Main author (e-mail: [email protected]) *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT Titanium dioxide with polymer binder (TiO2/ENR/PVC) was successfully immobilized on a glass substrate by the dip coating technique. The treatments comparison of immobilized photocatalyst between normal photoetching (NP) and acid photoetching (AP) treatment was determined by photocatalytic performance and advance instrumental characterization. A 65W compact fluorescent lamp and reactive red 4 (RR4) dye solution were used to study the photocatalytic activity for 18 cycles (1 cycle = 10 hours). All the samples before and after both treatments were characterized by FESEM and FTIR to ascertain the surface interactions of the immobilized TiO2 in the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and proposed the reaction mechanism after the photoetching treatment. AP sample shows a highest photocatalytic performance with 0.0694 min-1 pseudo 1st order rate constant (k) value compared to the NP sample. The opening and crosslinking ring reaction after the acid photoetching treatment enhanced the photocatalytic activity. The deterioration trend of NP compared to the AP after the 3rd cycle was due to the percolated of polymer binder. It is believed that this finding can give a significant impact to help other researchers on enhancing the photocatalytic activity in immobilizing TiO2 with polymer binder. Keywords: immobilized TiO2; photoetching; acid photoetching; photocatalytic activity; polymer binder INTRODUCTION Textile manufacturers face challenges in managing wastewater prior to the finishing process of their products which contains non-biodegradable dyes and organic materials. Titanium dioxide is one of the promising photocatalyst to degrade dye contamination due to its effectiveness, stability, and non-toxic nature. Immobilization system has been introduced to overcome the post filtration problem and it has its own benefits which it can be reused and recycled. Recent studies have shown that an ENR/PVC binder combination produces a highly
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 162 effective photocatalytic TiO2 film [1-5]. However, a high polymer concentration can reduce photocatalytic activity by limiting TiO2-surfactant contact. To address this, photoetching treatment removes organic and inorganic compounds from the TiO2 surface. The combination of photoetching treatment and ENR/PVC binder shows promise for improving the performance of immobilized TiO2 in various applications. The presence of acid can enhance the production of ENR-50 opened-ring, thus promoting crosslinking reactions. This, along with radicals from the opened-ring ENR50, may improve photocatalytic activity for dye degradation. However, there are limited studies on acid photoetching treatment in photocatalysts. In this study, we compare acid and normal photoetching treatments on immobilized TiO2/ENR/PVC for RR4 dye degradation. Acid photoetching melts the polymer binder, resulting in superior photocatalytic performance. The radicals generated from the opening ring have the potential to attack dye molecules or crosslink with the polymer. The proposed reaction mechanism is supported by FTIR results. This discovery can greatly impact efforts to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 immobilized with polymer binders. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental method from this study has been adapted by previous study [1] with a little amendment. The immobilized TiO2 formulation was made by slowly adding 6.0 g of TiO2 into the ENR-50/PVC solution blend (5:1) and sonicated to homogenize the mixture. The formulation of TiO2/ENR/PVC was immobilized on a glass substrate by a dip coating method as has been done by other researchers [1-5]. The immobilized TiO2/ENR/PVC were normal photoetched (immersed in distilled water) and acid photoetched (immersed in 0.01 N HCl solution) for 10 hours per cycle with the presence of light and aeration until 18 cycles. To observe the difference in photocatalytic degradation performance during each interval cycles, the treated immobilized TiO2/ENR/PVC were tested using a 30 ppm RR4 dye solution in the custom-made glass cell reactor with a 55 W compact fluorescent lamp. The absorbance of the initial concentration and the absorbance at any time (t) were measured using a spectrophotometer, and the results were plotted against irradiation or contact time. The slope of the linear line was taken as the pseudo first-order rate constant, based on the LangmuirHinshelwood rate model. The concentration of RR4 was determined using an ultravioletvisible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer, model DR2000. The surface morphology analysis and roughness measurement were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyzer model LEO SUPRA 50 VP field emission SEM. The changes of functional groups in the treated samples were studied using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyzer (Perkin-Elmer, model system 2000 FTIR).
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 163 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The surface morphology of immobilized TiO2/ENR/PVC samples under different treatment conditions, namely WOP (without photoetched), NP (normal photoetched), and AP (acid photoetched), were illustrated in Figure 1 through FESEM images at magnifications of 5000x and 10,000x. The WOP sample exhibited a compact and dense surface, indicating the presence of an enveloping ENR/PVC layer around TiO2 particles. The NP sample showed a predominantly rough and porous texture, with some areas appearing smooth, indicating degradation of the ENR/PVC layer after photoetching treatment. The acid photoetching treatment caused the AP sample's layer to melt and deform. Prolonged exposure to 0.01 N HCl resulted in the breakdown of the polymer structure, leading to melting or degradation of the ENR/PVC layer. This melted layer covered the entire TiO2 surface, hindering exposure of active sites to light and potentially reducing photocatalytic performance. Figure 1. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) of (a-b) WOP, (c-d) NP and (e-f) AP samples at magnifications of 5,000x and 10,000x respectively. Figure 2 shows the FTIR spectra of TiO2 samples, including AP, WOP, NP, and commercialized Degussa P-25. The formation of aliphatic ether due to the crosslinking reaction is confirmed by two new peaks of the C-O bond in the NP spectrum at 1167 and 1062 cm-1 , despite porosity formation due to the leaching out of ENR. This crosslinking formation might contribute in maintaining the adhesive properties of the sample on glass substrate as stated by Razak et. al. [2] and Nawi et. al. [5]. However, the AP sample shows a shoulder peak at 1062 cm-1 and higher intensity peak at 1097 cm-1 and 1255 cm-1 among all the samples. The shoulder peak proves that there is a crosslinking reaction as the peak of 1062 cm-1 represents the C-O bond in ether product while the 1097 cm-1 and 1255 cm-1 respectively indicates the C-O-C asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations in epoxide ring of ENR molecules. AP sample also depicts the presence of opening ring of ENR molecules as the peak intensity at 1432 cm-1 reduced compared to the sample without any treatment (WOP sample).
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 164 Figure 2. Comparison of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis between WOP, NP, AP and P25-TiO2. Figure 3 shows that the slurry sample achieved the highest (k) value of 0.1019 min-1 , indicating its superior photocatalytic performance compared to the other samples. However, in terms of immobilized TiO2, AP sample has the highest (k) value followed by NP and WOP samples with progressively lower (k) values. Interestingly, despite the AP sample requiring a longer time of 50 hours to reach its optimal (k) value, the result demonstrated 4.28 times higher photocatalytic activity than that of the WOP sample. This is likely due to the acid photoetching treatment that was applied to the NP sample, which enhanced the photocatalytic efficiency as electron injector or direct react with the dye molecules. The acid photoetching treatment led to the high potential of radicals’ generation from the opening ring reaction which can be used for the degradation of the target pollutant. Overall, the data highlights the superior performance of the AP sample in terms of rate constant among the immobilized TiO2, indicating that the acid photoetching treatment can improve the immobilized photocatalytic efficiency. Figure 3. The comparison of pseudo first order rate constant (min-1 ) between different types of samples for photodegradation of RR4 dye.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 165 4. CONCLUSION This work discovered the effect of acid photo etching on immobilized TiO2/ENR/PVC and determination of opening ring and crosslinking reaction of polymer binder during the acid photoetching treatment. All of the samples were characterized by FESEM and FTIR to determine the surface interactions and reaction mechanism of the immobilized TiO2/ENR/PVC before and after the treatments. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity has been achieved by implementing the acid photoetching treatment onto the immobilized TiO2/ENR/PVC before the photocatalytic degradation of RR4 dye. In addition, the radicals generated from the opened-ring ENR50 is one of the factors that affected the photocatalytic performance enhancement. This significant discovery can be one of the approaches to enhance the photocatalytic activity of other immobilized catalysts. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (MOHE) for providing financial support under DPPD grant: 600-TNCPI 5/3/DDN (09) (010/2023), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) in conducting this study. We would also like to acknowledge Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) and Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) for providing all of the facilities. REFERENCES 1. Nawi, M. A., Ngoh, Y. S., & Zain, S. M. (2012). Photoetching of Immobilized T i O 2-E N R 5 0-PVC Composite for Improved Photocatalytic Activity. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2012. 2. Razak, S., Nawi, M. A., & Haitham, K. (2014). Fabrication, characterization and application of a reusable immobilized TiO2–PANI photocatalyst plate for the removal of reactive red 4 dye. Applied surface science, 319, 90-98. 3. Hamzah, S. R., Rosli, M. A., Natar, N. S., Ghani, N. I. A., Muhamad, N. A., Azami, M. S., ... & Nawawi, W. I. (2023). The Crosslinking and Porosity Surface Effects of Photoetching Process on Immobilized Polymer-Based Titanium Dioxide for the Decolorization of Anionic Dye. Colorants, 2(1), 73-89. 