Hamro Serophero 2

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nv] s

z+s/ kf}8n]

d3] f klAns;] g kf| =ln=

xfQLjg, nlntk/'

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k|sfzs M d3] f klAns;] g k|f=ln=

nlntk/' , g]kfn
kmf]g g+= %@%))($, %@%!)((

;jfl{ wsf/ M k|sfzsdf

k|sfzg M klxnf] ;+:s/0f @)&*

nv] g M zs+ / kf}8]n

u|flkmS; l8hfOg M d3] f 8]s:6k

lrqfª\sg M sfhL /fgf

db' |0f M g]kfn

cfhsf] ou' df Jofjxfl/s lzIffsf] dxÎj cj0f{gLo 5 . x/]s afnaflnsfx?sf] cWoog ug{] zn} L,
a‰' g] tl/sf Pjd\ tflss{ Ifdtf cToGt} alnof] xF'b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . cfhsf] ou' sf] lzIf0f l;sfO
lqmofsnfk lgtfGt k:' tsdf e/kg{] eGbf a9L l;kdn" s, Jojxfl/s / b}lgs lhjgdf k|ToIf
;/fs] f/ /fVg] x'gk' b{5 . cfhsf afnaflnsfdf k|j[mlt, /fi6«, wd,{ ;:+ j[mlt, hfthflt k|lt
;Ddfg JoQm ug]{ ;b\efj /fVg] / ;Fu;Fu} dfgjLo d"NodfGotf / ;:+ sf/ k|lt ;hu /
xg] aflgsf] ljsf; u/fpg' ckl/xfo{ 5 . oL ;a} tYox?nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;–;fgf
afnaflnsfdf ;sf/fTds ;f]r, vfh] d"ns cWoog, l;kd"ns / Jojxfl/s lzIff k|bfg ug]{ x]tn' ]
æd]3f xfd|f] ;/] fk] m/] f–] @Æ k':ts tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . of] k:' ts gk] fn ;/sf/, kf7\oj|md ljsf;
sG] b|n] tfs] ] adf]lhdsf] kl/lwleq /xL tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

o; k:' tsdf jtd{ fg ;do ;'xfpFbf] / ^ – & jif{ pd]/ ;dx" sf afnaflnsfsf] dl:tis
ljsf;nfO{ wofgdf /flvPsf] 5 . o;df kf7\oj|mdn] lglbi{ 6 u/] cg;' f/ ax'ljifos PsLj[mt
9fFrfnfO{ k0" ft{ of ;dflji6 ul/Psf] 5 . o; k:' tsn] tf]lsPsf] pd]/ ;dx" sf ljBfyL{x?nfO{
l;sfOsf cltl/Qm bl} gs hLjg;Fu k|ToIf k|efj /fVg] Jojxfl/s / l;kd"ns lzIff klg k|bfg
ug{] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . afn dl:tisnfO{ /ª\sf] dfWodaf6 cem ;[hgzLn agfpg] pb\b]Zon]
/ª\ k|of]u ug]{ w/] } cEof;x? lbOPsf] 5 . To;} u/L æcfkm" , xfdL / ;a}Æ sf] efjgf hfu[t
ug{] cEof;x? klg oyi] 6 /flvPsf 5g\ . ;du|df d]3f xfd|f] ;]/fk] m/] f–] @ n] afn dl:tisnfO{
cem /rgfTds / ;[hgzLn agfpsf lglDt 6]jf lbg5] eGg] s'/fdf d ljZj:t 5' .

d3] f xfd|f] ;/] fk] m/] f]–@ nfO{ of] ?kdf Nofpgsf nflu k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ?kdf ;xof]u ug{x' g' ] ;Dk0" f{
;xfg'efjx?df xflb{s j[mt1tf JoQm ub{5' . k':tsnfO{ z'?b]lv 5kfO;Ddsf] k|lqmofdf Nofpgsf
nflu ljzi] f e"ldsf lgjfx{ ug]{ d]3f klAns;] g tyf lgb{]zs dbg >]i7nfO{ ljz]if cfef/ JoQm ub{5' .
lrqfª\sgdf pNnv] gLo ofu] bfg ug'{x'g] >L sfhL /fgf / u|flkmS; l8hfOgsf nflu kjg vkfËLnfO{
klg ljzi] f wGojfb JoQm ub5{ ' . k:' ts n]vg / ;Dkfbgdf ljz]if e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{'xg] >L eujtL
e§/fO{ / >L zfGtf cfrfo{nfO{ klg wGojfb k|s6 ub{5' . efiff ;Dkfbgsf] lhDdf lnP/
k':tsnfO{ ql' 6/lxt agfpgsf lglDt >L ;lrtfgGb l3ld/] sf] pNn]vgLo ofu] bfgnfO{ xflb{s
cfef/ JoQm ub{5' .

cGTodf, o; kf7\ok:' tssf] :t/f]Ggltsf nflu lzIfs, cleefjs, ljBfyL,{ a'l4hLjL Pjd\
;Dk"0f{ kf7sx?af6 ;b}j /rgfTds ;Nnfx ;'emfjsf] ckI] ff ub{5' . wGojfb Û

nv] s

!ljifoIf]q d / d/] f] kl/jf/ !–@&

kf7–! 3/ kl/jf/ ;'vsf] cfwf/ @
kf7–@ l5d]sL &
kf7–# :jR5 vfgf :j:y z/L/ !!
kf7–$ vn] vn] f}F g t !^
kf7–% xfd|f pks/0f @!

@ljifoIfq] d/] f] b}lgs hLjg @*–%(

kf7–! zf/Ll/s Jofofd / of]u cEof; @(
kf7–@ JolQmut ;/;kmfO { ##
kf7–# ;kmf kfgL #*
kf7–$ k|sfz / o;sf ;|f]tx? $@
kf7–% tfk / o;sf ;|ft] x? $^
kf7–^ Wjlg / o;sf ;|f]tx? %)
kf7–& rD' as / ljBt' \ %$

#ljifoIfq] xfd|f] ;d'bfo ^)–*(

kf7–! /fd|f] afgL l;sf}F ^!
kf7–@ cfkl; ;/;xofu] / d]nldnfk ^^
kf7–# ;g]{ / g;g{] /f]ux¿ &!
kf7–$ czQm / c;xfonfO{ ;xofu] u/f +} &%
kf7–% hgfj/sf k|sf/ *)
kf7–^ vn] v]nf}+ / /dfcf} + *&

$ljifoIfq] xfd|f] ljBfno ()–!@)

kf7–! ljBfnosf ;fdfgx¿sf] htg (!
kf7–@ auF}rf lgdf{0f / ljBfno j/k/sf] ;/;kmfO (^
kf7–# b'36{ gfaf6 arf}F !))
kf7–$ k|sf]kaf6 arf}F !)^
kf7–% k|fylds pkrf/ !!@
kf7–^ s;/t / Jofd u/fF} !!&

%ljifoIf]q xfd|f] j/k/sf ;hLjx? !@!–!#^

kf7–! hgfj/sf] rfn !@@
kf7–@ jg:klt hut !@&
kf7–# kmnkm"n, t/sf/L / cGgafnL !#@

k'g/fj[lQ cEof; !#&

^ljifoIf]q xfd|f] jftfj/0f !$)–!%(

kf7–! jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO !$!
kf7–@ xfd|f ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ !$^
kf7–# xfjf, kfgL / df6f]sf] pkofl] utf !%!
kf7–$ j:t'sf u'0fx¿ !%%

&ljifoIfq] xfd|f] l;hg{ f !^)–!&*

kf7–! lrq agfcfF} !^!
kf7–@ df6f]sf j:tx' ¿ !^^
kf7–# uLt–;ª\uLt !^*
kf7–$ gfrfF} !&%

*ljifoIf]q xfd|f] ;+:j[mlt !&(–!()

kf7–! xfd|f] rf8kj { !*)
kf7–@ xfd|f] klx/gM xfd|f] klxrfg !*%
kf7–# /fli6«o lrx\gx¿ !**

(ljifoIf]q ;~rf/ k|ljlw / ahf/ !(!–@)!

kf7–! ;r' gf / ;~rf/ !(@
kf7–@ j:t'sf] pTkfbg !(%
kf7–# kl/jf/sf] cfo ;|ft] / vr { !((

ljifoIf]q !) xfd|f] j/k/sf] ;+;f/ @)@–@!^

kf7–! df;} d @)#
kf7–@ hldg @)*
kf7–# xfjf / kfgL @!!

k'g/fj[lQ cEof; @!&

1d / d]/f] kl/jf/

3/, 3/sf] aflx/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? cf–cfkgf] sfd ub]{ u/]sf]
aa' f s/];fafl/df vGb} u/]sf]
cfdf :jL6/ aG' b} u/]sf]
xh'/aa' f klqsf k9\b} u/]sf]
xh/' cfdf ds} 5f]8fpb} u/]sf]
efO{ k9\b} u/]sf]
alxgL n]Vb} u/]sf] lrq agfpg]

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 1

1 3/ kl/jf/ ;v' sf] cfwf/

x/] f,“} a'emf}“ / 5nkmn u/f“M}

3/ leq a'af vfgf ksfpFb} u/]sf]
cfdf n]Vb} u/]sf]
5f]/f 5f]/L v]Nb} u/]sf] lrq

 s] tkfO{Fsf] 3/df ;a} hgfn] ldn]/ sfd ug{'x'G5 <
 efG;fsf] sfd s;n] a9L ug{'x'G5 <
 tkfO{Fn] s'g s'g sfddf ;3fpg'xG' 5 <

gd:sf/ † d]/f] gfd rGb|snf xf] . d * jif{sL ePF .
d sIff @ df k9'5' . d]/f] Pp6f ;fgf] efO 5 . pm ^ jif{sf] eof] .
pm sIff ! df k9\5 . d]/f] 3/df a'af, cfdf, d / efO a:5f}F .
xfd|f] kl/jf/ ;fgf] / ;'vL 5 . ca ;a}hgfn] kfn} kfnf] cfˆgf]
kl/ro lbg'xG' 5 .

2 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

#$–#% jif{sf] nf]Ug] gd:sf/ † d]/f] gfd lbjfs/ xf] . d rGb|snfsf]
dfG5] sf]bfnf] af]s]sf] aa' f x'F . d clxn] #$ jif{sf] ePF . d
ls;fg h:tf] b]lvg] lrq kmnk"mn v]tL u5'{ . dnfO{ d]/f] kl/jf/sf
;b:ox?n] klg ;xof]u u5{g\ . j[mlifaf6
/fd|f] cfDbfgL xG' 5 .

gd:sf/ † d]/f] gfd sdnf xf] . d clxn]
#) jif{sL ePF . d k]zfn] g;{ x"F . d ufpFs}
:jf:Yo rf}sLdf sfd u5'{ . d la/fdLsf]
x]/rfx u5'{ . d labfsf] lbg v]tsf] sfddf
;xof]u u5{' . laxfg a]ns' fsf] sfd xfdL ;a}
ldn]/ u5f}{F .

gd:sf/ † d]/f] gfd Zofd xf] . d ^ jif{sf] ePF . d sIff !
df k9\5' . rGb|snf lbbL / d ;Fu} ljBfno hfG5f}F . lbbLn]
dnfO{ u[xsfo{ ug{ l;sfpgx' G' 5 . d klg 3/df cfkm" n] ;Sg]
sfd u5{' .

b]Vg'eof] t, xfdL 3/df ldn]/ a;]sf 5f}F .
cfk"mn] ;Sg] sfddf ;a}n] ;xof]u u5f}{F .
labfsf] lbg ;do ;dodf 3'Dg klg hfG5f}F .
xfd|f] k9fOsf nflu cfdfn] ;xof]u ug{'x'G5 .
xfdL ;a}n] ;a}nfO{ dfof u5f}F .

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 3

Po/ xf]:6]h s]6Lsf] lrq d]/f] sfsf k|x/Ldf x'gx' 'G5 . pxfF lbg–/ft
k5f8L k6\6L xhfOhxfh b]zsf] ;'/Iffdf vl6g'xG' 5 . d]/f] sfsL klg
klg ePsf] x'gx' G' 5 . pxfF Po/ xf]:6]; xf] . xjfOhxfhdf
slxn] wgu9L, slxn] lj/f6gu/, slxn]
kf]v/f kU' gx' 'G5 .

s l7s al] 7s 56' \ofpgx' f;] \ M

!= rGb|snfsf] aa' f OlGhlgo/ xf] .

@= sdnf ufpFs} :jf:Yorf}sLdf sfd ug{'xG' 5 .

#= rGb|snfsf] efO ljBfno hfFb}gg\ .

$= Zofdsf] kl/jf/df ^ ;b:o 5g\ .

v tkfOF{nfO{ rGbs| nfsf] kl/jf/sf] sg' kz] f dg k¥of] < dg k/s] f] kz] fsf]
klx/g vf]h]/ 6f:F gx' f;] . To; k]zfsf] af/d] f klg 5f6] s/Ldf nV] gx' f;] \ .
nV] bf lzIfssf] ;xofu] lng ;Sg'xg' 5] .

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4 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

u k]zf;Fu klx/gsf] hf]8f ldnfpgx' f];\ M k|x/Lsf] klx/g

ls;fg

k|x/L g;{sf] klx/g

Po/ xf]:6];

g;{ ls;fgsf] klx/g

ljBfyL{ Po/ xf]:6];sf]
klx/g

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 5

3 tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/df sf–] sf] x'g'x'G5 < pxfFx?sf] pd/] / k;] f tnsf] tflnsfdf
egx{' f;] \ .

gfd pd/] k]zf

!= xl/k|;fb l/hfn $@ jif{ jlsn

@=

#=

$=

%=

ª kl/ofh] gf sfo{ M

tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:on] nufpFg] sk8fsf] ;"lr tof/ kfg{'xf];\ . ca
tkfO{FnfO{ ;a}eGbf dgkg]{ klx/gsf] lrq agfO{ /ª\ eg{'xf];\ M

6 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

2 l5d]sL

x/] f“,} a'emf“} / 5nkmn u/f}M“

rf/ kfFra6f 3/x?÷lardf af6f] Pp6f 3/ cufl8 k;n . af6f]df
Ps b'O{ hgf lxF8b} u/]sf] lrq agfpg] .

 tkfO{Fsf] 3/ 5]pdf slQsf] 3/x? ag]sf 5g\ <
 tkfO{Fn] ToxfFsf dfG5]x?nfO{ lrGgx' 'G5 <
 cfˆgf] 3/sf] 5]pdf x'g] dfG5];Fu af]Ng'x'G5 <

c;n l5d]sL

/fwf M a'af, x]g'{xf];\ t kNnf] 3/df sf]
cfpg'eP5 <

a'af M P, pxfFx? < pxfFx?n] Tof] 3/
lsGg'ePsf] xf] . ca pxfFx? xfd|f]
gofF l5d]sL xf] .

