Hello
Grammar
Grade 8
Kantipur Education Development Council
Dhumbarahi, Chakrapath, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: 2151710 TABlE of ConTEnTs
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.kedcnepal.com
© Kantipur Education Development Council 2058
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this book may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
system, except as may be expressly permitted in writing by the publisher.
Distributor: KEDC
Printed in Nepal
Written by:
Amar Bahadur Sherma (M.A.) English
Advisor:
Dave Mapalad (M.Ed) TESOL
Subadra Shresta
Editor:
Jerell Morales-Shrestha (M.Ed.) Education Management
Layout Artist:
Hazel Joy Malagonio
About the Book
The revised Hello Grammar is written exactly how teachers and students
should use grammar. During the first phases of a new unit or lesson when the
students are trying to grasp an initial understanding of the form and meaning
of a structure clear and precise explanations are crucial, therefore this book
is designed for that purpose. It uses a grammar-based approach integrated
with easy to understand explanations with a variety of exercises. The book
is practical and very useful for teachers as it also includes a separate class-
work and homework exercises. We hope that the book will help teachers and
students enjoy learning the English Grammar.
TABlE of ConTEnTs
lEsson 1: sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
lEsson 2: Determiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
lEsson 3: nouns: Abstract, Collective,
Compound and Appositive . . . . . . . 37
lEsson 4: Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
lEsson 5 : Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
lEsson 6: Causative Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
lEsson 7: Idiomatic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . 85
lEsson 8: Homophones and Homographs . . 95
lEsson 9: Pronouns: Personal, Reflexive
and Emphatic, and Relative . . . . . 105
lEsson 10: Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
lEsson 11: Conditionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
lEsson 12 : Phrases and Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
lEsson 13: sentences : simple, Compound,
and Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
lEsson 14: Verbs [Modals, Concord,
non-finite, Question Tags
and Phrasal Verbs] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
lEsson 15: Tenses : Present, Past
and future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
lEsson 16: Direct speech and
Indirect speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
lEsson 17: Active Voice and Passive Voice . .217
lEsson 18: Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
TABlE of ConTEnTs
CoMPosITIon
lEsson 1: Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
lEsson 2: notice Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
lEsson 3: letter Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
lEsson 4: E-mail Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
lEsson 5: Biographical sketches . . . . . . . . . 262
lEsson 6: short stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
lEsson 7: Résumé Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
lEsson 8: Writing a leaflet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
lEsson 9: Essay Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
UNIT 1
Lesson 1: Sentences
a. Sunil on the chimney sat
b. the match won have we
These are groups of words. They have a verb also. They are not arranged
in a proper manner so that we can get the meaning of it. So, they are
not sentences.
a. At the beginning of the story
b. When we met her at the bus stop
These groups of words are well-arranged. They begin with a capital letter
like a sentence. But they are just part of a sentence. So, they are called
sentence fragments.
a. We went to Chandra’s birthday party two days ago.
b. We have been to the Great Wall of China.
These are group of words. They have a verb also. They are arranged
in such a way that we can easily make sense of it. So, they are called
sentences.
Sentences begin with a capital letter.
Swastika has bagged many awards since childhood.
1 Hello Grammar 8
Sentences end with a full stop (.), a mark of interrogation (?) or a
mark of exclamation (!).
Amarendra was a versatile man.
Did players show discipline throughout the match?
What a breath-taking view it was!
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
A baby was crying on the mat. Are girls studious?
[Assertive / Declarative Sentence] [Interrogative Sentence]
Sit down. What a big umbrella it is!
[Imperative Sentence] [Exclamatory Sentence]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
2 Hello Grammar 8
ASSIGNMENT
A. Write ‘G’ for a group of words, ‘SF’ for sentence fragments and ‘S’
for a sentence in the following.
1. We elders respect a lot _______
2. In the beginning of _______
3. Sleep. _______
4. Dorje smiled at Bijendra. _______
5. Alas! Kiran’s friend has died. _______
6. When I entered her room _______
7. Will you marry me? _______
B. Rearrange the following groups of words to form sentences and
write on the lines provided.
1. are we to Janakpur Kathmandu from travelling
____________________________________________________________
2. a piece wonderful what it is work of!
____________________________________________________________
3. now the problem have time discuss to don’t I
____________________________________________________________
4. when going home are you?
____________________________________________________________
5. answer the not is this correct
___________________________________________________________
3 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
There are four types of sentences.
It makes a statement or assurance.
It can be positive or negative.
It always ends with a full stop. DECLARATIVE
SENTENCE
A positive statement expresses truth.
A negative statement expresses refusal.
Example: Anish is a doctor.
It enquires or asks something.
It always ends with a question mark. ?
INTERROGATIVE
SENTENCE It can be Wh-questions, Yes/no
questions and Questions tags.
Example: Will you sing a song?
It suggests commands, orders,
suggests, requests, warnings, threats,
advice, thankfulness, etc.
IMPERATIVE
It sometimes begins with a subject. SENTENCE
Example: You’d better stay at a hotel.
It ends with a full stop.
Example: Be polite to strangers.
It expresses anger, shock, surprise, etc.
EXCLAMATORY
It always ends with an exclamation mark. !
SENTENCE
Example: Hus! Speak no more.
4 Hello Grammar 8
ASSIGNMENT
A. Identify the sentences below as declarative or assertive,
interrogative, imperative or exclamatory sentences. Also, rewrite them
with correct punctuation marks.
1. Japan and South korea hosted the world cup in 2002
[_________________________]
____________________________________________________________
2. What did you eat last night
[_________________________]
____________________________________________________________
3. Wow what a beautiful dress you have bought
[_________________________]
____________________________________________________________
4. Alas I lost everything in the crowd
[_________________________]
____________________________________________________________
5. don’t mug up answers unnecessarily.
