The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search
Published by Saroj Mahat, 2020-05-27 23:36:34

Nepali Vyakaran 1

g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff dGqfno kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| eQmk'/af6 :jLs[t





;'gufef







g]kfnL Jofs/0f !









;Dkfbs ;/n l;4fGt
cfudgfTds ljlw
k|eftL ls/0f
afns]Gb|L l;sfO
cfsif{s lrq
n]vs
kof{Kt pbfx/0f
gf/fo0f lg/f;L oy]i6 cEof;

bLks zdf{ l;h{gfTds n]vg






gfd : .................................................................

sIff : .......................... ;]S;g : ......................

ljBfno : ..........................................................

cleefjssf] kmf]g g+= : .........................................

;'gufef







g]kfnL Jofs/0f !










;Dkfbs M k|eftL ls/0f
[email protected]

n]vs M gf/fo0f lg/f;L
[email protected]
bLks zdf{
[email protected]


k|sfzs M lu|g a'S;
nlntk'/, g]kfn



;jf{lwsf/ M ;Dkfbs tyf n]vsx¿df



;+:s/0f M lj=;+= @)&$ klxnf]

lj=;+= @)&% bf];|f] kl/dflh{t

lrqfª\sg M k|sfz ;dL/


u|flkmS; M kmf]s; sDKo'6/,
[email protected]

d'b|0f M g]kfndf

k"j{syg





efiff lzIf0fsf nflu kf7\ok':ts cfwf/ ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . kf7\ok':ts l;sfOsf] dfu{bz{s xf] .
o;n] kf7\oj|mdn] lgb]{zg u/]sf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;fy{s e"ldsf v]N5 . efiff l;sfOsf] cfwf/ Jofs/0f xf] .
Jofs/0f l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] k':ts ;/n / k|efjsf/L x'g'k5{ . oxL dfGotfdf /x]/ tof/ kfl/Psf]
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f z[ª\vnf xfd|f] nfdf] ;dosf] lzIf0f cg'ejsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{sf] dgf]lj1fg /
?lrdf cfwfl/t /x]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . sIff sf]7fdf cWofkgsf j|mddf b]vfkg]{ ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg
u/L ltgsf] lg/fs/0fsf] pkfosf] ¿kdf of] k':ts tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . l;sfO k|efjsf/L agfpg l;sf?sf]
?lr tyf dgf]lj1fgsf] lgs6 /x]/ lrq, sljtf tyf syf cflbsf dfWodaf6 ljleGg Jofs/0fsf cK7\of/f

lgodx¿nfO{ klg ;/n agfP/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k':ts pbfx/0f lzIf0fsf] cjwf/0ffdf /x]/ n]lvPsf]
5 . o;df eflifs l;sfOsf j|mddf b]vfkg]{ ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg u/L To;sf] ;/n Joj:yfkgdf oxf“
ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . Jofs/0f l;sfOnfO{ /f]rs agfpg] s'/fdf xfdL a9L ;r]t ePsf 5f}F . k':tsnfO{
lzIfs / ljBfyL{ b'j}sf nflu pkof]uL agfpg w]/} k|of; u/]sf 5f}F . k':ts dfq ;a}yf]s xf]Og . sIffdf cg]s
k[i7e"ld / eflifs ;d'bfoaf6 cfPsf ljBfyL{x¿sf aLrdf lzIfssf] s]Gb|Lotf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu
k':tsnfO{ pkof]uL agfOPsf] 5 .


Jofs/0f z[ª\vnfsf] ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0fdf ljleGg s'/fx¿df ljz]if hf]8
lbOPsf] 5 . of] k':ts kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t eP/ n]lvPsf] 5 . o;df
lrq tyf pbfx/0fsf] dfWodaf6 l;4fGt l;sfOsf] k|rlnt j}1flgs dfWodnfO{ cFuflnPsf] 5 . af]l¹nf
l;4fGt tyf 3f]sGt] kf7sf] casf] l;sfOdf vf;} dxŒj 5}g . To;}n] l;4fGt 3f]sfpg]eGbf Jofjxfl/s
l;sfOdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . 5l/tf] / k|fdfl0fs l;4fGt / Jofjxfl/s kf7 ;dfj]z u/L l;sfOsf] ?lr
cfslif{t ug]{ z}nL ckgfOPsf] 5 . Jofs/0fsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ ljBfyL{sf] eflifs
cleJolQm j[l4df hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .


z[ª\vnfsf] ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] k|:t't k':tsdf ;/naf6 hl6ntkm{sf] ofqf ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfyL{sf] pd]/,
jftfj/0f ljrf/ u/L ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t n]vg c“uflnPsf] 5 . Jojl:yt / ;/n kf7 ljGof; ul/Psf] 5 . lzIf0f
l;sfOsf j|mddf ljBfyL{nfO{ JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs lj|mofsnfk u/fO{ l;sfOsf] cfwf/e"t p2]]Zo ug]{ u/L
k':ts tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .

k':ts tof/ kfbf{ ljleGg k':tsx¿nfO{ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . k':tsnfO{ cflwsfl/s tyf

q'l6/lxt agfpg ;Sbf] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . n]vgsf j|mddf ;'¹fj lbg'x'g] ljleGg ljBfnosf ljifo lzIfsx¿,
cfsif{s lrq agfpg] snfsf/ k|sfz ;dL/ tyf ;'Gb/ k[i7 ;+of]hg ug]{ kmf]s; sDKo'6/sf /d]z dxh{g
ljz]if wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 . k':ts k9]/ /rgfTds ;'¹fj lbg'x'g k|of]ustf{x¿df cg'/f]w 5 .
;Dkfbs tyf n]vsx¿

ljifo ;"rL

kf7 ! – :j/ j0f{ 5

kf7 @ – Jo~hg j0f{ 11
kf7 # – dfqf 17
kf7 $ – ;+o'St cIf/ 25

kf7 % – zAb 29
kf7 ^ – jfSo 33

kf7 & – jrg 38
kf7 * – lnª\u 44
kf7 ( – ljelSt 50

kf7 !) – s/0f cs/0f 55
kf7 !! – gfd 61

kf7 !@ – ;j{gfd 71
kf7 !# – ljz]if0f 76
kf7 !$ – lj|mof 83

kf7 !% – sfn 88
kf7 !^ – zAbe08f/ 95


l;h{gfTds n]vg
kf7 !& – k7g af]w 111

kf7 !* – lr7L n]vg 116
kf7 !( – ;+jfb n]vg 118

kf7 @) – cg'R5]b n]vg 123

! :j/ j0f{







c cf O O{







p pm C P








P] cf] cf} c+






cM







:j/ j0f{x¿ j|md};Fu n]v M
























;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 5

c cgf/










cf cfn'










O Ogf/











O{ O{Zj/










p pv'










pm pmg












6 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

C Clif









P Pstf/]








P] P]gf








cf] cf]vn









cf} cf}ifwL








c+ c+z'









cM cM










;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 7

cEof;



!= :j/ j0f{ k|of]u ePsf tnsf zAbx¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M


ca c´ cgf/ c;n cfdf

cfsfz cf? cfn' cfh Ogf/

Ond Ogfd Onfd Onfsf O{z

O{Zj/ pv' pm pmg C0f

Clif Ct' Ps Pp6f P]gf

cf]vn cf]v/ cf]8f/ cf]bfg cf}hf/

cf}ifwL cf}nf] c+z'




@= wsf]{ tfg]/ lrq;Fu ldNg] zAbsf] hf]8f ldnfpm M



cf}ifwL




cdnf





cf]bfg




pv'




P]gf





Ogf/



8 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

#= lrq x]/ clg vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] :j/ j0f{ /fv M










========= gf/ ========= dnf ========= bfg ========= v'











========= g ========= sfz ========= lif ========= df




$= tnsf] tflnsfdf kf“r kf“r zAb n]v M

cfsf/- f _ Osf/ - l _ psf/ - ' _ cf]sf/ - f] _ cf}sf/ - f} _

nfu]sf nfu]sf nfu]sf nfu]sf nfu]sf
















%= tnsf] lrq x]/ clg zAb agfP/ vfnL 7fp“df n]v M

k"m
gf zf

ef sfz
cf
sf/ h

n' df
1f



;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 9

^= tnsf pN6f]kfN6f] cIf/nfO{ ldnfP/ zAb agfpm M



vcf]n 8fcf]/



gfP] /Ogf


nc; gfc/



&= tnsf :j/ j0f{x¿sf] j|md ldnfP/ n]v M



c O cf O{ c+ p C

P pm P] cM cf} cf]











*= tnsf j0f{x¿af6 aGg] zAb n]v M



c cf


O O{



p pm


P P]



cf] cf}







kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL


10 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

@ Jo~hg j0f{




uLt – gj/fh nD;fn




tnsf] uLt sIffdf ;a}n] no xfn]/ ufcf] M

s v u 3 ª

d]/L Kof/L dfd'sf]
Kof/f] 5f]/f] d .



r 5 h ´ `

;fgf] ;fgf] afa" d

ca 7"nf] ePF .


6 7 8 9 0f

;a} hgf eG5g\

7d7d cl3 a9 .


t y b w g

lstfa, ¹f]nf af]s]/

slt /fd|f] d .


k km a e d

dnfO{ s;n] af]nfof]

s] eg]sf] xF <


dflysf] uLtdf gLnf] cIf/df n]lvPsf j0f{x¿ Jo~hg j0f{ x'g\ . Jo~hg j0f{

c¿ klg 5g\ . uLtdf 5'6]sf Jo~hg j0f{x¿ s]s] /x]5g\, a'¹ M



;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 11

s v u 3 ª







r 5 h em `







6 7 8 9 0f







t y b w g






k km a e d







o / n j







z if ; x







If q 1











12 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

tnsf lrqx¿ x]/ clg ltgsf] tn lbOPsf] gfd k9 M













snd v/fof] udnf 3/
















gª r/f 5x/f h/fof]
















¹G8f 6k 78]p/f] 8d?
















9sgL jf0f t/fh' y/d;





;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 13

b/fh wg'if gl/jn k/]jf













kmnk"mn a; es'G8f] ds}













o1 /a/ nx/f jg













zAbsf]z if6\sf]0f ;x/ xnf]













IfqL lqsf]0f 1fgL



14 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

Jo~hg j0f{af6 ag]sf zAbx¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

sk sn snz vn vt va/ un

ukm uha 3/ 3g 3636 gª /ª
rs rn rds 5t 5n 5d5d hu
hn hgs ¹/ ¹ds ¹d¹d 6k 6s

6xn 7u 7x/ 8/ 8an 9s 9n
s0f u0f z/0f t/ tn t/n yn

y/ yk36 b/ bds bdsn wg ws
w/w/ g/ ge gh/ gx/ kn k/
k;n k/k/ kmn km/km/ a; an avt

ej en ehg enen dg dn dnd
oz odg /; /x/ /ut nt nIf0f

nug jg jw jrg jhg z/ zj
;a ;s; ;x/ ;nud xs xn xjg
Ifo Ift sIf kq gq ;q o1



cEof;



!= tnsf j0f{x¿ klxnf cfpg] cfwf/df j|md ldnfP/ n]v M

g a km 9 e d 6 7 b 8 0f t y w k













@= vfnL 7fp“df ldNg] cIf/ e/]/ zAb agfpmM
========= ========= ========= =========
j g x g t h' s z
========= ========= ========= =========
h of] ; O{ s d b h
========= ===== ===== ========= =========
k jf km k"m v / s n



;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 15

#= tnsf j0f{x¿af6 aGg] rf/rf/ j6f zAbx¿ n]v M

s v r h 6 x















$= tnsf] lrqdf lbOPsf cIf/x¿af6 zAb agfpm M



d
w h


v g 6

k u
t




%= tnsf lrq x]/ clg ltgsf] gfd n]v M

































16 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

# dfqf













:j/ j0f{x¿ Jo~hg j0f{df hf]l8Pkl5 cIf/ aG5 . :j/ j0f{x¿nfO{ a'¹fpg]
vf; lrÅg x'G5g\ . tL lrÅg dfqf x'g\ .





cf f P ]






O l P] }





O{ L cf] f]






p ' cf} f}






pm " c+ +






C [ cM M








;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 17

tnsf] lrq x]/ / ltgsf] tn lbOPsf gfdx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M












5ftf lxdfn lbbL ss/ ;"o{
'
'









si0f s/f k};f ef]6f] sf}jf
]
[


Jo~hg j0f{df dfqfx¿ o;/L hf]l8G5g\, Wofg lbP/ x]/ M


s ± cf ˜ sf s ± O ˜ ls s ± O{ ˜ sL


s ± p ˜ s' s ± pm ˜ s" s ± C ˜ s[


s ± P ˜ s] s ± P] ˜ s} s ± cf] ˜ sf]

s ± cf} ˜ sf} s ± c+ ˜ s+ s ± cM ˜ sM







of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕


:j/ j0f{x¿ x|:j / bL3{ u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .

x|:j – O, p, x|:j dfqf – l, '

bL3{ – O{, pm, bL3{ dfqf – L, "







18 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

ljleGg dfqf nfu]sf tnsf zAbx¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M


cfsf/ -f_ sfsf dfdf 5ftf kfkf rfrf gfgf gftf

Osf/ -l _ lstfa lxdfn ldng lzlz/ ldlt ltly ldng


O{sf/ - L _ kfgL gfgL kftL hftL ;fyL uLt ;Ltf

psf/ - '_ s's'/ 9's'/ d'h'/ ;'Fu'/ r's'n aª\u'/ ;'n'n'

pmsf/ - " _ k"0f{ e"t r"0f{ d"n s"n z"n w"t{

Psf/ - ]_ s]6f s]/f t]t] n]n] ;]t] v]t e]6


P]sf/ - }_ P]gf y}nf d}nf 3}nf 3}F6f 5}6L r}t

cf]sf/ - f]_ sf]7f d]/f] t]/f] xf]rf] kmf]6f] df]6f] ef]6f]

cf}sf/ - f}_ ;f}uft ;f}/e xf};nf /f}tx6 sf}jf kf}jf 6f}jf


c+sf/ - + _ ;+;f/ ;+xf/ ;+jfb s+z x+; j+z c+z







afx|v/L




Jo~hg j0f{df dfqfx¿ o;/L hf]l8G5g\, Wofg lbP/ x]/ M


s ± c ˜ s s ± f ˜ sf s ± l ˜ ls


s ± L ˜ sL s ± ' ˜ s' s ± " ˜ s"


s ± ] ˜ s] s ± } ˜ s} s ± f] ˜ sf]


s ± f} ˜ sf} s ± + ˜ s+ s ± M ˜ sM









;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 19

s sf ls sL s' s" s] s} sf] sf} s+ sM


v vf lv vL v' v" v] v} vf] vf} v+ vM


u uf lu uL u' u" u] u} uf] uf} u+ uM


3 3f l3 3L 3' 3" 3] 3} 3f] 3f} 3+ 3M


ª ªf lª ªL ª' ª" ª] ª} ªf] ªf} ª+ ªM


r rf lr rL r' r" r] r} rf] rf} r+ rM


5 5f l5 5L 5' 5" 5] 5} 5f] 5f} 5+ 5M


h hf lh hL h' h" h] h} hf] hf} h+ hM


´ ´f l´ ´L ´' ´" ´] ´} ´f] ´f} ´+ ´M


6 6f l6 6L 6' 6" 6] 6} 6f] 6f} 6+ 6M


7 7f l7 7L 7' 7" 7] 7} 7f] 7f} 7+ 7M

8 8f l8 8L 8' 8" 8] 8} 8f] 8f} 8+ 8M


9 9f l9 9L 9' 9" 9] 9} 9f] 9f} 9+ 9M


0f 0ff l0f 0fL 0f' 0f" 0f] 0f} 0ff] 0ff} 0f+ 0fM


t tf lt tL t' t" t] t} tf] tf} t+ tM


y yf ly yL y' y" y] y} yf] yf} y+ yM


b bf lb bL b' b" b] b} bf] bf} b+ bM


w wf lw wL w' w" w] w} wf] wf} w+ wM






20 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

g gf lg gL g' g" g] g} gf] gf} g+ gM


k kf lk kL k' k" k] k} kf] kf} k+ kM


km kmf lkm kmL k'm k"m km] km} kmf] kmf} km+ kmM


a af la aL a' a" a] a} af] af} a+ aM


e ef le eL e' e" e] e} ef] ef} e+ eM


d df ld dL d' d" d] d} df] df} d+ dM


o of lo oL o' o" o] o} of] of} o+ oM


/ /f l/ /L ? ¿ /] /} /f] /f} /+ /M


n nf ln nL n' n" n] n} nf] nf} n+ nM


j jf lj jL j' j" j] j} jf] jf} j+ jM


z zf lz zL z' z" z] z} zf] zf} z+ zM

if iff lif ifL if' if" if] if} iff] iff} if+ ifM


; ;f l; ;L ;' ;" ;] ;} ;f] ;f} ;+ ;M


x xf lx xL x' x" x] x} xf] xf} x+ xM


If Iff lIf IfL If' If" If] If} Iff] Iff} If+ If


q qf lq qL q' q" q] q} qf] qf} q+ qM


1 1f l1 1L 1' 1" 1] 1} 1f] 1f} 1+ 1M










;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 21

cEof;




!= tn elgPcg';f/sf kf“rkf“r j6f zAbx¿ n]v M


s= cfsf/ - f _ nfu]sf zAbx¿








v= x|:j Osf/ - l _ nfu]sf zAbx¿









u= bL3{ O{sf/ - L _ nfu]sf zAbx¿









3= x|:j psf/ - ' _ nfu]sf zAbx¿








ª= bL3{ pmsf/ - " _ nfu]sf zAbx¿
















22 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

r= Psf/ nfu]sf - ]_ zAbx¿









5= P]sf/ - }_ nfu]sf zAbx¿









h= cf]sf/ - f] _ nfu]sf zAbx¿









¹= cf}sf/ - f} _ nfu]sf zAbx¿









@= pbfx/0fdf lbOPh:t} tnsf zAbx¿af6 j0f{x¿ 5'6\ofP/ n]v M


g]kfn – g ± P ± k ± cf ± n


s_ lxdfn –


v_ cf}hf/ –


u_ s]/fp –


3_ s'v'/f –


ª_ lbbL –


;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 23

#= :j/ j0f{sf] 7fp“df dfqf /fv]/ zAb agfpm M

h:t} M s ± cf} ± ; ± O{ Ö sf};L



s_ s ± P ± 6 ± cf] ˜


v_ a ± O ± x ± cf ± g ˜


u_ cf} ± if ± w ± O{ ˜


3_ k ± P] ± ; ± cf ˜


ª_ ; ± p ± g ± O ± t ± cf ˜

$= tnsf j0f{x¿sf] afx|v/L n]v M

s

r

6

t

k


%= tnsf lrq x]/ clg ltgsf] gfd n]v M
























kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL


24 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

$ ;+o'St cIf/








tnsf lrqx¿ Wofg lbP/ x]/ M










¹G8f a'4 bGt cª\u'/ 306

dflysf lrq;Fu lbOPsf /ª\lug cIf/x¿ ;+o'St cIf/ x'g\ .



tnsf ;+o'St cIf/af6 ag]sf zAbx¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M

eSt /St dVv 6Ss ;Gt bGt elSt h'lSt o'lSt

x8\8L /b\bL d§L u§L zlSt xfQL ‰ofDd 8\ofDd UjfDd

k§ ;':t ;'?Kk ´'?Kk SjfKk VjfKk Rjf§ 5Ss lbSs

dfq ;q k|flKt 3'FSs ;'FSs km'Q hDd} zDe' zª\s/

l/St l;Q} jfNn hlGh/ dlGb/ ;'k'Ss ‰ofDd r§ ´f]Ssf

6G6f 8G7f k§L kmNofs 8f]Ndf zfGt j|mflGt sflGt /fd|f]

rfd|f] sfd|f] 5fq ;"lSt kq l/6\7f] d'lSt l7Ss 306f


of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕

If, q, 1, ;+o'St cIf/ x'g\ .

B, å, §, ¶, Q, 4, 2 cflb klg ;+o'St cIf/ x'g\ . oL o;/L ag]sf
x' G5g\ M

B ˜ b\o å ˜ b\j § ˜ 6\6 · ˜ ª\u ß ˜ b\d
¶ ˜ 6\7 Q ˜ Tt 4 ˜ b\w 2 ˜ b\b ° ˜ ª\s



;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 25

cEof;


!= tnsf dWo] ;+o'St cIf/n] ag]sf] zAbdf uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M

s_ sfd xfd|f] xfdL lbg ;do
v_ lxdfn lstfa ;lxb zDe' ;x/

u_ cf]vn vGtL z'e k'n k'hf/L

3_ ;f]nf k'0o uLt hgfj/ cfzf

ª_ nf}sf t'nf kxf8 ¹f]Ssf g]kfnL



@= tnsf] afs;af6 ;+o'St cIf/ nfu]/ ag]sf zAb lrg]/ n]v M

;Gtlt, /f]u, d]n, ;+:sf/, lxt, afª\uf], wf]sf, xf/, aª\ufn, xf]rf], rf]nf,

lhGbuL, dfOt, Hofb}, ljrf/, nª\sf, df;, 9nfg, kf]n, rSs', ;'dg, sfn,

Ejfª, l/Qf], kb, zf]ef, kª\vf, /f]bL, kvf{n, vk{g, zª\s/, ;k{, dfs'/f]











#= tnsf zAbx¿ zLif{scg';f/ vfnL 7fpFdf e/ M


;"o{d'vL, OGb|sdn, /f]Nkf, x'Dnf, ;okqL, h'Dnf, kfNkf, n'lDagL, km;L{,

leG8L, EofG6f, Kofh, rDkf, KofpnL, kfn'ª\uf]

k"mnsf gfd t/sf/Lsf gfd 7fp“sf gfd


















26 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

%= tnsf zAbx¿ Wofg lbP/ x]/ clg ldNg] lrqsf] d'lg n]v M


¹G8f a'4 dl:hb u'Daf

cª\u'/ r:df l/S;f ln:g'

aGb's gS;f aGbf zª\v


kª\vf ;'Gtnf afR5f rª\uf








































$= tnsf] cg'R5]b Wofg lbP/ k9 M

d]/f] gfd 8f]Ndf xf] . d sIff Psdf k9\5' . d y'k|} :yfgx¿df 3'Dg

uPsL 5' . d}n] hª\un klg b]v]sL 5' . hª\undf y'k|} kz'kG5Lx¿

x'G5g\ . AjfF;f], :ofn, xfQL h:tf hgfj/x¿ hª\undf 3'D5g\ . dnfO{

3/leq x'g] lgs} w]/} ;fdu|Lx¿sf] gfd yfxf 5 . 3/df ufu|f], £ofDkf],

8]SrL, kGo', lksf{, s';L{, u'Gb|L h:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ x'G5g\ .



;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 27

dflysf] cg'R5]baf6 ;+o'St cIf/af6 ag]sf zAbx¿ l6k]/ n]v M


============ ============ ============ ============ ============


============ ============ ============ ============ ============


============ ============ ============ ============ ============


============ ============ ============ ============ ============

============ ============ ============ ============ ============






^= lrq x]/]/ zAb;Fu hf]8f ldnfpm M


Rofª\u|f

dfG5]


rDrf


O{Zj/


pNn"


;"o{

8fS6/


kN6g


kª\vf

xfQL






kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL


28 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

% zAb









Wofg lbP/ x]/ M











efO :s'n hfG5












d cfFk vfG5'


dfly lrq;Fu} lbOPsf efO, :s'n, hfG5, d, cfFk, vfG5' zAb x'g\ .

cIf/ jf cIf/x¿sf] ;d"xaf6 zAb aG5 .


zAb Ps cIf/sf] klg x'G5 . PseGbf a9L cIf/sf klg x'G5g\ .

Ps cIf/ M d, tF, pm, of], sf], hf], kf], jf, ls, v} ===

b'O{ cIf/ M ltdL, xfdL, 5ftf, sfsf, sf};L, sf}jf, 9f]sf, yfn ===

tLg cIf/ M snd, lxdfn, g]kfn, lunf;, srf}/f, kf}/v, laxfg

rf/ cIf/ M l¹lnldnL, ;nud, kf7zfnf ===

kf“r cIf/ M nfnLu'/fF;, gLnsdn, r/fr'?ª\uL, nlntk'/, l;Gw'kfNrf]s ===

5 cIf/ M xjfO{hxfh, sfe|]knfGrf]s, dx]Gb|gu/ ===




;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 29

of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕


cy{ glbg] cIf/ zAb x'“b}g .

v, r, h, 6, a cflb cIf/ x'g\, zAb xf]Ogg\ .



cy{ glbg] cIf/x¿sf] ;d"xaf6 zAb aGb}g .

dLxf, vs, /;x, dn;u cflb zAb xf]Ogg\ .



cIf/ jf cIf/x¿sf] ;d"xaf6 cy{ cfof] eg] dfq

zAb x'G5 .

d, tF, pm, snd, cf}ifwL, g]kfn ===




lstfa /fd|f] lrq cfdf

zAb x'g\ kfgL k/]/ af6f] lxnf]

eof] 3/df cufl8 cfFug



atfs d|f]/f qr dfcf


zAb xf]Ogg\ lgkf /k/] 6f]af nf]lx
of]e /df3 ufl8c gucfF






tnsf] ;+jfb Wofg lbP/ k9 M


u'?cfdf M cy{ lbg] cIf/ jf cIf/x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ s] elgG5 < ltdL eg t

/f]zg .

/f]zg M zAb elgG5, u'?cfdf .

u'?cfdf M zAbdf slt j6f cIf/ x'G5g\ < ;lrtf ltdL eg t .



30 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

;lrtf M zAb Ps cIf/sf] klg x'G5 / PseGbf a9L cIf/sf] klg x'G5 .


u'?cfdf M w]/} /fd|f] . zAb x'g s] x'g'k5{, /f]zg <
/f]zg M cy{ x'g'k5{ u'?cfdf .



u'?cfdf M zAbdf cfPsf cIf/x¿nfO{ Pp6} l8sf]df n]Vg'k5{ x} .
‘ls ;f g’ o;/L n]Vg'x'Fb}g . ‘ls;fg’ o;/L n]Vg'k5{ . ltdLx¿n]


a'ˆof} t <
b'j} M a'ˆof}F, u'?cfdf .


u'?cfdf M :ofaf; .






cEof;



!= tnsf] afs;af6 zAbx¿ lrg]/ n]v .

u'?cfdf, lwifsf}, nkfg], 8d?, /ut, ?d8, skf;, v}sf]sf, lstfa,

gfl;k, kl;gf, sIflz, lzIff, 1fIf, efufg, ;'gufef














@= vfnL 7fp“df ldNg] zAb e/ M
==============
s_ cIf/ jf cIf/x¿sf] af6 zAb aG5 .
==============
v_ ‘xjfO{hxfh’ zAbdf j6f cIf/ 5g\ .
==============
u_ zAb aGg cIf/ jf cIf/ ;d"xn] lbg'k5{ .
==============
3_ zAbdf ePsf cIf/x¿nfO{ Pp6} df n]Vg'k5{ .





;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 31

#= tnsf lrq x]/ clg s] s] b]Vof}, vfnL sf]7fdf zAbx¿ e/ M





























































oL zAbx¿sf] ;xof]u lng ;S5f} .



afbn, kfgL, r:df, ;6{, xft, emG8f, ;]n, d]hf, emf]nf, 6fO{,

h'Qf, xft, k|ms, l/ag, afns, s]6f, s]6L, kfOG6



32 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

$= tnsf cIf/x¿ hf]8]/ zAb agfpm M



s_ lx ± ;f ± a ˜


v_ lz ± If ± s ˜


u_ k ± lx ± nf] ˜


3_ sL ± lt{ ± k' ± / ˜



ª_ sf ± 7 ± df ± 8f}F ˜


r_ ;' ± gf} ± nf] ˜



%= tnsf zAbx¿ slt cIf/n] ag]sf 5g\, lrg M


kf7zfnf ˜ srf}/f ˜


sf}jf ˜ nfnLu'/fF; ˜


dx]Gb|gu/ ˜ lxdfn ˜



^= tnsf lrqx¿ x]/ clg ldNg] zAb n]v M






















kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL


;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 33

^ jfSo











tnsf lrqx¿ Wofg lbP/ x]/ M













d u[xsfo{ u5'{ . pm cfFk vfG5 . ufO{n] 3fF; vfof] .















rª\uf p8\of] . u'?cfdf cfpg'eof] . r/f p8\of] .














alxgL xfF;L . a'af dlGb/ hfg'x'G5 . lunf;df b"w 5 .


dflysf lrqx¿;Fu lbOPsf jfSox¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 .






34 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

zAbx¿sf] ;d"xaf6 vf; cy{ lg:sG5 eg] To:tf] zAbx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{


jfSo elgG5 .

tnsf jfSox¿ k9 M

pm xfF:5 . ltdL 3/ hfG5f} .
d}n] sfd u/]F . xfdL ¿v /f]K5f}F .

ltdLx¿ Ps sIffdf k9\5f} . u'? cfpg'eof] .

lgh{nf /fd|/L gfR5] . ltdL stf uof} <
pd]zn] km'6an v]Nof] . r/f] u'F8df a:5 .

ufO{n] b"w lbG5 . pm 3f]8f r9\5 .




of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕



b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L zAbx¿sf] ;d"xaf6 jfSo aG5 .


zAbx¿ eP/ dfq jfSo x'Fb}g .



jfSo x'g zAbx¿sf]

;d"xn] cy{ lbg'k5{ . 3/ /fd ef]ln
hf ltdL kf7

xf] s]6f] d
d uLt ufpF5' .
d vfgf vfG5' . zAbx¿sf] o:tf]

pm ljBfyL{ xf] . ;d"x jfSo xf]Og .


zAbx¿sf] o:tf] ;d"x jfSo xf] .



jfSo k"/f ePkl5 jfSox¿ ldn]/

k"0f{lj/fd lbg'k5{ . cg'R5]b aG5 .




;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 35

cEof;



!= ldNbf] zAb /fv]/ vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
==================
s_ zAbx¿sf] af6 jfSo aG5 .
==================
v_ jfSo aGg zAbx¿sf] ;d"xn] lbg'k5{ .
==================
u_ jfSo k"/f ePkl5 lbg'k5{ .
==================
3_ jfSox¿ ldn]/ aG5 .



@= tnsf zAb ;d"xaf6 jfSox¿ lrg clg jfSosf] k5fl8 /]hf

-á_ nufpm M


s_ xfdL ljBfno hfG5f}F .



v_ k9]/ ltdL stf


u_ xfdL ;a} g]kfnL xf}F .


3_ cfFk xl/of] crf/ dL7f]


ª_ ;fgf a:5g\ gfgLx¿



r_ d ljBfyL{ x'F .



#= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ pN6f]kfN6f] kf/]/ jfSo agfpm M

s_ vfG5f} ltdL eft .




v_ xf] d]/f] g]kfn b]z .





36 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

u_ 5 lstfa 6]a'ndfly .




3_ ksfpFb} eft ;ljtf 5] .





ª_ xfdL u5f}{+ u[xsfo{ .




$= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

h:t} M ¹f]nf M d]/f] ¹f]nf ;fgf] 5 .


s_ snd


v_ ;fyL


u_ k9\5f}F

3_ xl/of]


ª_ b]v]/


%= tnsf] tflnsfaf6 jfSo agfpm M


d k9\5' .

xfdL k9\5f}F .

tF k9\5;\ .
g]kfnL
ltdL k9\5f} .
Jofs/0f
tkfO{+ k9\g'x'G5 .


pm k9\5 .

pgLx¿ k9\5g\ .



;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 37

jfSox¿ ldn]/ cg'R5]b aG5 .

 tnsf] cg'R5]b sIffdf cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M


d]/f] gfd l;dn xf] . d Ps sIffdf k9\5' . d cfdf;Fu ljBfno hfG5' .

d]/f] ljBfnodf w]/} hgf ;fyLx¿ 5g\ . u'? / u'?cfdfx¿ xfdLnfO{

w]/} dfof ug'{x'G5 . u'?x¿ k9fpg'x'G5, v]nfpg'x'G5 . xfdL ljBfnodf

ufpF5f}F, gfR5f}F . xfdL ljBfnodf w]/} /dfOnf] u5f}{+ .


 d]/L cfdf zLif{sdf cg'R5]b n]v M




d]/L cfdf












































kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL


38 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

& jrg











tnsf lrq x]/ clg ;“u} lbOPsf zAbx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M











¹G8f ¹G8fx¿ k"mn k"mnx¿












k'tnL k'tnLx¿ 38L 38Lx¿












8fnf 8fnfx¿ 3/ 3/x¿












lstfa lstfax¿ cfFk cfFkx¿



;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 39

dflysf lrqdf cfPsf ¹G8f, k'tnL, 8fnf], lstfa h:tf zAbx¿n] Pp6f


dfq ;ª\VofnfO{ hgfPsf 5g\ eg] ¹G8fx¿, k'tnLx¿, 8fnfx¿, lstfax¿
h:tf zAbn] PseGbf a9L ;ª\VofnfO{ hgfPsf 5g\ .


jrg b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M


Psjrg ax'jrg



s_ Psjrg M JolSt jf j:t'sf] Pp6f dfq ;ª\Vof a'¹fpg] zAb g} Ps

jrg xf] . h:t} M dlGb/, k"mn, 8f]sf], dfG5], eFu]/f], lxdfn, b]z, lstfa,

3/, ;'uf, k/]jf, 5ftf cflb .

v_ ax'jrg M JolSt jf j:t'sf] PseGbf a9L ;ª\Vof a'¹fpg] zAb g}

ax'jrg xf] . h:t} M dlGb/x¿, k"mnx¿, 8f]sfx¿, dfG5]x¿, eFu]/fx¿,

lxdfnx¿, b]zx¿, lstfax¿, 3/x¿, ;'ufx¿, k/]jfx¿, 5ftfx¿

cflb .
lzIfs ;fyL ¤ k':tsdf lbOPsf kl/efiffx¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ 3f]sfpg xf]Og . a'¹fpg ;lhnf] xf];\
eg]/ dfq kf7df kl/efiff /flvPsf x'g\ . o;nfO{ hfgsf/Lsf] ¿kdf dfq u|x0f ug'{xf]nf .


PsjrgnfO{ ax'jrg o;/L agfOG5 M–

s_ zAbsf] cGTodf x¿ yKg'k5{ . h:t}M

efO efOx¿

lxdfn lxdfnx¿

¿v ¿vx¿

v_ zAbsf] cGTodf cfPsf] cf]sf/nfO{ cfsf/df abn]/ x¿ yKg'k5{ .

h:t} M

s]6f] s]6fx¿

r/f] r/fx¿

8f]sf] 8f]sfx¿


40 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕


jrgn] ;ª\Vof a'¹fpF5 .

Pp6f dfq ;ª\Vof a'¹fpg] zAb Psjrg xf] .

PseGbf a9L ;ª\Vof a'¹fpg] zAb ax'jrg xf] .





cEof;


!= sf]i7saf6 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb e/ M

===============
s_ v]N5] -;bLIff, ;bLIffx¿_
===============
v_ vf]/df 5g\ . -afv|f], afv|fx¿_
===============
u_ /fd|/L k9\5f}F . -d, xfdL_

===============
3_ p8] . -r/f], r/fx¿_
===============
ª_ uf]7df a:5 . -ufO{x¿, ufO{_
===============
r_ /fd|f cfP . -s]6f, s]6fx¿_
===============
5_ gfR5g\ . -pm, pgLx¿_

===============
h_ dfjn uof] . -efO, efOx¿_
===============
¹_ cfsfzdf rlDsP . -tf/f], tf/fx¿_
===============
`_ csf]{ ;fn sIff b'O{df k9\g] 5g\ . -;fyLx¿, ;fyL_


@= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ ax'jrgdf abn M

s's'/ 6f]kL la/fnf] s]6L


s's'/x¿





;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 41

cfFvf rNnf gfª\nf] esf/L







s';L{ ;fyL af6f] d';f]







df5f] 5f]/f] 5f]/L 8f]sf]








#= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ Psjrgdf abn M

s'v'/fx¿ lxdfnx¿ cfOdfO{x¿ s]6fx¿


s'v'/f]


r/fx¿ kf7fx¿ sndx¿ 8fnfx¿







cfFvfx¿ dflg;x¿ ljBfyL{x¿ e}F;Lx¿






afv|fx¿ a]x'nfx¿ hGtLx¿ dfdfx¿







$= ax'jrg zAb lrg]/ uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M


df}/Lx¿ es'G8f] v]nf}gf Eofu'tf]





42 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

/]l8of] 9's'/x¿ 5fp/f] dfs'/f]


afFb/ ;fyL ;fdfg dlGb/x¿

r:df l;;fsnd lzIfsx¿ ljBfyL{

lrn k'tnLx¿ efF8f] uf]?



%= tnsf lrq;Fu ldNg] zAbx¿sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M


rNnf]

la/fnf]


e]8fx¿


e]8f]


rNnfx¿


tf/fx¿

tf/f


k/]jf


la/fnfx¿

k/]jfx¿


^= ltd|f] sIffsf]7fdf ePsf Psjrg / ax'jrg hgfpg]

;fdfgx¿sf] gfd n]v M


Psjrg ax'jrg











;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 43

&= lrq x]/]/ gfd n]v M


























*= tnsf] sljtf no xfn]/ k9 clg Psjrg / ax'jrgsf zAbx¿

tflnsfdf n]v .

cfFvfx¿ 7f]lSsG5g\ oL kfvfx¿ b]Vbf, Psjrg ax'jrg

v';L x'G5g\ cfdf, afaf d}n] k9\bfn]Vbf .


d':s'/fpF5' k"mnh:t} ;fyLx¿ e]6\bf,

af6f] sf6\5' xft ;dfO{ df]6/x¿ b]Vbf .


v]N5' lstfa,sfkL;Fu lrqx¿ sf]b}{,

vfGgF d t ;fyLefOsf] slxNo} vfhf rf]b}{ .


sfnf x'G5g\ bfFt eGg] rsn]6 vfFbf hfg,

306L nfP kfn] bfOn] aHof] /fi6«ufg .


uLt ufO{ gfR5' 5d5d dfbn'sf] tfndf,

sIff b'O{df k9\g] 5' d ca cfpg] ;fndf .





kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL


44 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

* lnª\u







tnsf lrq x]/ clg ;Fu} lbOPsf zAbx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M












efn] kf]yL s]6f] s]6L













a"9f] a"9L uf]? ufO{













a]x'nf a]x'nL /fFuf] e}F;L













af]sf] afv|f] afns aflnsf



;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 45

dflysf lrqdf cfPsf efn], s]6f], a"9f], uf]?, a]x'nf, /fFuf], af]sf], afns


h:tf zAbn] k'lnª\unfO{ a'¹fPsf 5g\ eg] kf]yL, s]6L, a"9L, ufO{, a]x'nL,
e}F;L, afv|f], aflnsf h:tf zAbn] :qLlnª\unfO{ a'¹fPsf 5g\ .


lnª\u b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M


k'lnª\u :qLlnª\u

















!= k'lnª\u M efn] hflt a'¹fpg] zAbnfO{ k'lnª\u elgG5 .

@= :qLlnª\u M kf]yL hflt a'¹fpg] zAbnfO{ :qLlnª\u elgG5 .



tnsf zAbx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M

k'lnª\u :qLlnª\u k'lnª\u :qLlnª\u


a'af cfdf bfh' efph"

uf]? ufO{ kf7f] kf7L

legfh' lbbL ;;'/f ;f;"

/fFuf] e}F;L af]sf] afv|f]

;fnf] ;fnL dfdf dfOh"

sfsf sfsL s]6f] s]6L

a]x'nf] a]x'nL df]6f] df]6L

xfF:5 xfF:5] uof] uO{





46 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

k9\g] 5 k9\g] 5] xf]rf] xf]rL

sfG5f] sfG5L efGhf efGhL

u'? u'?df /fhf /fgL

b]j/ b]p/fgL nf]Ug] :jf:gL

k'?if dlxnf eFu]/f] eFu]/L







of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕

k'lnª\un] k'?if jf efn] hfltnfO{ a'¹fpF5 .

k'lnª\u Psjrg jf ax'jrg b'j} x'G5g\ .

:qLlnª\un] dlxnf jf kf]yL hfltnfO{ a'¹fpF5 .

:qLlnª\u klg Psjrg jf ax'jrg b'j} x'G5g\ .



cEof;




!= :qLlnª\u a'´fpg] zAbdf uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M



/fhf afR5f] 5f]/f] lbbL



dfdf sfsf dfOh" legfh'



b]p/fgL b]j/ ;fnf] s]6f]



9f8] 5fp/f] la/fnf] bfh'



u'? efGhf u'?df a'af




;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 47

@= tnsf k'lnª\u / :qLlnª\u zAbsf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M


a]x'nf /fgL


;;'/f ;fnL


/fhf eFu]/L


b]j/ u'?df


;fnf] a]x'nL


eFu]/f] ;f;"


u'? b]p/fgL


nf]Ug] lbbL


legfh' e}F;L


/fFuf] :jf:gL


#= ;“u}sf] afs;df x]/ clg tnsf lrq;“u ldNg] zAb n]v M






s]6L, a'af, efn], ufO{,

kf]yL, uf]?, cfdf, s]6f



















48 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

$= k'lnª\u a'´fpg] 5 j6f zAb n]v M











%= :qLlnª\u a'´fpg] 5 j6f zAb n]v M












^= tnsf] afs;df lbOPsf zAbx¿af6 k'lnª\u zAb lrg clg vfnL

sf]7fx¿df n]v M

lzlIfsf, a]x'nL, lzIfs, dfOh", k'?if, dfdf, lbbL, efGhL, a]x'nf],

dlxnf, efO, a'xf/L, kf]yL, efn], af3, e}F;L, al3gL, af7f], hfG5],

af7L, bfO, 5f]/L


















;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 49

&= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb e/ M

================
s_ e}F;Ln] 3fF; . -vfO{, vfof]_
================
v_ cfO{ . -5f]/f], 5f]/L_
================
u_ cfpg'eof] . -a'af, efO_

================
3_ 3fFu/ nfpF5] . -efO, alxgL_
================
ª_ cfOg\ . -efGhL, efGhf]_



*= tnsf] sljtf no xfn]/ k9 clg :qLlnª\u / k'lnª\u hgfpg]

zAb 5'§f5'§} tflnsfdf n]v M

bfh', efO, lbbL, alxgL ;w}F ldNg'k5{ . k'lnª\u :qLlnª\u

cfdf,afaf, u'?dfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ ..




xh'/a'af eGg'x'G5, ‘5f]/L s:tL 1fgL’ .

xh'/cfdf eGg'x'G5, ‘skfn sf]/ gfgL’ ..




dfdf, dfOh", sfsf,sfsL cfpg'eof] 3/ .

clGdP5g\ 8f]nL r9L a]x'nf, a]x'nL k/ ..




afR5f], afR5L, kf7f], kf7L plk|mpk|mL gfr] .

p7\g'k5{ laxfg rfF8} ufpFdf efn] af;] ..











kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL


50 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !


Click to View FlipBook Version