Nepali Vyakaran 1

( ljelSt












tnsf lrqx¿ Wofg lbP/ x]/ ltgsf] tn lbOPsf jfSox¿ cfjfh

lgsfn]/ k9 M

















la/fnf]n] d';f] cfdf efOnfO{ ¿vaf6 cfFk

;dfTof] . v]nfpg'x'Fb} 5 . ¹¥of] .

















;f]gfd vf6dfly afv|fsf] k'R5/ ;ljgf cfFvfdf
a:5 . 5f]6f] 5 . ufhn nufpF5] .



dflysf] lrq;Fu} lbOPsf jfSox¿df /ftf] /ªdf n]lvPsf lrÅgx¿ ljelSt

x'g\ .



;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 51

tnsf ljelStx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M


af6 nfO{ lglDt
n] åf/f




sf /f] nflu
sf] sL


gL
gf
/L gf]
/f
dfly

b]lv df






dfly a]n'gdf /x]sf ljelStx¿af6 ag]sf jfSox¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 .



xfdLn] vfgf vfof}F . pm kf]v/faf6 3/ cfof] .

pd]zåf/f eft vfOG5 . ¿vn] xfdLnfO{ :jR5 xfjf lbG5 .


cfdfn] d]/f nflu v]nf}gf lslglbg'eof] . b]zsf lglDt s]xL ug'{k5{ .

lxhf]b]lv pm la/fdL 5 . of] p;sf] snd xf] .


p;sf ;fyLx¿ c;n 5g\ . xl/sL alxgL rnfv 5] .

d]/f] 3/ lj/f6gu/df 5 . d]/f afaf jlsn x'g'x'G5 .


d]/L alxgL b"w lkpF5] . cfÇgf] ;fdfgsf] /Iff ug'{k5{ .

cfÇgf dfG5]x¿nfO{ lrlg/fVg'k5{ . cfÇgL cfdfnfO{ dfof u/ .


d sIffdf 1fgL eP/ a:5' . 5fgfdfly la/fnf] 5 .




52 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕



ljelSt eg]sf] lrÅg xf] .



ljelStn] 5'§} cy{ lbFb}g .



of] cGo zAb;Fu hf]l8P/

k|of]u x'G5 .







cEof;



!= lrq x]/ / vfnL 7fp“df ljelSt e/ .













===== ===== =====
efOn] ¿v kmn r/f] 5fgf alxgL snd sfkLdf
e'OFdf ¹¥of] . a;]sf] 5 . lrq agfpFb} 5] .













===== =====
Tof] ltd|f] dfdf gjo'u es'G8f]
3/ xf] . v]n] .




;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 53

@= ljelSt lrXgdf uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M

d ltdL xfdL nfO{

lstfa nflu a'af bfO

lglDt cfFvf dfdf lbbL

v';L ;fyL n] g}

lstfa d]/f lt/ af6

b]lv xh'/cfdf kf]v/f cfFk



#= hf]8f ldnfpm M

;Ltfn] h"g pbfpF5 .

lbbL t/fO{af6 ;k{ df/]5 .


cfsfzdf ;Grf] lyPg .

p;n] n6\7Ln] kf]l;nf] x'G5 .

lxhf] cfdfnfO{ cfFk vfO{ .


ufO{sf] b"w cfpg'eof] .



$= sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fp“df ldNg] ljelSt lrXg e/ M
=============
s= d b]z dfof u5{' . -n], nfO{, sf]_

=============
v= vfnL e'OF ga; . -df, sf], nfO{ _
=============
u= ltdL sxfF cfof} < -åf/f, af6, nflu_
=============
3= pm cl:t ljBfno cfPsf] 5}g . -b]lv, n], df_
=============
ª= afFRgsf ;a}n] sd{ ug'{k5{ . -af6, n], nflu_
=============
r= 5fgf] sfu a;]5 . -sf], dfly, nfO{_





54 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

%= tnsf ljelSt nufP/ jfSo agfpm M


d n]


d nfO{


d af6


d b]lv


d sf]


d df



^= sljtf no xfn]/ k9 / sljtfdf cfPsf ljelStx¿ tnsf]

tflnsfdf n]v .



kfgL cfof] wf/faf6 d}n] p7\g] j]nf .

bfp/f lrbf{ aGr/f]n] xftdf p7\5g\ 7]nf ..



wtL{dfly kf]lvP5 /ftdf h"gsf] Hof]lt .

d]/f] lglDt cfÇgf] b]z nfU5 xL/fdf]tL ..



cfdfnfO{, afafnfO{ dfof ;a}nfO{ .

b'Mv lbg'x'Gg ;fyL sf]xL s;}nfO{ ..



lstfasf lrqaf6 l;s]F lrq sf]g{ .

rf]/n] h:t} ;lStgF d 3/sf] tfnf kmf]g{






kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL


;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 55

!) s/0f cs/0f








tnsf lrqx¿ Wofg lbP/ x]/ clg ltgsf tn lbOPsf jfSox¿

cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M











¿vdf r/f] 5 . ¿vdf r/f] 5}g .











dgf]hn] 5ftf cf]9]sf] 5 . dgf]hn] 5ftf cf]9]sf] 5}g .













kfgL k/]sf] 5 . kfgL k/]sf] 5}g .











of] es'G8f] xf] . of] es'G8f] xf]Og .