/fwf M aa' f, l5d]sL eg]sf] s] xf] <

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 7

aa' f M xfd|f] 3/ 5]pdf a:g] dflg;x? l5d]sL xg' . l5d]sdf a:g] dflg;x?;Fu
ldlnh'nL a:g' k5{ . Ps csf{nfO{ cˆ7\of/f] kbf{ ;/ ;xof]u ug{'k5{ .

;fwf M To;f] eP d ;xof]u ug{ hfpmF aa' f < d}n] ;s]sf] ;fdfg af]s]/ leq
nlulbG5' .

a'af M x'G5 . clg pxfFx?nfO{ cfh ot} vfhf vfg af]nfP/ cfpm . pxfFx?
yfSg'ePsf] xf]nf .

/fwf M xG' 5 aa' f .
-kNnf] 3/df uP/_

3/ aflx/ ;dfg /fv]sf] b'O{hgf dlxnf k?' if / Pp6L
aRrL s/' f ub}{ ;fdfg af]s]sf] lrq

/fwf M cs+ n, cf06L gd:sf/ . d]/f] gfd /fwf xf] . d kNnf] 3/df a:5' . xfdL
ca l5d]sL xf}F .

c+sn M gd:sf/ gfgL . ltdL t lgs} 1fgL /lx5f} . cfpm a; .
/fwf M d}n] ;Sg] ;fdfg af]Sg d klg ;xof]u u5{' . clg vfhf vfg xfd}| 3/

hfgk' 5{ x} . tkfO{Fx? yfSg' ePsf] 5 .
cf06L M wGojfb gfgL . xfdLn] slt c;n l5d]sL kfP5f}F .
/fwf M wGojfb cf06L . nf} ca l56f] sfd ;s]/ xfd|f]df hfpmF .

8 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

s pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

!= l5d]sL eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= xfdL l5d]sL;Fu s;/L a:g'k5{ <
#= /fwfn] s;/L ;xof]u ug]{ ljrf/ ul/g\ <
$= l5d]sL cs+ nn] /fwfnfO{ s] eGge' of] <
%= /fwfn] c+sn / cf06LnfO{ 3/df lsg lgDtf lbOg\ <

v l7s a]l7s 56' \ofpg'xf];\ M

!= l5d]sL;Fu ldn]/ a:g'k5{ .

@= l5d]sLnfO{ cˆ7\of/f] kbf{ xfdL efUg'k5{ .

#= /fwfnfO{ c+sn cf06Ln] c;n eGge' of] .

$= /fwfn] kNnf] 3/df uP/ /ldtf x]l//lxg\ .

u cfÎgf] kfrF hgf ;fyLx?sf] 3/ 7]ufgf ;fw] ]/ nV] g'xf];\ M

;fyLsf] gfd 6f]n÷ufp÷F 7u] fgf j8f g+= lhNnf
sf7df08f}F
!= d -;'/]z sfsL{_ skg ^

@=

#=

$=

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^=

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 9

3 xfdLn] s;s} f] cfb/ ug{ s:tf zAbx? k|ofu] u5f}F . nV] gx' f;] \ M

!= gd:sf/ @=

#= $=

%= %=

ª tnsf] lrqdf dg kg]{ /ª eg{'xf];\ .

r kl/of]hgf sfo{ M

tkfO{Fsf] l5d]sdf ePsf kl/jf/sf] ;l" r agfpgx' f];\ . pxfFx?n] nufpFg]
klx/g / pxfFx?sf] k]zf klg n]Vg'xf];\ M

l5d]sLsf] gfd pd/] nufpgF ] klx/g k]zf

!= zfGtf kf}8]n #@ jif{ s'tf{ ;'?jfn lzIfs

@=

#=

$=

%=

10 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

3 :jR5 vfgf :j:y z/L/

x/] f,}“ a'emf}“ / 5nkmn u/fM“}

jl/kl/ vfg]s'/fx?
lardf b'O{hgf yfn lnP/ a;]sf] lrq

 dfly lrqdf s] b]vfOPsf] 5 <
 tkfO{FnfO{ s:tf] vfg]s'/f dgk5{ <
 z/L/ :j:y /fVg s:tf] vfg]s'/f vfgk' 5{ xf]nf <
xfdLn] vfg] jf lkpg] j:tn' fO{ vfgf elgG5 . ef]s nfUbf xfdL vfg]s'/f vfG5f}F .
xfdL w]/} y/Lsf vfg]s/' f vfg] u5f}{F . bfn, eft, /f]6L, b"w, bxL, df5f, df;' k|foM
vfOg] vfgf xg' \ . vfg]s/' f tLg k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ M
!_ zlQm lbg] vfg]s/' f M
eft, /f]6L, l98+ f], ds}, kfp/f]6L cflb zlQm lbg] vfg]s/' f xg' \ . oL vfg]s/' fx?
rfdn, ux'F cflbaf6 aG5g\ . logLx¿df sfaf]{xfP8]«6 kfOG5 .

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 11

@_ xs' {g / a9\g ;xof]u ug]{ vfg]s/' f M
vfg]s'/fn] xs' {g / a9\g ;xof]u u5{g\ . h:t}M bfn, u]8fu8' L, klg/, df;',

c08f cflb . logLx¿df k|f]l6g kfOG5 .

#_ /f]uaf6 aFrfpg] vfg]s/' f M
vfg]s/' fn] xfdLnfO{ /f]u nfUgaf6 klg arfpF5 . h:t}M xl/of] ;fukft,

kmnkm" n, bw' , cflb . o:tf vfg]s'/fn] z/L/df sL6f0f' k:g lbFb}gg\ . logLx?df
lefldg / vlgh kbfy{ kfOG5 .

oL ;a} vfg]s/' f ldnfP/ vfgk' 5{ . s]6fs]6Ln] bfn, u]8fu8' L, kmnk"mn /
;fu;AhL k|z:t vfg'k5{ . o;n] z/L/sf] ljsf;df db\bt kU' 5 .