[_________________________]
____________________________________________________________
6. who doesn’t miss childhood days
[_________________________]
____________________________________________________________
7. You ought to sing now, oughtn’t you.
[_________________________]
____________________________________________________________
8. the Earth revolves round the sun
[_________________________]
____________________________________________________________
9. Yupika gautam is not a naughty girl.
[_________________________]
____________________________________________________________
5 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
Changing Declarative Sentences with auxiliary verbs into Negative
Sentences:
Anupama is a helpful lady. [positive]
[is, am, are, was,
Anupama is not a helpful lady. [negative]
were, do, does,
Ananya was absent from school. [positive]
has, have, had, will,
Ananya was not absent from school. [negative]
shall, can, could,
Dorje had killed a bird. [positive]
may, might, must,
Dorje had not killed a bird. [negative]
need, should, etc.]
Alice would buy a piano. [positive]
+ not
Alice wouldn’t buy a piano. [negative]
Auxiliary verbs are used to form the tenses and voices of other verbs.
Changing Positive Sentences without auxiliary verbs into Negative
Sentences:
She leads a family. [positive / affirmative]
She doesn’t lead a family. [negative] [v , v and v ] Ö don’t,
1
5
2
Srijana played a game. [positive] doesn’t and didn’t + v1
Amrit didn’t play a game. [negative]
B. Rewrite the following negative sentences as affirmative sentences.
1. Rupesh didn’t push a car.
____________________________________________________________
2. She shan’t abide by all rules and regulations.
____________________________________________________________
3. I didn’t let everyone use my laptop.
____________________________________________________________
4. He hasn’t walked through a tunnel.
____________________________________________________________
6 Hello Grammar 8
5. My brother didn’t miss a golden opportunity.
__________________________________________________
6. Shanti doesn’t look beautiful in a sari.
__________________________________________________
7. We didn’t send two emails to our friends who live abroad.
_________________________________________________
8. Prem cannot swim across this river.
__________________________________________________
NOTES
Who has written a novel?
Wh-questions begin with Wh-
(verb)
words like who, what, when,
Who sweeps the floor?
whose, how, etc.
(verb)
In a Wh-question, the Wh-word Which book are you reading?
is usually followed by verbs but (noun)
nouns and pronouns sometimes. Which of you is the receptionist?
(pronoun)
Yes/no questions begin with an
Has the novel been written?
auxiliary verb like has, does, are,
etc. And they are answerable by
yes or no. Is the floor swept?
Auxiliary verbs are followed by Are you a receptionist?
the subject of the sentence.
C. Turn each statement into a question in your notebook. Use the word
in parenthesis as the first word.
1. My favourite game is table tennis. [What]
2. We went to Islamabad two years ago. [When]
7 Hello Grammar 8
3. I want to go to my hometown. [Where]
4. Dipa has to greet us to be sincere. [Why]
5. Raj is in the Nepal Army. [Is]
6. These flowers are man-made. [Are]
7. Rima recorded her voice. [Did]
8. Her pet has dots on the body. [Does]
D. The following sentences have not been punctuated properly. There
is an error in each line against which a blank has been given. Write the
incorrect punctuation mark and the correction in your answer sheet
against the correct blank space. Remember to underline the word or
punctuation that has to be changed in the sentence.
Error Correction
e.g. comma (,) full stop (.)
David jumped off the wall, _____________ _____________
Dikshya ate fruits? _____________ _____________
She wrote? sang and danced. _____________ _____________
How long her story is? _____________ _____________
Ouch someone stepped on my toe. _____________ _____________
Kindly lift the box! _____________ _____________
Tomorrow is a holiday, _____________ _____________
Please take off your hat? _____________ _____________
8 Hello Grammar 8
E. Read the dialogue between Dave and Robert. Then answer the
questions that follow.
Dave: Robert, do you have plans for the weekend [1]
Robert: I have nothing definite planned, Dave [2]
Dave: Saturday is Mary’s birthday, and we are throwing her
a party [3]
Robert: Sure, I could come to her party. Where are you
going to have it? [4]
Dave: It’s going to be a pool party at Jay’s apartment
building [5]
Robert: That sounds like fun. Is it a potluck. [6]
Dave: We would like for people to help us by bringing side
dishes and drinks. The dress will [7] be casual then? [8]
Robert: Make sure to bring your bathing suit, and dress
casually. [9]
Dave: Sounds great. Just drop me an e-mail with the time
you’ve picked. [10]
1. Which one of the following sentences should end with a question mark?
A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 2 C. Sentence 5
2. Which one of the following is an imperative sentence?
A. Sentence 10 B. Sentence 6 C. Sentence 7
3. Which one of the following sentences is not punctuated correctly?
A. Sentence 6 B. Sentence 3 C. Sentence 5
4. Which sentence has a conjunction?
A. Sentence 6 B. Sentence 3 C. Sentence 5
9 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
It is a nuisance. He is a talented boy.
The actress is very beautiful. We have won the match.
These groups of words are in a simple order. They end with a full stop.
They don’t show emotion.
We begin an exclamatory sentence with ‘What a….!’ if the predicate
contains an adjective and a noun and ‘How ……. !’ if the predicate
contains only an adjective.
In other cases, we use the emotive words like alas, hush, ouch, oh my God, etc.
Exclamatory sentences usually end with a mark of exclamation [!] and
have a different word order.
What a nuisance it is! What a talented boy he is!
How beautiful the actress is! Hurrah! We have won the match!
F. Rewrite the following sentences as exclamatory sentences changing
word order on the lines provided.
1. Her voice is pleasant. ________________________________________
2. She is a daring girl. _________________________________________
3. He is a hardworking man. ____________________________________
4. Our parents are very conservative. _____________________________
5. Her daughter-in-law is down-to-earth. __________________________
6. Mr Trump is a very powerful president. _________________________
7. Saroj is not talented. ________________________________________
10 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
Imperative sentences suggest order, command, request, threat,
instruction, etc. Such ideas often depend upon the speaker’s tone.
You should do homework regularly. [advice / suggestion]
Kindly convey the message to them. [request]
Shoot at the tiger. [command]
Speak English here. [instruction]
Give me 5 million rupees or I will kill you. [threat]
Imperative sentences usually begin with a main verb and end with a
full stop [.].
