ASSIGNMENT
A. Look up the dictionary and find the meanings of the words given
below.
Homophones Sentences
break / break
cite / sight
feat / feet
idle / idol
piece / peace
sole / soul
tail / tale
97 Hello Grammar 8
air / heir
eye / I
hole/ whole
due / dew
flour / flower
heal / heel
none / nun
B. Write the homophones that match the meanings.
1. a stick pointed on one end __________________________________
2. a small room in a prison __________________________________
3. a female deer __________________________________
98 Hello Grammar 8
4. expected to arrive __________________________________
5. to colour or stain something __________________________________
6. to give up for payment __________________________________
7. woman servant __________________________________
8. much loved; precious __________________________________
9. to stop living __________________________________
10. a slice of beef __________________________________
steak-stake would-wood made-maid dew-due
hole-whole cell-sell deer-dear die-dye
sum-some doe-dough
C. Complete the following passage and tick the option that completes
each sentence correctly.
Ramesh was bored / board with the news of the senses / census on
the television. He decided to play games on the computer. He clicked
the cursor /curser on the computer screen to play a game. His mother
came in threw / through the door and warned him not to play for to /
too long or it would affect / effect his eyesight. His neighbour Rakesh
complimented / complemented Ramesh on his garden. The bright
flowers gave a pleasant cent / sent / scent. Ramesh said he wanted to
buy / by a big house. He planned to go on the fourth / forth day of this
month to get it.
D. Fill in the blanks with suitable homophones given in brackets.
1. To _____________________ a contract is to break an agreement.
[breach / breech]
2. To have a _____________________ for something is to be skilled at
doing it. [flaire / flare]
99 Hello Grammar 8
3. A _____________________ was provided at the end of the tunnel for
the circulation of fresh air. [vent / went]
4. Children and supposed to wear a _____________________ under
their skirts. [vest / west]
5. The _____________________ directors had a meeting to discuss
issues. [board / bored]
6. He made a _____________________ attempt to reach the top of
mountain. [vain / vane]
7. The fabric of this denim is rather _____________________ [coarse /
course]
HOMOGRAPHS
All the words highlighted in the poem are homographs. Homographs
are the same words with different meanings.
fat = state of being overweight fat = greasy substance in the body
NOTES
Homographs are words which have the same spelling, but they have
different meanings and may or may not sound the same.
We saw a minute insect. /məܼ'nju:t/
I will be back in a minute. /'minit/
A singer wants to record his song. /ri'kܮ:d /
Please keep a record of all our expenses. / 'rekܮ:d/
The wire was wound around the pipes to secure them. /wəݜnd/
The wound was deep. It was bleeding profusely. /wu:nd/
100 Hello Grammar 8
Homographs
young Î not mature
Î young animals
right Î a proper, just, legal claim
Î what is good, just or honourable
ring Î a small circular band
Î a group of people working together
ball Î a round, solid object
Î a formal party for dancing
band Î a thin flat strip that is put round things
Î a group of people playing popular music
fair Î treating people equally
Î an exhibition of commercial and industrial goods
guru Î a Hindu spiritual leader
Î a respected and influential expert
well Î a deep hole in the ground for obtaining water
Î in good health
board Î a flat piece of wood
Î a group of people controlling a company or an
organization
advance Î to make progress
Î to pay money before it is due to be paid
reader Î a person who is fond of reading
Î a book intended to give students practice in reading
tie Î a strip of material worn round the neck under the
collar
Î a situation in a game when to teams have the same
score
trip Î a journey
Î to catch one’s foot on something and fall or nearly fall
101 Hello Grammar 8
B. Read the poem below carefully. Write down at least two possible
meanings of the highlighted words.
At the birthday party,
Words Meaning 1 Meaning 2
All looked hale and
party
hearty,
Everybody wore a
smile, smile
Wearing the latest
fashion and style.
care
All cared to bring
gifts and bouquets,
and many surprises. gift
The cake was cut with
applause and
cut
cheer,
We all sang the
cake
birthday song,
Loud and clear.
C. Use the highlighted words with the same spelling but with a
different meaning in a sentence of your own.
1. Most of the films featuring Rajesh Hamal are a hit in Nepal.
____________________________________________________________
2. There are 26 letters in the English alphabet.
____________________________________________________________
102 Hello Grammar 8
3. Most of the young people in South Asia watch champions league on TV.
____________________________________________________________
4. In Kathmandu, we hardly find a big nursery to grow flowers.
____________________________________________________________
5. The British Council is a charitable trust.
____________________________________________________________
6. Pack your suitcases before you leave for the airport.
____________________________________________________________
7. How many articles have you published so far?
____________________________________________________________
8. Does your brother work as an anchor?
____________________________________________________________
9. Spring is one of beautiful seasons.
____________________________________________________________
10. Many leaves of maple fall in the US in every autumn.
____________________________________________________________
103 Hello Grammar 8
E. Read the sentences carefully. The meaning of the underlined words
are given below as [a] or [b]. Write [a] or [b] in the blank provided
which correctly defines the underlined word.
1. I hope you are not lying to me. __________________
My books are lying on the table. __________________
a. telling a lie b. being in a horizontal position
2. Let’s play soccer after school. __________________
The author wrote a new play. __________________
a. participate in sports b. drama
3. Ouch! The mosquito bit me. __________________
I’ll have a little bit of sugar in my tea. __________________
a. a small amount b. V 2
4. The rabbits are in a pen outside. __________________
Please sign this form with a black pen. __________________
a. a writing instrument b. an enclosed area
5. Which page is the homework on? __________________
Please page the doctor if you need help. __________________
a. sheet of paper b. cal someone
104 Hello Grammar 8
Lesson 9: Pronouns: Personal,
Reflexive and Emphatic, and Relative
Dear Susan
Thank you very much for your letter and invitation to the barbecue
on Saturday at seven-thirty pm. I shall be delighted to attend. I’m
glad that you have moved from the previous house. I know how
much trouble your family had with the landlord.
I must stop now as I have some work to do for Mother. If anything
happens in between, write to me. See you soon on Saturday.
Yours sincerely
Melanie
Pronouns replace nouns in sentences. Pronouns play a role similar to
nouns in a sentence.
Mr Basanta Magar is an anchor by profession.
[He] Î It replaces a masculine noun.
Mrs Khanal is a physician by profession
[She] Î It replaces a feminine noun.
105 Hello Grammar 8
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
She is helping others. [personal
pronoun]
He hurt himself badly. [reflexive
pronoun]
She did her homework herself.
[emphatic pronoun]
Ashmita, who is a model, is
delighted. [relative pronoun]
Picture recognition promotes better understanding of a concept.
106 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
The noun that is replaced by a pronoun is called its antecedent.
Mala is a teenage girl. She studies in grade 8.
[antecedent]
Personal pronouns replace nouns that act as the subject or the
object in a sentence.
Personal Pronouns are of two types:
Subjective personal pronouns replace subjects in a sentence.
She met me at the bus stop. [subject]
Objective personal pronouns replace objects in a sentence.
Anupama met her at the bus stop. [object]
Subjective Objective
I me
We us
You you
He him
She her
They them
It it
ASSIGNMENT
A. Identify and underline personal pronouns in the following sentences
and write ‘S’ for subject and ‘O’ for objects.
1. Minu and George are cousins. They studied at the __________
same university.
2. Tha Animal Encyclopedia is an interesting series of __________
books. It is a nice book.
107 Hello Grammar 8
3. Jagjeet gave his girlfriend a diary. His girlfriend was __________
grateful to him.
4. A man has been looking at us. Does anyone of us __________
know him?
5. They live in a flat on the top floor of the tower. __________
6. A local leader wanted to donate some money to us. __________
7. A cat is sleeping. No one throws water at it. __________
8. Silpy wished to thank them for their help. __________
9. Could Ram hand over the files to me? __________
10. It was trying to bite its own leg. __________
B. Rewrite the following sentences using personal pronouns correctly.
1. Let she do all the washing-up.
2. It’s we whom they should blame.
3. He is very much taller than I.
4. Between you and I, it has to be settled.
5. You must decide it between you and he.
6. Mary is certainly the cleverest girl among we.
7. He has promised to take she and I to the studio.
8. They shook hands with we.
9. He gave it to I.
10. I took she to the pictures.
11. Suman phoned a girl. Her was very rude.
12. Bimal phoned she several times.
108 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
Self-words like, myself, herself, itself, ourselves, etc. are used to
reflect the subject of the sentence.
They are called reflexive pronouns.
Ramu hurt himself while playing. [Ramu was hurt]
We use reflexive as the direct object of a verb.
I taught myself to read and write. [direct object]
We also use reflexive pronouns as the indirect object of a verb. It is
usually introduced by a preposition.
I closely looked at myself in the mirror. [indirect object]
Reflexive pronouns can also be used with the verb ‘to be’.
Once her troubles are over, she will be herself again.
Self-words like, myself, herself, itself, yourself, etc. are used for
emphasis instead of reflecting the subject of the sentence. They
are called emphatic pronouns. Emphatic pronouns are usually used
immediately after its antecedent.
The tower itself collapsed all of a sudden.
She herself washed her uniform last Saturday.
C. Fill in the blanks with suitable ‘reflexive’ or ‘emphatic’ pronouns.
1. Children, I’m sure you enjoyed ____________________ at my birthday
party last night.
2. The plan ____________________ was very good, yet it did not work.
3. Your knife is very sharp. You may cut ____________________.
4. We have often made the same mistake ____________________.
5. She is looking very pleased with ____________________. Anything
special?
6. She slipped in the bathroom and hurt ____________________.
109 Hello Grammar 8
7. A huter defended ____________________ when he was encountered
with a tiger.
8. They entertained ____________________ by playing with some dogs.
9. Hello guys, you have to help ____________________.
D. Underline self-forms and write them as Reflexive Pronoun or
Emphatic Pronoun.
1. We ourselves did not know what was happening there.
_____________
2. I went to talk to the headmaster himself. ____________________
3. You yourself should be responsible for that. ____________________
4. Jenny and I made all the arrangements by ourselves.
____________________
5. Stella herself killed the tiger. ____________________
6. I tried to convince myself. ____________________
7. We had to punish them ourselves. ____________________
NOTES
Relative pronouns are used to add information about a noun already
mentioned. They also help join two clauses together.
I met an old friend who is a dentist.
Some examples of relative pronouns are: who, which, that, whom,
whose, etc.
The man, who came home two days ago, is my brother-in-law.
A relative pronoun should agree with the noun that acts as its
antecedent.
My cousins, who live in Australia, are coming back to Nepal.
My Cousins Î are
110 Hello Grammar 8
E. Identify and circle relative pronouns in the following sentences.
1. What is the dish you like the most?
2. Tell me what you understood from the workshop?
3. Anshu is the boy whose sister is a nurse.
4. Did you tell them where she works?
5. We know the student who has brought the gadget.
6. She has a pet which is very disciplined.
7. This is the time when we should go home.
NOTES
We use ‘who/that’ for people.
The boy who/that stole bicycle has been caught.
We use ‘which/that’ for animals and objects.
The dog that has lots of hair is mine.
When a relative pronoun reflects the object of the sentence, it may
be left out.
The laptop [that] I bought is in good condition.
We also use ‘that’ after adjectives in the superlative degree.
She is the most talented singer that I have ever seen.
We use ‘that’ after words like all, some, any, none, nothing, etc.
Don’t do anything like that.
111 Hello Grammar 8
F. Join these relative clauses.
1. This is the hotel. My friend told me about it.
___________________________________________________________
2. This is the first time. I have played basketball.
___________________________________________________________
3. This is Mr Nelson Mandel. I told you about him.
___________________________________________________________
4. The man is waiting outside in his car. His daughter is in your class.
___________________________________________________________
5. Mr Robinson will be coming here soon. I have great respect for him.
___________________________________________________________
6. Paul has gone to Switzerland for a year. His cousin is your neighbour.
___________________________________________________________
7. Benny has gone to the university to study law. He lived next door to me.
___________________________________________________________
G. Complete the following sentences inserting the correct relative pronoun.
1. The group of picnickers found a nice spot _____________________
was shaded from the sun by huge trees.
2. The man over there, at _____________________ the dogs are
barking, is an old school friend of my father.
3. We salute the soldiers _____________________ are guarding our
frontiers.
4. I have told you all _____________________ I knew.
5. A young boy _____________________ I have never talked to has
come for help.
6. Some friends _____________________ I loved dearly have left the
school.
7. I could hardly believe _____________________ I saw.
8. _____________________ followed next surprised us all.
112 Hello Grammar 8
Lesson 10: Conjunctions
Dad on the last day of school: Can I know where your school report
is, my boy?
Tom: Sorry dad, I’ll bring it tomorrow only if you permit me.
Dad: Why?
Tom: I have lent it to Kevin because he wants to scare his
parents.
Conjunctions are the linking words which join words, phrases,
clauses or sentences together.
Words: August and April are months.
Phrases: A lazy pig or a ferocious lion will be killed.
Clauses: Although we all work hard, a few people succeed in life.
Co-ordinating Conjunctions connect words, phrases or clauses of
equal status in a sentence.
She has already given several interviews, yet she hasn’t got a job.
Correlative Conjunctions are used to correlate groups of words and
add emphasis to an argument.
Neither Shyam nor Amar wants to hurt dignity.
Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect a dependent clause
to the main clause in a sentence.
I didn’t recite a poem because I had a cold.