12 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

;a} vfg]s/' f :j:y xF'b}gg\ . ahf/df kfOg] vfg]s'/f ld7f] ePklg kf]lifnf]
xF'b}gg\ . To;}n] cfdfaa' fn] 3/df ksfPsf] vfg]s/' f vfgk' 5{ . af;L g5f]k]sf]
/ ;8]sf] vfgf vfg' xF'b}g . vfg]s'/f kmfNg] afgL /fd|f] xf]Og . vfg]s/' fsf
sf/0f la/fdL klg kg{ ;lsG5 . vfgf;Fu} k|z:t kfgL klg lkpg'k5{ . kfgL
klg vfgfs} Ps k|sf/ xf] .

s tnsf jfSox? unt eP ;RofP/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

!= xfdL lgGb|f nfUbf vfg]s/f vfG5f}F .
@= xfdLn] vfgf vfg' cl3 / kl5 xft wg' k' b}{g .
#= af;L / ;8]un]sf] vfg]s'/f vfg' x'G5 .
$= ahf/df kfOg] vfg]s/' fx? Psbd} :j:y x'G5g\ .

v cfh tkfOFx{ ?n] :sn' df Nofpg'ePsf] vfhfsf] ;"lr agfpgx' f;] \ M

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 13

ca ;fyLx?;uF 5nkmn u/L tnsf] sf7] fdf eg{'xf];\ .

zlQm lbg] vfg]s'/f x'sg{ / a9\g dbb\ t ug{] /fu] af6 arfpF g] vfg]s'/f
vfg]s'/f
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u ldNg;] Fu hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

zlQm lbg]
vfg]s'/f

xs' {g / a9\g
d2t ug]{ vfg]s/' f

/f]uaf6 arfpFg]
vfg]s'/f

14 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

3 tkfOsF{ f] 3/ jf 5/l5d]sdf kfOg] kmnk"mn / t/sf/Lsf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \ M

kmnk"mn t/sf/L÷;fu;AhL

ª k9f}F / a'emf}F .

b'uf{sL cfdf la/fdL kg{'eP5 .

pxfFnfO{emf8fjfGtfePsf]/x]5.lxhf]

/ftL pxfFn] g5f]kL /fv]sf] vfg]s'/f Ps hgf xh'/cfdf ;t' ]sf] !–@
vfge' Psf] /x]5 . pxfFn] eGg'eof], hgf s]6fs]6L j/k/ pe]sf] lrq
ælaxfg} b]lv k]6 bl' v/x]sf] lyof] .

To;kl5 PSsfl; kvfnf nfUof] .

clg afGtf klg xg' yfNof] .Æ w]/}

k6s emf8fafGtf ePsfn] pxfFnfO{

:jf:Yo rf}sL nfgk' ¥of] .

:jo;+ ]ljsf lbbLn] af;L / g5f]kL /fv]sf] vfg]s/' f gvfg eGge' of] . clxn]

cf}ifwL vfPkl5 cln ;~rf] ePsf] 5 .

xfdLn] klg g5f]kL /fv]sf] af;L vfg]s'/f gvfcf}F . bu' f{sL cfdfnfO{ h:t}
emf8fkvnf nfUg ;S5 .

r kl/ofh] gf sfoM{

lzIfssf] d2tn] tLg tLg hgfsf] ;dx" agfpgx' f];\ . tkfO{Fx?n] dgfpg]
rf8kj{df vfOg] vfgfsf] ;"lr agfpgx' f];\ . tL vfgfx?sf] lrq 6fF;]/ Pp6f
lrq PNad tof/ kf/L sIffdf b]vfpgx' f];\ .

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 15

4 vn] v]nfF} g t

x]/f},“ a'emf}“ / 5nkmn u/f“}M

lrq M efF8fs6' L, r'FuL, 8f]/L gfWg], lrqx¿

 tkfO{FnfO{ s:tf] v]n v]Ng dgk5{ <
 tkfOFsf] ufpF3/df v]lng] s'g} :yfgLo v]n 5 <
 v]n v]Nbf tkfO{Fsf] ;fyL sf] xG' 5 <
v]n v]Ng' :jf:Yosf] nflu nfebfos x'G5 . xfdL 3/, :sn' , cyjf v]nd}bfgdf v]
n v]N5f}F . s'g} v]n t 3/leq} klg v]Ng ;lsG5 . 3/leq v]lng] v]nnfO{ ;fgf] 7fpF
eP k'U5 . h:t} u6\6f, efF8fs6' L, n'8f] cflb . sg' } v]n v]Ng cln km/flsnf] 7fpF
rflxG5 . h:t} M rF'uL, 8f]/L gf£g], s'b\g], pk|mg] cflb . s'g} nfO{ eg] w]/} 7"nf] 7fpF
rflxG5 . h:t}M km6' an, af:s]6an, lqms]6, 808L laof] cflb .

16 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

3/s} ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ v]n v]Ng ;lsG5 . h:t}M 8f]/Laf6 8f]/L gf£g] v]n,
;fgf–;fgf 9+'ufaf6 u6\6f, af3rfn cflb . o:tf v]nx¿ 3/s} ;b:o;Fu klg
v]Ng ;lsG5 . ljBfnodf lzIfs–lzlIfsfsf] ;xof]uaf6 v]Ng ;lsG5 . ljBfnodf
?dfn n'sfO{, km'6an, l/ª kf; h:tf v]nx¿ v]Ng ;lsG5 .
v]nn] xfdLnfO{ :j:y /fV5 . To;}u/L xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ alnof] klg agfpF5 .
v]nf8Lx¿ ljZjdf gfd km}nfpg ;S5g\ . lqms]6, k'm6an h:tf v]nsf v]nf8Ln]
w]/} k};f klg sdfpg ;S5g\ . cfhef]nL v]n v]n]/ g} ljZjdf gfd k}mnfpg
;lsG5 .

s pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

!= tkfO{FnfO{ s:tf] v]nx¿ dg k5{g\ <
@= v]n v]Ng' lsg kmfObfhgs 5 <
#= tkfO{Fn] v]Ng] ug{'ePsf tLg v]ns]f gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
$= 3/s} ;fdu|L k|of]u u/L v]lng] tLg v]ns]f gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
%= tkfO{Fn] ;'Gge' Psf] sg' } tLgj6f v]nf8Lsf] gfd n]Vgx' f];\ .

v ;fyLx¿;Fu ldn]/ tnsf vn] v]Ng'xf;] \ M

!= 8f]/L gf£g] v]n v]Ng'xf];\ M

8f]/L gf£g] v]n (Skipping) v]Nb} u/]s]f lrq_

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 17

@= bO' {–bO' { ;fyLs]f hf]8L agfpgx' f];\ . ba' } hgfsf] Ps–Ps v6' \6f
afFWg'xf];\ . ca lx8+ \g] / s'b\g] cEof; ug{'xf];\ .
lrq M Pp6f v'6\6f afFw]/ lx8\b}u/]sf] -Pp6f s]6f Pp6f s]6L_
Pp6f v6' \6f afFw]/ bf}8Fb} u/]s]f -s]6f–s]6f, s]6L–s]6L_

#= v/fof] h:t} pk|mg] v]n v]Ng'xf];\ .
v/fof] pk|m]sf] Pp6f s]6f pk|m]sf]

$= Pp6f an lng'xf];\ . d}bfgsf] Ps5]pdf an cF6\g] afs; /fVgx' f];\ .
afs; eGbf !) kfOnf k5fl8 Pp6f /]vf sf]g{'xf];\ . ca kfn}kfnf] Tof]
/]vfaf6 annfO{ afs;df xfNg] v]n v]Ng'xf];\ .

afs;df an xfNg] v]nsf] lrq M

18 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

u k9fF,} a'emfF} / v]nf}F M

Pp6f d;' f lxFl8/x]sf] lyof] . af6f]df la/fnf]n] d;' fnfO{ b]Vof] . la/fnf]n]
d;' fnfO{ nv]6\g yfNof] . d';f afFRgsf nflu efUg yfNof] . t/ la/fnf]n]
d;' fnfO{ ;dfltxfNof] .