Question Tags are the shortest questions. They are placed at the end
of a statement.
A question tag separated by a [,] comma and is used to get a
statement confirmed.
If the statement is positive, the question tag is usually negative.
They are magicians, aren’t they?
If the statement is negative, the question tag is usually positive.
They are not fond of travelling, are they?
Negative question tags are made up of auxiliary verbs and pronouns.
isn’t it?, is he?, mustn’t he?, shouldn’t she?, won’t I?, shan’t he?,
haven’t they? etc.
Whether imperatives are negative or positive, we usually use ‘will you?’
Don’t speak rough words, will you? Let us sing now, will you?
With sentences that begin with ‘Let’s….., we use ‘shall we?’
Let’s not fight with each other, shall we?
The auxiliary verb ‘am’ doesn’t have its negative form.
I am a student, aren’t I?
In case of the absence of auxiliary verbs in sentences, use ‘do, does or
did’ in the question tag.
Preety has a new scooter, doesn’t she?
Goma’s husband won the lottery, didn’t he?
11 Hello Grammar 8
G. Make imperative sentences beginning with the following
main verbs.
Let: ________________________________________________________
Turn: _______________________________________________________
Shut: _______________________________________________________
Slam: _______________________________________________________
Dance: ______________________________________________________
Sprint: ______________________________________________________
Throw: ______________________________________________________
Go: _________________________________________________________
H. Add appropriate question tags to the following statements.
1. We shall discover a planet, __________________________________?
2. I am an atheist, ________________________________?
3. They will visit Rara lake next month __________________________?
4. They shoot a movie at Godawari, ______________________________?
5. Don’t shout here, __________________________?
6. She had a painkiller, ____________________?
7. Let us play a cricket match outside, ______________________?
8. Let’s watch a road play tomorrow, _________________________?
9. They had not saluted the guests, ______________________?
10. We ought to respect senior citizens, ____________________?
12 Hello Grammar 8
I. Rearrange the words in the following groups to make them
complete sentences.
1. is / he / hardworking / student / a / Chelsea Int’l Academy / at.
2. how / I / can / accept / such / an / offer?
3. why / them / irritating / are / you ?
4. anybody / your / never / mistreat / power / despite
5. on / carefully / instructions / the / follow / the / bottle / written.
6. what / she / gave / a/ argument / strong !
7. delivered / speech / inspiring / he / an / what!
J. Rewrite the following sentences following the instructions
J. Rewrite the following sentences following the instructions given
in the parenthesis.
1. Leonardo Capiro looks confident. [exclamatory sentence]
2. We visited the Taj Mahal last week. [negative sentence]
3. Sunil finished second in the story telling competition. [yes/no
question]
4. Rina searched her students’ bags. [wh-question]
5. Sahil hardly breaches school rules. [affirmative]
6. Bipana had a long nose, _____________? [question tag]
7. Fetch me a doll left over there. [request]
8. Paint the wall in red. [advice]
9. Katrine won’t thank us for our support. [affirmative]
10. Let us drink tea, _________________? [question tag]
13 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
A sentence has two parts: subject and predicate.
Bina cooked dinner for 45 guests.
Sarmila danced to a Maithili song.
Ishmita complained to the police about our family feuds.
The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about is
called the subject of the sentence. Subjects may include more than
one part of speech.
All the guests
Pranav SUBJECTS
Our students
The part which tells something about the subject is called the
predicate of the sentence. Predicate may include more than one part
of speech.
thanked the audience at the end of the program.
PREDICATES threw his bag.
didn’t win any competitions.
C. Add subjects to the following sentence fragments to form
complete sentences.
1. __________________________ are very content with their life.
2. _____________________ have been living in Nepal for few months.
3. __________________________ at night and start to beat his wife.
4. _____________________ caught a big fish and sold in a fish market.
14 Hello Grammar 8
5. _________________________________ is a challenging task.
6. __________________________ were killed by tigers.
7. _________________________ awarded by the honourable President.
D. Turn these sentence fragments into complete sentences by
adding a predicate to form complete sentences.
1. Many of European footballers
___________________________________________________________.
2. South Asians
___________________________________________________________.
3. A stray dog
___________________________________________________________.
4. On a picnic
___________________________________________________________.
5. The skins of yaks
___________________________________________________________.
6. Employees in call centres
___________________________________________________________.
7. My parents
___________________________________________________________.
8 Our behavior
___________________________________________________________.
9. Our practical advice
___________________________________________________________.
10. My sister-in-law
___________________________________________________________.
Classwork: The teacher should tell or read at least 10 sentences from a
storybook, magazine, newspaper or a textbook. Then students should
identify both subjects and predicates in each sentence.
15 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
The subject of a sentence usually comes first, but occasionally it may
be placed after the predicate.
In the heart of the forest lived a saint.
Here comes Mr Gupta, the President of NELTA.
In an imperative sentence, the subject is always ‘you’. It is not stated
but implied.
Buy a ticket before you enter the hall. [You sit down and read a
magazine.]
In a Yes/no question, the subject is placed after an auxiliary or
modal verb.
Are you angry with us?
In a Wh-question, the subject is placed after a main verb.
What is Binaya doing after his final examination?
E. Read the story below. Circle subjects and underline predicates in
the sentences.
Rodd and Todd were the names of the two lucky children chosen to
go and see Santa Claus himself up at the North Pole. A magic sleigh
was sent to their homes to collect them. And they flew north, flying
through the clouds, as Christmas music played. Everything they
came across was marvelous. Never in their wildest dreams could they
have imagined it all. And they excitedly waited to see that loveable
red figure who had spent so many years bringing them gifts every
Christmas. The moment finally arrived. They entered a great hall and
were left alone. The hall was dark and empty. Rodd and Todd waited a
long time in silence thinking of what to say.
16 Hello Grammar 8
F. Draw one line under the subject and two lines under the predicate.
1. We should love our grandparents.
2. Brush your teeth twice a week.
3. Is your camel coming?
4. What have you done to him?
5. Let us introduce ourselves.
6. Here comes Mrs President to light the lamp.
7. What a naughty child he is!
8. Alas! My friend’s grandmother passed away this morning.
9. Binayak has many security guards.
10. Will you lend me only Rs 5000?
G. Match the subjects and predicates.
Subjects Predicates
The lazy girl don’t need to worry about the exam.
A ferocious leopard were fighting with each other
without any reason.
Two friends of mine was scolded by her mother.
You chased us when were enjoying our
picnic.
Ram and Gopal in my village is injurious to health.
Five friends of mine in Russia are on the village development
committee.
Drinking alcohol are going to chat to me on Skype
tonight.
17 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
The following are the rules for transformation of sentences.
We usually use ‘do’ verbs [do, does, did] when the word ‘have’ is used as
a main verb.
Bikram has two wives. [affirmative]
Bikram doesn’t have two wives. [negative]
Samjhana had a red handkerchief. [affirmative]
Samjhana did not have a red handkerchief. [negative]
We usually use ‘do’ verbs when the forms of verbs are ‘have to’ or ‘used
to’.
They have to comment on our performance. [affirmative]
They don’t have to comment on our performance. [negative]
They used to sing pop songs. [affirmative]
They didn’t use to sing pop songs. [negative]
We usually use ‘not’ after the first auxiliary verbs.
She may go out tonight. [affirmative]
She may not go out tonight. [negative]
Harsh is upset today. [affirmative]
Harsh is not upset today. [negative]
We usually introduce negative imperatives with ‘Don’t’ except for the
imperative sentence that begins with ‘Let…..’
Slam the door. [affirmative]
Don’t slam the door. [negative]
Let them sing a song. [affirmative]
Let them not sing a song. [negative]
18 Hello Grammar 8
H. Change the following positive sentences into negative ones.
1. It is right to drive recklessly on the highways at night.
It is not right to drive recklessly on the highways at night.
2. My friends have caring parents.
___________________________________________________________
3. We can see the stars at night.
___________________________________________________________
4. He topped the entrance exam of MBBS.
___________________________________________________________
5. Ashim has bought a building.
___________________________________________________________
6. He goes to university to teach.
___________________________________________________________
I. Change the following imperatives into negative sentences.
1. Sing a song after two hours.
___________________________________________________________
2. Keep your feet off the grass.
___________________________________________________________
3. Let Ritesh buy a magazine immediately.
___________________________________________________________
4. Let Harka wed a girl next year.
___________________________________________________________
5. Let Sudip trim his nails.
___________________________________________________________
6. Kindly leave your belongings outside the office.
___________________________________________________________
7. Swim at midday.
___________________________________________________________
19 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
We generally change these words while transforming sentences.
some - any already - yet several - any
once - ever sometime - anytime some place - any place
too - either and so - and neither a lot of - many / much
just - lately someone - anyone somebody - anybody
somewhere - anywhere something - anything sometimes - ever
We have bought some bikes. [affirmative]
We haven’t bought any bikes. [negative]
There are a lot of fish. [affirmative]
There are not many fish. [negative]
Sometimes we can change a statement into negative without changing
meanings.
Someone loved us. [affirmative]
Noone hated us. [negative]
All sold properties. [affirmative]
None bought properties. [negative]
Sometimes we can transform sentences changing the degree of
adjectives but not meanings.
The chocolate is as sweet as honey. [positive]
The chocolate is not sweeter than honey. [comparative]
Sometimes we can transform sentences changing the parts of speech
but not meanings.
The pupils sat in silence in the hall. [noun]
The pupils sat silently in the hall. [adverb]
20 Hello Grammar 8
J. Change the underlined words into the parts of speech mentioned
in the parenthesis. Don’t change its meanings.
1. Mr Choudhary is hard-working enough to earn money. [noun]
Mr Choudhary can earn money through hard work.
3. There is similarity between these two answers. [adjective]
_________________________________________________________
4. She is a disgrace to her family. [adjective]
_________________________________________________________
5. The cost of this laptop is very high. [adjective]
_________________________________________________________
6. Laxmi Prasad Devkota had a love for poetry. [verb]
_________________________________________________________
7. The Nepalese treat tourists in a kind way. [adverb]
_________________________________________________________
8. Hari likes eating ice cream. [noun]
_________________________________________________________
K. Correct the following sentences.
1. We have not done something till now.
2. He has earned any money.
3. I also don’t appreciate backbiting.
4. There are not a lot of marbles in the box.
5. We have not donated several books to a new library.
6. The plane has lately taken off.
7. He passed the exam and neither did his brother.
8. She has not submitted the report already.
9. He talked to anybody.
10. They haven’t got several books.
21 Hello Grammar 8
L. Rewrite the statements below as a negative sentence and a
question. Use correct punctuation marks.
Silpy sat on the wall. [statement]
Silpy didn’t sit on the wall. [negative]
Did Silpy sit on the wall? [question]
1. It is a challenging job.
2. I wish to meet Donald Trump.
3. Lionel Messi might win his 6th Ballon d’Or Award.
4. I want to build a two-storeyed house for my family.
5. Jack has announced his retirement from his football career.
6. Mr Rai is sleeping in his bed.
7. Resha had a nightmare last night.
M. Read the sentences and underline the adjectives. Rewrite each
sentence by changing the degree of adjectives into the degree
mentioned in the parenthesis.
1. Zinc is as useful as copper in our life. [comparative]
Zinc is not more useful than copper in our life.
2. This book is as interesting as a novel. [comparative]
_________________________________________________________
3. My nieces speak faster than me. [positive]
_________________________________________________________
4. China is more developed than India. [positive]
_________________________________________________________
5. Russia is the largest country in the world. [comparative]
_________________________________________________________
6. Business the fastest way of making money. [comparative]
_________________________________________________________
7. No other buses are as fast Nepal Yatayat in the Kathmandu Valley.
[superlative]
_________________________________________________________
22 Hello Grammar 8
Lesson 2: Determiners
Words Nouns:
countables and uncountables
a large quantity of rice
a lot of shoes
the meat
a mouse
an essay
which movie
whose hair
this summer
each song
A determiner is a special adjective or modifier. A determiner is a word
that determines a noun or a noun phrase. Determiners are always
placed before a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence and limit the
scope of the noun. Determiners suggest the nouns that are being
referred to in a sentence.
Adjectives may come before or after a noun to qualify it.
Sandip is a renowned writer. [before the noun]
Dilip has a book which is quite weighty. [after the noun]
Determiners always come before a noun to determine it.
Simriya has a pen. [before the noun]
She was quite active in those days. [before the noun]
Determiners can be used with both countables and uncountables.
Each house is painted. [countable]
Some ghee was spilled. [uncountable]
23 Hello Grammar 8
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
Whose hair is brown? This cat is my best Your house is
friend. beautiful.
[interrogative [demonstrative [possessive
determiners] determiner] determiner]
Each shoe has to be A lot of grass has Three taxis are
polished. grown in the field. parked there.
[distributive [quantitative [numerical
determiner] determiners] determiners]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
24 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
This pen is mine. That car is new.
These books are very old. Those cars are very expensive.
Here, the words ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’ and ‘those’ are used to point
out a person, place and thing. They are called demonstrative
determiners.
We use ‘this’ and ‘that’ with singulars and ‘these’ and ‘those’ are
with plurals.
‘This’ and ‘these’ indicate thing(s) closer to the speaker. [nearness]
‘That’ and ‘those’ indicate thing(s) far from the speaker. [distance]
ASSIGNMENT
A. Complete the following by using the appropriate demonstrative
determiners.
Rashmi: Do you hear someone sing a song over there?
Alex: Yes, I do. Do you like ________ song?
Rashmi: I have many collections of CDs. Do you want ___________ CDs?
Alex: No thanks.
Rashmi: _________ CD has many evergreen songs. You can take home
and play.
Alex. If you really don’t mind, can you show me ______________ photo
albums?
Rashmi: __________ ones which are on the shelves?
Alex: Yes.
25 Hello Grammar 8
B. Circle the demonstrative pronouns and use them in sentences of
your own as demonstrative determiners.
1. This is the guest house where we spent two nights.
This guest house is haunted at night.
2. That was a good example of honesty.
____________________________________________________________
3. Those are my favourite writers.
____________________________________________________________
4. These are the photos taken during an educational tour.
____________________________________________________________
5. This can be a great achievement.
____________________________________________________________
6. These are the ancient monuments that were built in the 19th century.
____________________________________________________________
7. Such cannot be a kind thing.
____________________________________________________________
C. Read the sentence carefully. Place a box around the demonstrative
determiner and underline the noun qualified by it. Change the noun
number and then rewrite the sentences changing the demonstrative
determiner and the helping verb to make a correct sentence. See the
example done for you.
1. This motel was opened forty years ago.
These motels were opened forty years ago.
2. That boy has already been vaccinated.
3. Those newspapers will be piled up on the table.
4. This castle was built by her grandmother one hundred years ago.
5. That computer has many viruses.
6. These flowers are roses. They have a sweet smell.
7. Those thieves were arrested.
26 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
The words a, an and the are called articles. The words ‘a’ and ‘an’ are
indefinite articles. They are used with singular nouns. The word ‘the’
is called the definite article. Use ‘the’ before a noun when you are
talking to someone who already knows which person or thing you
mean. Moreover, ‘the’ is used with unique things, holy books, ordinals,
mountain ranges, superlative degrees, deserts, oceans, rivers, castes,
nationalities, inventions, etc.
Silu gave me a reward two days ago.
Aruna bought an apple.
They swam across the Bagmati river last week.
A. Complete the following by using the appropriate demonstrative
determiners.
1. Khagendra has got ____ headache.
2. Some girls are playing _______ game in the ground.
3. Sylvia Plath wrote _______ interesting story about _______ infant.
4. Kiran went to ______ pub to meet his girlfriend.
5. Sandesh is ______ MBA. He is looking for _____ job.
6. Aakash has bought _____ guitar, as he wants to be _______ singer in
his future.
7. Two days ago _____ US lady phoned me. She sounded that she was in
_____ hurry.
8. Some children are hovering around ____ one-eyed man.
9. Tihar, one of ______ greatest festivals of Hindus, usually falls in
______ month of October.
10. Prabita is ____ industrious girl. She has won many awards.
11. My sister is _____ MA student.
27 Hello Grammar 8
B. Articles have not been inserted properly in the following sentences.
There is an error in each line against which a blank has been given. Write
the incorrect punctuation mark and the correction in your answer sheet
against the correct blank space. Remember to underline the word that
has to be corrected in the sentence.
Error Correction
e.g. an a
There lived an wolf in a forest. _________ _________
One day he found the fishbone and swallowed it. _________ _________
Fishbone was stuck in his throat. _________ _________
Then he went to heron for help. _________ _________
Heron did as he said hoping to get a reward. _________ _________
Wolf didn’t want to give it any reward. _________ _________
The heron asked for reward. _________ _________
Wolf didn’t give him any reward. _________ _________
It is amusing story, isn’t it? _________ _________
NOTES
Possessive determiners are used to show possession or authority of
an object, a person or a place.
Words like his, her, my, their, our, etc. are used before nouns to
show ownership.
That is my book.
Our home is well-painted.
His leg has sprained badly.
Her hair is very silky.
Their house is being sold at auction.
28 Hello Grammar 8
A. Select the correct words given in the parenthesis. Here they act as
possessive determiners.
1. ____________ attitude towards teacher is not good. (Your, You, I)
2. Please give __________ money back to me. (mine, me, my)
3. The security personnel frisked _____________ bodies, as they
suspected us. (us, our, me)
4. They wanted to visit __________ native home in Jhapa (him, his,
their)
5. Principal Adhikary counseled __________ pupils before their
examination. (his, hers, her)
6. Don’t leave ___________ belongings unattended at the airport.
(yours, you, your)
7. A snake was trying to lick _______ tail. (it, it’s, its)
B. Circle the possessive determiners and underline the pronouns in
each sentence.
1. Our bedroom has two beds. All the beds are ours.
2. My parents are going on a tour. On reaching Singapore, they will send
me messages on Messenger.
3. I wrote an email to my best friend. But he didn’t reply to me promptly.
4. Trishal and Anup heard their name announced as winners. They didn’t
go to receive the rewards.
5. She gave her opinion on the current issue. The presenter should not
have asked her any question.
6. I bought two tickets for my girlfriend and myself. She didn’t turn up
there.
7. We don’t see our own fault. We criticize others without any hesitation.
8. We respect our parents truly. I am wondering why we can’t respect
her who works as a housemaid.
29 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
Distributive determiners show that the person or things from a group
are taken one at a time.
Either book is full of motivation. [one or the other of two / each
of two]
Every dog has its day. [emphasis on individual member of a set]
Each box was weighty. [every one of two or more]
Neither girl could pass the auditioning test. [not one or the
other]
A. Fill in the blanks with ‘each’, ‘every’, ‘either’ or ‘neither’ as the hint
given in the parenthesis after every sentence indicates.
1. ________________ child knows who I am in this locality. (not one or
the other)
2. The pupil had a tablet in ________________ hand. (one or the other
of the two)
3. ________________ student in the class has a laptop and a mobile.
(emphasis on the individual)
4. There was a parking lot on ________________ side of the street. (the
one or the other)
5. ________________ article is worth publishing for our newspaper. (not
one or the other)
6. ________________ candidate facing an interview is given at least a
suggestion. (all the candidates)
B. Underline the words ‘each’, ‘every’, ‘either’ and ‘neither’ in the following
sentences. Write in the parenthesis [P], if it is used as a pronoun [D], if
it is used as a determiner. Determiners come immediately before a noun
or a noun phrase.
1. Since there are four cushions for four chairs, I can keep one cushion on
each. [ ]
30 Hello Grammar 8
2. Every jug is filled with milk. [ ]
3. I thanked each judge during the contest. [ ]
4. Both teachers are experts in English; you can talk to either. [ ]
5. I watched two movies, but neither was of my choices. [ ]
6. Neither plane will go to the Netherlands. [ ]
7. Every incident has a reason, indeed. [ ]
8. Every child is a gift by God. [ ]
NOTES
Words such as many, much and several tell about quantity without
giving an exact number. They are called quantifying determiners. Some
quantifying determiners are used only with plural nouns. They are few,
a few, many, both, several, etc.
We left school many years ago.
Few girls were suspended for their mischief.
Some quantifying determiners can be used with both plural and singular
nouns and nouns that show no exact number. They are all, half, some,
enough, a lot of, lots, of, most, other and plenty of.
Half the balloons have burst already.
She spends half her time watching TV.
A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate quantifying determiners given in
the parenthesis.
1. _____________ singers terrorists were killed in an ambush. [several /
little ]
2. Give me ______________ ghee. [few / some]
3. Aarogy spilled ______________ juice accidentally. [few / plenty of]
4. Sujan missed _____________ chances due to his arrogance. [little /
both]
31 Hello Grammar 8
5. Nimisha invited _______________ classmates to her birthday party.
[all / much]
6. Divya didn’t drink ____________ milk. [many / much]
7. Let Binisha buy ______________ sugarcane. [few / some]
NOTES
‘Little/few’ means not much or many or hardly any. ‘A little/few’ is
used to mean some or few in number. And ‘the little/few’ indicates the
entire amount.
B. Fill in the blanks with ‘much’, ‘many’, ‘few’, ‘a few’, ‘the few’, ‘little’,
‘a little’ or ‘the little’.
1. The flood damaged ______________________ wheat that had grown.
There is no wheat in the field.
2. The bag is heavy. I need ______________________ help to lift it.
3. There was ______________________ food left in the cooker, but it
was enough for the baby.
4. Mina works with ______________________ interest. Hence, her work
is very untidy.
5. The cat drank up ______________________ whey that was in the
bowl.
6. I have only ______________________ best friends in my classroom.
7. There are only ______________________ girls in the classroom today.
8. Ramesh and __________________ of his friends went to watch a play.
9. How ______________________ times have I reminded you of your
assignment?
32 Hello Grammar 8
10. There is not ______________________ salt left in the sack
11. He didn’t give me ______________________ information on his
retirement.
12. The birds pecked at ______________________ mangoes on the tree.
C. Tick the most suitable alternative to complete the sentences below.
1. How ______________ support did you demand from your parents?
A. a little B. few C. much D. many
2. On Sundays, there are not ______________ vehicles on the road in
the US.
A. many B. much C. few D. several
3. I gave my mother ______________ money.
A. many B. few C. several D. a little
4. He has spilt ______________ water on his uniform.
A. many B. any C. few D. a little
5. ______________ reporters took the photos of the players.
A. few B. a number of C. much D. a little
6. ______________ employees are found loyal to their employers.
A. much B. most C. little D. few
NOTES
Numerical determiners tell the exact number. They are of different
types.
Cardinal numbers: one, two, three, four, etc.
Ordinal numbers: first, second, third, etc.
Fractions: half, one-third, two-third, etc.
Multipliers: double, twice, five times, etc.
Partitives: a bowl of, a slice of, a loaf of, a team of, etc.
33 Hello Grammar 8
A. Underline all the quantitative determiners and circle all the nouns
modified in the sentences given below. Write on the lines provided if
the nouns are countable or uncountable.
1. A few passengers were injured during the road accident. ___________
2. Many pieces of advice were ignored. ___________________________
3. There was enough drinking water left in the jar. __________________
4. I didn’t go by dad’s care because little petrol was left. _____________
5. Several new friends joined Tribhuvan University last year. __________
6. There was sufficient food for all the guests. _____________________
B. Underline the numerical determiners. See if they have been correctly
used or not. Put a ‘’ or ‘X’ in the parenthesis accordingly. If the
determiner is used incorrectly, rewrite the sentences inserting it in the
appropriate place.
1. The shopping mall has fourth storeys. The three floor has a
restaurant. [ ]
___________________________________________________________
2. The three floor of the house had been used as an office. [ ]
___________________________________________________________
3. There were second buffaloes in the animal shed. [ ]
___________________________________________________________
4. The first half of the football match was exciting. [ ]
___________________________________________________________
5. The film was of second hours. The three half of the movie was
hilarious. [ ]
___________________________________________________________
34 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
Interrogative determiners are Wh-words followed by nouns. They are
used to form questions and a question mark (?) is placed at the end.
What movie did you watch this morning?
Whose house was robbed last night?
Which book of these is a non-fiction?
A. Complete the sentences with the given Wh-words. They are
interrogative determiners.
1. What movie _______________________________________________
________________________?
2. Which game _______________________________________________
________________________?
3. Which book________________________________________________
_______________________?
4. What city _________________________________________________
_______________________?
5. Whose wife _______________________________________________
_________________________?
6. Whose nose _______________________________________________
________________________?
7. What colour _______________________________________________
_________________________?
8. Which boxer _______________________________________________
_________________________?
35 Hello Grammar 8
B. Write two questions for each sentence. The underlined words should
be the subject of your questions. Use the Wh-words first as a determiner,
then as a pronoun. See the solved example. ‘What’, ‘which’ and ‘whose’
are only the examples of interrogative determiners.
1. We are going to Biratangar by plane.
By what means of transport are you going to Biatnagar?
2. What is the means of transport that you are going to Chitwan?
____________________________________________________________
3. I joined Tribhuvan University in 2014.
____________________________________________________________
4. The colour of my house is green.
____________________________________________________________
5. Those are Sudheer’s books.
____________________________________________________________
6. The newly pitched road leads to Nagarkot.
____________________________________________________________
7. I want a pair of trousers of medium size.
____________________________________________________________
8. Sundar’s brother won the gold medal.
____________________________________________________________
9. It’s 11 pm by my watch.
____________________________________________________________
G. Match the subjects and predicates.
Determiners Examples
1. interrogative fourth
2. demonstrative which
3. possessive her
4. distributive each
5. quantitative that
6. numerical several
36 Hello Grammar 8
Lesson 3: Nouns: Abstract, Collective,
Compound, and Appositives
Abstract Noun
This reminds me of a point made by Paulo Coelho in his book ‘The Warrior of
the Light.’ There is such a thing as emotion; it is produced in the factories of
the mind. It consists of pain. It consists of precautions that were important
in the past, but that serve no purpose in the present.
Collective Noun
Some people gathered at the square to hold a public meeting. There
they talked about the herd of cattle that had destroyed a farmer’s crops.
A committee was formed to study the case. After a few days they again
gathered at the square to announce the result of the case. The farmer’s
crops were not destroyed by the herd of the cattle but the pride of lions.
Compound Noun
Bird-watchers usually carry their backpacks to carry binoculars, cameras,
notebooks, mobile phones, etc. Nowadays schoolchildren are seen carrying
backpacks. It is a useful thing to carry, isn’t it?
Noun Appositives
Gus, Eric’s black and white cat, slowly crept up behind the kittens. But
the kittens disappeared. Gus went out of home and played in the mud.
After a while, it came back and ate up Mara’s sundae, a gigantic mountain
of ice cream. Then, he complained to his mum, a strict woman in the
neighbourhood.
Abstract nouns refer to qualities, conditions, ideas, action, feeling,
emotions, etc.
ugliness poverty knowledge wisdom work pity
37 Hello Grammar 8
Collective nouns name a group of people, animals or things.
herd school team bunch family jury
Compound nouns are made up of two or more words used together.
staffroom keyboard chairperson whiteboard songwriter
Noun appositives rename another noun or nouns next to it.
Messi, a magic man Preety, a sweet girl Nepal, a small nation
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
A boy was showing his anger. Nepal’s football team are in the
[Abstract Noun] field.
[Collective Noun]
A teacher is writing on the Shah Rukh Khan, the King Khan,
blackboard. is very rich.
[Compound Noun] [Noun Appositive]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
The highlighted words are determiners.
38 Hello Grammar 8
ASSIGNMENT
A. Identify and underline abstract nouns in the following sentences.
1. Everything is fair in love and war.
2. Only girlhood was happy phase of her life.
3. He was very sad in his childhood.
4. Poverty didn’t stop him from studying further.
5. Happiness comes from only loving people.
6. It is her nature to keep silent all the times.
7. The length of this road is only 50 kilometers.
NOTES
Abstract nouns refer to ideas and qualities that we cannot touch.
kindness sour pain happiness
There are two types of abstract nouns.
Attributive nouns name qualities, characteristics or attributes. Such
nouns are formed from adjectives and common nouns.
Adjectives Î Abstract Nouns Common Nouns Î Abstract Nouns
poor Î poverty scholar Î scholarship
Verbal nouns are formed from verbs.
Verbs Î Abstract Nouns Verbs Î Abstract Nouns
fly Î flight decide Î decision
examine Î examination argue Î argument
39 Hello Grammar 8
B. Fill in the blanks with suitable abstract nouns forming from the
words given in the parenthesis.
1. Alexander was a man of __________________ [strong]
2. People in this slum area live in ____________ [poor]
3. __________ to animals in Europe is a punishable offence. [cruel]
4. It’s my great ______________ to welcome a veteran player to the
show. [please]
5. __________________ is the best period of one’s life. [child]
6. _____________ should always be avoided. [waste]
7. Children’s ________________ is our main concern. [safe]
8. _________________ enveloped the planet. [dark]
9. She was out of my _________________. [see]
NOTES
Collective nouns name a collection of persons, animals or things.
bunch = a group of bananas
team = a group of players
school = a group of fish
pride = a group of lions
C. Fill in the blanks with appropriate collective
nouns given in the box.