56 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

dflysf lrq;Fu} lbOPsf jfSox¿df cfPsf 5, cf]9]sf] 5, k/]sf] 5, xf]


h:tf zAbx¿ s/0f x'g\ . dflysf jfSox¿df cfPsf 5}g, cf]9]sf] 5}g,
k/]sf] 5}g, xf]Og h:tf zAbx¿ cs/0f x'g\ .



tnsf jfSox¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M

;/nf u[xsfo{ u5]{ . ;/f]h 3/ uof] .

pm ljBfno cfPsf] 5 . pgLx¿ k9\b} 5g\ .

d}n] ‘¹f]nf’ rnlrq x]/]F . cgdf]n rnlrqdf v]Ng] 5g\ .

xf] jf 5 eGg] cy{ a'¹fpg] lj|mofsf] ¿knfO{ s/0f elgG5 .



tnsf jfSox¿ klg Wofg lbP/ k9 M

;/nf u[xsfo{ ulb{g . ;/f]h 3/ uPg .

pm ljBfno cfPsf] 5}g . pgLx¿ k9\b} 5}gg\ .

d}n] ¹f]nf rnlrq x]l/gF . cgdf]n rnlrqdf v]Ng] 5}gg\ .

xf]Og jf 5}g eGg] cy{ a'¹fpg] lj|mofsf] ¿knfO{ cs/0f elgG5 .



s/0fnfO{ cs/0fdf kl/jt{g ubf{ lj|mofkbdf …gÚ yKg'k5{ .

s/0f cs/0f s/0f cs/0f

vfG5 vfFb}g k9\of] k9]g

p7]sf] 5 p7]sf] 5}g v]NYof] v]Nb}gYof]

af]N5f}F af]Nb}gf}F v]N5] v]lNbg

n]V5g\ n]Vb}gg\ x]5{ x]b}{g

hfg] 5 hfg] 5}g uP5 uPg5

;'Gg'x'G5 ;'Gg'x'Gg uP uPgg\

vfG5' vfFlbgF u5{;\ ub}{g;\





;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 57

of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕



s/0fn] s'g} klg s'/f xf] jf

5 eGg] a'¹fpF5 .



ufO{n] 3fF; vfG5 .
alxgL uLt ufpF5] .
oL s/0f jfSo x'g\ .
6]a'ndf lstfa 5 .



cs/0fn] s'g} klg s'/f xf]Og

jf 5}g eGg] a'¹fpF5 .


af3n] 3fF; vfFb}g .

alxgL uLt ufpGg .

6]a'ndf lstfa 5}g . oL cs/0f jfSo x'g\ .








cEof;


!= pbfx/0fdf lbOPh;/L tnsf zAbnfO{ cs/0fdf abn M



h:t} M k9\5' k9\lbgF



d vfG5' d n]V5'



d lbG5 d u5{



d gfR5 d lxF8\5'




58 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

d a:5' d dfUg] 5



d hfG5 d x]5'{



d ;S5' d uof]



@= tnsf jfSox¿ s/0f jf cs/0f s] x'g\, lrg]/ n]v M

s= cfdfn] eft vfg'eof] .


v= ;'GtnL dfOt uOg5] .

u= d dfjn hfg] 5' .


3= xfdL kmf]xf]/df v]Nb}gf}F .

ª= afafn] dnfO{ v]nf}gf NofOlbg'ePg .


r= pgLx¿ ?dfnn'sfO{ v]Ny] .

5= ltdL v';L 5}gf} .


h= d}n] 9f]sfdf tfNrf nufPF .


#= tnsf cs/0f zAbdf uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M



v]N5 v]Nb}g v]Ng] 5 v]Nof]


hfg] 5}g hfg] 5 uof] hfG5


uof] uPg hfG5 hfg] 5


x'G5 eof] x'g] 5 x'g] 5}g



ug'{eof] ug'{x'G5 ug'{x'Fb}g ug'{x'g] 5





;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 59

$= sf]i7saf6 ldNg] zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fpFdf e/ .
=================
s_ ufO{sf rf/ j6f v'§f . -x'G5g\, x'Fb}gg\_
=================
v_ afv|fsf] k'R5/ nfdf] . -x'G5, x'Fb}g_
=================
u_ 3fd k"j{ lbzfdf . -pbfpF5, pbfpFb}g_
=================
3_ la/fnf]sf] l;ª . -x'G5, x'Fb}g_
========================
ª_ bfFt ;w}F . -dfˆg'kb}{g, dfˆg'k5{_


%= tnsf zAbnfO{ s/0f agfpm M



hfGgF vfPgf}



nufPg5 cfpg'ePg


kmn]sf] lyPg v]Ng] 5}g



k9\b}gf}F 5}g



x'Fb}g xfF:b}gg\



^= tnsf jfSonfO{ cs/0f agfpm M

s_ a'af 3/df x'g'x'G5 .


v_ d dfdf3/ hfG5' .



u_ xfdL v]nf8L xf}F .


3_ lunf;df b"w 5 .



ª_ alxgL :s'n hfG5] .




60 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

&= hf]8f ldnfP/ jfSo agfpm clg tL jfSox¿ s/0f jf cs/0f

s] x'g\, n]v M


e}F;L df:g'xF'b}g .

ufO{n] rGb|;"o{ 5g\ .


dfG5] uf]7df a:5 .

g]kfnsf] ¹G8fdf kfgLdf a:5 .

df]afOnaf6 3fF; vfG5 .


df5f] nfdf] x'Fb}g .