lrq M la/fnf] / d;' f] s'6\b} u/]sf]

syfdf h:t} Pp6f ;fyL d;' f ag]/ efUg] . csf]{ ;fyL la/fnf] ag]/
nv]6\g] . la/fnf]n] d;' fnfO{ e]6]kl5 km]l/ c? ;fyLx¿n] ToxL bf]xf]¥ofpg] .
o;df jl/kl/ 3f]nf] 3]/f nufpFg'k5{ / efUbf 3]/f gf£g kfOFb}g .

d';f la/fnf] v]n v]Nb} u/]sf] lrq agfpg]

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 19

3 uf]nf] 3/] fdf a;]/ /a/ l/ª -6l] gSj6_ kf; ug{] v]n vN] gx' f];\ M

uf]nf] 3]/fdf a;]/ /a/ l/ª kf; ug]{ v]n v]Nb} u/]sf] lrq
agfpg]

ª kl/of]hgf sfo{ M

3/df ePsf k'/fgf ;fdu|L k|of]u u/L v]nf}gf agfpgx' f];\ . tL ;fdu|Lx¿
sf6\g, 6fF:gsf nflu cfdf÷aa' fsf] ;xof]u lng'xf];\ . alg;s]sf] v]nf}gfsf]
lrq agfO /ª eg'{xf];\ .

20 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

5 xfd|f pks/0f

x]/f,“} a'emf“} / 5nkmn u/fM}“

 dflysf] lrqdf ePsf s'g} tLg pks/0fsf] gfd eGg'xf];\ .
 tkfO{Fsf] 3/df k|of]u xg' ] b'O6f pks/0fsf] sfd eGgx' f];\ .
 o:tf pks/0fx¿ lsg k|of]u ul/G5g\ xf]nf <
xfd|f] b}lgs lhjgdf w]/} lsl;dsf pks/0fx¿ k|of]u ul/G5g\ . pks/0fnfO{
oGq klg elgG5 . ufx|f] sfdnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg pks/0fsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . 3/,
ljBfno, v]t tyf cGo ;a}h;f] 7fpFdf pks/0fsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . 7fpF, JolQm /
k]zf cg;' f/ pks/0f km/s–km/s x'G5g\ .

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 21

lrD6fn] sf]Onf lems] s'rf]n] a9f/]sf]
sf]

ls;fgn] v]tdf sf]bfnf], xnf] cflb
k|of]u u5{g\ . 8fS6/n] c:ktfndf
ydf]{ld6/, :6]y]:sf]k cflbsf] k|of]u
u5{g\ . lzIfsn] sDKo6' /, l;sdL{n]
s/fF}tL, OlGhlgo/n] :s]n, lkmQf
cflb k|of]u u5{g\ .

3/sf] vfgf ksfpg s/
fO, cf]bfg, tfpnL cflb k|of]
u ul/G5 . 3/sf] sfddf lrD6f,
s'rf], s}+rL, kfyL, k]rs; cflbsf] k|of]u xG' 5g\ . o:tf pks/0fsf] cf–
cfˆg} sfd xG' 5g\ . 7"nf / cˆ7\of/f sfdx¿ pks/0fn] ;xh agfOlbG5g\ .
cfhef]ln sDKo'6/n] k9\g n]Vg ;xh agfPsf] 5 . 9s–t/fh'n] ;fdfgnfO{
7Ls;Fu tf}lng db\bt u5{ .

ljBfyL{n] k|of]u ug]{ snd,
k]lG;n, sDkf;, HofldtL aS;
cflb klg pks/0f g} xg' \ . xfd|f]
JolQmut ;/;kmfOsf nflu klg
pks/0fx¿sf] k|of]u x'G5 . gogL,
s}FrL, Oo/ a8\;, sfOFof] cflbn]
xfdLnfO{ ;kmf /fVg db\bt u5{g\ .

22 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

xfdLnfO{ pks/0fn] w]/} ;xof]u ub{5g\ . logLx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg' klg xfd|f]
bfloTj xf] . k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 lglZrt 7fpFdf /fVg' k5{ . To;}u/L logLx¿nfO{
/fVg] 7fpF klg ;kmf xg' '{k5{ .

s lrq x]//] gfd eGg'xf];\ M

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 23

v tnsf pks/0fx¿sf] gfd / sfd n]Vgx' f];\ .

gfd M ================================================================
sfd M ================================================================

gfd M ================================================================
sfd M ================================================================

gfd M ================================================================
sfd M ================================================================

gfd M ================================================================
sfd M ================================================================

gfd M ================================================================
sfd M ================================================================

gfd M ================================================================
sfd M ================================================================

gfd M ================================================================
sfd M ================================================================

gfd M ================================================================
sfd M ================================================================

24 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

u tkfOn{F ] 3/df ko| fu] ug{] !) ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"lr agfpgx' f];\ M

!= ========================================== ^= ==========================================
@= ========================================== &= ==========================================
#= ========================================== *= ==========================================
$= ========================================== (= ==========================================
%= ========================================== !)= ==========================================

3 JolQmut ;/;kmfOsf nflu s]–s] k|ofu] ul/G5 < sg' } % ;fdu|Lsf] gfd /
sfd n]Vg'xf;] \ .

;fduL| sf] gfd ;fdu|Lsf] sfd

!= ========================================== != ==========================================

@= ========================================== @= ==========================================

#= ========================================== #= ==========================================
$= ========================================== $= ==========================================

%= ========================================== %= ==========================================

ª pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M

!= pks/0fsf] k|of]u lsg ul/G5 <
@= 8fS6/n] k|of]u ug]{ bO' {j6f pks/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ <

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 25

#= ls;fgn] k|of]u ug]{ bO' {j6f pks/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
$= ljBfyL{n] k|of]u ug]{ b'O{j6f pks/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
%= pks/0fx¿ s;/L ;'/lIft /fVg ;lsG5 < n]Vgx' f];\ .
^= tkfO{Fn] k|of]u ug]{ sg' } P6f pks/0fsf] lrq agfO{ /ª eg'{xf];\ .

r gfKg] cEof; ugx{' f;] \ .

!= Pp6f 9s / t/fh'df ;fdfg hf]Vgx' f];\ . lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] To;sf]
tf}n yfxf kfpgx' f];\ .

9s t/fh'df hf]v]/
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{
eGb} u/]sf]

@= Pp6f lunf; / hu lng'xf];\ . lunf;df el/ kfgL yfKb} hudf
/fVg'xf];\ . slt lunf; kfgLn] hu el/Fbf] /x]5 < u/]/ x]g{'xf];\ .

lrq M

26 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

h xfdLn] ko| f]u ug{] pks/0fx¿ ljleGg cfsf/sf x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿ HofldtLo
cfsf/sf h:tf klg b]lvG5g\ .

s/fOsf] lrq a]ngfsf] lrq ;f]nLsf] lrq

cfsf/M cw{ uf]nfsf/ cfsf/M a]ngfsf/ cfsf/M ;f]nL

cfsf/M l;lnG8/ cfsf/M cfotfsf/

5 kl/of]hgf sfo{ M

tkfO{Fn] k|of]u ug]{ sg' } Pp6f pks/0fsf] lrq agfO{ /ª eg{'xf];\ . To;sf
af/]df % jfSo n]vL sIfdf ;g' fpg'xf];\ .