[dependent clause]
113 Hello Grammar 8
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
ADDITION
Doma and Tenzing are very good
friends.
CONTRAST
We watch TV but my sister reads a
book.
CHOICE
Either give me money or food.
EFFECT
Tripti studied hard, therefore she
topped DLE.
SUBJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTION AS
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
This is the hospital where I was born.
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
The highlighted words are connectives.
114 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
A subordinating conjunction comes at the beginning of a subordinate
or dependent clause and establishes the relationship between the
dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. It also turns the clause
into something that depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning.
If I play outside, my teacher will complain to my parents.
Types:
Time: after, before, until, when, while, since
Reason : because, since, so that
Condition: if, unless, until, provided
Concession: although, though, while
Place: where, wherever
Manner: like, as if, as……as, where
Main Clause Conjunction Dependent/Subordinate Clause
Dipsa visits his aunt whenever she goes to Itahari.
ASSIGNMENT
A. Underline the subordinating conjunctions in the sentences given
below.
1. No one can understand why he took the wrong path.
2. That is the place where a man committed suicide.
3. Since she is not hardworking, she will not get good marks.
4. Everyone admires a teacher who works on behalf of students.
5. Sahayara is the girl whose work presentation is commendable.
6. If you beat him now, he will take revenge on you.
7. The dog which was killed yesterday was very faithful.
8. The wrist watch I found long time ago doesn’t work now.
115 Hello Grammar 8
B. Join the sentences with the correct subordinating conjunctions
from the parenthesis and rewrite them.
1. She has lost her way. She is crying. [because / then]
____________________________________________________________
2. Riots broke out. The police were called immediately. [so / if]
____________________________________________________________
3. My friend father is lunatic. He refuses to go for treatment. [still / so]
____________________________________________________________
4. Mr Thompson bought a house. He got married. [before / that]
____________________________________________________________
5. Raju can go to play. He completes his homework. [upto / unless]
____________________________________________________________
6. We are watching an English movie. She is watching a Hindi movie.
[wherever / whereas]
____________________________________________________________
7. They can be in Nepal. I am out of the country for business. [as long as
/ in order to]
____________________________________________________________
8. Binita can join our cricket team. She shows commitment to practicing
regularly. [unless / if]
____________________________________________________________
9. Our students go to school. They can enrich their knowledge.
[because / so that]
____________________________________________________________
10. Rakesh went to a hospital. His friend was hospitalized. [so / because]
____________________________________________________________
116 Hello Grammar 8
A Coordinating conjunction joins together two grammatical units of
equal rank. Coordinating conjunctions are of four kinds.
Types Usage Examples Sentences
Addition addition of and, both, as Rice and curry is deli-
one well as, not cious.
thought to only_ but also, Not only is he sad but
another etc. also crying.
Contrast opposition but, still, yet, She is old, nevertheless,
between two whereas, while, she works.
sentences nevertheless, I went to school, but it
however, etc. was closed.
Choice choice be- either _ or, He has to study hard, or
tween two neither _ he will not get a
options nor, nor, else, good grade.
otherwise, etc.
Effect reason or thus, therefore, She was angry, so she
cause so, for, etc. behaved rudely.
C. Identify and underline the coordinating conjunctions in the
following sentences and write its types.
1. Manish failed his annual exam and his father thrashed him. __________
2. Both Bindu and Harry are getting married soon. __________
3. Somi is married, yet she doesn’t have a child. __________
4. Good students study while bad ones play. __________
5. Ajaya deserves the medal no less than Priya. __________
6. Jhapa district as well as Morang district is developed. __________
7. Himesh sat for his entrance exam, but he failed it. __________
8. Neither he sings a song nor he dances. __________
9. Either go to jail or hell. __________
10. We were late, so our Principal scolded us badly. __________
117 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
Correlative Conjunctions always appear either in pairs or as a group.
One part of the pair or group cannot be used without the rest.
Common examples of this kind are: both ….. and, as well as, no less
than, not only ……but also, no sooner …… than, whether …. or, rather
…. . than, etc.
Not only did he sing a song but also danced. [both]
No sooner had we reached home than it started raining. [as
soon as]
D. Join the following clauses using the given correlative conjunctions.
1. Ashraya is hardworking. He is diligent. [as well as]
2. We had reached the school. The exam started. [no sooner ….. than]
3. Sheema is not stupid. She is not lazy. [neither ……. nor]
4. They should have fixed my laptop sooner. I may have completed my
work by today. [if……. then]
5. I am very happy to be at the meeting. I’m very glad to express my
views. [both ….. and]
6. Speak English every day. You will not be allotted good marks in your
speaking section. [either …… or]
7. I would stay at home. I don’t want to be at the wedding ceremony.
[rather …….. than]
8. My mum started cooking. The gas got over. [scarcely …… when]
E. Read the sentences given below carefully and circle all the
conjunctions.
1. Rekha and Sapana are cousins.
2. Jitendra is a farmer, yet he is intelligent.
3. In winter, the number of road accidents rises due to poor visibility.
4. Not only did he swim there but also caught some fishes.
118 Hello Grammar 8
5. No sooner had we reached the venue than the program was cancelled.
6. As Prem bunks classes regularly, he does not deserve good marks.
8. My mum started cooking. The gas got over. [scarcely …… when]
7. Sital had hardly walked for 15 minutes when her leg cramped.
8. Do whatever your instinct tells you.
F. Rearrange the jumbled words to make meaningful sentences.
Underline conjunctions that express a choice between the alternatives.
1. Neither / the / essay / recitation / nor / was / contest / the / held
2. Does / prefer / or / Shyam / the UK / Australia / studies / for
3. My dad said, “Jina / up / wake / early / you / be / otherwise / late / will”
4. Kathmandu / to / Buddha Air / She / either / by / Yeti Airlines / by /
went / or
5. I / my / cold / sweater / else / wear / I / catch / or / a / should / will
6. water / me / Please / a / of / glass / cold / or / juice / fetch
8. My mum started cooking. The gas got over. [scarcely …… when]
G. Join the following pair of sentences using the conjunctions given in
the parenthesis.
1. Santu went to Kathmandu. He could get employment. [so that]
____________________________________________________________
2. Alam was very weak. He could not go to the bathroom. [so _ that]
____________________________________________________________
3. Jiya is a model. She is a fashion designer. [both _ and]
____________________________________________________________
4. Work hard here. Go somewhere else. [either _ or]
____________________________________________________________
5. I reached school. The bell rang. [hardly _ when]
____________________________________________________________
119 Hello Grammar 8
6. Jasmine reached the party palace. It began to drizzle.
[scarcely _ when]
____________________________________________________________
7. They are wealthy. They can send their daughter to Europe for studies.
[enough _ to]
____________________________________________________________
8. I reached the airport. They plane took off. [no sooner_ than]
____________________________________________________________
9. Sagar Pun played well. Paras Khadka played well in the cricket match.
[not only_ but also]
____________________________________________________________
10. She can take my scooter. She has to return it tomorrow.
[although _ yet]
____________________________________________________________
H. Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences and write
whether they are subordinating conjunctions or coordinating
conjunctions on the lines provided.
1. Jamuna is good at studies, but her brother is good at sports.
____________________________
2. Do online research or read at least 5 novels.
____________________________
3. The hotel was rated as no. 3, as it provided excellent service.
____________________________
4. I cannot understand why there is no reincarnation.
____________________________
120 Hello Grammar 8
5. The toy which my daughter loved the most was an old doll.
____________________________
6. Reena is the girl who completes her projects in time.
____________________________
7. The sofa we bought yesterday has cracked deeply.
____________________________
8. No sooner had I alighted from the bus than it moved.
____________________________
9. Everyone likes parents who fulfill their demands.
____________________________
10. Sarswoti married an Australian, so she is in Australia now.
____________________________
I. Join the sentences with the correct subordinating conjunctions from
the parenthesis and rewrite them.
1. She has lost her way. She is crying. [because / then]
____________________________________________________________
2. Riots broke out. The police were called immediately. [so / if]
____________________________________________________________
3. My friend father is lunatic. He refuses to go for treatment. [still / so]
____________________________________________________________
4. Mr Thompson bought a house. He got married. [before / that]
____________________________________________________________
5. Raju can go to play. He completes his homework. [upto / unless]
____________________________________________________________
121 Hello Grammar 8
6. We are watching an English movie. She is watching a Hindi movie.
[wherever / whereas]
____________________________________________________________
7. They can be in Nepal. I am out of the country for business.
[as long as / in order to]
____________________________________________________________
8. Binita can join our cricket team. She shows commitment to practicing
regularly. [unless / if]
____________________________________________________________
J. Rewrite the given paragraph using coordinating and subordinating
conjunctions. Circle the conjunctions.
Dear Tej
June 5 is celebrated all over the world as the Environment Day. Like
every year, this year too the Environment Day was celebrated with much
fanfare and gusto in my school. For us this year’s celebration had a special
significance. Noted environmentalist a pic of a tree
122 Hello Grammar 8
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search