Nepali Vyakaran 1

tnsf zAbx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M


c;n v/fa cfF;' xfF;f]

cfzf lg/fzf cfsfz kftfn

cfkmGt k/fO{ Ps cg]s

dfgj bfgj b'Mv ;'v

cl3 kl5 ljåfg\ d"v{

wgL ul/a dfof 3[0ff

glhs 6f9f lht xf/

af;L ;fhL ldq zq'

w]/} yf]/} rfF8f] l9nf]

lbg /ft u'g a}u'g

/f]uL lg/f]uL ;'N6f] pN6f]


;kmf kmf]xf]/ /fd|f] g/fd|f]
pHofnf] cFWof/f] 7"nf] ;fgf]


tftf] lr;f] dfly tn

km]b 6'Kkf] nfdf] 5f]6f]

;Hhg b'h{g hf8f] udL{



cEof;


!= tnsf zAbx¿sf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb vfnL 7fp“df n]v M


hf8f] – lht –

cfsfz – af;L –


;f]¹f] – ;'v –




;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 101

ul/a – rfF8f] –


tn – lg/f]u –



@= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAbsf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

lbg b'h{g


u'g s'sd{

;Hhg 6f9f


;'sd{ /ft

glhs a}u'g



#= tnsf] sljtf no xfn]/ k9 clg tflnsf ljk/Lt cy{ hgfpg]

zAb n]v M

n]s–a]F;L, lapF¹fpg] 3fd–h"g h:t},

cUnf–xf]rf, sfnf–uf]/f ;a} dfG5] p:t} .





cfuf] aGg'eGbf ;w}F kfgL aGg hftL,

cfF;'–xfF;f] lhGbuLsf b'j} xfd|f ;fyL .





;'v–b'Mv h] k/] lg ;S5' w}o{ ug{,

3[0ff ug]{nfO{ dfof ug]{ d]/f] wd{ .




;fgf;fgf oL xftn] u5{g\ 7"nf sfd,


v/fa xf]Og c;n agL /fV5' b]zsf] gfd .




102 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

$= tnsf lrq x]/L ldNg] afs;sf zAb;“u hf]8f ldnfpm M




7"nf]


;fgf]





cUnf]



xf]rf]






nfdf]


5f]6f]


;kmf


kmf]xf]/




df]6f]


b'Anf]





%= tnsf jfSox¿x¿ 7Ls -á_ a]7Ls -â_ 5'6\ofP/ n]v M


s_ ‘psfnf]’ sf] pN6f] zAb ‘cf]/fnf]’ xf] .

v_ ‘;kgf’sf] pN6f] zAb ‘:jKg’ xf] .


u_ ‘r]t’sf] pN6f] zAb ‘cr]t’ xf] .




;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 103

3_ ‘ufpF’sf] pN6f] zAb ‘ufd’ xf] .


ª_ ‘hGd’sf] pN6f] zAb ‘d[To'’ xf] .


^= sf]i7saf6 ljk/Lt cy{ lbg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
==================
s_ ‘dfgj’sf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb xf] .

-dfgj, dfG5], gfoj¬_
==================
v_ ‘jfl/’sf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb xf] .

-6f/L, af/L, kfl/_
==================
u_ ‘km]b’sf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb xf] .

-dfly, v]b, 6'Kkf]_
==================
3_ ‘cfkmGt’sf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb xf] .

-s/fO{, k/fO{, cfÇgf]_
==================
ª_ ‘ljåfg\’sf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb xf] .

-d"v{, bofn', hfGg]_


&= sf]i7saf6 ljk/Lt cy{ lbg] zAb lrg]/ uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M



s_ ‘dL7f]’sf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb ====== xf] . -l56f], ln6f], gdL7f]_



v_ ‘lxpFb’sf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb ===== xf] . -avf{, rvf{, dsf{_


u_ ‘r'Rrf]’sf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb ===== xf] . -n'Rrf], s'rf], a'Rrf]_



3_ ‘gfkmf’sf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb ===== xf] . -kmfObf, 3f6f, gftf_


ª_ ‘l/Qf]’sf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb ===== xf] . -e/L, r/L, ¹'6f]_





104 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

kof{ojfrL zAb



tnsf] lrq x]/ clg tL lrqx¿nfO{ a'´fpg lbOPsf zAbx¿ Wofg

lbP/ k9 M





u[x dfgj

;bg dflg;


ejg g/

3/ dfG5]








cfsfz gog

;u/ g]q


ge nf]rg

uug cfFvf











k'ik /lj

;'dg ;"o{

s';'d efg'

k"mn 3fd





;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 105

dfly lrqx¿;Fu lbOPsf w]/} zAbx¿n] Pp6} cy{ lbPsf 5g\ . w]/} j6f


zAbx¿n] Pp6} cy{ lbG5g\ eg] To:tf zAbx¿nfO{ kof{ojfrL zAb elgG5 .


tnsf zAbx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M


clt – w]/}, Hofb} kf7zfnf – ljBfno, :s'n

pkxf/ – sf];]nL, ;f}uft kf]v/L – tfn, tnfp

lktf – a'af,afaf,af cfdf – dftf, hggL

hn – kfgL bl/b| – ul/a

gofF – gjLg, gf}nf] kTy/ – 9'ª\uf

dfu{ – af6f], ky x:t – xft

;dL/ – atf;, xfjf cgfy – 6'x'/f]

b"/ – 6f9f qf; – 8/

ldq – ;fyL O{z – O{Zj/, eujfg\, b]ptf

afns – lzz', aRrf klt – >Ldfg\, nf]Ug]

/flq – /ft :g]x – dfof

j[If – ¿v ;DklQ – wg

snx – ¹u8f qmf]w – l/;


of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕


p:t}p:t} cy{ lbg] zAbnfO{ kof{ojfrL zAb elgG5 .
dflysf lrqx¿;Fu lbOPsf zAbnfO{ Wofg lbP/ x]/, Pp6} s'/f


a'¹fpg w]/} zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf 5g\ .
u[x, ;bg, ejg, 3/ h:tf zAbn] Pp6} s'/fnfO{ hgfPsf 5g\ .


leGgfleGg} zAbn] Pp6} cy{ lbP eg] To:tf zAb g} kof{ojfrL zAb
x'g\ .




106 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

cEof;



!= tnsf zAbx¿sf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb vfnL 7fp“df n]v M

bl/b| – O{z –

x:t – g]q –

b]x – qmf]w –

j}/L – klt –

tfn – j[If –



@= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAbsf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

;f}uft 6f9f

/flq ;x/

;"o{ 6'x'/f]

cgfy 3fd


b"/ /ft

gu/ sf];]nL



#= sf]i7saf6 p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fp“df n]v M
=====================
s_ dfgj zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb xf] .

-;fyL, dfG5], dfly_
=====================
v_ :g]x zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb xf] .

-;]tf], 3[0ff, dfof _
=====================
u_ ;dLk zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb xf] .

-6f9f, glhs, ljs6_


;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 107

=====================
3_ uug zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb xf] .


-nug, 7u, cfsfz_
=====================
ª_ ;DklQ zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb xf] .


-bDklt, wg, dg_


$= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls -á_ a]7Ls -â_ 5'6\ofP/ plrt lrXg b]pm M


s_ lzz' zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb aRrf] xf] .


v_ ;'wf zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb s'jf xf] .


u_ kTy/ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb 9'ª\uf xf] .

3_ ldq zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb lrq xf] .


ª_ dfu{ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb af6f] xf] .



%= sf]i7saf6 p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb lrg]/ uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M

s_ gogsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb === xf] . -gfos, gzf, cfFvf_

v_ kLo"ifsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb ==== xf] . -k|of;, cd[t, cd[tf_

u_ Hofb}sf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb ==== xf] . -w]/}, yf]/}, vfFb}_

3_ snxsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb ===== xf] . -hn, tn, ¹u8f_

ª_ hnsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb ===== xf] . -kfgL, dfgL, bfgL_



^= tnsf] tflnsfaf6 kof{ojfrL zAb lrgL vfnL 7fpFdf n]v M

kG5L dg'io r/f] a'af dftf 3fd kG5L – r/f]

hn lktf wtL{ 5f]/f] ?lkofF wg

dftf k'q kfgL 3/ efg' cfdf

ky ejg dfG5] dftf ;DklQ af6f]




108 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

;f/ zAb



tnsf jfSox¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M














snfsf/x¿ ;w}F cd/ /xG5g\ . /fdsf a'af ls;fg x'g'x'G5 .














d]/L alxgL zfsfxf/L xf] . af3 b'n{e hGt' xf] .



w]/} zAbx¿sf] ;§fdf Pp6} zAbsf] k|of]u ul/G5 eg] To:tf] zAbnfO{ ;f/

zAb elgG5 . dfly /ftf] cIf/df n]lvPsf zAbx¿ ;f/ zAb x'g\ .



tnsf w]/} zAbx¿ / ltgnfO{ a'´fpg] Pp6} zAb -;f/ zAb_ Wofg

lbP/ k9 M

d slxNo} gdg]{ – cd/

d hf] eg]sf] dfGb}g – c6]/L

d h'g s'/f kfpg ufx|f] 5 – b'n{e

d h] rLh kfpg ;lhnf] 5 – ;'ne

d kmnfdsf] tLgv'§] r'nf] – cf]bfg




;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 109

d hf] v]tLkftLsf] sfd u5{ – ls;fg


d l3p l¹Sg] 8f8'h:tf] ;fgf] efF8f] – y'kL{
d 3fddf ;'sfpg lkm+FhfPsf] cGg – la:s'g


d ljjfxsf] s'/fsfgL ldnfpg] JolSt – ndL
d Pp6f cf“vf] gePsf] – sfgf]


d nf]Ug] d/]sL cfOdfO{ – ljwjf
d tTsfn sljtf n]Vg ;Sg] slj – cfz'slj


d ;fukft / kmnk"mn dfq vfg] – zfsfxf/L
d bz jif{sf] ;do – bzs


d ljjfxdf b'nfxfsf] kl5kl5 lxF8\g] dflg;x¿ – hGtL
d nf; af]s]/ lxF8]sf dflg;x¿ – dnfdL







afnaf]nL

tnsf] cg'R5]b Wofg lbP/ k9 M

xfd|L ;fgL gfgL gfDdf] gfgf nfP/ dfdf3/ hfG5] . gfgL sfOFsf]/L u/L t]t]

nfpF5] . afaf 3/ cfpg] lalQs} kfkf dfU5] . dg];Fu v]N5] clg s'tL;Fu

/dfpF5] . cfuf] b]v]kl5 km'O eG5] . lgb|f nfUof] eg] g'g' u5'{ eG5] . afafnfO{

a;]sf] t b]Vg} x'Gg, 9f8df r9]/ x6x6 eG5] . lstfa ;dft]/ ssgg ug]{

eG5] . gfgL P]gf x]/]/ l6sL nfpg] eG5] . wf/fdf kfgL cfPsf] t b]Vg} x'Gg

x/x/ ug]{ eGb} 6fpsf] yfKg hfG5] .

dflysf] cg'R5]bdf /ftf] cIf/df n]lvPsf zAbx¿df Wofg b]pm t . oL

zAbx¿n] ;fgf gfgLx¿n] af]Ng] jf pgLx¿sf nflu af]lng] af]nLnfO{

a'¹fPsf 5g\ . o:tf zAbx¿ afnaf]nL x'g\ .





110 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

tnsf afnaf]nL a'´fpg] zAbx¿ / ltgsf cy{ Wofg lbP/ k9 M


gfDdf] M /fd|f]

xfDd ug'{ M vfg'

gfgf M n'uf


sfOFsf]/L ug'{ M skfn sf]g'{

t]t] M t]n

km'O M cfuf]

s'tL M s's'/

dg] M afv|fsf] kf7f]


kfkf M ld7fO{, rsn]6

g'g' ug'{ M lgbfpg', ;'Tg'

l6sL M 6Lsf


x6x6 M 3f]8f

ssgg M k9\g] sfd

x/x/ ug'{ M g'xfpg'

;'/L M la/fnf]

cfrL M kmf]xf]/


u'hL M sL/f]

a'a' M b"w

dfd M eft


cfOF M e}F;L

k'F ug{' M lkpg'

kfO ug'{ M lk6\g'


;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 111

cEof;



!= tnsf ;f/ zAbx¿ cy{ n]v M


s_ cd/ M

v_ zfsfxf/L M


u_ cf]bfg M


3_ bzs M


ª_ cfz'slj M


@= tnsf w]/} zAbx¿sf] ;§fdf cfpg] ;f/ zAb n]v M



s_ nf]Ug] d/]sL cfOdfO{


v_ ljjfxsf] s'/fsfgL ldnfpg] JolSt


u_ ljjfxdf b'nfxfsf] kl5kl5 lxF8\g] dflg;x¿


3_ l3p l¹Sg] 8f8'h:tf] ;fgf] efF8f]


ª_ h'g s'/f kfpg uf/f] 5



#= hf]8f ldnfpm M

hf] eg]sf] dfGb}g dnfdL

hf] v]tLkftLsf] sfd u5{ bzs

nf; af]s]/ lxF8]sf dflg;x¿ ndL


ljjfxsf] s'/fsfgL ldnfpg] JolSt c6]/L


bz jif{sf] ;do ls;fg


112 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

$= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M


xfDd ug'{ M u'hL M


k'mO M kfO ug'{ M


g'g' ug'{ M dg] M


%= hf]8f ldnfpm M


x/x/ ug'{ s's'/


x6x6 vfg'

s'tL g'xfpg'

sfOFsf]/L ug'{ b"w


xfDd ug'{ 3f]8f


a'a' skfn sf]g'{


^= lrq;“u ldNg] afnaf]nL n]v M




























kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL


;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 113

l;h{gfTds n]vg






k7g af]w



lr7L n]vg



;+jfb n]vg



cg'R5]b n]vg

































114 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

!& k7g af]w









lzIfs ;fyL ¤ k9]sf] jf ;'g]sf] s'g} klg s'/f a'ˆg'nfO{ af]w elgG5 . k9]sf] s'/f
a'ˆg'nfO{ k7g af]w elgG5 . gfgLx¿n] s'g} kqklqsf tyf k':tsx¿df
k9]sf s'/f a'¹] ls a'¹]gg\ eg]/ hfFRg To;af6 s]xL k|Zg ;f]lwof] eg] Tof] pgLx¿sf] k7g
af]wsf] k/LIff lnOPsf] x'G5 . gfgLx¿nfO{ s'g} cg'R5]b k9\g lbP/ To;af6 s]xL k|Zg

;f]lwG5 . o;/L ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vbf lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ M
– lbOPsf] cg'R5]b jf kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9\g], – k9]sf] kf7n] eGg vf]h]sf] s'/f a'ˆg],

– ;f]lwPsf] k|Zg /fd|/L k9\g], – k|Zgn] s] eGg vf]h]sf] s] xf] Tof] a'ˆg],

– s'/f] /fd|/L a'¹]kl5 pQ/ n]Vg] .
of] kf7df klg k7g af]wsf] cEof; lbOPsf] 5 . gfgLx¿nfO{ cEof; u/fpg'xf]nf .








tnsf] cg'R5]b Wofg lbP/ k9 clg ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M

cg'zf;gsf] cy{ cfk"mnfO{ lgoddf /fv]/ cfkm}Fdfly zf;g ug'{ xf] . cfk"mnfO{

;xL af6f]df lxF8fpg tyf unt x'gaf6 hf]ufpg cg'zf;gsf] cfjZostf

kb{5 . cg'zf;gn] dfG5]nfO{ v/fa x'gaf6 hf]ufpF5 . v/fa dflg;nfO{

s;}n] dg k/fpFb}gg\ . cg'zf;gsf] kfngf gug]{ dflg; v/fa ;ª\utdf kg{

;S5 . cg'zf;gsf] kfngf ug]{ dflg;n] cfÇgf] st{JonfO{ slxNo} la;{+b}g .

To;}n] cg'zf;gsf] kfngf ug]{ dflg;nfO{ ;a}n] dfof ub{5g\ .



s_ cg'zf;g eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/M cg'zf;g eg]sf] cfk"mnfO{ lgoddf afFw]/ /fVg' xf] .






;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 115

v_ dflg;nfO{ cg'zf;g lsg cfjZos kb{5 <

pQ/M dflg;nfO{ ;xL af6f]df nfUg cg'zf;g cfjZos k5{ .



u_ cg'zf;gn] dfG5]nfO{ s]af6 hf]ufp“5 <

pQ/M cg'zf;gn] dfG5]nfO{ v/fa x'gaf6 hf]ufpF5 .



3_ s:tf] dflg;nfO{ ;a}n] dfof u5{g\ <

pQ/M cg'zfl;t dflg;nfO{ ;a}n] dfof u5{g\ .


ª_ s:tf] dflg; v/fa ;ª\utdf kb{5 <

pQ/M cg'zf;gsf] kfngf gug]{ dflg; v/fa ;ª\utdf k5{ .








cEof;



!= tnsf] cg'R5]b k9]/ ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

Pl;of dxfb]zdf /x]sf] xfd|f] b]z g]kfn ef/t / rLgsf] aLrdf kb{5 .

g]kfnsf] k"j{ klZrd / blIf0fdf ef/t b]z kb{5 . g]kfnsf] pQ/df

lrg b]z kb{5 . ef/t / rLg g]kfnsf b'O{ l5d]sL b]zx¿ x'g\ . g]kfnn]

;d'b|nfO{ 5'Fb}g . g]kfn ef/t / rLgsf] hldgn] 3]l/Psf] b]z xf] . o;/L

c¿ b]zsf] hldgn] 3]l/Psf] / ;d'b|;Dd gk'Ug] b]znfO{ e"kl/j]li6t

b]z eGb5g\ . g]kfn e"kl/j]li6t b]z xf] . g]kfndf ;d'b| 5}g . g]kfn

;+;f/sf ljleGg b]zx¿sf] bfFhfdf Pp6f d¹f}nf b]z xf] . ;+;f/df

g]kfneGbf w]/} 7"nf / w]/} ;fgf b]zx¿ klg 5g\ . ef/t / rLg rflxF

g]kfneGbf Hofb} 7"nf b]zx¿ x'g\ .






116 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

s_ xfd|f] b]z sxf“ 5 <


pQ/

v_ g]kfnsf l5d]sL b]zx¿ s'gs'g x'g\ <


pQ/

u_ s:tf] b]znfO{ e"kl/j]li6t b]z eGb5g\ <


pQ/

3_ g]kfn s:tf] b]z xf] <

pQ/

ª_ ef/t / rLg g]kfneGbf ;fgf 5g\ ls 7"nf <


pQ/



@= tnsf k|Zgx¿ k9L lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

ufO{ 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ xf] . ufO{sf rf/ j6f v'§f, b'O{ j6f l;ª, b'O{

j6f sfg / Pp6f k'R5/ x'G5 . ufO{n] b"w lbG5 . ufO{sf] b"waf6 bxL,

df]xL, l3p, v'jf agfpg ;lsG5 . ufO{sf] uf]a/ tyf ux'Ft klg kljq

dflgG5 . ufO{sf] g]kfnL hghLjgdf 7"nf] dxŒj 5 . lxGb'x¿ ufO{nfO{

nIdLsf] k|tLs dfg]/ k"hf u5{g\ . ltxf/df ufO{ltxf/sf] ¿kdf ufO{sf]

ljz]if k"hf x'G5 . ufO{ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o hgfj/ ePsfn] ;a} hft tyf

wd{sf dflg;n] o;sf] >4f u5{g\ .

s_ ufO{ s:tf] hgfj/ xf] <


pQ/

v_ ufO{sf] b"waf6 s]s] agfpg ;lsG5 <

pQ/




;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 117

u_ ufO{sf v'§f slt j6f x'G5g\ <


pQ/

3_ lxGb'x¿ ufO{nfO{ s]sf] k|tLs dfg]/ k"hf u5{g\ <


pQ/

ª_ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o hgfj/ s] xf] <


pQ/


#= tnsf k|Zgx¿ k9L lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M


xfd|f] b]zsf] klZrd t/fO{df slknj:t' gfdsf] Pp6f lhNnf 5 . of]
lhNnf n'lDagL c~rndf kb{5 . cfheGbf w]/} jif{ klxn] To; slknj:t'


lhNnfdf z'4f]bg gfdsf /fhfn] /fHo uy]{ . tL /fhfsL /fgLsf] gfd
dfofb]jL lyof] . log} dfofb]jL cfÇgf] dfOtlt/ hfg nfUbf n'lDagLsf]


jgdf pgn] 5f]/f] kfOg\ . Tof] j}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg lyof] . /fhf z'4f]bg
/ dfofb]jLn] cfÇgf] 5f]/fsf] gfd l;4fy{ /fv] . l;4fy{ hGd]sf] va/


cl;t Clifn] yfxf kfP . cl;t Clifn] l;4fy{nfO{ /fd|/L x]/] / eg],
‘dxf/fh, oL /fhs'df/ 3/af/ / b/af/ 5f]8]/ 6f9f6f9f hfg] 5g\ .


logn] 1fgsf] vf]hL ug]{ 5g\ . logL 7"nf] 1fgL x'g] 5g\ . logL a'4 x'g]
5g\ .’ Clif cl;tsf s'/f ;'g]/ z'4f]bg 7"nf] kL/df k/] .




s_ slknj:t' lhNnf s'g c~rndf kb{5 <


pQ/

v_ /fhf z'4f]bgsf] 5f]/fsf] gfd s] lyof] <


pQ/





118 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

u_ l;4fy{ hGd]sf] va/ s'g Clifn] yfxf kfP <


pQ/

3_ cl;t Clifn] s] eg] <


pQ/

ª_ s;sf] s'/f ;'g]/ z'4f]bg 7"nf] kL/df k/] <


pQ/
























































;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 119

!* lr7L n]vg








lzIfs ;fyL ¤ gfgLx¿nfO{ of] kf7 k9fpg'cl3 lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'xf];\ M
cfk"meGbf 6f9f /x]sf cfÇgf gft]bf/ tyf ;fyLx¿nfO{ cfÇgf] af/]df
s]xL eGg tyf pgLx¿sf] af/]df ;f]Wg lr7L n]lvG5 . clxn] OG6/g]6, Od]n, kmf]g cflbsf
sf/0f lr7L n]Vg] rng s]xL 36]sf] eP klg lr7L n]Vg hfGg' cfjZos 5 . lr7L n]Vbf lgDg
s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ M

sfkLsf] ;a}eGbf dfly bfofFlt/ 7]ufgf n]Vg'k5{ . 7]ufgfsf] 7Ls d'lg ldlt n]Vg'k5{ .
ldltsf] d'lg Ps x/km 5f]8]/ afofFlt/ s;nfO{ n]Vg] xf] p;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . -cfb/0fLo,
Kof/f] cflb _
;Daf]wgsf] d'lg ;fb/ k|0ffd, Gofgf] ;D¹gf cflb n]Vg'k5{ . o;sf] 7Ls d'lgaf6 ;Grf]la;Grf]
;f]Wg'k5{ . To;kl5 cfÇgf s'/fx¿ n]Vg'k5{ . lr7L n]v]kl5 cGTodf tkfO{+sf] Kof/f] ===, ltd|f]
Kof/f]=== cflb n]v]/ 6'ª\Uofpg'k5{ . cGTodf vfdsf] gd'gf klg agfpg'k5{ x} .


tnsf] lr7L Wofg lbP/ k9 M

sfjf;f]tL, gjnk/f;L

ldlt M @)&%÷)$÷!%

cfb/0fLo sfsf,

;fb/ k|0ffd .

d oxfF ;Gr} 5' . ToxfF tkfO{+ klg ;Gr} x'g'x'G5 eGg] cfzf ub{5' . w]/} lbg

eof] tkfO{+sf] va/ gcfPsf] . cfh tkfO{+sf] Gof;|f] nfu]sfn] kq n]Vb} 5' .

kl/jf/df ;a} hgf tkfO{+sf] ofb ug'{x'G5 . xh'/a'af, xh'/cfdf sfG5f] slxn]

cfpF5 eg]/ ;f]Wg'x'G5 . tkfO{+ slxn] cfpg'x'G5 < d]/f] ljBfnodf k|yd

q}dfl;s k/LIff ;lsof] . d k/LIffdf k|yd ePF . sfsfn] dnfO{ k/LIffdf

k|yd ePF eg] v]nf}gf lslglbg] eGg'ePsf] lyof] . o;kfln 3/ cfpFbf dnfO{

/fd|f v]nf}gfx¿ NofOlbg';\ x} .



120 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

sfsf xfd|f] ljBfnodf x/]s z'qmaf/ ljleGg sfo{j|mdx¿ x'G5g\ . uLt


ufpg], gfRg], lrq agfpg] tyf v]ns'b h:tf sfo{j|mdx¿ x'g] ePsfn]
dnfO{ w]/} /dfOnf] nfU5 . cr]n d}n] uLt ufpg yfn]sf] 5' . sfsf cfPkl5


d uLt ufP/ ;'gfpg] 5' .
kqdf w]/} s'/f s] n]v"F . ca sfsf;Fu e]6 ePkl5 w]/} s'/f u/f}Fnf . cfhnfO{


olQd} snd aGb u5'{ . tkfO{+ klg kq kfpg]lalQs} dnfO{ lr7L n]Vg';\ x} .




tkfO{+sf] Kof/f] elth
k|;Gg e§/fO{



vfdsf] gd'gf











k7fpg] kfpg]
k|;Gg e§/fO{ tLy{ e§/fO{

sfjf;f]tL, gjnk/f;L lrKn]9'ª\uf, kf]v/f







cEof;





!= ltdLnfO{ /dfOnf] nfUg] s'g} rf8sf] af/]df aofg ub}{ ;fyLnfO{ lr7L

n]v .



@= cfÇgf] ljBfnosf] af/]df aofg u/]/ dfdfnfO{ lr7L n]v .



;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 121

!( ;+jfb n]vg








lzIfs ;fyL ¤ gfgLx¿nfO{ of] kf7 k9fpg'cl3 lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'xf];\ M

;+jfb eg]sf] s'/fsfgL xf] . s'g} vf; ljifodf b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L dflg;x¿n] u/]sf]
s'/fsfgLnfO{ ;+jfb elgG5 . ;+jfb n]Vbf lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ M

;+jfbdf af]Ng] JolStsf] gfd 5]pdf /fVg'k5{ .
af]n]sf] s'/f s'/fsfgLs} z}nLdf n]Vg'k5{ . af]Ng] dfG5]n] af]Nbf s]s] u5{ To;nfO{ klg sf]i7sdf
/fVg ;lsG5 .

oxfF gd'gfsf nflu ;+jfb lbOPsf] 5 . gfgLx¿nfO{ clego;lxt k9\g nufpg'xf];\ M




;fyL;“u s'/fsfgL

-lbJof / bLIff ldNg] ;fyL x'g\ . Ps sIffdf k9\g] pgLx¿ ljBfnosf] vfhf

vfg] ;dodf pgLx¿ vfhf vfFb} s'/f ub}{ 5g\_

lbJof M ltdL;Fu k]lG;n sn/ 5 bLIff <

bLIff M vf]O d;Fu t 5}g . lsg / <

lbJof M nf} lsg /] . u'?cfdfn] eGg'ePsf] lyof] lg ;a}n] k]lG;n sn/

lnP/ cfpg" eg]/ .

bLIff M nf d}n] t Nofpg} lal;{5' . s] ug'{ / Tof] k]lG;n sn/n] <

lbJof M ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g . k]lG;n sn/n] t lrq agfpg ;lsG5 lg .

bLIff M lrq t k]lG;nn] dfq} klg t agfpg ;lsG5 lg .

lbJof M xf]Og, k]lG;nn] lrq agfO;s]kl5 To;nfO{ k]lG;n sn/n]

/ª\Uofpg] xf] eg] kf] /fd|f] b]lvG5 t .

bLIff M s;/L <




122 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

lbJof M -cfÇgf] ¹f]nfaf6 Pp6f skL lgsfn]/ b]vfpFb} _ n x]/ t of] cfFksf]


lrq, d}n] lxhf] k]lG;n sn/n] /ª\UofPkl5 slt /fd|f] b]lvPsf] 5 .
bLIff M P xf] t lg x} . n ca d}n] klg cfdfnfO{ eg]/ k]lG;n sn/ lsG5'


/ lrq agfP/ /ª\UofpF5' .
lbJof M x'G5 x'G5 .


-306L aH5 . b'j} hgf lstfa lgsfn]/ k9\g yfN5g\ ._


cfgf] sfd

-/f]xg Ps sIffdf k9\5 . cfh cfOtaf/ xf] . laxfgsf] * ah]sf] 5 . cfdf

vfgf ksfO/xg'ePsf] 5_

cfdf M afa', vfgf vfg cfpm .

/f]xg M d}n] u[xsfo{ g} ;s]sf] 5}g . xh'/n] ulb{g';\ g . d vfgf vfG5' .

cfdf M nf} ltd|f] u[xsfo{ klg d}n] ul/lbP/ x'G5 t <

/f]xg M e}xfN5 lg, lxhf] d]/f] ;fyL ;dL/n] eg]sf] p;n] cfÇgf] :s'nsf]

sfd g;Sbf p;sL lbbLn] k"/f ul/lbg'ePsf] /] .

cfdf M To:tf] t /fd|f] s'/f xf]Og afa' . xfdLn] cfÇgf] sfd cfkm}F ug'{k5{ .

cfÇgf] sfd cfkm}F ug]{ dfG5]nfO{ 1fgL / Odfgbf/ elgG5 .

/f]xg M cfdf d 1fgL 5' ls 5}g <

cfdf M ltdL 1fgL / Odfgbf/ klg 5f} .

-/f]xg Psl5g 6f]nfpF5 / cfdflt/ kms]{/ d';'Ss xfF:5 ._

/f]xg M cfdf d]/f cfÇgf sfdx¿ s]s] x'g\ <

cfdf M cfÇgf u[xsfo{x¿ cfkm}F ug]{, ?l6ª x]/]/ cfk"mn] n}hfg'kg]{ lstfa,

sfkL ¹f]nfdf xfNg], cfÇgf] :s'n 8]«; cfkm}F nufpg] ltd|f cfÇgf

sfd x'g\ .

/f]xg M cfdf d cfhb]lv cfÇgf sfd cfkm}F u5'{ x} . clg ;dL/nfO{ klg



;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 123

cfÇgf] sfd cfkm}F u/]/ 1fgL / Odfgbf/ aGg'k5{ eG5' .


cfdf M n n, vfgf vfg cfpm .
/f]xg M cfPF cfdf .


-/f]xg skfsk vfgf vfg yfN5 . cfdfn] p;nfO{ dfofn' cfFvfn] x]l//xg'x'G5 ._





cEof;





!= tnsf] ;+jfb k"/f u/ M

v]ns'b

-lbk]z 6]lnlehgdf v]ns'bsf] sfo{j|md x]l//x]sf] 5 . ;'lgnn] cfP/ l/df]6

xftdf lnG5 ._

lbk]z M ltdLn] s] ug{ nfu]sf] ;'lgn <

;'lgn M d}n] sf6'{g x]g{ nfu]sf] .

lbk]z M n, s:tf] s'/f u/]sf] d km'6an x]b}{ 5' . sxfF sf6'{g x]g]{ s'/f u5f}{ ¤

Psl5g km';{b eP/ l6eL x]bf{ t v]ns'b kf] x]g'{k5{ t .


;'lgn M lsg / <

lbk]z M n ;'g


;'lgn M


lbk]z M


;'lgn M

lbk]z M


;'lgn M



124 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

lbk]z M


;'lgn M


lbk]z M


;'lgn M

lbk]z M


;'lgn M


lbk]z M

;'lgn M


lbk]z M


;'lgn M


@= tnsf] ;+jfb k"/f u/ M


-cfh zlgaf/sf] lbg ddtf cfdf;Fu ahf/ 3'Dg uPsL l5g\ . ddtfsL

cfdf k"mn /f]Kg] udnf lsGg'x'Fb} 5 ._

ddtf M cfdf udnf lsg lsGg'ePsf] xf] <

cfdf M k"mn /f]Kgsf nflu xf] 5f]/L . 3/df nu]/ oL udnfx¿df k"mn

/f]Kg'k5{ .



ddtf M

cfdf M


ddtf M


cfdf M




;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 125

ddtf M



cfdf M


ddtf M


cfdf M


ddtf M



cfdf M


ddtf M


cfdf M


ddtf M


cfdf M



ddtf M


cfdf M


ddtf M


cfdf M



















126 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

@) cg'R5]b n]vg








lzIfs ;fyL ¤ gfgLx¿nfO{ of] kf7 k9fpg'cl3 lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'xf];\ M

s'g} vf; ljifodf n]lvPsf jfSox¿sf] ;d"xaf6 cg'R5]b aGb5 . Pp6f cg'R5]bdf Pp6}
s'/fsf] l;nl;nf ldnfP/ n]lvG5 . cg'R5]bdf ljifo Pp6} x'G5 . h]sf] af/]df cg'R5]b n]Vg]
xf], To;sf] af/]df s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ n]lvG5 . gfgLx¿n] klg cg'R5]b n]Vg ;S5g\ .
d]/f] ljBfno, d]/L cfdf, d]/L u'?cfdf, lstfa, ;fyL, ¿v cflb s'g} ljifodf klg cg'R5]b
n]Vg] cEof; ug{ ;S5g\ . of] kf7df s]xL cg'R5]bx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ . gfgLx¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf]
k9\g nufpg'xf];\ clg cEof;df lbOPsf zLif{sdf kfFrb]lv bz jfSo;Ddsf cg'R5]b n]Vg
k|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .

ufp“

dflg;x¿ a:g] kftnf] a:tLnfO{ ufpF elgG5 . ufpFdf 3/x¿ 6f9f6f9f

x'G5g\ . ufpFdf xl/of ¿vx¿ x'G5g\ . ufpFsf] glhs vf]nfx¿ x'G5g\ .
ufpF3/lt/ r/fr'?ª\uL s/fPsf] cfjfh ;'Gg kfOG5 . ufpFdf k|foM ;a}sf

3/df ufO{e}F;L kfNg] rng x'G5 . To;}n] ufpFdf tfhftfhf b"w, bxL, dxL /

l3p vfg kfOG5 . ufpFdf xl/of t/sf/L / tfhf kmnk"mnx¿ klg k|z:t
vfg kfOG5 . ufpFdf a:g] dflg;x¿ ;xof]uL / ldng;f/ :jefjsf x'G5g\ .

pgLx¿ Pscsf{nfO{ ;d:of kbf{ ;xof]u u5{g\ . xfd|f] b]zsf] lxdfn, kxf8

/ t/fO{ ;a}lt/ ufpF 5g\ . cfhef]ln ufpFdf klg lah'nL aQL, oftfoftsf

;fwgx¿ hfg yfn]sf 5g\ To;}n] ufpF klg ;x/h:t} ljsl;t x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

To;}n] dnfO{ ufpF dgk5{ .


xfQL

xfQL 7"nf] hgfj/ xf] . xfQLsf rf/ j6f v'§f x'G5g\ . xfQLsf] ;'F8 x'G5 .

xfQLsf] ;'F8 lgs} km/s x'G5 . oxL ;'F8n] xfQL cGo hgfj/eGbf km/s
b]lvG5 . ToxL ;'F8sf] d2tn] xfQL cfÇgf] vfgf / kfgL lkpF5 . xfQLsf




;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 127

cfFvf ;fgf x'G5g\ . xfQL cGo hgfj/eGbf km/s tl/sfn] ndsnds

ub}{ lxF8\5 . s'g} xfQLsf b'O{ j6f bfFt aflx/ b]lvG5g\ eg] s'g}sf

b]lvFb}gg\ . xfQL hª\unL hgfj/ xf] t/ st}st} o;nfO{ 3/df klg kfNg]

ul/Psf] x'G5 . xfQLnfO{ lnP/ lxF8\g] dflg;nfO{ dfpt] elgG5 . dfpt]n] ;fgf]

cª\s'zn] xfQLnfO{ cfkm"n] rfx]sf] lbzfdf lnP/ hfg ;S5 . g]kfndf w]/}
xfQL kfOG5g\ . nlntk'/sf] ;b/ lrl8of3/df klg xfQL kfOG5 .



cEof;



!= tnsf zLif{sdf PsPs cg'R5]b n]v M


3/




















ufO{
























128 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !