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Published by hlesher, 2016-06-22 11:25:06

Prontuario 2016 Ingles web

NUEVO LAREDO, MEXICO

SOCIOECONOMIC HANDBOOK

2016

Information addressed:

• Businessmen • Investors • Entrepreneurs
• Researchers • Students
• Society in General

Carlos E. Canturosas
Mayor of Nuevo Laredo, Mexico

2013-2016

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

Message from the
Mayor

This City Government of Nuevo Laredo undertook the task, by the
Institute for Competitiveness and Foreign Trade of Nuevo Laredo (ICCE)
to gather information and statistics where is sustained its importance
in the national and international context, therefore we provide to our
citizens the 2nd Socioeconomic Handbook of Nuevo Laredo 2016;
reference tool for businessmen, investors, entrepreneurs, researchers,
students and for everyone that decides to use an effective tool for the
geographic, economic and social analysis.
This edition has the objective to keep encouraging the Competitiveness
of Nuevo Laredo through information, statistics and knowledge.
With pride I inform you that in two years of government, the municipality of Nuevo Laredo has
been called “The City of Change” known in studies performed by several institutions, based in its
high levels of competitiveness in Public Work, Social Development, Economic, Public Services,
Public Security, as well as the transparent management of its resources and finance.
In the study titled “THE MOST HABITABLE CITIES OF MEXICO 2015” made by the prestigious
consultancy agency “Oficina de Comunicación Estratégica” (Strategic Communication Office), for
the second consecutive year and thanks to the combined effort of the Society and Government I
was honored as the best mayor of the country, in the “Satisfaction Index of Mayors’ Performance”,
obtaining the designation as the best Municipal President of Mexico.
In this transformation, Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. has the elements to consolidate itself as a leader
city; the synergy between the Society and the City Government will allow to strengthen our
leadership, therefore I make an open invitation to as citizens continue participating with proposals
and making decisions on the course and comprehensive development of Nuevo Laredo, to honor
Tamaulipas and Mexico.

Sincerely

Carlos E. Canturosas
Mayor of Nuevo Laredo, Mexico

I

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

Prologue

“Socioeconomic Handbook 2016“

This 2nd Socioeconomic Handbook 2016 is a publication that discloses demographic, social and
economic aspects of the Municipality of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas and the Region.
The document includes information and statistics that aims at homogeneity, the interest, knowledge
and easy comprehension of the available data that reflect the recent reality of our city.
This reference tool for businessmen, investor, entrepreneurs, academics, researchers, students and
society in general, without a doubt, allow us to have a bigger vision to plan, make wisest decisions
and actions that contribute to increase our Competitiveness rate.
This document was revised, updated and complemented based in the information and statistics
most recent, available, produced and validated by the departments and institutions of the public
and private sectors.
The cooperation and coordination with several institutions, which co-responsibly and regularly
provide the statistics that they generate to this Institute for Competitiveness and Foreign Trade,
made it possible to have the information to develop this product. Therefore, the ICCE acknowledges
the institutions, as well as general users for their suggestions and comments that contribute to its
continuous improvement.
In recent years the academic, political and economic fields have taken great interest in the study
and development of the issue of Competitiveness, especially since it has been considered as one of
the most solid strategies to meet the challenges and demands that the globalization impose on the
market, particularly in international trade.
In this important transformation that Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. have lived in this last couple of
years, where the socioeconomic indicators have had a historic surge in public works, economic
development, social development as in the transparency of the handling of public finance among
other actions, have encourage trust and investment.
The twin issues of Knowledge and Competitiveness require the compromised participation of all
the sectors since they are the main elements for development and in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas it is
not the exception, currently adopting them is not a solution, nowadays is a need in both the public
and private sector, are the new dynamic that generates an added value and growth in the business
sector and in Government.

II

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO
For this institute, the dissemination of the“Socioeconomic Handbook 2016”is of fundamental
importance, thus in order to reach a great number of users, this product is also offered in a
digital version in the ICCE Web Site (www.iccedenuevolaredo.org), in Spanish and English,
where you can check the available information, which will be continuously updated.
We reiterate you that in the Institute for the Competitiveness and Foreign Trade of Nuevo
Laredo we are at your service.

Jorge A. Viñals
General Director
Institute for Competitiveness and
Foreign Trade of Nuevo Laredo
Acknowledgements:
• Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (Geography and Statistics)
• Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad / IMCO (Competitiveness Institute)
• Mexico ¿Cómo vamos? (Socioeconomic Statistics)
• Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Social Security)
• Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (Social Security)
• Administración General de Aduanas (Customs)
• Puente del Comercio Mundial Nuevo Laredo III (World Trade Bridge of Nuevo Laredo)
• Secretaría de Economía - Delegación Nuevo Laredo (Ministry of Economy)
• Secretaría de Obras Públicas, Desarrollo Urbano y Medio Ambiente (Ministry of Public Works)
• Secretaría de Desarrollo Humano y Social (Ministry of Human and Social Development)
• Archivo General del Municipio “Juan E. Richer“ (Historical Archive)
• Instituto Municipal de Investigación, Planeación y Desarrollo Urbano de Nuevo Laredo / IMPLADU (Research
and Urban Developement)
• Dirección de Entidades y Organismos Paramunicipales
• Caminos y Puentes Federales / CAPUFE (Roads and Bridges)
• Confederación Patronal de la República Mexicana - Nuevo Laredo (Employers Confederation)
• Consejo para el Desarrollo Económico e Industrial de Nuevo Laredo A.C. / Codein (Industrial Development)
• El Colegio de la Frontera Norte (Academic Research)
• Asociación de Agentes Aduanales de Nuevo Laredo (Custom Brokers Association)
• Asociación de Maquiladoras de Nuevo Laredo (Maquila Association)
• Central de Servicios de Carga de Nuevo Laredo (Transportation and Freight Service)
• Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas - Facultad de Comercio, Administración y Ciencias Sociales (University)
• Instituto Tecnológico de Nuevo Laredo (University)
• Universidad Tec Milenio (University)
• Cámara Nacional de la Industria de la Transformación / Canacintra (Chamber of the Transformation Industry)
• Cámara Nacional de Comercio / Canaco (Chamber of Commerce)
• Secretaría de Desarrollo Económico Municipal (Economic Development)
• Dirección de Comunicación Social e Imagen Institucional (Social Communication)

III

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

Independence Day Ceremony
IV City Government 2013-2016

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

Advisory Council

Nuevo Laredo Institute for Competitiveness
and foreign Trade

City Government

Carlos Enrique Cantúrosas
Mayor of Nuevo Laredo, Mexico

José Heriberto Cantú Héctor Bolaños
Councillor Councillor

Francisco Javier Solís Edgar Etienne
Secretary of Economic Development Director of Local Entities and Org.

Business Organizations and Academic Institutions

Sergio Leoncio Perez Guillermo F. de Jauregui
President of Nuevo Laredo Custom President of Nuevo Laredo Maquila
Brokers Association Association
Luis Moreno
President of Transportation and Luis Hernan Lope
Freight Service Director of Faculty of Commerce,
Fernando Torres Administration and Social Sciences
President of Nuevo Laredo National
Chamber of Commerce Sergio Efrain Beltran
Director of Nuevo Laredo Institute of
Ofelia Garza Technology
President of Nuevo Laredo Chamber Armando Carlos Peña
of Transformation Industry Director of Tec Milenio University

V

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

Testimonials

This reference tool provides a clear vision for the investors, businessmen,
professionals, researchers and citizens with precise data to decide and have a
real dimension of what Nuevo Laredo represents in foreign trade, where it plays

a huge role in international context.
Luis Moreno
President of Transportation and Freight Services

The “Socioeconomic Handbook of Nuevo Laredo 2016” is an essential tool for the
local leadership of the maquila industry and in particular of Caterpillar Nuevo
Laredo. It gives us the opportunity to have critical information for the decision
making process about future expansions, new businesses, social responsibility

programs, etc. The Handbook is a well-prepared and professional document.

Luis Hernandez
Director of Caterpillar Nuevo Laredo
On behalf of the Instituto Tecnologico de Nuevo Laredo we want to congratulate
the Institute for the Competitiveness and Foreign Trade for the edition of the
“Socioeconomic Handbook of Nuevo Laredo 2016”. We know that is a huge
effort which is reflected in a document with the most important information of
our city and without a doubt will be a reference document in activities of the
technological community, since this document has information on economics,
foreign trade and other fields of Nuevo Laredo and which indisputably the
student, professor and/or administrative personnel of the university can consider
as a credible source in their daily tasks.
Sergio Efrain Beltran
Director of Nuevo Laredo Institute of Technology
I would like to express my recognition to the City Government for the excellent editing
of the “Socioeconomic Handbook of Nuevo Laredo 2016”, a valuable reference tool for
investors and entrepreneurs, foreign and domestic, to know and acknowledge the
present and future of our City.
Through our communication media we have informed to related companies about
how easy if to find the digital version to consult this valuable information for their
decision making process.

Noe Cuellar
XHNOE-STEREO 91

VI

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO
The “Socioeconomic Handbook of Nuevo Laredo 2016”, constitutes a reference
for our city, it is necessary to have a reference tool with updated information
and statistics in foreign trade, investment, touristic attractions, commerce,
livestock, health tourism, hunting tourism that allows to show on a national and
international level the importance and virtues of Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. Likewise
we encourage Society and Government a new Competitiveness culture in the
city, based in knowledge.
Fernando Torres
President of Nuevo Laredo Chamber of Commerce

Nuevo Laredo is on its own merit the “most efficient and Competitive Customs
and Logistics Platform in America” and is not only because of its geographic
location, but also for being highly specialized in services of foreign trade.
Customs Brokers, Carriers, Logistic Suppliers and others, form the experimented
rendering of services that our city provides to importers and exporters from
Mexico and the world.
This “Socioeconomic Handbook of Nuevo Laredo 2016”, is a valuable document
that summarizes in a dynamic, intuitive and practical way, the most relevant
information of Nuevo Laredo in demographic, social and economic factors,
which make it without a doubt, in an essential tool to make known our virtues as
a pioneering city.
The customs brokers are committed to the economic development of Nuevo
Laredo and we will keep encouraging all the actions and projects, aimed to keep
our leadership in an international level.
Sergio L. Perez
President of Nuevo Laredo Custom Brokers Association

“Los Fundadores de Nuevo Laredo” Monument
VII

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

Index
Message from

the President I
1 General
“Socioeconomic
Information Handbook 2016”

Nuevo Laredo History 2 IIPrologue
Nuevo Laredo History of the 3
Customs 4 Geographic Location of
Demographic Information
-- Population of Nuevo Laredo, 5 Nuevo Laredo 8
6
Tamaulipas Mex. 7 International Bridges Location 10
-- Nuevo Laredo Population by Maps
9 Touristic Destinations in Mexico 11
age Touristic Destinations in USA 12
Nuevo Laredo in the International
Context (Illustrative Map)
Nuevo Laredo Relevance in the
National and International Context
Soil and atmospheric conditions
of Nuevo Laredo (Hydrography,
Topography, and Weather)

Nuevo Laredo Competitive 22

Advantages

VIII

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

13 Socioeconomic
Information

Nuevo Laredo Gross Domestic 14 International Bridge I
Product per sectors (GDP) 15
Nuevo Laredo Economically active 16 35 International Trade
population (EAP) 17 Information
Productive establishments per 18
economic sector (Economic Units) 19 Word Trade Bridge Nuevo Laredo III 36
Nuevo Laredo Graph of Behavior of (Advantages and Infrastructure) 38
Employment Rates Nuevo Laredo, Tamps. Mx. “Customs 40
Mexico Global Competitiveness and Logistic Platform in America”
Rate Foreign Trade Statistics 41
Tamaulipas, Mexico Socioeconomic -- Import and Export Operations
Indicators 42
by the Customs of Matamoros,
20LInavreesdtomseRnetgion Strategic Reynosa, Colombia and Nuevo
Laredo 2015
Port Infrastructure 21 -- Export Capacity on Bridge III
Laredos Region Strategic 24 -- Installed daily maximum capacity
Investment (Map) graph
-- Distance to cities in Mexico and 25 -- Annual export capacity on Nuevo
Laredo and Colombia Graph
USA from Nuevo Laredo. 26 2009-2015
Laredos Region Strategic 28
Investment (Computer graphics)
Steps to open new companies 29
-- Open end stock company (S.A.)
-- Micro-industry Limited Liability 30
31
Company (S. de R.L. MI.) 32
-- Individuals with Business 33
34
Activities
Investment incentives
Industrial Parks Location Map
Industrial Park “El Progreso”
Industrial Parks Information

Rail Bridge

IX

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

43 Livestock and
Hunting Tourism

Livestock and Municipal Meat 44
Processor 45

Hunting Tourism 48
49
“Vive Nuevo Laredo” 47 Health Tourism

Community Service Medical Tourism
Clinics and Hospitals
81 Facilities and
Directories 51 Tourism and Commerce
Tourist Attractions 52
Cultural Space and Family 54
Restaurants and Bars 61
Amusement Centers 65
Hotels 66
Commercial and Shopping
Centers 67
Sports Infrastructure
Sports Infrastructure Map 69
72

73 Academic Institutions
97 Technical and High Schools 74
Universities 78

“Jose Vasconcelos” High School

X

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

GENERAL
INFORMATION

Monument to the Founding Members and Old Customs of Nuevo Laredo (c 1920) 1

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

NUEVO LAREDO HISTORY

The origin of Nuevo Laredo goes back to Construction of the International
the foundation of the Villa of San Agustin Bridge 1 (1955)
de Laredo on May 15, 1755. Such villa was Santo Niño de
established in the left side of the Rio Grande,
however its territory and population extended Atocha Parish (c 1920)
to both sides. When the Guadalupe-Hidalgo International Bridge of “Arcos”
Treaty was signed, which ended the war
between Mexico and United States, this villa (c 1950)
experimented an important transformation,
since one of the dispositions of the Treaty
was that in the future, the Rio Grande will be
the limit between both countries. Therefore
the old villa will be divided in two and the
territory on the left side will become Texan
and American.
The new geopolitical circumstances obliged
the governor of Tamaulipas to issue on
June 15, 1848 the order to Andres Martinez,
mayor of San Agustin de Laredo, to transfer
his government to the right side of the Rio
Grande, giving rise to the establishment of the
Villa of Nuevo Laredo, adopting such name in
memory of the lost Laredo.
Tradition narrates that when the inhabitants
of San Agustin de Laredo found out that the
territory was going to be American, crossed
the river with their belongings and even their
dead relatives to establish in Mexican soil and
therefore continue to be Mexicans; therefore
Nuevo Laredo is established on the profound
nationalist sense of its founding members.
The common past of Laredo and Nuevo
Laredo has been an important element in the
dynamic of both cities, being known as “Los
Dos Laredos”

2

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

NUEVO LAREDO CUSTOMS HISTORY

Without a doubt the history of Nuevo Laredo The gradual development of the
is closely connected to the Customs activities. infrastructure for foreign trade has allowed
Such institution was founded by General that the Customs of Nuevo Laredo to be
Santiago Vidaurri on August 26, 1855, located, since the middle of the XX century
acknowledging the importance to control as the most important of Mexico. This place
freight traffic, which since then was copious, has been consolidated with the start of
due to the strategic geographic location of operations of the World Trade Bridge on
the newly founded villa of Nuevo Laredo it April 24, 2000, entering Nuevo Laredo to the
was an attraction point for the exchange of XXI century as the most important customs
goods. port in Latin America.

On September 16, 1887 was inaugurated
the building that will be the facilities of the
Customs. Such building was set on fire during
the Revolution age, but it was later rebuilt to
keep with the customs activities.

On 1881 the railway arrived to Nuevo
Laredo, and it contributed to intensify the
international trade and thus the economic
prosperity and development were present
in the Villa. In 1891, the State Board arguing
the growth and importance acquired by this
town, acknowledged it as a city.

Old Customs of Nuevo Laredo
(c. 1920)

Old Railway Station (1926) 3

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

Population of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mex.

According to the General Population and Housing Census of 2010 and the Intercensal Survey of
2015 performed by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Inegi) the total population
of Nuevo Laredo is:

2010 2016
384,033 inhabitants, of which: 402,626 inhabitants, of which:
Men 191,001 Men 201,405
Women 193,032 Women 201,221

2015
399,431 inhabitants, of which:
Men 199,807
Women 199,624

Population Total 2016

402,626

Total Population Men Women

Sources: Inegi, Population and Housing Census 2010
Inegi, Intercensal Survey 2015

4 ICCE, calculations based in information 2010 and 2015

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

Nuevo Laredo Population by age
According to the results published by the Inegi and based in the Intercensal Survey of 2015,
the population of Nuevo Laredo by age is as follows:

Note: The remaining 455 did not specified their age in such survey.
Source: Inegi, Encuesta intercensal 2015
5

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDONUEVO LAREDO IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
(Illustrative Map)
6
Nuevo Laredo has a strategic geographic location that
connects all the development points of Mexico, United States
and the world.
Is the Mexico-United States border with more advantages
in terms of logistics, infrastructure, human capital, intensive
use in information and telecommunication technology.

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

NUEVO LAREDO RELEVANCE IN THE
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

Nuevo Laredo has a strategic geographical Nuevo Laredo has approximately 500
location. It is Mexico-United States border Customs Brokers and more than 250
with more advantages in terms of logistics, transport lines, offering an efficient service
infrastructure, human capital, and intensive use in at a competitive cost.
information and telecommunication technology, In 1962 was installed the first maquiladora
located in the North American International in Mexico and initiated activities in Nuevo
Partnership Corridor Trade, the most important Laredo. Since then the city has been a
Commercial Corridor in North America. major attraction for manufacturing and
Relevant Information: transformation companies, from all over the
world.
40% of commercial exchange between The workforce in Nuevo Laredo is more than
Mexico and United States, with an average 154,989 people.
of 13,000 trucks crossing daily between Currently the synergy and commitment
Import and Export with 1,800 loaded railway between the education sector, the productive
wagons. sector and the City Government maintain a
Nuevo Laredo represents more than 52% of recognized world class labor ensuring local
commercial exchange, measured in customs economic development.
declarations of the customs bordering on
Mexico border (10 border ports) and the
state of Texas.

The commercial exchange accounted for
more than 24% average of the Value Added
Tax nationally on import and export activities,
with a value around 76 billion pesos.

Nuevo Laredo is the largest land port
between Mexico and the United States,
provides efficient transfers between the
north and south with three road bridges and
one of railway.

Laredo, Texas since 2014, it is the 2nd most
important port in the United States in goods
value; precedes the Port of Los Angeles,
California.

7

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION

Location, Extension and Boundaries

The City of Nuevo Laredo is located between sea level, being the maximum height 150
27 ° 29 ‘48 “ north latitude and 99 ° 30’ 01” west meters above sea level in the west of the city.
longitude. The primary communication road of the city
The heights in the Municipality goes from 100 is the National Highway 85, linking Nuevo
meters above sea level (masl) the level goes Laredo to Mexico City, also, it has the Ribereña
to the southeast on the right bank of the Rio Highway, which runs along all the border
Grande to 250 above sea level in the west. cities of Tamaulipas, starting at the port of
Regarding the city of Nuevo Laredo, are Matamoros.
recorded 110 meters above sea level in the At the same time, it has a highway to Anahuac,
river bank and approximately 70% of the city Nuevo Leon and other to Piedras Negras,
is located between 120 and 130 meters above Coahuila.

Source: Institute for Competitiveness and Foreign Trade (ICCE)
8

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

SOIL AND ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS

Hydrography Weather

The North Rio Bravo or Grande is the main water According to weather classification, Nuevo
source of the city and has two major streams: El Laredo is located in a region of dry-steppe
Coyote, in the south and Las Alazanas, in the weather, with some of the conditions that
northwest. Other water bodies are: El Laguito, characterize the steppe as a natural region.
El Estero, El Abandonado, La Sandía, El Carrizo,
Agua Negra, El Gobierno, El Ramireño and La It is characterized by being the driest and most
Cadena, which belong to the lower Rio Grande extreme of the state, with large temperature
Basin. swings ranging from -3 ° C in winter to 46 ° C
Topography in summer.
The municipality is part of what is called
physiographically Province of the Great Plains The month in which is recorded the higher
of North America, whose main features are the temperatures is August and the coldest month
presence of vast plains interrupted by scattered is January. Its annual average rainfall is 472.5
low hills of gentle slopes and constituted mm³ and the prevailing winds come from the
dominantly by conglomeratic material, that is south.
to say that presents a half-plane relief and does
not record important heights or depressions.

9

Railway Bridge INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO
Gateway to the Americas, Bridge I
Juarez-Lincoln Bridge IIINTERNATIONAL BRIDGES
LOCATION MAP

World Trade Bridge
Bridge III

Simbology
Commercial Load Bridges
Non-Commercial Bridges
Main Roads
Rio Grande

Source: Institute for Competitiveness and Foreign Trade (ICCE)
10

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

TOURISTIC DESTINATIONS IN
MEXICO

CITY MILES KILOMETERS HOURS (GROUND)

Monterrey 137 220 2 Hours 32 Min
Matamoros 219 352 4 Hours 11 Min
Zacatecas 417 671 6 Hours 49 Min
Tampico 449 722 8 Hours 9 Min
Guanajuato 565 909 9 Hours 18 Min
Querétaro 568 914 9 Hours 13 Min
Guadalajara 623 1,003 10 Hours 34 Min
Mazatlán 647 1,041 10 Hours 47 Min
Ciudad de México 697 1,122 11 Hours 31 Min
Veracruz 751 1,208 15 Hours 28 Min
Manzanillo 808 1,301 14 Hours 11 Min
Punta Mita 812 1,307 14 Hours 51 Min
Puerto Vallarta 826 1,329 15 Hours 12 Min
Ixtapa Zihuatanejo 862 1,387 14 Hours 36 Min
Acapulco 928 1,494 15 Hours 56 Min
La Paz 1051 1,692 25 Hours
Cabo San Lucas 1152 1,854 26 Hours
Cancún 1684 2,710 30 Hours

11

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

TOURISTIC DESTINATIONS
IN USA

CITY MILES KILOMETERS HOURS (GROUND)

Corpus Christi 155 249 2 Horas 58 Min

San Antonio 161 259 2 Hours 48 Min
Austin 240 386 4 Hours 24 Min
Houston 355 571 5 Hours 32 Min
Dallas 434 698 7 Hours 22 Min
Denver 1046 1,683 16 Hours 27 Min
Atlanta 1146 1,844 16 Hours 54 Min
San Diego 1320 2,125 19 Hours 50 Min
Las Vegas 1322 2,127 19 Hours 59 Min
Los Angeles 1396 2,246 21 Hours 4 Min
Chicago 1400 2,253 21 Hours 22 Min
Miami 1506 2,423 22 Hours 17 Min
Detroit 1619 2,605 24 Hours
San Francisco 1776 2,859 26 Hours
New York 1947 3,133 29 Hours
Washington 2206 3,551 34 Hours

12

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

SSOOCCIIOOEECCOONNOOMMIICC
IINNFFOORRMMAATTIIOONN

13

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

NUEVO LAREDO GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
PER SECTOR (GDP)

The Manufacturing Industry represents 37% of the economic activity of Nuevo Laredo, followed by
Transportation, courier and storage services with a 27% and Retail commerce with an 11%.
The Gross Domestic Product (PIB) is a macroeconomic magnitude that expresses the monetary
value of the production of goods and services of final demand of a country or region during a
determined period (normally a year).

NUPIEBVNOULEAVROELDAOREGDDOP22001414 IMndanusutfraicatsumrinagnuInfadcutustrreierass
$$2288,,886699 MMILILLLIOONNESSODFEPPEESSOOSS

4% 37% Transportaetsi,ocno,rcroeuorsieyraalnmdascteonraamgeiesnetrovices
5% Otrhoesr
11% CRoemtaeilrTcriaodael por menor
CWohmoelerscaioleaTlrpaodremayor
16%

27%

STeemrvpicoiorasrdyeaaclcoojmammieondtaotitoenmapnodrafol oyddeanpdrebpeavrearcaigóne
dpereaplaimraetniotnosseyrbveicbeisdas

Note: the economic census made by the Inegi are performed every five years; the last census was
done in 2014.

Source: Inegi. Economic Census 2014

14

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

NUEVO LAREDO ECONOMICALLY
ACTIVE POPULATION (EAP)

The Country’s Economically Active Population (EAP) is composed by all the inhabitants of
working age that work in a paid job (employed population) or is currently searching for a job
(unemployed population). Therefore, the active population is divided in two groups, employed
and unemployed.

ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION
2015

EAP Men
EAP Women

Source: Inegi, Intercensal Survey 2015
15

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

PRODUCTIVE ESTABLISHMENTS PER ECONOMIC
SECTOR (ECONOMIC UNITS)

The Economic Units are the entities that produce goods and services, either establishments, homes,
or individuals.
In the graph is observed the aggrupation of economic units in Nuevo Laredo per economic sectors, in
which is emphasized the retail commerce with a 36.6%, followed by temporary accommodation and
food preparation services with a 10.6% and transportation, courier and storage services with a 5.4%
and 47.4% covers the remaining economic sectors.

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (Inegi)
National Directory of Economic Units (DENUE)

16

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

NUEVO LAREDO GRAPH OF
BEHAVIOR EMPLOYMENT RATES

Currently Nuevo Laredo is a city that generates jobs with a historic growth higher than the national
and state average.
According to the numbers of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) were created 9,157 new jobs
since December 2013 to January 2016, for a total of 82,694 and a growth percentage of 12.45%.
Emphasizing that in the month of January, 2016 it was achieved a record figure of 1,138 new jobs.

Economic Activity January 2016
Transformation Industry 37.03%
Transport and communications 25.62%
Services for Companies, Individuals and Homes 14.53%
Commerce 14.09%
Construction Industry 4.24%
Social and Community Services 3.10%
Electric Industry and Capture and Water Supply 1.09%
Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, Hunting and Fishing 0.21%
Extractive Industries 0.09%

Source: Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social /IMSS (Social Security)
Department of Nuevo Laredo (January 2016)

17

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

MEXICO GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS RATE

According to the Rate of Global Competitiveness of the World Economic Forum, Mexico has had
strength and efficiency in the institutions, the consolidation of higher education, the technological
development and the innovation are key pieces of the development.
It continues with a macroeconomic strength and begin to have greater development in health and
education. In conclusion Mexico represents a large market potential for investment and development.

GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS

Source: Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad (IMCO)
18

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

TAMAULIPAS, MEXICO
SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS

Indicators Goals Latest Data Trend

Economic Growth Grow 6%annually 0.5%

Employment Generate 9,000 formal (3T-2015)
Creation jobs per trimester
-8,855

(4T-2015)

Productivity More pesos produced per De $742 a $733
worked hour (3T-2014 vs 3T-2015)

Working poverty Reduce the % of De 40.3% a 39.7%
population that can’t (4T-2014 vs 4T-2015)
obtain basic food with

their job income

Export promotion More exports as % of the De 62.7% a 72.6%
Constitutional State PIB (2013 vs 2014)
State
Informality Reduce the vehicle theft De 61 a 58
rate
(dic 2014 vs dic 2015)
Reduce informal workers
De 43.8% a 45.7%
(4T-2014 vs 4T-2015)

Labor Diversity Reduce % of jobs De 3.9% a 4.9%
Public Debt that depend of state (4T-2014 vs 4T-2015)
Inequality
government

Reduce debt as % of the De 2.4% a 2.5%
PIB (2014 vs 2015)

Reduce income inequality De 0.403 a 0.388
(4T-2014 vs 4T-2015)

Source: México ¿Cómo vamos?
19

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

LAREDOS REGION
STRATEGIC INVESTMENT

20

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

PORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Our Port Infrastructure consists of four International Bridges:
Gateway to the Americas (Bridge I), for pedestrians and vehicles.
Juarez Lincoln (Bridge II) only for light vehicles.
World Trade Bridge, exclusively for transportation vehicles.
Bridge for railway operations.
Additionally, at a distance of 40 km is the Solidaridad-Colombia International Bridge in Nuevo
Leon.

Gateway to the Americas Juárez Lincoln
Bridge I Bridge II

World Trade Bridge Railway Bridge
Bridge III

21

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

NUEVO LAREDO
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES

Nuevo Laredo has the best geographic location that unites the most industrialized and
commercial regions between Mexico – U.S.A. – Canada.
Has the most important infrastructure of Mexico to apply in commercial agreements: Nafta,
Mercosur, Europe and Asia
Has the most export and import activities of the country, gathering more than 24% of the
national VAT; vast experience in import/export operations, tariff classifications, and freight
transport.
40% of the commercial exchange between Mexico and United States is performed in Nuevo
Laredo. An average of 13,000 trucks cross daily between import and export along with 1,800
loaded railway wagons.
Nuevo Laredo represents more than 52% of the commercial exchange, measured in customs
declarations, of the customs in the border of Mexico (10 border ports) and the State of Texas.
Nuevo Laredo has the most experience and infrastructure of Customs Brokers in the country.
Solid infrastructure and leadership in freight transportation.

22

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO
Nuevo Laredo guarantees labor peace with fair, open, flexible unions committed to the
global competitiveness. No labor incident in more than 30 years.
International Bridge dedicated exclusively to Import and Export cargo crossing between
Mex-USA
Nuevo Laredo has availability of skilled and flexible labour with competitive salaries.
Institutions of secondary and higher education directly linked to the requirements of the
industry, trade and productive sector.
Commitment of the City Council to support facilitating the installation and registration
procedures at the municipal, state and federal agencies.
Commitment of the City Council to support the investor, according to the investment
amount and number of jobs with land owned by the Republican City Council with
competitive prices.
Low risk of natural disasters.
Excellent port facilities which we maintain global leadership as the Customs Capital of
Latin America.
Legal certainty to foreign investment.

Laredo and Nuevo Laredo, Sister Cities.
23

LAREDOS REGION INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO
STRATEGIC INVESTMENT
24

DISTANCE TO CITIES IN MEXICO FROM NUEVO LAREDO

City Miles Kilometers Hours (Ground)

México 697 1,122 11 hours 32 min

Guadalajara 623 1,003 11 hours 4 min
INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO
Monterrey 136 220 2 hours 35 min
25
Saltillo 184 296 3 hours 16 min

Torreón 337 542 5 hours 29 min

San Luis Potosí 449 723 7 hours 16 min

Puebla 771 1,241 12 hours 45 min

Culiacán 775 1,248 12 hours 55 min

Mazatlán 647 1,041 10 hours 55 min

Querétaro 568 914 9 hours 22 min

DISTANCE TO CITIES IN USA FROM NUEVO LAREDO

City Miles Kilometers Hours (Ground)

San Antonio 164 264 2 hours 53 min

Houston 320 516 5 hours 31 min

Dallas 436 703 7 hours 21 min

Corpus Christi 155 249 2 hours 58 min

Austin 243 391 4 hours 26 min

McAllen 171 275 3 hours 12 min

Oklahoma 630 1,014 10 hours 09 min

St. Louis 1,066 1,716 16 hours 59 min

Detroit 1,622 2,610 24 hours

Chicago 1,403 2,258 21 hours 16 min

Montreal 2,179 3,507 33 hours

Source: Institute for the Competitiveness and Foreign Trade (ICCE)

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

26

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

27

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

STEPS TO OPEN NEW COMPANIES

SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA (S.A.)

Days 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Hire Law Firm

Notarial Notice of the Certificate 1
(Ministry of Economy)

Permit to build as a legal entity 15
(Ministry of Economy)

Registry of Articles of 8
Incorporation (Real estate Public
Registry)

Federal Taxpayers Registry (SAT) 1

Electronic Signature FIEL (SAT) 1

Employer Identification Number 1
and register in the IMSS (Employer
No.)

Land use license and/or permit 3
(Ministry of Public Works)

Land use application (Feasibility M. 3
of Public Works)

Feasibility and operative land use 5
(Civil Protection)

Feasibility letter from Environment 2
(Head Office of Environment)

Construction Permit 6

Electricity Contract 15

Telephone Contract 15

Water and Sewer Contract 15

Employer number and register 1
employees in Infonavit

Register the company before 15
IMMEX

Health permit 1

Registry of the company before 1
the SIEM

Safety and Hygiene Committee 1

Registry of Foreign Investment 1

Municipal Procedures State and/or Federal Procedures

Optional Procedures: Registration before an organization (CANACO, CANACINTRA, COPARMEX)
This business modality is adopted by at least 2 shareholders, that share a corporate purpose in a
determined period. With the possibility of admission or exclusion of foreigners. Minimum capital of
fifty thousand pesos.

28 Source: Secretaría de Economía y Servicio de Administración Tributaria (SAT)

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

MICRO-INDUSTRY LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY (S. DE R.L. MI.)

Days 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Hire Law Firm

Notarial Notice of the Certificate 1
(Ministry of Economy)

Federal Taxpayers Registry (SAT) 1

Electronic Signature FIEL (SAT) 1

Registry of Articles of 8
Incorporation (Real estate Public
Registry)

Permit to build as a legal entity 15
(Ministry of Economy)

Employer Identification Number 1
and register in the IMSS (Employer
No.)

Land use license and/or permit 3
(Ministry of Public Works)

Land use application (Feasibility M. 3
of Public Works)

Feasibility and operative land use 5
(Civil Protection)

Feasibility letter from Environment 2
(Head Office of Environment)

Construction Permit 6

Electricity Contract 15

Telephone Contract 15

Water and Sewer Contract 15

Employer number and register 1
employees in Infonavit

Register the company before 15
IMMEX

Health permit 1

Registry of the company before 1
the SIEM

Safety and Hygiene Committee 1

Registry of Foreign Investment 1

Municipal Procedures State and/or Federal Procedures

Micro-industry is the economic activity whose business involves the transformation of raw materials into
products for sale, obtaining profits by continuous activity, with a maximum of fifteen workers and whose
annual sales are less than four million pesos.

This type of business can be adopted by individuals, who then adopt the figure of micro-entrepreneurs;
or by legal entities constituted as micro-industrial companies.

Source: Secretaría de Economía y Servicio de Administración Tributaria (SAT)
29

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

INDIVIDUALS WITH BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Days 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Hire Law Firm

Federal Taxpayers Registry (SAT) 1

Electronic Signature FIEL (SAT) 1

Employer Identification Number 1
and register in the IMSS (Employer
No.)

Land use license and/or permit 3
(Ministry of Public Works)

Land use application (Feasibility M. 3
of Public Works)

Feasibility and operative land use 5
(Civil Protection)

Feasibility letter from Environment 2
(Head Office of Environment)

Construction Permit 6

Electricity Contract 15

Telephone Contract 15

Water and Sewer Contract 15

Employer number and register 1
employees in Infonavit

Register the company before 15
IMMEX

Health permit 1

Registry of the company before 1
the SIEM

Safety and Hygiene Committee 1

Registry of Foreign Investment 1

Municipal Procedures Stateo and or Federal Procedures

This type of business comprehends completely, individuals engaged in business activities or provide
their services in a professional manner.

Source: Secretaría de Economía y Servicio de Administración Tributaria (SAT)

For more information:

Dirección de Empleo y MiPYME

Héroe de Nacataz and Reynosa, Annex of Civic Center
Civil Center Z.C. 88000
Tel. (867) 713-7011

30

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

INVESTMENT INCENTIVES

CITY GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES AND STATE

• Land: Cession for construction of industrial buildings.
• Property tax: Up to 75% discount.
• Water Consumption: Special rates available.
• Procedure or registration of new companies: Subsidy up to 90% in the payment of fees.
• Municipal procedures: Reduction of fees in municipal procedures of at least 50%.
• Specific training expenses: Reimbursement equivalent to 2 Minimum Wages In force.
• Warehouses at affordable prices: 75% to 80% of the market price.
• 2% payroll tax: Subsidy of up to 90% 2% payroll tax.
• Training: Scholarships from 1 Minimum Wage in Force up to 3 Minimum Wage in force up

to 90 days.

31

Railway Bridge INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

INDUSTRIAL PARKS
LOCATION MAP

World Trade Bridge
Bridge III

Industrial Parks

1. Progreso
2. Dos Laredos
3. Finsa
4. Longoria
5. America Industrial Module
6. Oradel
7. Oradel Industrial Rail Center
8. Rio Bravo
9. Rio Grande

Source: Institute for Competitiveness and Foreign Trade (ICCE)
32

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

Progreso Industrial Park

A World of Opportunities

LOCATION Location:
Lib. Mexico II, km. 13.5 West

Nuevo Laredo, Tam.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES

Direct management of the land / land on gratuitous loan
Competitive Industrial Incentives

State-of-the-art Design and Infrastructure
Administrative offices

Daycare – open-air theater | Green areas

THE PERFECT CHOICE: • Multi-purpose rooms More Information:
• Daycare and Open-air Theater Roberto Huerta, Eng.
• 10 minutes away from the World Trade Bridge • Natural Gas Available Coordinator of Industrial
• 5 minutes away from the railroad spurs
• Direct management of land Committed to the Enviroment Promotion
• Spaces according to their needs • Treated water Tel. +52 (867) 712.0327
• Great availability of workforce • Led lights
• Direct connection to the interior of the country • Underground facilities +52 (867) 713.6886
• State-of-the-art Design and Infrastructure • Green and recreational areas

Republican City Council Nuevo Laredo Tamaulipas 2013 – 2016
Guerrero 1500, Downtown, Z.C. 88000 | www.nuevolaredo.gob.mx

33

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

INDUSTRIAL PARKS INFORMATION

FINSA Industrial Park Dos Laredos Industrial Park

Representative: Arq. Héctor Manuel Contreras Representative: C.P. Guillermo Fdz. de Jáuregui
Address: Ave. Ind. 6000 Address: Av. Guerrero No. 1854, Juárez Subd
Telephone: (867) 715 1543, (867) 715 1603 Telephone: (867) 724 0400
Email: [email protected] Fax: (867) 724 0421
Website: www.finsa.net Email: [email protected]
No. of Maquilas: 6
[email protected]
Progreso Industrial Park No. of Maquilas: 5

Representative: Roberto Huerta, Eng. Oradel Industrial Park
Address: Matamoros #309, Downtown
Telephone: (867) 712 03 27, (867) 194 85 64 Representative: Arq. Carlos A. Montoya Vega
Email: [email protected] Address: Blvd. World Trade Center #101 West.
[email protected] Telephone: 711-4555 U.S. (1-888) 337-6200
No. of Maquilas: 0 Email: [email protected]
Website: www.oradel.com
Rio Bravo Industrial Park No. of Maquilas: 7

Representative: Lic. Soraya Young America Industrial Module
Address: Reynosa, Tamps.
Telephone: (956) 630 05 85 Representative: Misael Pesina Martínez
Email: [email protected] Address: Consorcio Ind. de Exp. Calz. del Valle #409
Website: www.gruporiosanjuan.com Ote. 4to piso, Col. del Valle, Garza García N.L.
No. of Maquilas: 1 Telephone: (55) 3098 9000
FAX: (55) 5292 2028
Rio Grande Industrial Park Email: [email protected]
Website: www.igs.com.mx
Representative: Jaime García Gómez, Eng. No. of Maquilas: 7
Address: Reforma #3702, Jardín Subd
Telephone: (867) 714 2330, (867) 710 8500 Maquilas Outside of Industrial Parks
Email: [email protected]
No. of Maquilas: 7 No. of Maquilas: 6

Longoria Industrial Park

Representative: Ing. Roberto Huerta
Address: Sonora No. 2035
Telephone: (867) 712 0327, (867) 712 3699
Correo: [email protected]
No of Maquilas: 1

34

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

INTERNATIONAL TRADE
INFORMATION

NUEVO LAREDO, MEXICO
“THE MOST EFFICIENT AND COMPETITIVE
CUSTOMS AND LOGISTICS PLATFORM OF AMERICA”

35

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

WORLD TRADE BRIDGE
NUEVO LAREDO III

Since its opening on April 15, 2000 to December capacity of 2014, a 5.50% increase of increase of
2015, there have been over 40 million crossings the annual cumulative.
of which over 19 million have been export and 21
million import. Currently they cross daily between SERVICES
6,400 and 6,800 export and 6,700 to 7,100 import
by the Nuevo Laredo Bridge III, equivalent to an Servicios para el mejoramiento de la operación y
total average of 12 thousand 800 crossings daily. administración del puerto:
Currently the monthly average maximum daily • Services to improve the operation and
capacity utilization is 58.3%.
With the trend of crossings that has had since the management of the port:
opening of this commercial port in April 2000, is • Traffic Simulator
estimated a 3.5% annual growth over the next 10 • Monitoring access roads to the port via video.
years. The approximate figures would be 8,060 • Preventive maintenance System.
import crossings and 7,790 export crossings, this • Inventory System of parts and spare parts.
would give a total of 15,850 daily crossings in 2025. • Prepaid system through the website (www.
Mexico has 19 ports on the northern border,
among which Nuevo Laredo ranks first with 40% nldpuente3.com).
of commercial trade between Mexico and the • Development of an application of our page
United States.
Revenue from VAT concept in foreign trade for mobile devices.
operations across the country over the past four
years was as follows: ADVANTAGE

Year Percentage 1. Efficient system of international crossing.
2011 52.76 % 2. Roofed Inspection Platforms (40, 998m2)
2012 65.70 % 3. Superhighway with access to fiscal yard with

2013 52.01 % exclusive fast lane.
2014 54.33 % 4. Service oriented port administration.
5. Excellent Customs Services.
As to results of 2015 compared to 2014 cumulative 6. Infrastructure for crossing hazardous
annual capacity, was obtained about 1 million
663 thousand crossings (2015) more than 86,000 materials.
additional crossings concerning the cumulative 7. Enough procedure booths.
8. Capacity for In-Bond facilities
9. Facilities with cutting-edge technology.
10. Website with: prepaid system, user and

password (to check balance, check numbers of
crossings, monitoring row and wire transfers).
11. And an application for mobile devices with all
these functions.

36

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

INFRASTRUCTURE

EXPORT

• 10 Export modules, 7 of regular freight and 3 FAST ones.
• Export Platform with inspection capacity of 62 vehicles.
• Parking for yellow procedures with capacity of up to 11 trucks.
• Exclusive lave for empty trucks.
• Gamma ray lane.
• 7 state-of-the-art booths for collections with TAG System and cash in two currencies.
• 21 surveillance cameras in the highways toward the Bridge.
• Entry to the In-Bond Facility without collection booths.

IMPORT

• Exclusive route to In-Bond Facilities
• Highways and parking for trucks with incomplete documentation.
• 20 Modules of automatized selection and express and empty exclusive lanes.
• Import platform with inspection capacity of up to 108 trucks.
• Lanes for empty trucks with gamma rays
• 2 modules of non-intrusive inspection (X-rays) for trucks with bulk goods.
• 8 exit modules.

WEB PAGE-HIGHWAY MONITORING

Visit our web page

Source: World Trade Bridge Nuevo Laredo III
37

INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND FOREIGN TRADE / NUEVO LAREDO

NUEVO LARED

“THE MOST EFFICIENT AND COMPETITIVE CUS

In the northern border of the country were

collected $141,402,663 mdp, this is
equivalent to 43.02% of the total on a

national level.

VAT Collection of
Foreign Trade 2014

$328,706,087 mdp

19 North Border
2 South Border
17 Maritime Customs
11 Interior Customs

Source: SAT

38


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