4. Rosli, M. A., Hamzah, S. R., Muhamad, N. A., Abdul, N. I., Ghani, N. S. M. N., Ab Aziz, S. I., ... & Nawawi, W. I. (2022). Acid Photo Etching Effect of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) as Polymer Binder. Malays. J. Chem., 24, 228-239. 5. Nawi, M. A., & Zain, S. M. (2012). Enhancing the surface properties of the immobilized Degussa P-25 TiO2 for the efficient photocatalytic removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution. Applied Surface Science, 258(16), 6148- 6157.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 166 EFFECT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN WATER-BASED IMMOBILIZED Ag-TiO2 IN PHOTODEGRADATION OF RR4 DYE Nureel Imanina Abdul Ghani1a, Nur Izzati Nabilah Zanal1 , Siti Raihan Hamzah1 , Muhammad Afiq Rosli1 , Nur Aien Muhamad1 , Nadiah Sabihah Md Natar1 , Mohammad Saifulddin Mohd Azami1 , Wan Izhan Nawawi Wan Ismail1* 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia a Main author (e-mail: [email protected]) * Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to elucidate the effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the formation of silver oxide (Ag2O) and how it affects the photocatalytic activity of immobilized silver-doped titanium dioxide (Ag-TiO2) in the photodegradation of Reactive Red 4 (RR4) dye. The AgTiO2 was obtained through photo-deposition at various loadings of Ag (1-5 wt%) to TiO2 under controlled dissolved oxygen conditions with N2 gas purging for 0, 10, 30, and 60 min (denoted as DO0 , DO10, DO30, and DO60). The results obtained from XRD and FTIR revealed the existence of Ag+ and Ag0 corresponding to Ag2O and Ag-TiO2. The spheroid shape of AgTiO2 with 0.20 and 0.24 nm of d-spacing representing Ag metal and Ag2O respectively was observed under HRTEM. Lower PL intensity for Ag-TiO2 compared to unmodified TiO2 indicates that Ag-TiO2 has a low e- /h+ recombination rate. The strong visible light absorption of Ag-TiO2 was obtained through UV-Vis/DRS analysis due to the surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) effect. This study proves that Ag2O can increase photocatalytic performance as electron injectors to the Ag-TiO2, however, too much formation of Ag2O can retard the photocatalytic activity. It was found that the optimum percentage of Ag doping is 3 wt% at 30 min N2 purging time (denoted as 3AT-DO30). Complete degradation of 30 mg L-1 RR4 dye was accomplished within 1 hour under 55W fluorescent lamp irradiation, which is 63.1% better than unmodified TiO2. The increasing order of photocatalytic performance of Ag-TiO2 was as follows: TiO2 < 3AT-DO60 < 3AT-DO0 < 3AT-DO10 < 3AT-DO30 and all samples exhibit stable photocatalytic performance upon 10 cycles. Keywords: Silver; Dissolved oxygen; RR4 dye; Titanium dioxide; Wastewater
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 167 INTRODUCTION The use of dyes in the textile industry has bloomed significantly. However, post-treatment of wastewater from these product manufacturing is still in conventional ways which results in the accumulation of poor-treated dye in water bodies [1]. Reactive Red 4 (RR4) is one of the anionic dyes commonly used in the industry which contains a hydrophobic molecule that is soluble in aqueous media, however, it is toxic to living things if released into water bodies [2]. Technology such as photocatalysis under an Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) is a good alternative to encounter this problem. One of the best photocatalysts that have been used is TiO2 which serves stability, non-toxicity, and most importantly is low cost [3]. Although TiO2 has many advantages, this photocatalyst is only active under UV irradiation with a bandgap energy of 3.2 eV [4]. The fast electron-hole (e- /h+) recombination of TiO2 also becomes a drawback in photocatalytic performance [5]. To overcome this issue, doping TiO2 with noble metals such as silver (Ag) can extend the absorption of TiO2 into the visible light spectrum and enhance the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 due to the surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) effect [6]. Regardless of its excellence, the preparation of Ag-TiO2 has commonly resulted in the generation of Ag and Ag2O in the composite, which is unfavorable for the photocatalytic reaction [7]. This phenomenon is associated with the presence of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water that can easily re-oxidize the reduced metal. The presence of DO in the photocatalytic reduction system will limit the reduction of metal on TiO2 as metal needs to compete with oxygen for electrons [8]. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous study was conducted in the modification of immobilized TiO2 with Ag with the control of Ag2O formation during the preparation steps. Thus, in this study, the preparation of Ag-TiO2 with the elimination of DO will be conducted by bubbling with N2 gas for 0, 10, 30, and 60 min as isopropyl alcohol (IPA) will be used as a sacrificial reagent. The photocatalytic degradation ability of water-base preparation immobilized Ag-TiO2 will be tested under photodegradation of RR4 dye. MATERIALS AND METHODS The preparation of the Ag-TiO2 photocatalyst was according to the method by Bhardwaj et al. with slight modifications [6]. The Ag loading prepared is 1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt% of AgTiO2 corresponding to, 0.0478 g, 0.1461 g, and 0.2487 g of AgNO3 respectively. The mixture of AgNO3 and TiO2 is purged with N2 gas for a specific time (0, 10, 30, and 60 min) to control the dissolved oxygen (DO). The prepared Ag-TiO2 was immobilized by a DSAT method using a brush coating technique as was introduced by Wan Ismail et al. [2]. An amount of 0.5 g of the powdered Ag-TiO2 plus 1 mL of 8% PVA was mixed with 10 mL of distilled water and the homogenized mixture was applied to the glass plate taped with DSAT via brush coating. The photocatalytic setup for the degradation of RR4 dye is shown in Figure 1.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 168 Figure 1. The (a) real and (b) illustrated photocatalysis setup. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 2 presents the analysis of XRD, UV-Vis, PL, and photocatalytic performance for the prepared Ag-TiO2 sample. The result from XRD in Figure 2a depicts the formation of Ag2O in the Ag-TiO2 samples, which can be observed at a peak of 32.468°. Upon increasing the N2 bubbling time, the peak of Ag2O is decreased indicating low formation of Ag2O is detected with low dissolved oxygen level. Whereas the finding from UV-Vis analysis in Figure 2b shows that the band gap energies of the 1AT, 3AT, and 5AT determined from the intercepts are 2.5, 2.2, and 2.85 eV respectively which is lower than the unmodified TiO2. The narrow band gaps could be attributed to the Schottky barrier formed at the interface of Ag metal and TiO2. From Figure 2c, the PL spectra indicate low e- /h+ recombination of modified samples with the lowest PL signal observed at 3AT compared to the 1AT and 5AT with the highest peak detected at 548 nm. The photocatalytic activity represented in Figure 2d agrees with the supporting evidence that the optimum photocatalyst was acquired at 3% of Ag with 30 min of N2 gas bubbling time, hence denoted as 3AT-DO30. The highest photocatalytic activity against anionic RR4 dye was achieved within 1 hour of photodegradation by a k-value of 0.1116. 5 Glass cell Ag-TiO2 3 Lamp 6 coating 7 RR4 dye 2 Pasteur pipette 4 Glass plate 8 Scissor jack 9 Pump 1 Aeration tube 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 9 (a) (b)
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 169 Figure 2. The results of (a) XRD, (b) Uv-Vis, (c) PL, and (d) photocatalytic activity of AgTiO2. 4. CONCLUSION In summary, the formation of the Ag2O on the Ag-TiO2 photocatalyst was successfully controlled by manipulating the amount of DO in the mixture during preparation prior to photodeposition. Significantly, the presence of Ag2O in the photocatalyst reflects the photocatalytic performance of the Ag-TiO2 in the photodegradation of the anionic RR4 dye. The formation of Ag0 and Ag2O needs to be in sufficient amounts as too much or too little may result in low photocatalytic performance. The results confirmed that the deposition of Ag on the TiO2 extends the absorption into the visible light spectrum and reduces the e- /h+ recombination rate. The high dispersion of Ag nanoparticles onto the TiO2 surface without agglomeration ensures a balanced photocatalytic reaction. The descending order of photocatalytic performance of Ag-TiO2 was as follows: 3AT-DO30 > 3AT-DO10 > 3AT-DO0 > 3AT-DO60 > TiO2 and all samples exhibited stable photocatalytic performance upon 10 cycles. This work investigates the effect of Ag2O on the photocatalytic performance of AgTiO2, providing excellent insight into producing a powerful photocatalyst for the degradation of organic contaminants. (a) (b) (c) (d)
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 170 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our gratitude to Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) for providing generous internal financial support in this study under GIP 2022/2 grant: RMC/RD/47/006/2023 and for all the facilities. REFERENCES 1. Al-Mamun, M. R., Kader, S., Islam, M. S., & Khan, M. Z. H. (2019). Photocatalytic activity improvement and application of UV-TiO2 photocatalysis in textile wastewater treatment: A review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(5), 103248. 2. Wan Ismail, W. I. N., Ain, S. K., Zaharudin, R., Jawad, A. H., Ishak, M. A. M., Ismail, K., & Sahid, S. (2015). New TiO2/DSAT immobilization system for photodegradation of anionic and cationic dyes. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2015. 3. Dharma, H. N. C., Jaafar, J., Widiastuti, N., Matsuyama, H., Rajabsadeh, S., Othman, M. H. D., Rahman, M. A., Jafri, N. N. M., Suhaimin, N. S., Nasir, A. M. & Alias, N. H. (2022). A review of titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based photocatalyst for oilfieldproduced water treatment. Membranes, 12(3), 345. 4. Devipriya, S. P., Yesodharan, S., & Yesodharan, E. P. (2012). Solar photocatalytic removal of chemical and bacterial pollutants from water using Pt/TiO2-coated ceramic tiles. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2012. 5. Yu, X., Kim, B., & Kim, Y. K. (2013). Highly enhanced photoactivity of anatase TiO2 nanocrystals by controlled hydrogenation-induced surface defects. ACS Catalysis, 3(11), 2479-2486. 6. Bhardwaj, S., Sharma, D., Kumari, P., & Pal, B. (2020). Influence of photodeposition time and loading amount of Ag co-catalyst on growth, distribution and photocatalytic properties of Ag@TiO2 nanocatalysts. Optical Materials, 106, 109975. 7. Huang, Q., Liu, S., Wei, W., Yan, Q., & Wu, C. (2015). Selective synthesis of different ZnO/Ag nanocomposites as surface enhanced Raman scattering substrates and highly efficient photocatalytic catalysts. RSC Advances, 5(34), 27075-27081.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 171 8. Wu, X., Jiang, S., Song, S., & Sun, C. (2018). Constructing effective photocatalytic purification system with P-introduced g-C3N4 for elimination of UO2 2+. Applied Surface Science, 430, 371-379.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 172 PRODUCTION FUNCTION OF COOPERATIVES IN MALAYSIA AND INDONESIA Yanto Sidik Pratiknyo1 , Wilson Bangun2 , Zainur Hidayah3 , Roni Kambara4 1 Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia, [email protected] 2 Maranatha University, Indonesia, [email protected] 3 Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia, [email protected] 4 Sultan Agung Tirtayasa University, Indonesia, [email protected] ABSTRACT This research shows that the development in cooperative members and capital varies according to output. For cooperatives in Malaysia, there appears that the increase in members and capital is higher than the increase in volume or turnover. Meanwhile, in cooperatives in Indonesia, the impact is an increase in return to scale, which shows that the increase in volume is greater than the increase in members and capital. It seems that increasing variables in business cannot be done continuously, because in one point there will be a decrease in returns to scale. As a suggestion, the first novelty is the utilization of production functions for cooperatives, the second is the replacement of human resources from workers to cooperative members. Thus, these two new things can be used to measure develop the effectiveness of cooperatives by using of return to scale. Keywords: Cooperatives; production INTRODUCTION From the Cobb Douglas production function (Cobb & Douglas, 1928), the elasticity of substitution measures how easily one input can be substituted for another. There are three types of returns to scale: increasing, decreasing, and constant. Increasing returns to scale mean that output increases more than in proportion to input, decreasing returns to scale mean that output increases less than proportional to input, and constant returns to scale mean that output increases in proportion to input. Past research results show inconsistencies in returns to scale. Research stated that businesses of company have increasing returns to scale (Nurhapsa et al., 2020), (Larasati, 2021), (Nababan, 2019). Meanwhile, other research shows the results of decreasing returns to scale (Yusdja & Sayuti, 2020). (Suamba & Ambarawat, 2012). This is a research gap in this research. The objective of this research is to identify how return to scale the production function of cooperatives, by comparing cooperatives in Malaysia and Indonesia. The results of this research can be used to provide suggestions for developing cooperatives. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cooperative data consists of members, capital and volume that were collected form two countries Malaysia from 15 states and Indonesia from 33 provinces in year of 2021. Malaysia Cooperative data comes from source of https://www.skm.gov.my/index.php/my/pusat-media/arkib/arkib-statistiktahunan. Data on Indonesian cooperatives was obtained from sources https://kemenkopukm.go.id/data-koperasi. Formula of Cobb Douglass can be stated as follow (Cobb & Douglas, 1928). The power equation is transferred to the logarithmic equation as follow
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 173 = = + + Where: Q = Volume or turn over as output, A = Constant, L = Labour, K = Capital, α = Constant of L, β = Constant of K, Ln = Logarithm naturalist. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Data processing using SPSS, Malaysian data can be seen in Table 1: Malaysian Cooperatives in 2021 and the results in Table 2: Malaysian Results, then Indonesian data can be seen in Table 3: Indonesian Cooperatives in 2021 and the results in Table 4: Indonesian Results. Table 1: Malaysia Cooperatives in year 2021 No States Members (L) Capital (K) Volume (Q) LnL LnK LnQ 1 Johor 468,347 1,340.17 677.15 13.056965 7.200552 6.517893 2 Kedah 286,811 751.65 300.59 12.566579 6.622271 5.705747 3 Kelantan 318,195 2,174.00 842.98 12.670420 7.684324 6.736943 4 Melaka 172,087 527.43 124.08 12.055755 6.268016 4.820927 5 Negeri Sembilan 192,841 380.73 133.95 12.169621 5.942090 4.897467 6 Pahang 299,695 1,639.46 860.53 12.610521 7.402122 6.757548 7 Perak 360,956 1,460.14 506.67 12.796511 7.286288 6.227860 8 Perlis 52,794 143.40 55.92 10.874153 4.965638 4.023922 9 Pulau Pinang 191,206 1,007.77 283.44 12.161107 6.915495 5.647000 10 Sabah 339,312 887.10 470.84 12.734675 6.787958 6.154518 11 Sarawak 297,332 637.35 310.79 12.602605 6.457319 5.739117 12 Selangor 641,100 1,880.45 491.12 13.370941 7.539266 6.196688 13 Terengganu 246,383 679.99 421.96 12.414643 6.522078 6.044911 14 Wilayah Persekutuan 2,280,957 20,291.13 4,671.35 14.640106 9.917939 8.449203 15 Ibu Pejabat 931,103 121,182.24 27,744.25 13.744125 11.705051 10.230784 https://www.skm.gov.my/index.php/my/pusat-media/arkib/arkib-statistik-tahunan. Table 2: Result of Malaysia Coefficientsa
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 174 Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) -1.059 1.770 -.598 .561 LnL .083 .181 .047 .461 .653 LnK .862 .093 .941 9.220 .000 a. Dependent Variable: LnQ = 2.71828−1.059 = 0.236803 = 0.236803 0.0830.862 = 0.083 = 0.862 + = 0.083 + 0.862 = 0.945 < 1 The result is decreasing return to scale for Malaysia Cooperatives. Table 3: Indonesia Cooperatives in year 2021 No Province Members (L) Capital (K) (Rp. million) Volume (Q) (Rp. million) LnL LnK LnQ 1 Aceh 106,209 1,922,773 1,564,088 11.57316 14.46928 14.26281 2 Sumatera Utara 1,288,579 9,428,946 6,269,050 14.06905 16.05929 15.65114 3 Sumatera Barat 309,269 4,522,323 4,008,031 12.64197 15.32454 15.20381 4 Riau 353,882 4,490,936 2,645,162 12.77672 15.31757 14.78824 5 Jambi 133,213 989,445 1,349,778 11.79970 13.80490 14.11545 6 Sumatera Selatan 263,632 7,495,597 2,814,383 12.48231 15.82983 14.85025 7 Bengkulu 81,927 637,990 493,788 11.31358 13.36608 13.10986 8 Lampung 931,305 4,706,750 2,904,179 13.74434 15.36451 14.88166 9 Kepulauan Bangka Belitung 64,920 554,466 598,985 11.08091 13.22576 13.30299 10 Kepulauan Riau 69,538 734,462 408,693 11.14963 13.50689 12.92072
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 175 11 DKI Jakarta 1,747,086 34,011,053 20,277,838 14.37346 17.34220 16.82504 12 Jawa Barat 2,370,819 26,230,128 23,979,694 14.67875 17.08242 16.99272 13 Jawa Tengah 7,784,157 47,113,480 27,971,636 15.86760 17.66807 17.14670 14 D.I. Yogyakarta 847,251 5,683,045 4,220,806 13.64975 15.55300 15.25554 15 Jawa Timur 4,341,033 36,176,728 35,749,158 15.28362 17.40393 17.39204 16 Banten 1,054,015 6,442,518 4,890,154 13.86812 15.67843 15.40273 17 Bali 1,109,402 18,886,217 16,278,140 13.91933 16.75394 16.60533 18 Nusa Tenggara Barat 331,706 1,639,819 1,171,620 12.71200 14.31010 13.97390 19 Nusa Tenggara Timur 1,044,829 6,665,333 3,831,989 13.85936 15.71243 15.15889 20 Kalimantan Barat 1,394,580 16,330,349 9,548,722 14.14810 16.60854 16.07192 21 Kalimantan Tengah 237,536 2,543,794 2,484,988 12.37807 14.74917 14.72578 22 Kalimantan Selatan 191,984 2,003,869 1,197,977 12.16517 14.51059 13.99614 23 Kalimantan Timur 208,948 3,570,544 1,641,168 12.24984 15.08823 14.31092 24 Kalimantan Utara 25,980 574,214 147,239 10.16508 13.26076 11.89982 25 Sulawesi Utara 39,969 344,542 221,500 10.59586 12.74997 12.30818 26 Sulawesi Tengah 140,205 834,705 885,063 11.85086 13.63483 13.69341 27 Sulawesi Selatan 374,085 4,504,631 3,412,967 12.83224 15.32062 15.04309 28 Sulawesi Tenggara 85,583 560,767 465,323 11.35724 13.23706 13.05049 29 Gorontalo 52,653 368,025 268,169 10.87148 12.81591 12.49937 30 Sulawesi Barat 14,350 83,735 81,125 9.57151 11.33542 11.30374 31 Maluku 39,406 275,077 182,187 10.58167 12.52480 12.11279
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 176 32 Maluku Utara 20,446 202,783 110,100 9.92554 12.21989 11.60915 33 Papua 32,055 372,799 237,776 10.37521 12.82879 12.37908 34 Papua Barat 9,820 80,483 40,883 9.19218 11.29580 10.61847 https://kemenkopukm.go.id/data-koperasi Table 4: Result of Indonesia Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) .057 .462 .124 .902 LnL .341 .118 .325 2.882 .007 LnK .683 .115 .669 5.923 .000 a. Dependent Variable: LnQ = 2.718280.057 = 1.05865577 = 1.05865577 0.3410.683 = 0.341 = 0.683 + = 0.341 + 0.683 = 1.024 > 1 The result is increasing return to scale for Indonesia cooperatives. 4. CONCLUSION This research shows that changes in members and capital of cooperatives vary with output. For Malaysian cooperatives, there appears to be a decreasing return to scale, which shows that the increase in members and capital is higher than the increase in volume or turnover. Meanwhile, for cooperatives in Indonesia, the result is increasing returns to scale, which shows that the increase in volume is higher than the increase in members and capital. It appears that increasing variables in business cannot be done continuously, because at some point there will be a decreasing return to scale. As a suggestion and future research, the first novelty is the use of production functions for cooperatives, the second is replacing human resources from workers to cooperative members. Thus, these two novelties can be used to measure the effectiveness of using return to scale from cooperatives.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 177 REFERENCES 1. Cobb, C. W., & Douglas, P. H. (1928). A Theory of Production. The American Economic Review. Https://Msuweb.Montclair.Edu/~lebelp/CobbDouglasProdAER1928.Pdf, 18(1), 139– 165. 2. Larasati, R. (2021). TUGAS AKHIR PENGUKURAN PRODUKTIVITAS DENGAN METODE FUNGSI PRODUKSI COBB-DOUGLAS DI UMKM Tanda Petik Dua CIAWAS COFFEE Tanda Petik Dua, KLATEN, JAWA TENGAH RIFYANA LARASATI, Iman Sabarisman, S.T.P., M.Si. Universitas Gajah Mada, 0–2. 3. Nababan, T. S. (2019). Efficiency and Elasticity of Labor Use on Economic Sectors in Indonesia. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, Volume 86, ISSN 2352-5428, 2019 2nd International Conference on Banking, Accounting, Management and Economics (ICOBAME 2018), 86(Icobame 2018), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.2991/icobame18.2019.3 4. Nurhapsa, N., Nuddin, A., Suherman, S., & Barbara, B. (2020). Is Input Utilization Inelastic to Coffee Production. International Journal of Agriculture System, 8(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.20956/ijas.v8i1.2291 5. Suamba, I. G. A. C. D. I. K., & Ambarawat, I. G. A. . (2012). Analisis Efisiensi Usahatani Padi Sawah (Studi Kasus Di Subak Pacung Babakan, Kecamatan Mengwi, Kabupaten Badung). Journal of Agribusiness and Agritourism, 1(1), 1–10. 6. Yusdja, Y., & Sayuti, R. (2020). SKALA USAHA KOPERASI SUSU DAN IMPLIKASINYA BAGI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA SAPI RAKYAT. Educational Technology Research and Development, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09798-x
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 178 EFIKASI KENDIRI GURU PERDANA TERHADAP PENDIDIKAN INKLUSIF MURID BERKEPERLUAN PENDIDIKAN KHAS: TINJAUAN AWAL Nur Hidayah binti Mat @ Ahmad1 , Rozniza binti Zaharudin2 1,2 Pusat Pengajian Ilmu Pendidikan, USM 1 [email protected] ABSTRACT Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti efikasi kendiri guru perdana terhadap pelaksanaan pendidikan inklusif di sekolah rendah. Kajian kuantitatif ini menggunakan kaedah tinjauan awal yang melibatkan 50 orang sampel guru perdana di negeri Pulau Pinang. Soal selidik diadaptasi daripada soal selidik Teacher Efficacy for Inclusive Practice (TEIP), (Sharma et al., 2015). Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif melalui perisian SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science versi 27. Hasil kajian mendapati aspek strategi pengajaran adalah sederhana tinggi, diikuti aspek pengurusan tingkah laku dan aspek kerjasama. Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan efikasi kendiri guru perdana terhadap pendidikan inklusif murid berkeperluan pendidikan khas (MBPK) berada di tahap sederhana tinggi. Kata kunci: pendidikan inklusif; efikasi kendiri; strategi pengajaran; kerjasama; pengurusan tingkah laku; guru perdana PENGENALAN Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, bidang pendidikan telah menyaksikan penekanan yang semakin meningkat terhadap pendidikan inklusif [1](Lee & Sailajah Nair, 2018). Ini bertujuan untuk memastikan murid berkeperluan pendidikan khas (MBPK) mendapat hak yang sama rata untuk belajar dalam persekitaran tanpa halangan dan dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan murid arus perdana bagi meningkatkan kemahiran kehidupan harian mereka, membina keyakinan diri dan mencapai potensi yang optimum, seterusnya meningkatkan kesedaran dan penerimaan warga sekolah serta komuniti tentang kepelbagaian keupayaan MBPK [2](Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 2017). Pendidikan inklusif amat relevan dalam konteks sekolah rendah yang merupakan asas untuk pembelajaran sepanjang hayat diwujudkan [3] (Bates et al., 2015). Justeru, komponen penting dalam kejayaan pendidikan inklusif terletak pada sikap dan kecekapan pendidik, terutamanya guru perdana yang memainkan peranan penting dalam mewujudkan persekitaran pembelajaran inklusif dan menyokong. Salah satu konstruk psikologi utama yang mempengaruhi tingkah laku dan sikap guru secara signifikan dalam konteks pendidikan inklusif ialah efikasi kendiri [4] (Alnahdi & Schwab, 2021). Efikasi kendiri merujuk kepada kepercayaan individu terhadap keupayaan mereka untuk berjaya melaksanakan tugas tertentu atau mencapai hasil tertentu [5] (Awanis Mohd et al., 2016). Melalui konteks guru perdana, efikasi kendiri mencerminkan keyakinan mereka dalam mengajar dan mengurus bilik darjah yang pelbagai dengan berkesan, termasuklah membentuk pencapaian dan tingkah laku MBPK [6, 7] (Hutzler et al., 2019; Savolainen et al., 2022). Sehubungan itu, tahap efikasi kendiri yang tinggi dikaitkan dengan peningkatan motivasi, daya tahan, dan kesediaan untuk mengerahkan usaha dalam mengatasi cabaran [8] (Schwab et al., 2017).
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 179 Berdasarkan data Pendidikan Khas bagi tahun 2022 menunjukkan peningkatan jumlah MBPK dalam PPI telah mencapai sasarannya iaitu melebihi 75%. Hal ini kerana data KPM menunjukkan bilangan murid dalam PPI di Malaysia telah meningkat daripada 72,504 orang pada tahun 2021 kepada 88,300 orang pada tahun 2022. Oleh yang demikian, sejumlah besar golongan MBPK ini memerlukan perhatian guru perdana dalam kelas inklusif [9] (Guang & Intan Marfarrina, 2022) dan menerima kehadiran MBPK. Walau bagaimanapun, cabaran ketara timbul apabila keengganan guru perdana untuk menerima MBPK di dalam bilik darjah biasa yang diajar oleh mereka [10] (Norramlah & Nurfaradilla, 2021). Cabaran ini mewujudkan halangan besar dalam memastikan pelaksanaan pendidikan inklusif yang berkesan. Penerimaan negatif dikaitkan dengan efikasi kendiri guru yang rendah. Hal ini kerana efikasi kendiri memainkan peranan penting dalam menentukan kesanggupan dan keupayaan guru perdana untuk melibatkan diri dalam amalan pendidikan inklusif. Menurut kajian Yada et al. (2022) guru perdana sering menunjukkan efikasi kendiri yang rendah terutamanya dari aspek strategi pengajaran untuk MBPK. Persepsi ketidakupayaan guru perdana untuk menangani keperluan kepelbagaian pembelajaran murid menjejaskan keyakinan mereka terhadap kemahiran pedagogi yang dimiliki [11] (Siti Fatimah & Mustafa, 2018). Akibatnya, keraguan diri dan ketidakyakinan guru perdana untuk berinteraksi dengan murid akan terjejas dan menghalang penyediaan sokongan individu. Efikasi kendiri dan kebimbangan terhadap kemahiran mengajar, pengurusan murid dan sokongan yang minima memberi impak kepada penerimaan negatif dalam kalangan guru perdana. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti tahap efikasi kendiri guru perdana terhadap pendidikan inklusif. Objektif kajian ini adalah: i- Mengenal pasti tahap efikasi kendiri guru perdana terhadap pendidikan inklusif MBPK berdasarkan aspek strategi pengajaran. ii- Mengenal pasti tahap efikasi kendiri guru perdana terhadap pendidikan inklusif MBPK berdasarkan aspek kerjasama. iii- Mengenal pasti tahap efikasi kendiri guru perdana terhadap pendidikan inklusif MBPK berdasarkan aspek pengurusan tingkah laku murid. METODOLOGI Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan reka bentuk kaedah tinjauan. Populasi sasaran kajian ini adalah guru-guru aliran perdana di sekolah-sekolah rendah PPKI di daerah Seberang Perai Utara, Pulau Pinang. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh daripada JPN Pulau Pinang, 12 buah sekolah rendah mempunyai PPKI di daerah SPU. Kajian tinjauan awal menggunakan sampel seramai 50 orang guru perdana adalah mencukupi [12] (Gay et al., 2011) dan menggunakan pensampelan rawak mudah. Instrumen kajian diadaptasi daripada instrumen primer dan sekunder. Instrumen primer adalah Teachers Efficacy for Inclusive Practice (TEIP) oleh Sharma et al. (2012) [13] dan telah dialih bahasa oleh Mohamad Azman et al. (2019)[14] melalui soal selidik Efikasi Kendiri Guru Prasekolah terhadap Pendidikan Inklusif (EKGPPI). Kesahan instrumen turut dijalankan oleh 5 orang pakar iaitu pensyarah universiti bidang pendidikan khas, pensyarah IPG bidang bimbingan dan kaunseling, guru penolong kanan pendidikan khas dan guru cemerlang bahasa Melayu. Analisis CVI mendapati nilai
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 180 kesahan yang tinggi terhadap 18 item yang diuji melalui dimensi strategi pengajaran, kerjasama dan pengurusan tingkah laku murid iaitu .94 bagi kesemua item. Soal selidik ini mengandungi 4 bahagian iaitu; a) Maklumat demografi; b) Dimensi strategi pengajaran; c) Dimensi kerjasama dan d) Dimensi pengurusan tingkah laku dan menggunakan Skala likert 5 mata. Interpretasi skor dalam kajian ini ditentukan dalam Jadual 1 di bawah bagi mengukur tahap efikasi kendiri guru perdana terhadap pendidikan inklusif. Jadual 1: Interpretasi Skor Min Skor Min Interpretasi 1.00 hingga 2.00 Rendah 2.01 hingga 3.00 Sederhana Rendah 3.01 hingga 4.00 Sederhana Tinggi 4.01 hingga 5.00 Tinggi Sumber: Nunnally dan Bernstein (1994) DAPATAN DAN PERBINCANGAN Dapatan Dapatan responden kajian ini mendapati 30% guru lelaki iaitu 15 orang dan 70% iaitu 35 orang guru perempuan menjawab soalan soal selidik ini. Daripada jumlah itu, 48% guru iaitu 24 orang mempunyai pengalaman mengajar MBPK dalam kelas inklusif manakala 52% iaitu 26 orang lagi belum pernah mempunyai pengalaman mengajar MBPK. Jadual 2 di bawah menerangkan skor min bagi efikasi kendiri guru perdana terhadap pendidikan inklusif mengikut dimensi. Interpretasi skor min keseluruhan menunjukkan efikasi kendiri guru perdana terhadap inklusif adalah sederhana tinggi (M=3.32, SP=.76). Dimensi strategi pengajaran menunjukkan min yang paling tinggi (M=3.41, SP=.86), diikuti dimensi pengurusan tingkah laku (M=3.3, SP=.84) dan dimensi kerjasama (M=3.26, SP=.83). Berdasarkan min yang diperoleh mengikut dimensi dapat disimpulkan bahawa guru perdana mempunyai efikasi kendiri yang sederhana tinggi terhadap pendidikan inklusif kepada MBPK bagi semua aspek yang dinilai. Jadual 2: Min Efikasi Kendiri Guru Perdana Terhadap Pendidikan Inklusif (N=50) Dimensi M SP Interpretasi Strategi Pengajaran 3.41 .86 Sederhana Tinggi Kerjasama 3.26 .83 Sederhana Tinggi Pengurusan Tingkah Laku 3.3 .84 Sederhana Tinggi Keseluruhan 3.32 .76 Sederhana Tinggi
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 181 Perbincangan Kajian ini mengukur efikasi kendiri guru perdana terhadap pendidikan inklusif MBPK di sekolah rendah menggunakan dimensi strategi pengajaran, kerjasama dan pengurusan tingkah laku. Analisis dapatan kajian dibahagikan kepada rendah, sederhana rendah, sederhana tinggi dan tinggi. Rumusan analisis dapatan kajian mendapati majoriti guru perdana mempunyai tahap efikasi kendiri yang sederhana tinggi terhadap pendidikan inklusif. Dimensi strategi pengajaran menunjukkan skor min yang paling tinggi, diikuti pengurusan tingkah laku dan kerjasama. Walaupun dapatan kajian ini mempunyai efikasi kendiri yang sederhana tinggi untuk menerima MBPK dalam pendidikan inklusif di sekolah rendah dan selari dengan kajian Alhumaid, 2021 yang menunjukkan efikasi kendiri guru pendidikan jasmani adalah sederhana terhadap pendidikan inklusif. Namun begitu, dimensi strategi pengajaran berada di tahap paling rendah berbanding dimensi kerjasama dan pengurusan tingkah laku. Kajian ini juga selari dengan Mohamad Azman et al., 2019 yang mendapati efikasi kendiri guru perdana melalui aspek strategi pengajaran adalah tinggi berbanding dimensi kerjasama dan pengurusan tingkah laku. Dimensi pengurusan tingkah laku mencatatkan sederhana tinggi selari dengan kajian Savolainen et al. (2012) menunjukkan guru-guru menghadapi kesukaran menguruskan tingkah laku MBPK terutamanya yang mempunyai masalah agresif dan mengganggu. Seterusnya dimensi kerjasama mencatatkan min skor yang paling rendah. Hal ini bercanggah dengan dapatan kajian Karaman-Feidi (2021)yang menjelaskan bahawa kerjasama merupakan aspek paling penting dalam meningkatkan efikasi kendiri guru terhadap pelaksanaan pendidikan inklusif di sekolah. 4. KESIMPULAN Kesimpulannya, efikasi kendiri guru perdana terhadap pendidikan inklusif MBPK haruslah diberi perhatian sewajarnya oleh semua pihak. Kesediaan menerima MBPK di kelas inklusif dan menyediakan diri dengan latihan dan pengetahuan berkaitan pendidikan khas, pengurusan tingkah laku murid dan strategi pengajaran MBPK adalah amat digalakkan. PENGAKUAN Terima kasih kepada Bahagian Tajaan Pendidikan kerana memberikan biasiswa sepanjang pengajian di peringkat sarjana. RUJUKAN Rujukan dari artikel; 3. Bates, H., McCafferty, A., Quayle, E., & McKenzie, K. (2015). Review: Typically-developing students views and experiences of inclusive education. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(21), 1929– 1939. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2014.993433 4. Alnahdi, G. H., & Schwab, S. (2021). Special Education Major or Attitudes to Predict Teachers’ Self-Efficacy for Teaching in Inclusive Education. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.680909 5. Awanis Mohd, Ainunmadiah Mohd Nawawi, & Siti Noor Ismail. (2016). Tahap efikasi guru dan hubungannya dengan pencapaian sekolah di sekolah-sekolah menengah dalam daerah Bachok. Proceedings of The ICECRS, 1(1), 312–326. https://doi.org/10.21070/picecrs.v1i1.500
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 182 6. Hutzler, Y., Meier, S., Reuker, S., & Zitomer, M. (2019). Attitudes and self-efficacy of physical education teachers toward inclusion of children with disabilities: a narrative review of international literature. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 24(3), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2019.1571183 7. Savolainen, H., Malinen, O. P., & Schwab, S. (2022). Teacher efficacy predicts teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion–a longitudinal cross-lagged analysis. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 26(9), 958–972. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2020.1752826 8. Schwab, S., Hellmich, F., & Görel, G. (2017). Self-efficacy of prospective Austrian and German primary school teachers regarding the implementation of inclusive education. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 17(3), 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12379 9. Guang, J. L., & Intan Marfarrina, O. (2022). Kesediaan guru arus perdana dan keberkesanan Program Pendidikan Inklusif Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina) di Ampang, Selangor. Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 9(1). 10. Norramlah, A., & Nurfaradilla, M. N. (2021). Halangan Yang Dihadapi Oleh Guru Aliran Perdana Dalam Melaksanakan Program Pendidikan Inklusif. 3(3), 74–82. http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/jdpd74 11. Siti Fatimah, S., & Mustafa Che, O. (2018). Masalah pengajaran guru dalam Program Pendidikan Inklusif di sekolah. Asian People Journal (APJ), 1(2), 243–263. www.journal.unisza.edu.my/apj/www.journal.unisza.edu.my/apj/243| 13. Sharma, U., Loreman, T., & Forlin, C. (2012). Measuring teacher efficacy to implement inclusive practices. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 12(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-3802.2011.01200.x 14. Mohammad Azman, J., Roslee, T., & Muhamad Suhaimi, T. (2019). Pendidikan Inklusif: Efikasi Kendiri Guru Prasekolah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 4(7), 87– 95. www.msocialsciences.com Rujukan dari buku; 1. Lee, K. C., & Sailajah Nair, S. (2018). Pendidikan Inklusif. Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 12. Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian, P. W. (2011). Educational research competencies for analysis and applications. United States of Amerika: Pearson. Rujukan dari dasar kerajaan; 2. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2017). Dasar Pendidikan Kebangsaan. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia. www.moe.gov.my/bppdp
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 183 GIS-BASED HOTSPOT ANALYSIS AND PAIRED EVALUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION IN AFRICA Alhaji Abdullahi Gwan1 & Siok Kun Sek 2 1&2Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800 Malaysia 1 Department of Mathematical Sciences, Bauchi State University, Gadau,75105 Nigeria 1 [email protected], 1 [email protected] 2 [email protected] ABSTRACT Africa's rural areas have undergone a remarkable metamorphosis because of the spike in human activities brought on by technical developments and population growth, developing into bustling towns and eventually thriving metropolises. As a result of these changes in population, energy consumption has shot up across the board. The widespread implementation of cutting-edge, contextually appropriate renewable energy technologies emerges as a crucial response to this growing energy demand. Leveraging the capabilities of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis, this study investigates the discovery of renewable energy production and consumption hotspots inside Africa. The study analyses geospatial data on a national level from 1991 to 2019 gathered from a variety of worldwide sources using Python programming software together with Moran's I, spatial statistics, and paired test tools. This study improves our knowledge of the geographical dynamics of Africa's energy resources. The research uncovered a startling trend: the distribution of renewable energy production and consumption across Africa is clustered over the period, and this signifies growth. For CO2, it is always decentralized, and this signifies sustainability in the region. The study also reveals the 20 out of 57 countries that producer and consumers. The subsequent mapping activities show that there are often no discrepancies between renewable energy consumption and production in most of Africa's most produced and consumed countries. These results highlight the critical nature of resolving the existing energy gaps in different geographical areas. The research elucidates the dynamic energy landscape in Africa, highlights the necessity of applying GISbased statistical analysis, and urges additional in-depth analytical investigations for sustainable energy development in the region. Keywords: Hotspot, Geographic Information Systems, Renewable Energy, Production, Consumption, Moran’s’ I statistics. INTRODUCTION Renewable energy has gained significant attention in recent years as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fossil fuel-based energy sources. Hydroelectricity, wind, and solar energy are becoming more important in the global fossil fuel-free transition [1]. Geographical information systems (GIS) are essential for mapping and analysing renewable energy prospects and constraints. Literature study discusses GIS mapping of renewable energy and its benefits [2]. GIS mapping of renewable energy has many benefits. First, it simplifies renewable energy installation placement by examining geographical factors like sunshine and wind patterns. This allows policymakers and developers to prioritize energy-generating areas. Geographic Information
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 184 Systems (GIS) help assess the ecological impacts of renewable energy projects, detecting and preventing damage to aquatic ecosystems and wildlife habitats [3–4]. GIS also optimizes renewable energy infrastructure deployment, such as solar panels and wind turbines, to maximize efficiency and minimize environmental effects. Finally, GIS evaluates renewable energy installations' energy output, efficiency, and other performance characteristics over time. This data helps stakeholders identify areas for improvement and optimize renewable energy programs. [4,5] The trend in renewable energy consumption and production must be analysed for numerous reasons. First, it discusses the shift to sustainable energy sources, which is crucial for climate change mitigation and greenhouse gas reduction. Policymakers, corporations, and investors may make educated energy infrastructure, regulatory, and technology innovation decisions by understanding renewable energy demand and production trends [6]. Analysing these trends also reveals economic growth, employment creation, and energy security potential. Limiting Africa's renewable energy to its plentiful solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal electricity Despite these resources, many Africans lack reliable energy. Analysing African renewable energy consumption and production trends is essential for alleviating energy poverty, fostering sustainable development, and achieving universal energy access. Understanding these trends helps attract renewable energy investments, progress technology, and help Africa move to cleaner energy. Related application of GIS mapping includes [7] GIS-based hotspot analysis and paired evaluation will be used to study African renewable energy output and consumption. GIS helps understand renewable energy production, source distribution, and consumption patterns. Objectives of this research: 1. To show REP and REC maps. Discuss the findings' consequences, particularly Africa's renewable energy potential. 2. Analyse hotspot consumption and production outcomes and perform a paired evaluation. 3. Make recommendations for Africa. This renewable energy analysis can be visualized by integrating key variables like GDP and carbon emissions to measure economic potential and environmental implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data collection The World Bank Group, the African Development Bank Group, and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) provided country-level of 57 African renewable energy resource data sets for 1991–2019, including wind, solar, biomass, hydro, and others. These data were used to analyse this work. Analysing these data sets is crucial to understanding African renewable energy development trends. Data analysis The data was cleaned and formatted the data to ensure consistency and accuracy. Store in Geoda and Python software for the data and enable easy access, Moran’s I analysis, then spatial trends analysis, sorting, and mapping to identify hotspots of renewable energy and pairing using python programming. 2.2.1 Model Spatial autocorrelation, which evaluates value similarity or dissimilarity across a geographic space, assessed using Moran's I hotspot-paired analysis for renewable energy consumption and production, spatial autocorrelation analysis is performed to find clustering or spatial patterns in data. It determines if a pattern is random or if variable values are spatially associated. Moran's I statistics (I) identifies Africa's HH, HL, LH, and LL countries using spatial autocorrelation. The I value measures spatial autocorrelation by comparing neighbouring attribute values [8-9]. This study uses 57 African countries of Queen order 1& 2.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 185 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mapping African REP and REC Sustainable and replenishable energy is used in renewable energy consumption (REC). This includes resource-based renewable energy (REP). Renewable energy consumption and production use ecofriendly sources to meet energy needs, providing an environmentally favourable alternative to fossil fuels. Figure 1 shows REP and REC African renewable energy maps. The graphic shows that African countries produce and consume renewable energy simultaneously. This supports using solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power to meet local energy needs. This simultaneous production and consumption demonstrate the region's dedication to sustainability and reduced use of non-renewable energy. Figure 1. Maps of Africa REP and REC 1991-2019 Hotspot Analysis To conducting a paired hotspot analysis on renewable energy in Africa the study examines spatial patterns and concentrations of both Rep and REC in the continent at country level in order 1 and order 2 using Queen contiguity matrix. This analysis utilizes Moran's I statistic to assess whether there are significant clusters or spatial autocorrelation in the distribution of REP and REC in the region as presented in Table 1 The table 1 presents Moran's I values for Queen matrix order 1 (I1) and order 2 (I2) which are indicators of spatial autocorrelation that assesses clustering, dispersion, or randomness in the distribution of REP and REC across Africa. Table 1. Variables Moran’s’ I value of some selected years, order 1(I1) and order 2(I2). Variables 1991 2001 2011 2019 I1 I2 I1 I2 I1 I2 I1 I2 REP 0.026 -0.054 0.005 -0.056 0.045 -0.026 -0.002 -0.021 REC 0.026 -0.029 -0.052 -0.037 0.047 0.026 0.089 0.074
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 186 CO2 -0.023 -0.036 -0.058 -0.039 -0.068 -0.039 -0.063 -0.033 GDP 0.129 0.104 -0.012 0.027 -0.091 0.012 -0.085 -0.001 Source: Author’s database analysis 2023 The results demonstrate clusters in REP, REC, and GDP throughout African countries and dispersed CO2. In 1991, 2001, and 2011. REP clusters had coefficients of 0.026 and 0.005, but in 2019, a slight dispersion occurred, possibly due to COVID-19 disruptions. Total REC consumption clustered in 1991, 2011, and 2019, with a 2001 dispersion. Only in 1991 did GDP cluster, whereas CO2 spread throughout. Second order (I2) connection clusters had mixed clusters and dispersion in REP, REC, CO2, and GDP coresidents. Figure 2 displays the top 20 renewable energy producers and consumers in 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2019. I n addition, Figure 2 shows African countries paired bar graphs of REP and REC for the year 1991,2001,2011 and 2019. It indicated as African countries produces renewable energy at same time most of the countries consume the renewable energy, they produced except for one country in 1991 and 2001, three countries in 2011 and four countries in 2019. However, this is a sign of growth in the renewable energy production in the African continent. Figure 2: Paired Bar Graphs of REP and REC 4. CONCLUSION GIS-based hotspot analysis and paired evaluation provide a complete picture of African renewable energy Consumption and production. It enables stakeholders to make informed renewable energy infrastructure investment decisions, in find suitable project location, to bridge demand and supply, and ensure sustainable development in the region. The data showed clustering of REP, REC, and GDP among African countries and dispersion of CO2 emissions, indicating growth, development, and sustainability over decades in Africa. Further study is needed to meet Africa's energy demand and renewable energy technology issues. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I appreciate TETFUND Nigeria and USM's Malaysia support of my research.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 187 5. REFERENCES [1] Goldemberg, J. (2007). Ethanol for a Sustainable Energy Future. Science, 315, 808 - 810. [2] Voivontas, D., Assimacopoulos, D., Mourelatos, A., & Corominas, J. (1998). Evaluation of Renewable Energy potential using a GIS decision support system. Renewable Energy, 13, 333-344. [3] Saraswat, S. K., Digalwar, A. K., Yadav, S. S. et. al. (2021). MCDM and GIS based modelling technique for assessment of solar and wind farm locations in India. Renewable Energy, 169, 865-884. [4] Adedeji, P. A. (2020). Hybrid renewable energy-based facility location: a Geographical Information System (GIS) integrated multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. South Africa. [5] Oakleaf, J.R., Kennedy, C.M., Baruch-Mordo, S. et al. (2019). Mapping global development potential for renewable energy, fossil fuels, mining and agriculture sectors. Sci Data 6, 101. [6] Al-Shetwi, A. Q. (2022). Sustainable development of renewable energy integrated power sector: Trends, environmental impacts, and recent challenges. Science of The Total Environment, 822, 153645. [7] Qudrat-Ullah, H., & Nevo, C. M. (2021). The impact of renewable energy consumption and environmental sustainability on economic growth in Africa. Energy Reports, 7, 3877-3886. [8] Anselin, L. (1995). Local Indicators of spatial Assocition-LISA. Geographical analysis, p. 27 [9] LeSage, J., & Pace, R. K. (2009). Introduction to Spatial Econometrics (Statistics: A Series of Textbooks and Monographs). CRC Press.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 188 THE FILMIC EXPRESSION AND INNOVATION STRATEGY OF RAILWAY GUERRILLA CULTURE Zhao Haifeng College of Media and Communication, Zaozhuang University, P.R China, 277100 [email protected] ABSTRACT Currently, among the themes of Anti-Japanese films and television dramas, the Railway Guerrilla is a classical red subject matter. It came from the revolutionary realism tradition, and once it was published, it made the national audience boiling with blood; during the transmission from main theme film and television drama to the entertainment film, it regains its prosperity, and becomes the forerunner of the Anti-Japanese film commercialization. Since the beginning of the new century, bottlenecks have been encountered in the process of the transformation of the Anti-Japanese War Blockbusters. It is a mature case of the film and TV adaption of Anti-Japanese War Culture, the film text creation is more concentrated on reflecting the development path of China's Anti-Japanese war film and television drama, is the excellent case to study the experiences and lessons of Anti-Japanese culture film transformation. Keywords: Anti-Japanese war culture, national image, national spirit 1.0 INTRODUCTION The Anti-Japanese war culture belongs to the red culture, and it is the excellent traditional culture of China. The expression of the culture war movie, become the effective way for the current government to highlight the country, shape the country thinking, convergence of national power, unite the country consciousness; also become a way in which the video creators "show will by image", taking social responsibility of patriotic education. Whether the early filmmakers’ art advocates "pay attention to business with a little conscience", "art is education", "art for life"[1], or Lianhua film industry’s production slogan "to promote the arts, promote the culture, enlighten and save the film producer"[2], or the art task on Yanan Forum on Literature and Art “literature and art should close to the reality, serve the public, service revolution"[3], or the general secretary Xi Jinping’s creation idea of "literature and art serves the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation"[4], all the ideas above reflect the social responsibilities and obligations that the film industry should undertake. As for the railway guerrilla films, it is an important force to carry forward the culture of Anti-Japanese War and carry forward the spirit of the war of resistance against Japan. The Railway Guerrillas formerly known as Shandong Railway Group, founded in November 1938, under the leadership of the Eight Route Army and the Communist Party of China, was active as an Anti-Japanese armed forces in the Lin(city)-Zao(village) of a railway line, Tengxian - Hanzhuang section of Jinpu railway. Then it was written as a novel by Liu Zhixia, renamed as the railway guerrillas, and adapted to the film on the basis of the novel in 1956. The film text creation of the railway guerrillas spanned the three periods: the planned economy period (before 1987), the transition period (1987-2001), and after entering WTO (after 2001)[5]. It has an important text in each period, and has long been involved in the core area of China's Anti-Japanese film and television culture. It came from the revolutionary tradition of realism, is well-known in the world; by the advent of a renewed prosperity in the entertainment during the 1980s-1990s in the displacement process of the main theme film, become the initiator of evil of "war oratorio". In the
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 189 new century, bottlenecks have been encountered in the mainstream films, which, like many red subject matter, are faced with the urgent task of narrative strategy and image language innovation. 2.0 THE RED CLASSICS UNDER THE WILL OF POLITICAL POWER -- THE CLASSICAL FORMATION OF THE FILM TEXT OF THE RAILWAY GUERRILLAS The movie "railway guerrillas" appeared in the people's political enthusiasm with the rising period of planned economy, The concept "literary works must show the new quality of new people, express the Communist hero"[6] has become the only standard to measure the quality of the film. The film works for the praise the hero of the revolution as the narrative tone. The screenwriter is the author of the novel Liu Zhixia During wartime, he staid closely with wartime and railway guerrillas commissar Du Jiwei, Zhang Shan, team member Wang Zhisheng, Xu Guangtian, Liu Guiqing and other villagers and sister-in-law closely, also did an interview with them, and these characters as the prototype for the character set. The novel uses the realism technique to tell a revolutionary story with heroic legend. It is based on the true struggle and development process of the railway guerrilla group in southern Shandong Province, and is written on the basis of their basic character." In order to more fully reflect the real life of the railway guerrillas struggle, he had twice further railway guerrillas in Weishan Lake, and the heroes live together, experienced players battle experience, experienced the real life of the members, to collect first-hand materials. In the portrayal of characters in novels, the author respected of historical figures, the characteristics of Chinese national literature, on the basis of the principle of authenticity, the character of "Water Margin" who has the temperament. In the battle scenes and plot, basically in accordance with the historical realistic way, the author dealt with story by visiting the experience of fighting team, villagers and interviewing and on-the-spot investigation, the fight of the show is more objective. The film will be successful in the transformation from novels of revolutionary realism to image, and the novel jointly launched a red revolutionary culture craze. "Railway Guerrillas" has become the most youth cultural symbol of blood. On the basis of keeping the revolutionary spirit of the novel, the film concentrates on the content of the story, the conflict is fierce and sharp, and it cuts out the complicated plot in the novel, and selects the main plot and the main characters which are beneficial to the film narrative. The film based on the main event: the Japanese occupation of Jinpu railway in 1939, the Pacific War in 1941, the victory of the Anti-Japanese war in 1945, selected during this period to engage in "locomotive and car, rob ticket puppet war, Weishan Lake attack breakout, the Japanese surrender "as the main plot, take the team construction, achievements, difficulties, and difficult to resist the final victory of the structure of the historical narrative, embodies the historical contribution and the revolutionary spirit of the team. Liu Hong, the hero of the movie, is the prototype of Hong Zhenhai and Liu Jinshan, the two captains of the railway guerrillas, and integrates the advantages of the two characters, which makes them have the dual characteristics of Jianghu and revolutionary consciousness. On the one hand, his fearlessness of violence, poverty, economic crisis, heroic emotion Shigeyoshi, on the other hand, bold and crafty, positive and optimistic, willing to sacrifice, consciously to Party discipline guidance, self restriction, have a high ideological consciousness. The fight he led was carried out in the Party's organization and leadership, commanded and tasked around the party organizations at a higher level, contrary to the will of the individual organization and command, people consciously obey the organization. The hook of the machine gun and sending to the mountainous areas, with mountainous areas in get approved raids, accepting the Japanese surrender and other circumstances all show the team will completely under the domination of the party. In the image language, the use of the lens is restrained, gentle, favored by a large number of close-up, closing to the teaser of freehand brushwork, give ideological color facial lens strongly. As for the emotional treatment, through the desire to speak and suppress, half shame half masked hazy emotional treatment, the film took into the Liu Hong and Fang Lin's
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 190 revolutionary love, become a beautiful landscape. This was also a bold innovation in the political environment at that time, such as the Red Detachment of women and other films, forced by political censorship, love traces were eventually deleted. As for the music, theme song "Play my lovely Tupipa”, showed the revolutionary soldier, defying disaster, optimism when facing the difficulties, making the film with revolutionary romanticism. Till today, the song has become one of the classic works of red songs. 3.0 ENTERTAINMENT DISPLACEMENT AND EXCESSIVE CONSUMPTION: THE COMMERCIAL TRANSFORMATION AND DILEMMA OF THE FILM TEXT OF THE RAILWAY GUERRILLAS Since the beginning of 1987, the concept of "entertainment film" has marked the transformation of Chinese films into the market and the transformation of commercial films. As one of the main themes of the main melody film, the Railway Guerrilla began to draw on the type elements of Hongkong commercial films, from the main theme paradigm to the entertainment displacement. The "Flying Tigers" (1998) in this period was praised as "the main melody" by the people's daily"[7].Its cast includes 90s, Li Xuejian Wang Zhiwen, Fengyi Zhang, Pan Changjiang and other ten domestic firstline star in the 1990s, pioneered the types of elements of Hongkong gangster film, film, Film Shooting Heroes into them, people find everything fresh and new. Director Wang Jixing graduated from the Department of director of Beijing Film Academy, is good at using realism to shoot the main melody film, but the screen is the pursuit of sense of modeling, the pursuit of visual impact. The representative works of "Jiao Yulu", "creating the record of the highest number of the domestic film copy on the first round of the distribution since the foundation of PRC".[8] In order to make realistic films bring more visual elements of modernity, he put a commercial film’s "bloody and violent" in this movie, and his understanding of the film style of play the most incisive, making the film has thrilling shooting movies temperament. And he insisted on adding new plots on the basis of historical truth, in order to make a serious entertainment film with modern techniques."[9] Revolutionary characters took the characteristics of green wood hero, with the war scenes as the visual effects of the gunfight films, according to the way of the police / bandits, good / evil, the structure of the Chinese / Japanese, aggression / anti aggression narrative. The film invited the Dragon stunt team to design the fighting and gunfight scenes, which made the film more visually attractive. The sensory stimulation, however, did not lead to the emotional resonance of the audience. Over heroic narrative, neglect for national suffering has become a major film defects, which is an important reason why the release of the film in Hongkong and the mainland was controversial, underwhelming. But the "Flying Tigers" appearance, has a profound impact on the future of Chinese war film and television drama art style trend. Revolutionary figures knight spirit and action spectacle became the main value pursuit of the future war film and television drama, the memory of the history, is gradually in the background, the piece goes farther and farther in the wrong direction. The "small flying tigers" (2013), based on the TV drama adaptation of the same name, tried to insinuate the relationship between China and Japan through Chinese and Japanese children's ridicule. Funnies, funny movies, entertainment farce tendency, completely subvert the situation, serious and tragic suffering of railway guerrillas in history, its influence far less than the TV series of the same name text. In 2017, the "Railway Flying Tiger" was released, which was a turning point of the cultural film of the railway guerrillas. It marks that in the context of global consumption, the Railway Guerrillas have completed the transformation of the epic of Anti Japanese war. The film, directed by Ding Sheng, the production cost is about 300 million yuan, the international action superstar Jackie Chan led Andy Lau, Huang Zitao, Wang Kai and other ten stars starring, can be said to be "big investment, big star, big production", a standard blockbuster production level. But the film's intention is very clear, with
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 191 the history of Oscar wining the lifetime achievement award winners - the youngest Oscar Jackie Chan's fame and prestige, attempting to reconstruct the red classics, effectively spread the story of the war at home and abroad. But besides the box office's gratifying results, the impact of red culture on the spread of was almost nothing. The characters in the movie is a fictional story of a foreman, Ma Yuan (played by Jackie Chan) under the leadership of the Eight Route Army helping complete the task of booming bridge and military rescue. In the movie 3D effects hot scenes and entertainment gimmick plot, animation production effect and Jackie Chan's comedy action design, contributed to the film eventually made success of 699 million at the box office. Some scholars have affirmed the film, and compared it with the British and French "La Grande Vadrouille"[10]. But from the perspective of cultural security, image style entertainment comedy has caused excessive consumption on Railway guerrilla revolutionary history culture, eliminated the red cultural seriousness, lofty and authoritative, historical and cultural heritage and for the development of the railway guerrillas, it is undoubtedly not shallow damage. The historical situation among China and Britain and France is different. In English law, although the Second World War in a huge setback, they had been arrogant, sphere of influence in Europe and even the whole world can cover nearly a hundred years of history in general is a strong identity of the active in the stage of history, and modern history is more glory and brilliance. World War II films, stunt Banter humorous way on the German, can satisfy the vanity for recognition and past glory meet. But China’s history of the last hundred years is the shame of the Chinese nation history, World War II is the most suffering abyss in the history of one hundred years of humiliation for us. Therefore, the film shows the Chinese nation in the face of disaster, the unity of unyielding national spirit at the same time, what’s more is to present to the people to wake up, do not forget national humiliation and cherish peace. Chen Xuguang pointed out that "a lot of work did not allow us to understand the authenticity, cruelty and seriousness of the war, and did not cause our depth of reflection on war of human alienation in serious problems."[11] And our habit of war movie "deification of our army and dwarfing Japanese " entertainment narrative strategy and the true history of suffering memories formed a strong contrast, and contrary to the audience of "national calamity" mentality, so that it is difficult for the audience to accept. 4.0 THE LACK OF NATIONAL SUFFERING AND HUMANISM – RE-EXAMINATION OF THE ARTISTIC VALUE OF THE FILM TEXT OF THE RAILWAY GUERRILLAS In war films, like "8,000 miles clouds", "Battle of Taierzhuang", "July the 7th" or "Nanjing1937", "On the Taihang Mountains" and other classic films, based on the recognition of the Japanese military and economic strength of strong, with a serious attitude to look at war, look at the history of telling our nation yesterday's pain, in order to alert the world to reflect on history, effect, still can lead people to the emotional resonance. At the end of a long shot in the "Battle of Taierzhuang" in the dilapidated walls inside and outside the bodies of soldiers died, blood dripping, pile up like a mountain hand arranged in a crisscross pattern with the lens shape, "with our flesh and blood of the new the Great Wall", showing the noble sense of military war tragic sense, suddenly let the audience have awe for this country and people. And unfortunately, such exquisite products in the crazy pursuit of digital results of the film and television market is less and less. In recent years, some of the many large, such as the "Hundred Regiments Battle", "Induce Wolf" and "Catastrophe" is still in high profile, as in "high book" art shaping revolutionary hero, leading to lack of national suffering and humane care, cannot meet the needs of the audience and the market. The film and television text of the guerrilla railway belongs to the rear guerrilla war, and the power of reversing the war situation and the global situation is much smaller than that of the frontal battlefield.
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 192 Therefore, the main value of the visual text is to show the Chinese national spirit and national will to defend justice of peace in times of crisis, disaster and death. The movie, from a humanitarian perspective, based on the history of the story, complete and inspire the national spirit, unite the national consciousness, enhance national self-confidence, highlight the national value of national trauma caused by war and War review and accusation. These above should be the main social function, but not the team's record numbers. Railway guerrillas engage in novels and movies only selected legendary hero story like Robbing Machine-guns, Bloody Fight in Foreign Firm, Miao Zhuang bloody Fight, but ignore the true history of the war. According to historical records, in the Railway Guerrillas "150 soldiers were brutally killed by the Japanese army, or sacrificed in the battle."[12], including the first captain Liu Zhenhai. The Japanese’ rule in Zaozhuang is characterized by "doing business "and" foreign firms “and" rice dealers business organizations to engage in espionage, placed undercover agents in these businesses, collected in our party and army intelligence, while tracking my underground activities, assassinating and arresting our anti Japanese army. At the same time, in Zaozhuang, the police and the gendarmerie mine infantry brigade also often work with the Japanese army in Lincheng, Yi County, Feixian County on large-scale "cleaning up" and "mopping up"[13]. Therefore, the railway guerrillas fought behind the enemy lines under difficult conditions, and paid a heavy price for it. It is because of this national disaster and difficult war, can manifest a deeper level of China people's tenacity, brave, bold and crafty, tough and full of vitality of the national spirit, create a peace, brave and justice Chinese image. 5.0 THE INNOVATION OF NARRATIVE STRATEGY UNDER THE BACKGROUND OF TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNICATION “Only by seriously facing the spiritual trauma of the nation and mending the broken historical memory, can we effectively tell the war and the related Holocaust history"[14]. "Don't let the film become a disaster area of historical nihilism"[15]. Back to the railway guerrillas’ historical cultural artistic vitality, it need to return to the real revolutionary historical context, review the revolutionary realism tradition, keen grasp the pulse of history, shape the noble and tragic theme based on the characteristics of the moment into the era of the performance of disaster history railway guerrillas of the true legend extremely hard and bitter war, in order to have emotional resonance with the audience. But in narrative strategy, we need to complete several changes. 5.1 The Change From Heroic Temperament To Heroic Growth. The heroes in the film “Railway Guerrilla” were endowed with optimistic, confident and highly organized heroic images from the beginning, and had strong ideological color. The image of heroes has been magnified, showing the characteristics of singleness and unilateralism. Revolutionary heroes as the role of ordinary characters, hero growth is often neglected. Li Xiangyang in "Plain guerrilla”, Gao Chuanbao in "tunnel warfare", Zhao Hu in "landminebattle", Zhang Ga in "Little soldier Zhang Ga" are the same. The movie "Flying Tiger" changed the traditional characters of film and television text, the protagonist is set as a porter, foreman, Ma Yuan this little person, which can be said to be a great innovation. But the characters with superior martial arts stunt, like heroic birthright, lack of a civilian characteristic. Compared with the classic war films, such as "Saving Private Ryan", "bloody ridge," hacksaw "Dunkirk", "Stalingrad", "" to describe the characters of the enemy approached the walls, mostly in the ordinary soldiers a little smaller or the rank of sergeant, by completing the tasks assigned by superiors and more the value of military action, to complete the hero image, made the audience
2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 193 convince and recognition. Here, the more prominent is the growth of heroes or eventually completed. In the Chinese film and television drama, Taierzhuang TV drama can be said to be at the forefront. TV drama "Taierzhuang events" a significant historical figures as the protagonist of the film version of the strategy, shaping a large number of civilians represented by Xiao Huanya, from small may survive, nursing home, to the enemy, and finally picked up the weapon in the war of Anti Japanese patriotic story. Once it was broadcast, the reaction was strong. 5.2 The Change From Action Spectacle To Plot Spectacle. Amazing performance of main theme movie “The Mekong River", "Wolf II", let people see the "action" is a sign of Chinese movies. Since the beginning of the "Flying Tigers", the martial arts movement began to become the main value appeal of the film and television text of the railway guerrillas, and became an effective magic weapon to attract the audience and win the box office and audience ratings. The movie is the martial arts of the figure, and stunt like flying over the walls stunt, thanks to Wu Yi anti-Japanese has become a conventional routine. But the action wonders in the film seriously dispelled the sense of reality and heaviness of history, and lost the depth and depth of its culture. Rather than doing this, it is better to put the spectacle images on the railway related scene shapes. Not only can the people in danger, and then a difficult situation is consistent, let the audience hero desperate every child’s heroism, can let the audience get to meet in the vision. In the novel, there is a paragraph of Liu Hong engaged in gun robbery, the author focused on the shape of the train is in motion in the spectacle scene, in order to show the character of the environment bad and difficult task. The spectacle of the scene design, director TsuiHark's "Taking Tiger Mountainby Strategy" can be said to be a model. In the movie characters imagine design, according to the ordinary people, Yang Zirong was shaped the way the hero led to the revolution, but in the scene created scenes with snow as the core of the spectacle, show the revolutionary hero in front of the powerful and dangerous natural environment of the difficulties, the hero are pushing forward despite repeated frustrations. The snow in the film was also given the double meaning, as spectacle scene, give the person appearance of the environment, but also a metaphor of revolutionary hero tough, loyal and sincere revolutionary integrity. At this point, the film version of iron is needed to "Railway" as the core, and builds the corresponding scene wonders. 5.3 The Transformation From Lyric Writing To Objective Realism. In the heroic performance of heroic positive image, it is often in the freehand way, using "lyric music + slow lens" method to express. For example, the slow shot of the bombing bridge in the “Railway flying tiger”. These shots can magnify and render the noble image of the characters, but also make the film lose its true historical color because of too much subjective intervention. In Hollywood, successful World War II films, even if the hero is on the verge of despair, even if it is about to sacrifice, director still maintained a tolerance and restraint, through without modification of lens meanders, let the audience feel the real shock strength. For example, in “Rescue of Private Ryan”, Captain John Miller sacrifice, the director of the bomber lens, comrades shout for help lens cross cut, explain the battle continues. Then the camera turned to Captain Miller and said, "Don't disappoint everyone." This kind of war will not stop because of the sacrifice of the characters, and immediately let the audience feel the human light under the cruel war, let the audience moved, the captain of Miller's heroic behavior full of respect. And at this point, the way we deal with the director is somewhat irrational, not restrained, easy to go lyrical mode routines.
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2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 195 5.4 Change From Two Oppositions To Complex Human Nature. In the railway guerrillas in the film text, has a TV drama "railway guerrillas" (1985), "Little Tigers" (1995) and other TV series began with the humane way of writing, get rid of justice and evil, aggression and anti aggression war to investigate two opposites, pain and disaster and China the people of Japan. "Railway guerrillas" drama of the revolutionary hero on the individual, family and country in three dimensions above, and by setting up the underground party membership and other practices, who will be placed in a difficult situation, and ultimately complete the integration of the three dimensions, achieve unity of individual and country value. The last set of the drama set a Japanese Tskei Taro into a soldier anti war alliance, through introspection and repentance Japanese itself, not justice to contrast the Japanese, at that time, is indeed a great breakthrough and innovation. "Little Tigers" (1995), around children international friendship about China and Japan. describing the complex relationship between hate and love of children, to children through the perspective of the war, a sense of sublime words with deep meaning and more successful cases. But in many other films and television dramas, the narrative structure of the railway guerrillas still remains in the aggression and anti aggression two opposites, for the complex nature of mining is not enough to do. 5.5 The Change From The Praise Of The Victors To The Care Of Humanism. Liu Zhixia has always stressed that his "railway guerrillas", is written based on a true story[16]. For a long time, we have taken the novel and the film as the whole understanding of the history of iron, and confused the boundary between the art truth and the historical reality of the iron history. The revolutionary hero image created by the art text responds well to "we can't let the painful memories of history drag us too heavily."[17]This proposition caters to the whole nation, the victory of the founding of new China, and the happy public sentiment. Thus ignoring the humanistic care of the revolutionary heroes in the history of the war of resistance against Japan. But the history of the Anti-Japanese War of the guerrillas is much more complicated than that of the novels and films. The conflict between the leading forces and the members, first captain Hong Changhai’s sacrifice, army hero Xu Guangtian’s mutiny to Kuomintang and so on, these are the true history of the railway guerrillas, but these are real events, in order to more depth the force reaction from immature development to the difficulty of a people's hero team and the vicissitudes of life, but the film's or little works to the perspective of humanistic care to pay attention to the fate of these characters and twists the complicated human nature under the background of war. The excessive one-sided singing makes the image of the team tend to be simplistic and one-sided. SUMMARY "Railway Guerrillas" is a typical film of the Anti-Japanese war culture. Its development, experience, lessons and deficiencies reflect the film culture of the Anti-Japanese war. Under the tide of cultural industry, excessive consumption has become a tool to obtain commercial profits, which is undoubtedly fatal to the culture of the war of resistance against Japan. When Europe and the United States mining World War II films, national spirit, national image communication in the world through images, highlighting the national values, our war films in the narrative strategy still cannot meet the increasing aesthetic taste of the audience at home and abroad, and neither complete business tasks, nor to mention the value of the cultural highlight. The Anti-Japanese war can only treat the history with a serious attitude, continue to deepen and innovate the realism style and content, and keep pace with the times, so as to touch the soul of human nature, motivate the audience, and make the Chinese AntiJapanese culture.
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2nd International Joint-Postgraduate Colloquium on Multidisciplinary Research Held on 14th December 2023 197 REFERENCES 1. Lu Hongshi and Shu Xiaoming, the history of Chinese film. Cultural and artistic publishing house,.1998,.P12.P18(in Chinese) 2. Cheng Jihua: The History of Chinese film development. Chinese Film Publishing House,.1963,.P147(in Chinese) 3. See Mao Zedong: Selected Works of Mao Zedong, Volume third, people's publishing house, 1997 edition (in Chinese) 4. Xi Jinping: Achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation during the era of xinhuanet.com peak..http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016-11/30/c_1120025224.html(in Chinese) 5. Chen Wo. Wanchuan rhinoceros: Chinese contemporary film industry and Aesthetics: 1978 ~ 2008. "film art".2008 05.P5(in Chinese) 6. "Resolutely carry out Mao Zedong's literary and art course", "Zhou Yang collected works" second volume, people's Literature Publishing House 1985 edition, P57(in Chinese) 7. People's daily, February 28, 1995(in Chinese) 8. Wang Jixing. Baidu Encyclopedia. Https://baike.baidu.com/item/ Wang Jixing /9221462? Fr=Aladdin (in Chinese) 9. Li Ping, a film director's art road: E’mei film production director Wang Jixing [J]. Film, 1995 (03). P70(in Chinese) 10. See Yang Xiaolin. Does the Flying Tiger fly up? Guangming Net http://guancha.gmw.cn/2017-01/26/content_23592069.htm(in Chinese) 11. Chen Xuguang, "red resources" and the "Anti Japanese war drama" entertainment limits. Chinese television.2015 08. P25(in Chinese) 12. Song Jianhua: The art history of the classic example: save the authenticity of the novel "railway guerrillas" background information. Guangdong social science.2011 02.P175(in Chinese) 13. Song Jianhua: the art history of the classic example: save the authenticity of the novel "railway guerrillas" background information. Guangdong social science.2011 02.P175(in Chinese) 14. Li Daoxin: The historical memory of suppressed trauma and fracture. Contemporary film,.2015, 05, P107(in Chinese) 15. Huang Huilin: Do not let the film and television field become the "serious disaster" of historical nihilism "red flag manuscript".2016 06.P87(in Chinese) 16. Zhi Xia: How do I write "Railway Guerrilla", Nanchang: "Reading Monthly", 1955 third (in Chinese) 17. "Resolutely carry out Mao Zedong's literary and art course", "Zhou Yang collected works" second volume, people's Literature Publishing House, 1985 edition, P59(in Chinese)