A board
1. ______________ of ships was seen at sea
A hive
through binoculars. A brood
2. ___________________ of convicts escaped A band
A string
from the police.
A fleet
3. ___________________ of trustees held a
A gang
secret meeting.
40 Hello Grammar 8
4. __________________ of musicians travelled all over the world.
5. _____________ of bees attacked him yesterday.
6. ________________ of camels was walking through the desert.
7. _______________ of chickens was killed for meat.
Some collective nouns for persons:
a class of students a company of soldiers a crew of sailors
a gang of labourers a horde of robbers a multitude of people
a troop of scouts a bevy of women a caravan of
a crowd of people a party of friends merchants
Some collective nouns for animals:
a flock of geese a herd of deer a pack of hounds
a shoal of fish a sring of camels a flight of birds
a colony of ants a pride of peacocks a litter of kittens
Some collective nouns for things:
a clumps of trees a faggot of sticks a fall of rain
a heap of sand a library of books a peal of bells
a stack of chairs a bouquet of flowers a bale of cotton
a garland of flowers a sheaf of arrows
D. Identify and underline collective nouns in the following sentences.
1. A tribe of baboons swung on trees.
2. A hive of bees attacked few naughty children.
3. A gang of criminals looted his money.
4. A pride of lions killed a buffalo in the jungle.
41 Hello Grammar 8
5. A flock of sheep was grazing in the meadow.
6. A team of brothers broke a bundle of sticks.
7. A board of directors prepared a set of rules and regulations.
8. A litter of kittens was sold in the market.
NOTES
A compound noun is made up of two or more existing words used
together. Some compound words are written as one word, some as two
or more words, and some as hyphenated words.
one word two or more words hyphenated
basketball baby girl sister-in-law
football school bus time-out
pineapple cyber café well-behaved
bathroom New York thirty-one
A. Circle the compound noun[s] in each of the following sentences.
1. My friends are busy at the basketball court.
2. Sandesh’s grandmother lives in Dharan.
3. The president-elect suggested corruption is a root problem of
unemployment.
4. The police frisked passers-by.
5. She was punished for not doing her homework.
6. New tablecloths have to be washed neatly.
7. That child needs to fasten his seatbelt before the plane takes off.
42 Hello Grammar 8
B. Use the words in the box and make some compound words.
book foot mark flower water one
weed worm work sheet bite attack
heart work snake guard wear sea
day security melon forty pot hard
1. bookworm 2.________________ 3.________________
4.________________ 5.________________ 6.________________
7.________________ 8.________________ 9.________________
10._______________ 11.________________ 12.________________
C. Complete the following sentences adding suitable words to make
compound nouns.
1. The Russian Arctic is home of the __________ bear and many other
species.
2. If those two wires touch, the appliance will short ______________ and
go up in flames.
3. I hate playing on hard tennis ____________ - I much prefer grass.
4. A ___________ pin is used for fastening things, especially cloth.
5. My dad gives me Rs 50 a week _______________ money.
6. I need to withdraw some money out of my __________ account
today.
7. No human ______________ should have to suffer what these people
have suffered.
43 Hello Grammar 8
Appositives in Three Cases
Appositives can be in one of the three cases: Nominative Case,
Accusative Case and Genitive Case. An appositive is in the same case as
the noun it refers to or follows. See the following examples.
NOTES
Thomas, a weak student, won a gold medal at university.
The noun ‘student’ is an appositive. And it follows the Proper Noun
‘Thomas’. Thomas is the subject of the verb ‘won’. Therefore, both the
noun and the appositive are in the Nominative Case.
ASSIGNMENT
A. Rewrite the following sentences with appropriate appositives in the
nominative case.
1. Ram would buy a car very soon.
____________________________________________________________
2. Sumana has to marry an engineer at any cost.
____________________________________________________________
3. Aadity saw an English movie and wrote a movie review.
____________________________________________________________
4. Dipa passed an entrance test to MBS.
____________________________________________________________
5. Prem committed suicide two days ago.
____________________________________________________________
6. Jai kicked a ball very hard.
____________________________________________________________
44 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
Last week I met my cousin, the engineer.
The noun ‘engineer follows the Common Noun ‘cousin’ describing it.
The noun ‘cousin’ is the object of the verb ‘met’. So, both the noun and
the appositive are in the Accusative Case.
B. Rewrite the following sentences with appropriate appositives in the
accusative case.
1. I slapped Rita for her mischief.
I slapped Rita, a grade 7 girl for her mischief.
2. I married Rohan.
____________________________________________________________
3. She met Bidur at the theatre.
____________________________________________________________
4. Urmila and Rupa invited their best friend.
____________________________________________________________
5. Sarita phoned Udaya last night.
____________________________________________________________
6. We talked to Mr Thapa.
____________________________________________________________
7. We played the game.
____________________________________________________________
45 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
Have you not read ‘High School English Grammar and Composition’,
Wren and Martin’s book?
This might be a bit confusing. ‘High School English Grammar and
Composition’ and Wren and Martin’s book are the same thing. The
book belongs to Marsden. The noun that demonstrates belongingness,
ownership or authority is said to be in Possessive or Genitive Case.
Undoubtedly, both the noun and the appositive are in the Possessive or
Genitive Case.
C. Rewrite the following sentences with appropriate appositives in the
genitive or possessive case.
1. Have you seen Ganguli?
Have you seen Ganguli, the artist’s paintings?
2. Have you watched Titanic?
____________________________________________________________
3. This is the White House.
____________________________________________________________
4. This is Muna Madan.
____________________________________________________________
5. Hi! This is Ms Bima.
____________________________________________________________
6. We would like to go to Paris.
____________________________________________________________
46 Hello Grammar 8
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