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 27

2Df]/f] b}lgs hLjg

Ps hgf s]6Lsf] laxfg p7] b]vL a]n'sf ;Ddsf] b]gLlssf] lrq agfpg]

28 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

1 zf/Ll/s Jofofd / of]u cEof;

x]/f}“, ae' mf}“ / 5nkmn u/f}“M

kt' nL cf;g ah|f;gsf] j'Iff;g sf]
u/]sf] lrq lrq lrq

 dflysf] lrqdf s] b]vfOPsf] 5 <
 tkfO{Fn] slxNo} of]u ug{'ePsf] 5 <
 tkfO{FnfO{ of]u ug{ s;n] l;sfpF5 <

z/L/sf ljleGg efunfO{ :j:y /fVg of]u ul/G5 . cfhef]ln of]u cEof;
;;+ f/ e/d} k|rlnt 5 . of]u ugf{n] z/L/ :j:y x'g'sf ;fy} w]/} /f]uaf6 klg aFRg
;lsG5 .

of]u ubf{ ;f; lng] / 5f8\g] s/' fdf Wofg lbOG5 . o;nfO{ k|f0ffod elgG5 . of]usf
ljleGg cf;gx? xG' 5g\ . ltgLx?dWo] o; kf7df xfdLn] s]xL cf;gx? l;Sg]5f}F .

!_ k'tnL cf;g M
k'tnL cf;g ækt' nLÆ zAbaf6 cfPsf] xf] . of] cf;gdf kt' nLsf] h:tf]

cfsf/ agfOG5 . ca, ;a} hgfn] ;Fu} u/f}F .
s_ ;a} hgfn] kn]6L s;]/ a:gx' f];\ .
v_ v'6\6fsf] k}tfnfnfO{ Ps csf{;Fu hf]8\g'xf];\ .

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 29

k'tnL cf;g u/]
sf] :6]k b]vfpg]
lrq

u_ ca cfˆgf b'j} xftn] bj' } v'6\6fnfO{ ;dfpg'xf];\ .
3_ kt' nLn] kv]6f xNnfP h:t} b'O{ v6' \6fnfO{ tndfly xNnfpgx' f];\ .
ª_ v6' \6f dfly n}hfFbf ;f; aflx/ kmfNg] / tn NofpFbf ;f; kmfNg'xf];\ .
r_ of] k|lqmof !) k6s ;Dd ug{'xf];\ .
@_ ah|f;g M
ah|f;g csf]{ ;lhnf] cf;g xf] . of] ;a}n] ug{ ;lsG5 . of] cf;g k|fo h;f]

vfgf vfPkl5 ul/G5 . ca km]/L ;a}hgf ;u+ } u/f}F .

s_ v'6\6fnfO{ k5f8L df]8]/ a:g'xf];\ .
v_ cfˆgf] z/L/sf] ef/nfO{ s's'{Rrfdf la;fpg'xf];\ .
u_ 9f8 / 3fF6LnfO{ l;wf /fVg'xf];\ .
3_ b'a} xftnfO{ 3F'8fdfly /fVg'xf];\ .

30 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

ª_ ;f; lng] / kmfNg] ug{'xf];\ .
r_ of] k|lqmof !–@ ldg]6;Dd ug'{xf];\ .
#_ j[Iff;g M
j[Iff;gsf] cy{ j[If h:t} aGg] xf] . j[If eg]sf] ?v xf] . ;a}hgf j[Iff;gsf

nflu tof/ xg' 'xf];\ .

s_ cfˆgf] Pp6f v'6\6f csf]{ v'6\6fsf] 3'F8fdf /fVg'xf];\ .
v_ ca la:tf/} cfˆgf] b'a} xft zL/dfly n}hfgx' f];\ .
u_ zL/dfly nu]sf xftn] gd:sf/ ug{'xf];\ .
3_ of] k|lqmof Ps ldg]6 ;Dd ug{'xf];\ .
ª_ ca v6' \6f km]/]/ csf]{ v6' \6fdf ToxL k|lqmof bf]xf]¥ofpgx' f];\ .
o;/L oL ltgcf]6f of]u cf;gx? laxfg 3/df ug{'xf];\ .

v]n v]nf}F M

!= ;a}hgf rf}/df uf]nf] 3]/f agfP/ pleg'xf];\ . ca Pp6f es0' 8f] lnP/ csf]
lt/ ePsf] ;fyLlt/ kmfNgx' f];\ . hg' ;fyLn] ;dfTg ;Sgx' G' g pxfFn] lardf
cfP/ gfRgk' g]{ x'G5 .

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 31

8«d lnP/ plePsf] lrq@= ;a}hgf rf/j6f nfOgdf pleg'xf];\ . Pshgf 8«d;]6 jf dfbn lnP/ cufl8
plegx' f];\ . lk6L v]ndf h:t} 8«dsf] ;+uLtsf] d2tn] z/L/sf] ljleGg efu
3d' fpg'xf];\ .
6fpsf] bfofF 6fpsf] dfly sDd/df xft sDddf xft
a6f/]/ plepsf] kmsf{P/ plePsf] /fvL cuf8L /fvL hLp
em's]/ plePsf] k5f8L 9NsfPsf]

32 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

2 JolQmut ;/;kmfO{

x]/f}“, a'emf}“ / 5nkmn u/fM“}

;fa'g kfgLn] xft wf]psf],
gª sf6]sf]
sfg ;kmf u/]sf]

 dflysf] lrqdf s] b]vfOPsf] 5 <
 tkfO{Fn] dflysf dWo] s'g–s'g sfd ug{'xG' 5 <
 oL sfd ugf{sf kmfObf s]–s] xg' ;S5g\ <
c>+ t' f sIff @ df k9\l5g\ . pgL laxfg p7]/ xftd'v wf]P/ vfhf vflG5g\ . vfhf
vfO;s]kl5 a|; ul5{g\ . pgsf] cfdfn] x/]s zlgaf/ gª\ sfl6lbg'xG' 5 . pgL
;s];Dd lbg}klR5] g'xfpFl5g\ . gePklg Ps ;ftfdf bO' { k6s g'xfpFl5g\ . s] tkfO{Fn]
klg c+>'tfn] h:tf] ug'{x'G5 <

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 33

xfdLn] ;kmf /xg] aflg a;fNg'k5{ . cfˆgf] z/L/sf]
;/;kmfO ul/Pg eg] xfdLnfO{ /f]u nfUg
;S5 . tkfO{Fx?n] a'af cfdfsf] ;xof]u lnP/ z/L/sf]
;/;kmfO{ ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 .

z/L/sf] ;/;kmfO u/] z/L/ :j:y /xG5 . To;}u/L
xfdLn] cfˆgf] sf]7f, 3/ / jl/kl/ klg ;kmf /fVg'k5{ .
kmf]xf]/ 7fpFaf6 sL6f0f' hlGdG5g\ . sL6f0fn' fO{ xfdLnfO{
/f]uL agfpF5 .

?3fvf]sL jf sf]/f]gf h:tf /f]hx? Psaf6 csf]{ JolQmdf ;5{g\ . o:tf /f]uaf6
aFRg vf]Sbf / xfR5\oF" ubf{ ?dfnn] gfsd'v 5f]Kg' k5{ . oL /f]ux? xfjfsf]
dfWodaf6 ;5{g\ . vf]Sbf jf xfR5\o"F ubf{ lg:s]sf l56fx? c?df k/]df klg ;g{
;S5 . xfdLn] hyfefjL yS' g' klg xF'b}g . To;}u/L x}Fhf, emf8fkvfnf h:tf
/f]ux? af;L vfgf / kmf]xf]/ kfgLaf6 ;5{g\ . To;}n] cfk"m;Fu;Fu} 3/ / j/k/ klg
;kmf /fVgk' 5{ .

vf]nfsf] kfgLsf] 5]pdf lb;f 3/ ;kmf /fv]sf], vf]Sbf
ub}{ u/]sf] ?dfn glnO{ vf] ?dfnn] dv' 5f]k]sf], rkL{df
Sb} u/]sf], 3/ 5]pmdf kmf]xf]/ lb;f ug{ hfFb} u/]sf]
y'kf/]sf]

?3fvf]sL jf emf8fkvfnf nflu xfNof] eg] emf]lnnf] vfg]s/' f vfgk' 5{ . kfgL klg
k|z:t lkpg' k5{ . 3/aflx/ hfFbf df:s nufpFg'k5{ . ;do ;dodf ;fa'gkfgLn]
xft wf]O/fVg' k5{ .

34 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

s l7s a]l7s 56' o\ fP/ nV] g'xf];\ M

!= xfdLn] ;ftfdf Ps k6s a|; ubf{ xG' 5 .
@= vf]Sbf jf xfR5\oF" ubf{ dv' 5f]Kg' k5{ .
#= ?3fvf]sL jf emf8fkvfnf nfUbf kfgL vfg' xF'b}g .
$= 3/ aflx/ hfFbf df:s nufpF/ lx8F\g'k5{ .

v cfÎgf] ;/;kmfOsf nflu tkfOn{F ] ug{ ;Sg] / a'af–cfdfsf] ;xofu] lng'kg{]
sfdsf] ;l" r agfpg'xf;] \ .

cfkm" n] ug{ ;Sg] a'af÷cfdfsf] ;xof]u lngk' g]{

!= a|; ug{ != gx' fpg
@= ================================== @= ==================================
#= ================================== #= ==================================
$= ================================== $= ==================================
%= ================================== %= ==================================

u pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

!= tkfO{F lbgdf sltk6s bfFt df‰g'xG' 5 <
@= tkfO{Fsf] gª\ s;n] sfl6lbG5 < s] sf] k|of]u u/]/ <
#= tkfO{Fn] ;G' ge' Psf] ys' sf] l56faf6 ;g]{ /f]usf] gfd n]Vgx' f];\ .
$= ?3fsf]sL nflu xfn]df s] ug{'k5{ <
%= z/L/sf] ;/;kmfO{ gu/]df s] xg' ;S5 <

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 35

3 hf8] f ldnfpgx' f];\ M

ª kl/of]hgf sfo{ M

tkfO{Fn] JolQmut ;/;kmfOsf nflu s] s] ug'{xG' 5 < ;fyLx?nfO{
;g' fpg'xf];\ .

36 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

r /ª;Fu vn] f}F .

tkfO{Fx?nfO{ yfxf 5, dV' o /ªx? ltgj6f xG' 5g\ . kx]Fnf], /ftf] / lgnf] .
cGo ;a} /ª\x? logLx?af6} ag]sf x'G5g\ .

/ft] f] kx]Fnf] gLnf]

tnsf s]xL pbfx/0f x]g{'xf];\ M

/ftf] ± gLnf] Ö a}hgL

kx]n+ f] ± gLnf] Ö xl/of]

/ftf] ± kx]+nf] Ö a}hgL

ca tkfO{Fx? klg ld;fpgx' f];\, s'g /ª aG5 < vfnL sf]7fdf /ª eg{'xf];\ .

!= ± xl/of] Ö
/ftf]

@= a}hgL ± /ftf] Ö

#=
;'Gtnf ± ah} gL Ö

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 37

3 ;kmf kfgL

x]/f},“ ae' mf}“ / 5nkmn u/f“}M

 tkfO{F s:tf] kfgL lkpg'xG' 5 <
 lkpg] kfgL ;kmf ePg eg] s] xG' 5 ;S5 <
 tkfO{Fsf] 3/df kfgL ;kmf /fVg s] ug'{xG' 5 <

/lxdsf] 3/ lj/u~hdf 5 . p;sf] 3/df 6\o'aj]nsf] d:' nLd h:tf] b]lvg]
kfgL vfg] ul/GYof] . Pslbg /lxdnfO{ w]/} emf8fkvfnf s]6fsf] lrq
nfUof] . s]xL ubf{ geP/ p;nfO{ c:ktfn nfg'
k¥of] . lb;f k/LIf0f u/]kl5 yfxf eof] p;n] lkpg]
kfgLdf sL6f0f' /x]5 . To; lbgb]lv ;a}n] kfgLnfO{
pdfn]/ ;]nfPkl5 dfq lkpg yfn] .

38 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

l;tfsf] 3/ x]6f}F8fdf 5 . l;tfsf] 3/df kfgL pdfNg]
lah'nLn] rNg] pks/0f 5 . pgsf] afaf :jf:Yo
;:+ yfdf sfd ug{'x'G5 . lkpg] kfgLsf] nflu Psbd}
;r]t x'gx' G' 5 . gpdfn]sf] kfgL slxNo} lkpg
lbgx' 'Gg . lkmN6/ u/]/ dfq kfgL pdfNgx' G' 5 . To;}n]
l;tfnfO{ kmf]xf]/ kfgL lkpFbf nfUg] /f]u nfUb}g .

ca tkfO{Fx?n] a‰' ge' of] ls kmf]xf]/ kfgLn] /f]u nufpF5 . xfdLn] lkpg] kfgL ;kmf
x'g'k5{ . xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ k|z:t kfgL rflxG5 . To;}n] lkpg] kfgL g} ;/' lIft ePg
eg] xfdL la/fdL k5f}F .

kfgL ;kmf / ;/' lIft /fVg M
!= lkmN6/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= pdfNg ;lsG5 .
#= lahn' Ln] rNg] pks/0fsf] k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 .
$= ;f]l8; k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

z/L/df kfgLsf] dfqf ku' ]g eg] z/L/ :j:y /xFb}g . ljBfno cfpFbf klg cfˆg}
kfgLsf] af]tn lnP/ cfpFbf a]; x'G5 .

s l7s pQ/ 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF eg'{xf;] \ M

!= kmf]xf]/ kfgLdf ========================== xg' ;S5g\ . -sL6f0f'÷sL/f_
@= xfdLn] lkpg] kfgL ========================== / ========================== xg' 'kb{5 .

-;kmf, ;/' lIft÷kmf]xf]/, sL6f0f'o'Qm_

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 39

#= z/L/df ========================== dfqfdf kfgL rflxG5 . -yf]/}÷k|z:t_
$= kfgLsf] dfqf gk'u]df z/L/ ========================== x'G5 . -:j:y÷c:j:y_

v pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

!= tkfO{Fsf] 3/df s;/L kfgL ;kmf /fVgx' G' 5 <
@= lkpg] kfgL ;kmf gePdf s] x'G5 <
#= kfgL ;/' lIft / ;kmf /fVg s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
$= /lxd / l;tf dWo] sf] :j:y 5 < lsg <

u tkfOFx{ ? s;/L a:g,] lxF8\g,] pleg] / ;T' g] ugx{' G' 5 < tkfO{FnfO{ yfxf 5 ;xL
tl/sfn] a:g,] pleg] gu/d] f z/L/ c;Gtl' nt x'G5 . To;n} ] oL ;a} plrt
tl/sfn] ug{'k5{ . lrqdf x]/L cEof; ug'{xf;] \ .

kn]6L s;]/ a;]sf] lrq 9f8 l;wf kf/]/ sIffdf
ljBfyL{x? a;]sf]

u|k' d hLpmnfO{ ;Lwf agfP/ 6fpsf] dfly kmsf{P/ hldgdf
lxF8]sf] lrq ;'t]sf] lrq #÷% hgf ePsf]
lrq

40 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

3 xfOhDk / nªhDk vn] v]Ng'xf];\ M

;a}hgf ljBfnosf] rf}/df hDdf xg' 'xf];\ . lzIfssf] lgb]{zgdf xfOhDk /
nª\hDk v]nsf] cEof; ug{'xf];\ .

xfOhDk ub}{ u/]sf] lrq nª\hDk ub}{ u/]sf] lrq

ª kl/ofh] gf sfo{ M

tkfO{Fsf] 3/df kfgL ;kmf / ;/' lIft /fVg k|of]u ul/g] ljlwsf] lrq
agfpg'xf];\ .

o; ljlwsf af/]df sIffdf lzIfs / ;fyLx?nfO{ ;'gfpgx' f];\ .

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 41

4 k|sfz / o;sf ;|ft] x?

x]/f,}“ a'emf}“ / 5nkmn u/f}“M

 dflysf] lrqdf s] b]vfOPsf] 5 <
 tkfO{Fn] /flt sg' k|sfzsf] ;|f]t k|of]u ug{'xG' 5 <
 logLx?aLr s] km/sx? 5g\ <
 hg" sL/Ln] s;/L k|sfz lgsfN5 xf]nf <
;fdfGotof pHofnf] g} k|sfz xf] . t/ s] tkfO{Fx?nfO{ yfxf 5 k|sfz klg zlQmsf]
k|sf/ xf] < k|sfzn] xfdLnfO{ j:t'x? x]g{sf nflu d2t u5{ . k|sfzsf] ;xfotfn]
g} xfdL lxF8\8n' ug{ ;S5f}F . la?jfn] ;o" {sf] k|sfz lnP/ vfgf agfpF5g\ . k|sfz
;a}sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .

k|sfzsf ;|f]tx?

k|sfz sxfFaf6 cfpF5 xf]nf < s] ;a} j:tn' ] k|sfz lbg ;S5g\ < xfdL laxfg
p7]kl5 cfˆgf] b}lgs sfdx? ug{ yfN5f}F . tL ;a} sfd 3fdsf] pHofnf]df

42 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

ul/G5 . t/ ha 3fd c:tfpF5 ta /ft k5{ . /ftL cFWof/f] xG' 5 . cFWof/f]df s]xL
b]lvGg . To;}n] xfdLn] lrd, 6'sL, 6oa' nfO6, d}gaQL cflb afN5f}F . h"g nfu]sf]
a]nf aflx/ s]xL dfqfdf b]lvG5 .
;a} j:ta' f6t k|sfz lgl:sFb}g . k|sfz lg:sg] j:t'x?nfO{ k|sfzsf] ;|f]t
elgG5 . k|sfzsf ;|f]tx? b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ M
!= k|fjm[lts ;|f]t
@= dfgj lgld{t ;|f]t
!= k|fjm[lts ;|f]t

k|j[mltn] g} k|bfg u/]sf] k|sfzsf ;|f]t k|fj[mlts ;|f]t xg' \ . ;"o{ k|sfz /
tfksf] d'Vo ;|f]t xf] . lbpF;f] ;o" {sf] k|sfzn] ubf{ g} ;a} j:t'x? 5n{ª\u
b]lvG5 . xg' t h"g, tf/f, h'gsL/L /ftL b]lvG5g\ t/ pgLx?df k|z:t
k|sfz xF'b}g . To;}n] /ftL /fd|/L b]lvFb}g . ;o" {sf] k|sfznfO{ g} la?jfn] vfgf
agfpgsf nflu k|of]u u5{g\ . hg" sL/Ldf klg k|sfz lgsfNg] cª\u xG' 5 .

@= dfgj lgld{t ;|f]t

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 43

dfG5]n] agfPsf k|sfzsf ;|f]tx?nfO{ dfgj lgld{t ;|f]t elgG5 . logLx?nfO{
lbg /ft cfkm" n] rfx]sf] a]nfdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf ;|f]tx? Aof6«L,
dl6\6t]n jf lahn' Ln] rN5g\ . ufpFdf ;a}lt/ lah'nL x'Fb}g To;}n] dl6\6t]n
k|of]u u/]/ 6'sL, nflN6g cflb aflnG5 .

s vfnL 7fpF egx'{ f;] \ M

!= k|sfz ========================== sf] k|sf/ xf] . -zlQm÷sfo{_
@= k|fj[mlts ;|f]t ========================== n] lbPsf] xf] . -dfG5]÷k|j[mlt_
#= k|sfzsf] k|dv' ;|f]t ========================== xf] . -;o" {÷rGb|df_
$= dfgj lgld{t ;|f]tx? ========================== af6 rN5g\ . -3fd÷lahn' L_
%= ============== n] ;"o{sf] k|sfzn] cfˆgf] vfgf agfpF5g\ . -la?jf÷hgfj/_

v pbfx/0f nV] gx' f;] \ M

!= s'g} bO' { k|sfzsf ;|f]tx?
@= sg' } bO' { k|sfzsf k|fj[mlts ;|f]tx?
#= sg' } b'O{ k|sfzsf dfgj lgld{t ;|f]tx?
$= k|sfzn] ug]{ b'O{j6f sfd?

u tkfOF{sf] 3/df k|ofu] ul/g] s'g} Pp6f k|sfzsf] ;|ft] sf af/d] f n]Vg'xf;] \ M

gfd M
cfsf/ M
/ª M
d"No M

ca o;sf] lrq agfO{ kf]:6/ tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

44 d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@

3 tnsf] lrqdf dg kg]{ /ª eg'{xf;] \ M

ª kl/of]hgf sfo{ M

rf6{k]k/ lng'xf];\ . To;nfO{ rf/ a/fa/ efudf sf6\g\xf];\ . Pp6f efu
lnP/ To;df tkfO{Fn] yfxf kfPhlt k|sfzsf ;|f]tx?sf] lrq 6fF:gx' f];\ . ca
To;nfO{ sIffsf] leQfdf ;hfpg'xf];\ .

d]3f xfd|f] ;]/f]km]/f] sIff–@ 45