5f]/f dfG5]n] s'/fsfgL ug{ ldN5 .

s's'/sf] k'R5/ ;f/L nfpFb}gg\ .


jghª\un 3/df a:5 .


e}F;L uf]7df a:5 . s/0f jfSo
































kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL


;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 61

!! gfd







tnsf lrqd'lg lbOPsf km/skm/s gfdx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M



JolSt jf dfG5] a'´fpg] gfd M








a'4 efg'eSt ls;fg 8fS6/










le/of k|x/L lzIfs leIf'



kz' jf hgfj/ a'´fpg] gfd M












u}F8f ufO{ xfQL afv|f]











h/fof] 3f]8f v/fof] af3



62 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

r/f a'´fpg] gfd M











8fFkm] do"/ ;'uf k/]jf













sfu xfF; lrn pNn"








7fpF a'´fpg] gfd M











lxdfn kxf8 c:ktfn :s'n














g]kfn au}Frf ahf/ sf7df8f}F







;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 63

k"mn a'´fpg] gfd M













nfnLu'/fF; u'nfa sdn uf]bfj/L















nfn'kft] ;okqL dvdnL kfl/hft






j:t' a'´fpg] gfd M












8f]sf] uf8L /]l8of] xnf]













sDKo'6/ kª\vf a; s';L{





64 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

;d"x a'´fpg] gfd M











ayfg tfFtL hGtL kmf}h















rfª y'k|f] nx/ u'R5f








kmnk"mn a'´fpg] gfd M










cgf/ cfFk cª\u'/ :ofp














sfFj|mf] ;'Gtnf e'OFs6x/ s]/f






;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 65

t/sf/L a'´fpg] gfd M











cfn' af]8L km;L{ sfpnL













Kofh uf]ne]F8f d'nf s/]nf





;hLj -Hofg ePsf]_ a'´fpg] gfd M













dfG5] ¿v la/fnf] r/f]





lghL{j -Hofg gePsf]_ a'´fpg] gfd M











lstfa s';L{ 3/ efF8f




66 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕


JolStsf] gfd a'¹fpg] zAbx¿ gfd x'g\ .

8fS6/, lzIfs, x'nfsL h:tf sfdsf] cfwf/df dflg;nfO{ a'¹fpg]

zAb gfd x'g\ .

s'g} ;fdfg, jf rLhaLhnfO{ a'¹fpg] zAb gfd x'g\ .

hLjhGt', r/fr'?ª\uL tyf af]6la?jfx¿nfO{ a'¹fpg] zAbx¿ gfd x'g\ .

k"mn tyf kmnx¿nfO{ a'¹fpg] zAb gfd x'g\ .

dlGb/, :s'n, sf7df8f}F h:tf 7fpFnfO{ a'¹fpg] zAbx¿ gfd x'g\ .

x'n, eL8, hGtL, ayfg h:tf w]/} jf ;d"x a'¹fpg] zAbx¿ gfd x'g\ .

dfof, bof, l/;, k|]d h:tf dgsf] efj a'¹fpg] zAbx¿ gfd x'g\ .



cEof;


!= tnsf gfd zAb k9 / ldNg] sf]7fdf e/ M


jL/uGh, lstfa, 8fFkm], snd, ¹'Kkf], n'lDagL, wgdfof, kfl/hft,

k/]jf, xl/, lj/f6gu/, ayfg, /]l8of], ;'uf, nfn'kft], d'gfn, tfFtL,

;okqL, af6'nL, s';L{, u'NdL, x'n

dflg; j:t' 7fpF ;d"x r/f k"mn

a'¹fpg] a'¹fpg] a'¹fpg] a'¹fpg] a'¹fpg] a'¹fpg]




















;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 67

@= tnsf] sljtf no xfn]/ k9 / o; sljtfdf k|of]u ePsf gfd

zAb l6k]/ 5]psf] afs;df n]v M


cª\u'/, :ofp, cgf/sf slt dL7f kmn .


kmnk"mn vfPkl5 k:5 lhpdf an ..


cfFwL, x'/L cl;gfn] xfFuf] efFRg ;S5 .

¿vd'lg v]n v]Nbf rf]6 nfUg ;S5 ..


cfFvfel/ ufpF3/ n]sa]F;Lsf] 5fof .


;'g, rfFbL xL/feGbf nfU5 b]zsf] dfof ..


h'n';¹}F tf/fx¿ nufpF5g\ tfFtL .


dnfO{ e]6\g cfpF5] /flt h"g d]/L ;fyL ..

g]kfnsf dflg; hlt nfU5g\ ;a} hftL .


slxn] k'U5g\ t/fO{ dw]; slxn] kxf8dfly ..



#= sf]i7saf6 ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M

=======================
s= e}F;L a:5 . -3/df, uf]7df_

=======================
v= hgsk'/ gfd xf] -dfG5]sf], 7fpFsf]_


=======================
u= ¿vaf6 p8\of] -ufO{, r/f]_

=======================
3= d k9\5' . -snd, lstfa_

=======================
ª= d]/f] b]zsf] gfd xf] . -rLg, g]kfn_






68 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

=======================
r= 6]a'nd'lg n's]sf] 5 . -la/fnf], e}F;L_


====================
5= pgLx¿ r9]/ sf7df8f}F hfG5g\ . -uf8f, a;_

====================
h= d}n] af6f]df dflg;x¿sf] b]v]F . -h'n';, ayfg_

====================
¹= df v'a udL{ x'G5 . -lxdfn, t/fO{_

====================
`= xfdLn] :jR5 lkpg'k5{ . -kfgL, cfF;'_



$= ltd|f] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd n]v M










%= tnsf] lrq x]/ clg s]s] b]Vof}, sIffdf ;'gfpm M





































;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 69

^= lrq;“u ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ hf]8f ldnfpm M





6f]kL





xfQL




lxdfn





;"o{




rGb|df





l/S;f




3f]8f





s'rf]




yfn





¿v








70 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

&= tnsf] lrqsf] s'gs'g cª\udf wsf]{ tflgPsf] 5 < afs;af6

5fg]/ ltgsf] gfd n]v M













skfn, gfs

sfg, cfFvf

3fF6L, cf}Fnf,

5ftL, kfv'/f,

gfO6f], sDd/,

d'v, uf]8f, 3'F8f

k}tfnf, ufnf




*= lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] hf]8f ldnfpm M


dfG5] uf]7df a:5 .


sldnf u'F8df a:5 .


ufO{ hª\undf a:5 .


af3 ta]nfdf a:5 .


r/f uf]nf]df a:5 .


xfQL 3/df a:5 .


3f]8f xfQL;f/df a:5 .




;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 71

(= tnsf zAbx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 clg lrqsf d'lg ldNg] zAb n]v M

snd, w'kf}/f], ufO{, 3/, 5ftf, nfO6/, es'G8f], 38L, ;fOsn, t/fh',

s?jf, k'tnL










































!)= tnsf dWo] gfd zAbdf uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M


vfG5' ;'gf}nf] v';f{gL uPsf] c¿

7"nf] df}/L xfF:5 s;sf] ltdL


df6f] v]N5 s]xL gePsf] km;L{

a:5 cfk"m dL7f] hGtL rnfv





kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL


72 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

!@ ;j{gfd












tnsf lrqx¿ x]/ clg ltgsf d'lg lbOPsf jfSox¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M













d ljBfyL{ x'F . xfdL g]kfnL xfF} . tF ;fgf] 5;\ .

















ltdL k':ts k9 . pm ot} cfpFb} 5 . of] d]/f] snd xf] .















pgLx¿ ljBfno Tof] t xjfO{hxfh

hfFb} 5g\ . xf] lg .



;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 73

dflysf] lrq;Fu} cfPsf d, xfdL, tF, ltdL, pm, pgLx¿, of], Tof], s], sf]

h:tf zAbx¿ ;j{gfd x'g\ . oL zAbx¿ gfdsf] ;§fdf k|of]u ePsf 5g\ .

tnsf jfSox¿ k9 M


d d es'G8f] v]N5' . d xfdL dfjn hfG5f}F .

d ltdL uLt ufpF5f} . d ltgLx¿ vfgf vfG5g\ .


d tkfO{F k':ts n]Vg'x'G5 . d pm c;n ljBfyL{ xf] .

d ltdLn] s] eGof} < d ltd|f] 3/df sf]sf] cfP5g\ <




of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕

gfdsf] ;§fdf k|of]u x'g] zAbnfO{ ;j{gfd elgG5 .

;j{gfdn] h;n] af]N5 p;nfO{ a'¹fpF5 .
– d, xfdL

;j{gfdn] hf];Fu af]lnG5 p;nfO{ a'¹fpF5 .

– tF, ltdL, tkfO{+, xh'/

;j{gfdn] h;sf] af/]df af]lnG5 p;nfO{ a'¹fpF5 .
– pm, pgL, pgLx¿



cEof;



!= sf]i7saf6 ldNg] ;j{gfd vfnL 7fpFdf e/ M
============
s= 3/ hfG5;\ . -tkfO{F, ltdL, tF_
============
v= Onfd k'u]5g\ . -xfdL, pgLx¿, ltdL_
============
u= b]zsf] dfof c;fWo} nfU5 . -dnfO{, d, xfdL_
============
3= uf]bfj/Ldf a:g'x'G5 . -tF, ltdL, tkfO{F_




74 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

============
ª= tftf]kfgL 3'Dg uPsf lyof}F . -ltdL, tF, xfdL_

============
r= c;fWo} ldlxg]tL 5f} . -ltdL, xfdL, pgL_
============
5= ;u/dfyf r9\g] 5 . -pm, tkfO{F, ltdL_


@= ;j{gfddf uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M


s= pgLx¿ cfFk vfG5g\ .


v= ljBfnodf dnfO{ ;a}n] lrg]sf 5g\ .


u= tkfO{F / d ;Fu} 3'Dg hfcf}Fnf .


3= sIff Psdf sf]sf] k9\5g\ <


ª= ltdL s] vfG5\of} <


r= ltgLx¿ ufpFd} a:5g\ .



#= tnsf ;j{gfd k|of]u u/]/ PsPs j6f jfSo agfpm M



 d M


 xfdL M


 ltdL M



 pgL M



 tF M


 tkfOF{ M






;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 75

$= hf]8f ldnfpm M



tkfO{F sIffdf xNnf ub}{gf} .



xfdL eg]sf] dfG5g\ .



ltdL sIff Psdf k9\5];\ .



pgLx¿ ;a}sf] Kof/f] aG5' .


tF dw];d} k9\5fF} .



d lzlIfsf x'g'x'G5 .



%= tnsf] afs;af6 ldNg] ;j{gfd 5fgL vfnL 7fpF e/ M


ltdL, pgL, xfdL, pgLx¿, t}Fn], tkfO{Fx¿, p;n], d}n]


=====================
s_ ;'gufef g]kfnL k9]sf] 5' .

=====================
v_ sxfF uP xf]nfg\ <

=====================
u_ sf7df8f}F ;x/df a:5f}F .

=====================
3_ ;fgf] 5Fbf v'a rsrs uYof}{ .

=====================
ª_ k':ts k9\g'x'G5 .

=====================
r_ eg]sf] s'/f d}n] a'l¹gF .

=====================
5_ u[xsfo{ u¥of] .

=====================
h_ dfdf3/ hflG5g\ .


76 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

^= ;j{gfd k|of]u u/L tnsf jfSo k"/f u/ M



============= g]kfnL Jofs/0f k9\5' .



============= g]kfnL Jofs/0f k9\5f}F .



============= g]kfnL Jofs/0f k9\5;\ .



============= g]kfnL Jofs/0f k9\5f} .


============= g]kfnL Jofs/0f k9\g'x'G5 .



============= g]kfnL Jofs/0f k9\5 .



============= g]kfnL Jofs/0f k9\5] .


============= g]kfnL Jofs/0f k9\l5g\ .



============= g]kfnL Jofs/0f k9\5g\ .



&= tnsf] cg'R5]b Wofg lbP/ k9 M

d anjL/ x'F . d sIff Psdf k9\5' . dnfO{ rª\uf c;fWo} dg k5{ .

rª\uf p8fpg] j]nf d ;fyLx¿;Fu} x'G5' . Tof] j]nf dnfO{ lgs} /dfOnf]

nfU5 . rª\uf p8fpg ;fyLx¿ d]/f] kl5kl5

nfU5g\ . pgLx¿ d;Fu v'a /dfpF5g\ .

tLdWo] k'G6] klg Ps xf] . pm dnfO{ kmsfpFb}

eG5, ‘anjL/ ltdL dnfO{ klg Tof] p8fpg

b]pm g .’ d]/f c¿ klg ;fyL 5g\ . ltgLx¿





;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 77

ljBfnosf] glhs} a:5g\ . ljBfnosf u'?u'?cfdfx¿n] xfdLnfO{ lgs}


ldlxg]t u/]/ k9fpg'x'G5 . pxfFx¿n] ‘s;}nfO{ tF eGg'x'Fb}g, ;a}nfO{
ltdL, tkfO{+ of xh'/ eGg'k5{’ eg]/ l;sfpg'x'G5 .



dflysf] cg'R5]bdf k|of]u ePsf ;j{gfd zAb lrg]/ tnsf]

tflnsfdf e/ M





















































kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL


78 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

!# ljz]if0f





















xl/of] ¿v kx]Fnf] s]/f nfdf] nf}/f]



















/l;nf] ;'Gtnf w]/} r/fx¿ yf]/} kfgL



















kfFr ?lkofF tLg hgf dflg; sfnf] 6f]kL






;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 79

dflysf] lrq;Fu} cfPsf xl/of], kx]Fnf], nfdf], w]/}, kfFr, sfnf], yf]/},/l;nf],

tLg h:tf zAbx¿ ljz]if0f x'g\ . ltgn] ¿v, s]/f, nf}/f], r/fx¿, ?lkofF,

6f]kL, kfgL, ;'Gtnf, dflg; h:tf gfdsf] ljz]iftf a'¹fPsf 5g\ .





of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕

gfd jf ;j{gfdsf] u'0f, bf]if, ;ª\Vof cflb a'¹fpg]

zAbnfO{ ljz]if0f elgG5 .

s:tf] < sqf] < slt < h:tf k|Zg ubf{ pQ/sf] ¿kdf

cfpg] zAbx¿ ljz]if0f x'g\ .






Wofg lbP/ k9 M

d p;n] xftdf /ftf] u'nfa lnPsf] 5 .

d cfdfn] dnfO{ w]/} v]nf}gf NofOlbg'eof] .

d xfdLn] ;]tf] lxdfn b]Vof}F .

d ltgLx¿ xf]rf 5g\ .

d dfdfn] dnfO{ aL; ?lkofF lbg'eof] .

d ltdLn] sfnf] r:df nufPsf 5f} .

d k[YjL uf]nf] 5 .

d alxgL cN5L 5] .

d ls;fg ldlxg]tL 5 .

d ltgLx¿ rsrs] 5g\ .

d Tof] dflg; cUnf] 5 .


dflysf jfSodf cfPsf gLnf] cIf/df n]lvPsf zAbx¿ ljz]if0f x'g\ .




80 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

cEof;




!= sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fp“df ldNg] zAb e/ M
===================
s_ pv' x'G5 . -tLtf], u'lnof]_
===================
v_ b"wsf] /ª x'G5 -sfnf], ;]tf]_
===================
u_ ;'Gtnf x'G5 . -vNnf], u'lnof]_
===============
3_ sIff Psdf k9\g] ljBfyL{ x'G5g\ . -7"nf, ;fgf_
===================
ª_ xfdLn] kfgL lkpg'k5{ . -w]/}, yf]/}_


@= lrq x]/L afs;af6 5fg]/ vfnL 7fp“df ldNg] zAb e/ M


cUnf], kx]Fnf], xf]rf], kL/f], df]6f], psfnf], w]/}, 5f]6f], nfdf], uf]nf], cldnf], kfFr















========== ========== ==========
sldnf af6f] s]6f]


















========== ========== ==========
dfG5] es'G8f] cf}Fnf





;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 81

========== ========== ==========
nf}/f] snd s]/f
















========== ========== ==========
;fF9] v';f{gL sfutL




#= tnsf] cg'R5]b Wofg lbP/ k9 M

au}Frfsf] k"mn ;'Gb/ x'G5 . o;sf] af:gf ;a}nfO{ dL7f] nfU5 . k"mnx¿

/ftf, kx]Fnf, ;]tf, u'nfaL u/L w]/} /ªsf x'G5g\ . s'g} k"mn /ª\uLrª\uL

x'G5g\ eg] s'g} ;fbf /ªsf x'G5g\ . k"mnsf] /;af6 df}/Ln] :jflbnf]

dx agfpF5 . dflg;x¿n] ljjfx, j|taGw, hGdf]T;j h:tf cj;/df

c¿nfO{ cfsif{s / /fd|f/fd|f k"mnx¿ pkxf/ lbg] u/]sf x'G5g\ . k"mnn]

dflg;nfO{ xFl;nf], c;n / bofn' aGg l;sfpF5 .

dflysf] cg'R5]baf6 ljz]if0f zAb vf]h]/ tnsf] afs;df n]v M















82 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

$= tnsf jfSodf k|of]u ePsf ljz]if0f zAbx¿ lrg]/ vfnL 7fp“df

n]v M



s_ cfh 3/df gf}nf] dfG5] cfP5 .


v_ d hf8f]df tftf] kfgL lkpF5' .


u_ p;n] bofn' 9]8'sf] syf k9\of] .


3_ pgLx¿ /fd|f/fd|f lrq agfpF5g\ .


ª_ k|df]b v/]nn] dL7f] uLt ufP .


r_ cfdfn] efOnfO{ clnslt vfgf v'jfpg'eof] .


5_ afafn] dnfO{ ;f7L ?lkofF lbg'eof] .


h_ ;lngf sIff Psdf k|yd eO5] .


¹_ lbbLn] dxFuf uxgf nufpg'eof] .


`_ bf]h]{ w]/} 7fpFdf 8'n]/ lxF8\5 .


%= tnsf ljz]if0f zAbdf uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M



¿v ltdL xhf/ d /ftf]


c;n dg xfdL la/fnf] /fd|f]


laxfg yf]/} ds} kfFr pgL



;kgf xf]rf] tfNrf uf]nf] ¹/gf


dL7f] t/sf/L clnslt tkfO{+ cf]vtL




;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 83

^= tnsf zAb;“u ldNg] lrqsf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M




xl/of]






;]tf]






7"nf]





;fgf]






rf/v'§]






&= tnsf] afs;df s'gs'g /ªsf l;;fsnd /flvPsf 5g\ < n]v M


======================= =======================



======================= =======================


=======================


*= tnsf jfSox¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 clg ljz]if0f zAbsf d'lg wsf]{


tfg M

s_ efO gLnf] cfsfz x]bf{x]b}{ ;fx|} v';L eof] .





84 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

v_ cUnf] dfG5] cfof] / xf]rf] dfG5] uof] .


u_ ls;fgx¿ kl/>dL / Odfgbf/ 5g\ .

3_ ljBfyL{ c;n / 1fgL x'g'k5{ .

ª_ yf]/} k};fn] /fd|f] ;fdfg kfOFb}g .


r_ bzdf kfFr hf]8\bf kGw| x'G5 .



(= ldNg] zAbdf /]hf -µ_ nufpm M

s_ sfutL s:tf] x'G5 < -6/f]{, tLtf], cldnf]_

v_ dfG5]sf cfFvf slt j6f x'G5g\ < -tLg j6f, rf/ j6f, b'O{ j6f_


u_ b"wsf] /ª s:tf] x'G5 < -kx]Fnf], ;]tf], sfnf]_

3_ Ps xKtfdf slt lbg x'G5g\ < -kfFr, ;ft, tLg_


ª_ /ft s:tf] x'G5 < -pHofnf], cFWof/f], rxlsnf]_

r_ cfsfzsf] /ª s:tf] x'G5 < -xl/of], kx]Fnf], gLnf]_



!)= tnsf jfSox¿af6 gfd / ljz]if0f 5'6\ofP/ vfnL 7fp“df n]v M

s_ cUnf] dfG5] ot} cfpFb} 5 .

v_ cfdfn] dnfO{ cldnf] crf/ lbg'eof] .

u_ afafn] dnfO{ ;o ?lkofF lbg'eof] .

3_ xfdLn] sIffdf w]/} xNnf ug'{x'Fb}g .

ª_ d]/L alxgL sIffdf k|yd eO5] .

r_ k[YjL uf]nf] x'G5 .








kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL


;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 85

!$ lj|mof










tnsf lrqx¿ Wofg lbP/ x]/ clg ltgsf] d'lg lbOPsf] jfSo k9 M
















kf;fª ;u/dfyf r9\l5g\ . pm ;fOsn rnfpF5 .

















;fyLx¿ es'G8f] v]N5g\ . d lrq sf]5'{ .
















tF cfFk vfG5;\ . Tof] r/f xf] .




86 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

dflysf lrqx¿;Fu} cfPsf r9\l5g\, rnfpF5, v]N5g\, sf]5'{, vfG5;\, xf]


h:tf zAbx¿ lj|mofkb x'g\ .


tnsf] cg'R5]b k9 / a'´ M

dnfO{ cfÇgL cfdfsf] c;fWo} dfof nfU5 . pxfF klg dnfO{ v'a dfof

ug'{x'G5 . rsrs u/]/ d pxfFnfO{ slxNo} b'Mv lbGgF . s'g} s'/fdf dnfO{

lhb\bL ug{ dg nfUb}g . d v'?v'? u[xsfo{ u5'{ . /]l8of]df uLt aHof] eg] d

uLt ufpF5' . s;}n] dfbn ahfP eg] gfR5' . laxfga]n'sf d ;w}F bfFt dfˆ5' .

vfgf vfg'cl3 / kl5 d ;fa'g kfgLn] ldlrldrL xft w'G5' . vfgf vfFbfv]l/

d ¹u8f ulb{gF . vfgf klg kf]lVbgF . ljBfnodf klg d cg'zfl;t eP/

k9\5' . ;fyLefOx¿;Fu d lgs} ldN5' . d cIf/ ;kmf agfP/ n]V5' . cfÇgf

sk8fx¿ slxNo} kmf]xf]/ ulb{gF . d ;w}F ;a};Fu dL7f] u/L af]N5' . To;}n]

dnfO{ ;a}n] dg k/fpF5g\ .



dflysf] cg'R5]bdf /ftf cIf/df n]lvPsf zAbx¿ lj|mofkb x'g\ .




of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕



jfSodf sfd ePsf] a'¹fpg]
zAb lj|mofkb xf] .


o:tf zAb lj|mofkb x'g\ .
k9\5, vfG5f}F, a:5g\,

hfnf, knf{, k9"g\,
hfcf];\ .


lj|mofkbn] jfSo 6'ª\Uofpg]
sfd u5{ .




;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 87

cEof;





!= tnsf lj|mofkb k|of]u u/]/ jfSo agfpm M


d k9\5' M


d ufpF5f}F M


d w'G5;\ M


d p7\g'x'G5 M


d v]N5f} M


d hfG5g\ M


d vfG5] M


@= lj|mofkbdf uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M


d dfdf ltdL cfpF5 dL7f] af]nfpF5'

d u[xsfo{ kmls{G5 d ;'T5 l9nf]


d x]5'{ dfly uof] lbbL tF

d cfOg\ 5f]/L d';'Ss 5g\ kL7f]

d efO cfpFl5g\ bfn ;'Gg] 5 k/fO{



#= sf]i7saf6 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] lj|mofkb e/ M
=====================
s_ e]8fn] 3fF; . -vfG5], vfG5 _
=====================
v_ ltdL / d Pp6} sIffdf . -k9\5f}F, k9\5' _





88 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

=====================
u_ pgLx¿ jgef]h . -hfG5, hfG5g\_
=====================
3_ xfdL g]kfnsf ;Gtfg . -x'F, xf}F_
=====================
ª_ tF ;]n/f]6L . -vflG5g\ , vfG5;\_
=====================
r_ ltdL slxNo} ¹u8f . -ub}{g;\, ub}{gf}_
=====================
5_ tkfO{F 3fF; . -sf6\g'x'G5, sf6\5_



$= tnsf] tflnsfaf6 jfSo agfP/ vfnL 7fpFdf n]v M

d hfG5


xfdL hfg'x'G5

ltdL hfG5;\


tF dfdf3/ hfG5g\


pgLx¿ hfG5'

tkfO{+ hfG5f}F


pm hfG5f}


%= tnsf jfSoaf6 lj|mofkb lrg]/ vfnL 7fpFdf n]v M


s_ d gfR5', ufpF5' clg dfq ;'T5' .






v_ df}/L p8]/ cfof], k"mndfly a:of] / /; r':g yfNof] .





u_ pgLx¿ v]n v]N5g\, /dfpF5g\ clg ;fF¹df dfq 3/ cfpF5g\ .







;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 89

3_ xfdL a;df r9\5f}F, ahf/ hfG5f}F, v]nf}gf lsG5f}F / 8]/f kms{G5f}F .






ª_ ls;fg v]t vG5, hf]T5, / afnL nufpF5 .






^= tnsf] cg'R5]b Wofg lbP/ k9 M


d]/f] gfd ;'lDgdf xf] . d sIff Psdf k9\5' . dnfO{ v]nf}gf v'a dg k5{ .

afafn] d]/f nflu v]nf}gf NofOlbg'ePsf] 5 . d efF8fs'6L v]n klg dg

k/fpF5' . d cf]5\ofgdfly r9]/ plk|mGgF . cfÇgf n'uf kmf]xf]/ agfpFlbgF .

d ;w}F ;'lsnf] eP/ lxF8\g ?rfpF5' . d cfÇgf] efOnfO{ klg lgs} dfof

u5'{ . u[xsfo{ u?Gh]n d cN5L klg ulb{gF . d ;a};Fu ldn]/ a:5' .

To;}n] d 3/df klg ljBfnodf klg ;a}sL Kof/L ePsL 5' .



dflysf] cg'R5]baf6 lj|mofx¿ lrg]/ tnsf] vfnL 7fp“df n]v M


























kf7 k"/f u/]sf] ldlt ljBfyL{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] ;xL


90 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

!% sfn










tnsf lrqx¿ x]/ clg ltgsf] d'lg lbOPsf jfSox¿ k9 M

























/f]xg ljBfno hfG5 . /f]xg ljBfno uof] . /f]xg ljBfno hfg] 5 .





















d lstfa k9\5' . d}n] lstfa k9]F . d lstfa k9\g] 5' .









;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 91

dflysf lrq;Fu} cfPsf hfG5 ,uof], hfg] 5, k9\5', k9]F, k9\g] 5' h:tf zAbn]


;donfO{ a'¹fPsf 5g\ To;}n] o:tf ;do a'¹fpg] zAbsf sfn x'G5g\ .




sfn M sfn eg]sf] ;do xf] .
sfnn] sfd s'g ;dodf ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f a'¹fpF5 .



sfn tLg k|sf/sf 5g\ M







e"t jt{dfg eljiot\
sfn sfn sfn





jt{dfg sfn M clxn]sf] ;donfO{ jt{dfg sfn elgG5 . jt{dfg sfnn]

eO/x]sf] jf clxn]sf] ;donfO{ a'¹fpF5 . h:t} M


d pdf eft ksfpF5] . d d eft vfG5' .


d ltdL u[xsfo{ u5f}{ . d ;f}uft km'6an v]N5 .
d ;'uGwf lrq agfpF5] . d tkfO{+ sljtf n]Vg'x'G5 .



e"t sfn M lat]sf] ;donfO{ e"t sfn elgG5 . e"t sfnn] klxn] ePsf]

sfdsf] ;donfO{ a'¹fpF5 . h:t}M



d d}n] sfd u/]F . d t}Fn] sljtf n]lv;\ .

d ;lngfn] skfn sf]/L . d r/f] e'/{ p8\of] .

d ltdLx¿ ;kmn eof} . d xfdLn] uLt ufof}F .







92 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

eljiot\ sfn M cfpg] ;donfO{ eljiot\ sfn elgG5 . eljiot\ sfnn]


kl5 x'g] sfdsf] ;donfO{ a'¹fpF5 . h:t} M


d cfdf ef]ln cfpg'x'g] 5 . d d ef]ln ljBfn hfg] 5' .

d ltdL ca]/;Dd ;'Tg] 5f} . d efO OlGhlgo/ aGg] 5 .

d pgLx¿ ldn]/ sfd ug]{ 5g\ . d a'af ;fOsn rnfpg'x'g] 5 .




of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕


sfnn] ;donfO{ a'¹fpF5 .

sfn tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .

clxn]sf] ;do jt{dfg sfn xf] .

lat]sf] ;do e"t sfn xf] .

cfpg] ;do eljiot\ sfn xf] .

lj|mofsf] ¿kaf6 sfn 5'l§G5 .



k9 / a'´ M

stf{ jt{dfg sfn e"t sfn eljiot\ sfn

d hfG5' uPF hfg] 5'


xfdL hfG5f}F uof}F hfg] 5f}F

tF hfG5;\ ÷ hfG5];\ uO;\ hfg] 5;\ ÷ hfg] 5];\

ltdL hfG5f} ÷ hfG5\of} uof} hfg] 5f} ÷ hfg] 5\of}

tkfO{F hfg'x'G5 hfg'eof] hfg'x'g] 5

pm hfG5 ÷ hfG5] uof] ÷ uO{ hfg] 5 ÷ hfg] 5]


pgL hfG5g\ ÷ hflG5g\ uP ÷ uOg\ hfg] 5g\ ÷ hfg] l5g\




;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 93

cEof;



!= sf]i7saf6 jt{dfg sfnsf z'4 zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

=================
s_ ;Gtf]if 3/ . -hflG5g\, hfG5, hfG5]_

=================
v_ d c;n dfG5] . -aG5', aG5f}F, aG5 _

=================
u_ ltdL ?dfnn'sfO{ . -v]lN5g\ , v]N5, v]N5f} _

=================
3_ pgLx¿ v]t . -vGg'x'G5, vG5g\, vG5] _

=================
ª_ xfdL Pp6} sIffdf . -k9\5f}F, k9\5;\, k9\5_



@= sf]i7saf6 e"t sfnsf ldNg] zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fp“df e/ M

=================
s_ ;/nf / ;l/tf ;Fu} . -a;], a;L, a:of}_

=================
v_ rGb|sfGt dfjn . -uof}, uof], uO{_

=================
u_ ltdLn] u[xsfo{ . -ul/;\, u¥of}, ug'{eof]_

=================
3_ t}Fn] k':ts . -kl9;\, k9\of], k9\g'eof]_



#= sf]i7saf6 eljiot\ sfnsf ldNg] zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fp“df e/ M
=============================
s_ r/f] e'/{ .


-p8\g] l5g\, p8\g] 5, p8\g] 5g\_

=============================
v_ ;fyLx¿ csf]{ ;fn sIff b'O{df .

-k'Ug] 5, k'Ug] l5g\, k'Ug] 5g\_







94 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

=============================
u_ Tof] s]6f] c;n dfG5] .

-aGg] 5, aGg'x'g] 5, aGg] 5_

=============================
3_ ltgLx¿ uLt .

-ufpg] 5, ufpg] 5g\, ufpg'x'g] 5_



=============================
ª_ tkfO{F g]kfnd} .


-a:g] 5, a:g] 5f}, a:g'x'g] 5_


$= hf]8f ldnfpm M



d c;n ljBfyL{ k9\5;\


ltdL lj|ms]6 plk|mG5


tF /fd|/L u5{g\



kf7f] a'?Ss 5f}F


s]6fs]6Lx¿ /dfOnf] lbG5


xfdL ;fgf v]N5f}


k':tsn] 1fg x'F


%= pbfx/0fdf lbOPh;/L tnsf vfnL 7fpF k"/f u/ M


h:t} M n]Vg' – d n]Vg] 5' . xfdL n]Vg] 5f}F . ltdL n]Vg] 5f} .

=========== ============= ============
s_ lxF8\g' – d . xfdL . ltdL .


============= ============= ============
v_ ug{' – d . xfdL . ltdL .



;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff ! 95

=========== ============= ============
u_ xfF:g' – d . xfdL . ltdL .


=========== ============= ============
3_ ufpg'– d . xfdL . ltdL .

=========== ============= ============
ª_ p7\g' – d . xfdL . ltdL .


^= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ e"t sfndf abn M


h:t} k9\5 – k9\of]

================ ================
s_ hflG5g\ . v_ hfG5' .


================ ================
u_ u5]{ . 3_ ;'G5f}F .

================ ================
ª_ lbg'x'G5 . r_ a9\5g\ .

================ ================
5_ x]5f}{ . h_ k9\5 .

================ ================
¹_ b]V5 . `_ k9fpg'x'G5 .





&= tnsf dWo] jt{dfg sfnsf zAbx¿ lrg]/ uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M


s_ k5{ ksfO{ kg]{ 5 ;dfT5f}F 5g\


v_ lbg'x'g] 5 nfu]F lhT5] eof] /f]K5g\


u_ x'G5 6¥of] elG5g\ s/fof] gfRg] l5g\


3_ ldNof] k'¥ofpg] 5 vf]N5f}F cfOg\ sf]g'{x'G5


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96 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !

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w]/} yf]/} cufl8 k5fl8


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100 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff !