D. Point out the cases of the Appositives (Nouns in Cases).
a. Laxmi Prasad Devkota, the greatest Nepali poet, was born in
Kathmandu.
b. Have your read ‘Bhanubhakta’, the poet’s Ramayan?
c. Call in Ram, the doctor.
d. Show respect to Rajesh Hamal, an actor.
e. Shah Rukh Khan, an Indian actor, lived a struggling life.
f. Do you know the White House, the president’s resident?
g. Amar, an M.Phil student, is delivering a training program in Jhapa.
E. Identify underlined nouns as Nominative, Accusative and Possessive
or Genitive in the following.
1. Shilpa congratulated me on being promoted.
_____________________________
2. Harka and Deva teased a girl.
______________________________
3. I bought Sugam Pokharel’s 1 MB. ___________________________
4. Suja has been painting a wall. __________________________
5. Do you know Diego Marodona? _________________________
6. I don’t want to watch Karan Johar’s film.
__________________________
7. Many girls are impressed by Salman Khan’s body.
____________________________
8. Many singers were surprised at Deepak Limbu’s melodious voice.
_________________________
9. Himesh salutes senior citizens with respect.
_________________________
10. I bought a new mobile phone with 15 % discount.
______________________
47 Hello Grammar 8
Lesson 4: Articles
Once upon a time, a rich greedy man hired an intelligent
mathematician. The rich man wanted the mathematician to find
the best way for him to make the greatest profit in everything he
did. The rich man was building a huge safe, and his greatest dream
was to fill it with gold and jewels. The mathematician was shut away
for months in his study, before finally believing he had found the
solution. But he soon found there were errors in his calculations, and
he started all over again.
The words ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ qualify the nouns that follow.
They are called articles.
We use ‘a’ before a singular countable noun which starts with a
consonant sound.
a car a united party a safety belt a man
a union a university a ewe a European
We use ‘an’ before a singular countable noun which starts with a vowel
sound.
an Asian an MA an S an incident
an H an enemy an Australian an FM radio
We use ‘the’ for a particular or definite object which can be either
singular or plural.
the moon the sun the radio the UK
the Bible the universe the poor the sky
48 Hello Grammar 8
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
Mr Sherma is an English
A duck is swimming in the river.
Language Teacher.
Have you not climbed the highest peak?
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
The highlighted words are determiners.
49 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
‘A’ or ‘an’ is called indefinite article because
it indicates people or things in general sense.
She ate a banana.
She ate an orange.
Compare:
A boy and a girl were sitting opposite me.
The boy looked like a foreigner, but the girl was a Nepali.
I stayed at a hotel during my visit.
I usually had my meals at the hotel, but sometimes I ate at a
restaurant. The restaurant was next to the hotel.
We also use ‘the’ when we are talking about one particular thing.
Sunita sat down on a plastic chair. [one of many plastic chairs]
Sunita sat down on the plastic chair near the window. (a particular
chair; the one near the window)
We also use the when it's clear from the situation which thing or person
we mean.
Can you open the door, please? [The door in this room]
The doctor has advised me to take rest. [the particular doctor
I went to]
My father has gone to the bank. [particular bank- the one he uses]
However, we use ‘a’ or ‘an’ is used to suggest just anyone of something.
My brother is an engineer. [there are many engineers in the world]
She works in a school. [there are many staff who work in a school]
Is there a window in this [number]
room?
50 Hello Grammar 8
A. Put in a or an in the blanks.
1. My friends watched _____ few years ago.
2. She met ___ European guy at the airport.
3. Mr Shakya has _______ goat, ______ ox, _________ buffalo and ____
ox.
4. She is _____ UN officer.
5. ‘’What ___ pity!” said Mr Choudhary from his car.
6. Nowadays sugar costs 85 rupees _____ kilo.
7. Dr Pradhan is _______ honourable person.
8. She achieved ___ C in the final exam.
9. We shall be back in ______ hour.
10. Debyani is _____ university professor.
B. Put in a/ an or the appropriately in the following sentences.
1. a) Is there _______ guesthouse near here?
b) _______ guesthouse where I'm staying is very nice.
c) He stayed in ________ most expensive hotel in Pokhara.
2. a) She has _________ unique name, but she's ____ Nepali.
b) _______French man we met yesterday was really interesting.
c) We saw ____ American film yesterday. I can't remember ____name
though.
3. a) I'd like to buy ____ chair. Could you show me one?
b) You can sit on ______chair near _______fire.
c) I'd like to see _____ chair you bought yesterday.
4. a) There isn't_____ airport near where I live. ________nearest airport
is 20 kilometres away.
b) Our plane was delayed due to bad weather. We had to wait at
______ airport for three hours.
c) Excuse me. Could you show me _____ way to_______ bus park?
51 Hello Grammar 8
5. a) I'm going to ______ stationery to buy _______ geometry box.
b) He wrapped ______ money in _____ old newspaper and put it in
his bag.
c) I read about his death in __________ newspaper.
NOTES
‘The’ is called definite article. We use ‘the’ when the speaker and the
audience know what they talk about.
Bring me a pen. [any one pen from anywhere]
Bring me the pen. [the audience knows which specific pen has
been demanded]
Situations Examples
repeated nouns the boy, the girl, the teacher
superlative degrees the best, the deepest, the most disciplined
whole class the tiger, the cow, the buffalo
ordinal numbers the first, the second, the last
parts of the body the brain, the skull, the head
musical instruments the sitar, the guitar, the flute
holy books the Quran, the Bible, the Mundhum
directions the east, the west
surnames the Gurungs, the Limbus, the Thapas
newspapers The New York Times, The Himalayan Times
[not with all newspapers] The Kantipur, The
Gorkhapatra
inventions the radio, the telephone, the mobile
52 Hello Grammar 8
whole group of people the poor, the deaf,
parts of the house the kitchen, the toilet, the bed room
historical buildings the Taj Mahal, the Kastamandap
geographical places the UAE, the Philippines, the Maldives
deserts the Sahara desert, the Grain Plains
rivers the Bagmati river, the Karnali river
oceans and seas the Bay of Bengal, the Pacific Ocean
unique things the stars, the earth, the universe
mountain ranges the Alps, the Himalayas
C. Put in a, an or the in the blanks.
1. I saw_______ accident this morning. _______lorry colided
with_______ van. _____van was completely
damaged in _______ accident.
2. I tried on two T-shirts: ____blue one and ________black one.
_______blue one looked better than____
black one, so I bought ______ blue one.
3. I bought______ fountain pen and _______eraser for you. _____
pencil is here, but I can’t find
_______eraser.
4. My cousin lives in ____ old haunted house in_____ small village.
There's_______ garden behind
_______ house. He grows beautiful flowers in ______ garden.
5. I lent _____ umbrella to ______ friend. _______friend lost ________
umbrella and bought ______ new umbrella for me.
53 Hello Grammar 8
Zero Articles
We don’t use articles in the following situations.
Situations Examples
proper nouns Rahul, Jimmy, Tim
abstract and material nouns love, passion, iron, gold, copper
primary purposes school, college, hospital, church, bank, mar-
ket, church
possessive pronouns his book, her pencil, my bag
meals dinner, lunch
seasons, months and days summer, February, Saturday
diseases, games and malaria, soccer, blue
colours
certain expressions at sunset, by bus, on holiday, on strike, at
work, on foot, by chance, in trouble, by sea,
under arrest, at ease
D. Fill in the blanks with ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ wherever necessary. If articles
are not required, put a ‘X’ in the space.
1. Kabita is suffering from ________ blood cancer.
2. Some of my classmates are playing ________ volleyball.
3. It was about half ___ hour later that I saw this man coming up _____
road
4. Krishna went to _____ temple to meet his friend.
5. ______ copper is a good conductor.
6. Yesterday ____ UK lady entered a restaurant in _____ hurry.
7. Her house was on _____ fire. The firefighters came very late.
8. We will leave the hotel at _____ sunset.
9. ______ white stands for purity.
10. Where is _______ Taj Mahal located?
54 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
‘The’ is used with some countries although they are proper nouns.
the Philippines the UAE
‘The’ is used with proper nouns for comparison purpose.
Laxmi Prasad Devkota is the Shakespeare in Nepal.
‘The’ is used with proper nouns with a defining phrase or clause.
Call the Sujit who has long beard.
‘A’ or ‘an’ is used with material noun if we talk about the things made
of a material.
a gold ring a diamond necklace
‘A’ or ‘an’ is used with some institutions for secondary purposes.
Sangeeta is going to a school to collect her son’s report card.
E. Rewrite the following text inserting articles wherever necessary.
Horse knows when he is going to race. How does he know? His breakfast
was scanty. (He is angry about that.) He does not have saddle on his back.
He is being led, not ridden, to grandstand. He is led under grandstand
into unusual, special stall. Horse is nervous. Sometimes he does not know
what to do when starting gate flies open and track before him. If he does
not begin to run instantly, other horses are already ahead of him. During
race, when he sees another horse just ahead of him, he will try to pass
him. Sometimes jockey holds him back to save his energy for last stretch.
Eventually horse gets to run as fast as he can. Exercise boy, watching
owner's favourite jockey riding horse he has exercised day after day, says
nothing. Secretly, he is planning for day when he will be jockey himself, and
his horse will be first to cross finish line.
55 Hello Grammar 8
F. There is one word [article] missing in each line. Write the correct
article in the correct place.
Before Article After
The king pretended to be thief a. thief a be
and he knew
where gold keys and the treasury were b. ______ ______ ______
kept. While
diamond shared, honest thief felt pity c. ______ ______ ______
for king was losing his entire stock. d. ______ ______ ______
He asked companion to leave diamond e. ______ ______ ______
behind in the safe, it was done. f. ______ ______ ______
Next morning
it was discovered that treasury g. ______ ______ ______
was looted.
Suddenly, the king called Rahim who h. ______ ______ ______
was a detective.
But detective refused to work on that. i. ______ ______ ______
E. Rewrite the following text inserting articles wherever necessary.
A J.K. Rowling was born to Peter James Rowling and Anne Rowling in
Yate, Gloucestershire, England. Her full name is a Joanne Rowling. She
did the her primary schooling from the St. Michaels Primary School. She
attended a Wydean School and College in her senior years of school. Then
she went on to do the BA in the French and Classics at the University of
Exeter. After completing her studies there and a year of study in the Paris
she moved to the London as a researcher and bilingual secretary at an
Amnesty International.
Rowling is famous for having written the Harry Potter series of books
which tells us about the adventures of Harry a young wizard and his friends
a Ron and Hermione during their stay in the school of magic for young
wizards and witches called Hogwarts and Harry’s fight against the dark
wizard Voldemort. The J.K Rowling has received an innumerable awards
and honours ever since the publication of the Harry Potter books. She has
said that the character of the Hermione is based on herself.
56 Hello Grammar 8
Lesson 5: Prepositions
Inspector: Where were you on Saturday?
Boy: I was visiting my girlfriend.
Inspector: That was in the afternoon. Where were you at
Boy: morning?
Well, I left home at 5am in the morning. I came
Inspector: back home only at night.
Your friend says you reached his place at 1pm.
Where were you in the meantime?
Prepositions are the words that are usually placed before a noun or
pronoun in a sentence and show the relationship between a noun or
pronoun and other words in the sentence.
We shall get engaged on Friday.
They are singing a song in my room despite warning.
A mongoose jumped onto my table and fell asleep.
In the first sentence, the word ‘on’ shows the relationship between the
verb ‘engaged’ and ‘Friday’ and suggests time.
In the second sentence, the word ‘in’ shows relationship between ‘song’
and ‘my room’ and suggests a place or position.
In the last sentence, the word ‘onto’ shows relationship between ‘jumped’
and ‘my table’ and suggests direction or motion.
57 Hello Grammar 8
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
PREPOSITION OF PLACE
Sudip is at the bus stop now.
A dictionary is on the desk.
My Principal is at the reception.
A mother is at the bus stop.
PREPOSITION OF TIME
We haven’t met each other
since Monday.
Our first term examination
starts in July.
My dad leaves for office early
The student reaches school at
9 am. in the morning.
PREPOSITION OF DIRECTION
A child suddenly ran
across the road.
A dog jumped onto the fence
and sat there.
I ran out of my classroom
He is going towards the field. two weeks ago.
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
58 Hello Grammar 8
ASSIGNMENT
A. Circle the prepositions in the following passage and write them in
the right box below on the basis of how they work in sentences.
Mrs. Thompson walked into the room. She really felt even worse when her
students except Teddy brought her beautiful Christmas presents. Teddy
brought the gift that was clumsily wrapped in the heavy brown paper.
Mrs. Thompson opened it in the class. Some of the children started to
laugh when she found a second-hand bracelet and perfume; however,
she exclaimed how pretty the bracelet was. She put the bracelet on and
dabbed the perfume on her wrist. After school, Teddy said.” Ma’am, you
smelled just like my mom.”
After Teddy went, Mrs. Thompson cried for an hour. Then, she quit teaching
subjects, but started teaching the children. She paid her special attention
to him. He brought radical change in him, his studies and behavior. He had
become one of the smartest children in the class within a year.
Prepostion of Time
Preposition of Place
Preposition of Direction/
Movement
Types of Prepositions
Simple prepositions show the movement or position of a noun or pronoun
and the time of the action. Keep in mind that we cannot differentiate
between the position of a noun and time unless the prepositions are used in
a sentence.
59 Hello Grammar 8
She was born in 2013. [time]
She has lived in Pokhara for five years. [position]
The gymnasium is located across the lake. [place / position]
A ball rolled across the road. [movement / direction]
1. At, on and in can be used as prepositions of time:
We use at for the time of day.
at 8 am, at half past two, at noon, at lunch time, at sunrise
We use on for days and dates.
on Friday/ on Sundays, on 10 April, 2017, on Christmas Day
We use in for months, years and seasons.
in Baisakh, in March, in 2006, in winter, in the 19th century,
2. We use ‘at’ in these expressions:
I don't usually go out at night.
Can we meet at the weekends?
What do you do at Dshain/ Holi / Tihar/ Christmas / Udhauli ? Are
you free at present / at the moment?
3. We never use in/ on/ at with last/ next/ this and every.
You'll be home next Saturday. [on next Saturday]
He died last March. [in last march]
She goes to church every morning. [in every morning]
We will see you this evening. [in this evening]
60 Hello Grammar 8
4. We use ‘in’ with a future time:
The train will arrive in ten minutes.
[Ten minutes from now]
I'm going to Pokhara. I'll be back in a week.
[A week from now]
5. We also use ‘in’ to say how long it takes or took to do something:
She prepares breakfast in 15 minutes.
[It takes her 15 minutes to prepare breakfast]
I learnt driving in three days.
[It took me three days to learn driving]
6. We use ‘on’ for specific time and ‘in’ for general time.
in the morning (s), in the afternoon(s), in the evening(s)
BUT
on Friday evening, on Monday night
7. ‘In time’ and ‘on time’ do not suggest the same thing.
on time Ö punctual, not late.
If something happens on time, it happens at the time, which was planned.
The meeting began on time. [It began at the time it was planned to begin]
BUT
in time Ö soon enough for something or soon enough to do something
A child stepped in front of the car, but I managed to stop just in
time. [soon enough to avoid hitting the child]
61 Hello Grammar 8
B. Fill in the blanks with ‘in’, ‘on’ or ‘at’ appropriately.
1. In Nepal most people don't work________ Saturdays.
2. Children like to look at the stars_______ night.
3. We enjoy a lot______ Tihar. We put BhaiTika _____ Tihar Day.
4. My cousin was born _____ 21 July, 1989.
5. Baikuntha could run 100 metres ______ 20 seconds.
6. Many of churches were built ________ the 16th century.
7. I usually go out for a walk_______ the evenings.
8. They began to build this bridge _____ January 2013. .
9. I last met her____ Friday morning.
10. It's difficult to understand when everyone speaks____ the same time.
C. Complete the sentences with ‘on time’ or ‘in time’ appropriately.
1. It nearly forgot it was his 25th birthday today. Luckily, I remembered
it________ to buy her a present.
2. The programme was supposed to start at 6:30, but it didn't
begin_________.
3. I wasn't ________ to buy a ticket for the show as they had sold out all
the tickets when I got there.
4. Why are you never__________? You always keep everybody waiting.
5. The bus was late today but it's usually__________.
In, on and at: prepositions of time
In On At
In February, in 2010, in On Sunday, on 12th At 6 pm, at noon, at
summer, in the night, September, on Sunday lunchtime, at dawn,
in the 20th century, in night, on time, on New at dusk, at morning,
5 minutes, in a while, Year’s Eve, on your at the weekend, at
in time, etc. birthday, on Christmas Dashain, at Holi, a the
Day, same time, at sunrise,
at noon, etc.
62 Hello Grammar 8
‘After’ and ‘in’ suggest some period of time in the past and in the future:
My dad came home after 3 years. [past]
My dad will buy us some clothes in 3 hours. [future]
‘By’ and ‘with’ are used for different purposes:
A thief was killed by the public. [agent]
A thief was killed by the public with a stick. [instrument]
D. Make sentences of your own using each of the following with or
without ‘in’, ‘on’ or ‘at’ appropriately.
midday
bedtime
my birthday
the 1900s
the weekend
last week
dusk
Tihar
next day
the moment
future
breakfast
18th September
in time
63 Hello Grammar 8
In, on and at: preposition of place
In, on and at are used as prepositions of place.
Sometimes, the use of one or the other can make a difference in meaning as
seen in the conversation above.
A child is swimming in the pool. [in the water]
I will be waiting for you at the pool. [not in the water]
We use ‘in’ if something or someone is enclosed.
in a room in a sack
in a building in a cartoon
in a box in the office
We use ‘in’ if something or someone is in a large area.
in a garden in the lake
in a town/village/city in Chitwan
in a country in Kathmandu
We use ‘at’ if someone or something is not in an enclosed area.
Who is that girl standing at the pool/ the window/ the door/ the bus
stop?
Turn right at the traffic light/ at the hospital.
Write your name at the top/ the bottom of the page.
My house is the one at the end of the street/ line.
Please enquire at the reception desk.
64 Hello Grammar 8
We use ‘on’ when we show the connection between an object and the
surface of another object.
We sat on the ground/ the floor/ a bench/ the grass/ a beach/ on a rug.
There's a stain on the wall/ the ceiling/ the door/ your shirt.
Read the notice on the board/ the door.
The sports news is on page 8.
The ship landed on an island.
Look at the differences.
We stayed in a hotel. I asked for directions at a hotel.
She works in disco. He was at a disco when I phoned.
There's some milk in the bottle. There's a label on the bottle.
There's money in my pocket. There's a sticker on my pocket.
There's somebody at the door. There's a notice on the door.
We say that somebody or something is:
in a line in a row in a queue in a photograph
in the sky in the world in a book in a newspaper
in a picture in a letter (but in a mirror
on a page)
65 Hello Grammar 8
E. Complete the sentences with ‘in’, ‘on’ or ‘at’.
1. London is _________ the river Thames.
2. My friend’s office is _______ the fourth floor. It is______ the right as
you come out of the lift. 3. The sun is streaming through clouds _______
the sky.
4. When travelling on a bus, I prefer to sit_____ the back.
5. Didn't you attend her wedding party? I don't see you____ the photos.
A: Is there anything worth reading ____the paper today?
B: Yes. There's an ad of a mobile phone ____ the front page.
7. We were sitting____ the front of the class, so I couldn't see what
happened ______the back. 8. The tempo suddenly stopped _________
zebra crossing.
9. The head office of this manpower company is _______Kathmandu.
10. The most wanted criminal has scar _______his right cheek, so he can
easily be recognized
F. Complete the sentences using ‘in’, ‘on’ or ‘at’ + one of the following.
her ring finger that tree
the left the world
the next petrol station the crossroads
the river the window
my way to the office the back of the envelope
1. We did fishing _____________.
2. They spent few hours sitting _____________ looking outside.
3. In Nepal adolescents drive _____________.
66 Hello Grammar 8
4. Senders have to their name and address _____________.
5. There’s hardly any petrol left. We should stop to refill _____________.
6. Resa wore a diamond ring _____________.
7. Teachers usually buy a newspaper _____________?
8. Can you name the oldest building _____________?
9. Children really like the shape of the leaves _____________.
10. We witnessed a deadly accident _____________ this morning.
Preposition of Time
Prepositions of time suggest time or duration of an action. Words such
as around, on, in, at, by, from, since, for, before, after, till, during, etc. are
common examples of this kind.
Students must reach school by 8
am. [not later than]
Their rehearsal goes on from 3
to 5 pm. [starting time .... ending
time]
Aakash has been writing an essay
since morning.
[starting point of time]
67 Hello Grammar 8
The bus went after 11 am.
[later in time]
Don’t go anywhere until my return.
[not before]
We stood at the bus stop for two
hours. [period]
ASSIGNMENT
A. Write appropriate prepositions in the following blanks.
1. My relatives left _________________ 9 am yesterday.
2. Why do you usually leave home _________ dusk?
3. Her plane took off ___________ we saw them off at the airport.
4. You must submit your assignment ________ Monday.
5. His tuition centre runs ____________ 6 am __________ 7 pm.
6. Mr Limbu has been teaching English __________________ 2010.
7. It has been raining ____________ two hours. No one can predict when it
is going to stop.
68 Hello Grammar 8
Preposition of Place
Prepositions of place suggest positions. Words like, in, on, at, up, down,
next to, under, by, in front of, opposite, among, near, inside, etc. are
common examples of this kind.
My home is between two big
trees. [placed in the middle of two
persons or objects]
Sudip came and sat by me.
[beneath]
A dog is sleeping under the table.
[beneath]
A cow is grazing near the temple.
[very close]
Santosh’s ball inside the room. [in]
69 Hello Grammar 8
Ryan is standing among people.
[surrounded by many]
She is standing at the door.
[not in an exact point]
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions.
1. They are ________ college now.
2. Some pens are lying ________ the table.
3. Whose pet is hiding __________ our sofa.
4. Ram sits __________ two boys.
5. I could not recognize Fiza ________________ her friends.
6. A fan is _________ our head.
Preposition of direction
Prepositions of direction suggest movement. Words like into, onto, over,
through, towards, etc. are common examples of this kind.
A milkman poured some milk into
the glass. [movement from the
outside to the inside]
70 Hello Grammar 8
The ball rolled towards the hole.
[moving in the direction of]
A thief ran out of our house.
[moving from the inside to the
outside]
A train passed through a tunnel.
[moving from one side to another]
A mouse jumped over a ball.
[moving above]
C. Complete the story with appropriate prepositions of direction.
Once there was a frog. It was quite mischievous. One
night it hopped and jumped __________
the room of a beautiful princess. Being scared, the
princess threw some stuff __________
it. Despite it, the frog didn’t get scared, do anything in
reply. It didn’t jump __________
the low table. When the princess chased it with a big,
big stick, it ran __________
71 Hello Grammar 8
the room. Finally, it could escape from her room.
Then it ran __________
the sitting room. No sooner had the king seen it and
ordered soldiers, it jumped __________
out of that room. The palace was very tall at that time.
It fell 100 meters down __________
a well. All the family members of the kind came down to see
if the frog was alive. The well was dry, so the frog could die.
To rescue it, the princess threw a bucket __________
the well. It was alive for some time. But it died after few minutes.
Prepositional Group
There are some groups of words that function as prepositions. They are
called prepositional groups. Words like as a result of, because of, in spite
of, by virtue of, for the sake of, on behalf of, in order to, out of, owing to,
with reference to, make use of, by way of, instead of, in accordance with,
by dint of, etc. are common examples of such kind.
Prepositional groups Examples
by dint of [quality] They succeeded by dint of sheer hard work.
owing to [reason] He had to retire from business owing to illness.
in course of time In course of time he realized his mistake.
on behalf of [for] Martyrs die fighting on behalf of their country.
by means of They won the war by means of heavy ma-
[equipment] chine guns.
in spite of [despite] She won the contest in spite of poor perfor-
mance.
in accordance with We deposited the money in accordance with
your instructions.
72 Hello Grammar 8
in order to In order to avoid punishment, he told a lie to
his teacher.
look forward to I look forward to meeting you soon here.
in case of Dial 100 in case of crime or danger in your
locality.
in favour of Why don’t you speak in favour of us?
D. Fill in the blanks with any appropriate prepositional groups given in
the box.
make use of according to as a result of
as a consequence of owing to in spite of
on behalf of looking forward to except for
by virtue of
1. There was a huge traffic jam on the road ______________ a road accident.
2. The parcel was dispatched to the wrong address ______________ a
mistake.
3. I relayed the message to the concerned ______________ your instruction.
4. You will fail the exam ______________ your carelessness.
5. I would like to thank you all ______________ of this company. 6. All
students can be welcomed ______________ those who haven’t got their
names registered.
7. Shyam is ______________ winning a scholarship.
8. Bill Gates is successful ______________ hard work.
9. They didn’t help me ______________ my humble request.
10. Students can ______________ the Internet to expand their horizon.
73 Hello Grammar 8
Lesson 6: Causative Verbs:
Make, Get and Have
Teacher: Srijana, you look pretty today in this clean uniform.
Srijana: Thank you, ma'am.
Teacher: Did you wash your uniform yourself?
Srijana: No, ma'am. I got my mother to wash it.
Make, have and get are causative verbs.
We use a causative verb to say what the subject does through an agent.
Srijana said that she had got her mother to wash her uniform.
It doesn't mean Srijana washed her uniform by herself. It was her mom
who washed the uniform for her. Srijana washed her uniform through her
mother. (the agent).
When the subject uses some kind of force, or authority to cause someone
or something (the agent) to do certain things, we use make as causative
verb
Some more examples:
The manager is getting his staff work during odd hours.
The police will make the terrorists surrender.
The workers have the owner of the factory fulfill their demands.
74 Hello Grammar 8
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
CAUSATIVE VERBS CAUSATIVE VERBS
WITH AGENTS WITHOUT AGENTS
I got my mum to wash clothes.
I got my car washed.
A teacher makes him stand
outside the classroom.
Shital has a brother buy a Shital had her shoes polished.
magazine.
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
75 Hello Grammar 8
NOTES
The teacher makes Ranjit re-do his classwork.
subject Î teacher
Other forms of ‘make’
causative verb Î make
are: make, makes,
agent Î Ranjit
made, has made, will
verb without 'to' Î re-do
make and is making.
object Î classwork
A daughter got her father to buy a bicycle for her.
subject Î daughter
Other forms of ‘get’
causative verb Î got
are: get, gets, got,
agent Î her father
has got, had got, will
verb with 'to' Î to buy
get, and is getting.
object Î bicyicle
My friend will have a dog guard their house.
subject Î friend
Other forms of ‘have’
causative verb Î will have
are: have, has, had,
agent Î dog
has had, had had, will
verb with 'to' Î guard
have, and is having.
object Î house
ASSIGNMENT
A. Complete these sentences by using the correct forms of ‘make’,
‘get’ or ‘have’.
1. The tragic death of the hero __________the audience weep.
76 Hello Grammar 8
2. I __________my brother to prepare breakfast. I promised to give him a
new mobile in return.
3. We__________ the carpenter repair the desks last week.
4. The players _____________a barber to trim their hair.
5. The cruel ring master always ___________ the animals jump through the
fire ring.
6. The owner of the house _________his children clean the garden
unnecessarily.
7. The new English Language Teacher is very strict. He always ____________
the learners pay a fine if they forget to do their assignments.
8. I usually __________someone to wash my car.
9. They_________ some students hold the banner.
10. The headmaster __________the teachers to take some extra classes in
the evening.
11. My mother ____________ me do the homework before I had dinner.
12. I was watching a comedy which_____________ me laugh a lot.
NOTES
There is no difference in structure between make and have. But the
meaning is slightly different. When we use have as a causative verb,
there is no use of compulsion, force or authority. The subject might use
some other means such as persuasion, request etc.
Consider these sentences.
Aalam made me stitch clothes. [I did this for him unwillingly]
Aalam got me to stitch clothes. [I did this for him willingly]
When we use 'get' as the causative verb, we use a ‘to infinitive verb’.
I got my younger brother to do my homework. [do my homework]
The meaning is similar to that of have i.e. no use of force, compulsion
or authority.
77 Hello Grammar 8
B. Use the words in the brackets in the correct form to complete the
sentences.
1. His mum is getting him (paint)____________________ the walls.
2. Did you make Harsh (apologise) ______________to Sanchita?
3. This coat is dirty. I must make my helper (wash) ______________it.
4. 'What are those workmen doing in your garden?' 'Oh, we're having them
(build) ________________a tap.
5. Our school made a naughty student (pay) _____________ for the
damages.
6. You must get her (rent)__________________ your new flat.
7. I'll make Sophie (repent) _______________________ for what she has
done.
8. Sirisha gets her sister (do) ______________ all the cooking.
9. I can make everyone (support) _________________me if I join politics.
10. Why are you making them (stand) __________________ outside the
classroom?
NOTES
The causative verbs ‘get’ and ‘have’ come with past participle ‘v3’ if
the agent is not mentioned.
She got/had her documents translated into English. [by ?]
The causative verb ‘make’ is always followed by an agent.
She made a lawyer translate her documents into English.
[agent]
The causative verb ‘make’ is introduced by ‘to’ in passive sentences.
A lawyer was made to translate her documents into
English by her.
78 Hello Grammar 8
C. What can you get/ make the following people [to] do for you?
a washer man I can get a washer man to wash my clothes.
a sweeper
a home tutor
a photographer
a dentist
aon optician
a barber
a beautician
a translator
a palmist
D. Rewrite the following story without agents of causative verbs.
Luna, whose parents are originally from Nepal, is a pretty girl who lives
in Swindon, UK with her family. She makes her mum drop her at school
every day. She is so much pampered that she makes her mum carry her
bag. Sometimes she gets her mum to do her homework to achieve a
good grade. On Saturdays, she has her mother wash and iron her uniform.
Although she makes her mum do her work, everyone loves her.
E. Write a couple of paragraphs about things you make or get others
to do for you in different situations.
79 Hello Grammar 8
F. Choose the correct forms of verbs from the box to fill in the gaps.
water proofread read
taken resign repaired
ploughed posted
1. Suchita made her mother _______________ her a story every night.
2. The writer got her book ________________ thoroughly.
3. Benish, get your laptop _______________ as soon as possible.
4. I will have the gardener _______________ the plants.
5. Did you have your photograph ___________________?
6. We must get our field _____________________ by June.
7. Students made their Mathematics teacher __________________.
8. Srijana had her letter __________________ before deadline.
G. Causative verbs have not been inserted properly in the following
sentences. There is an error in each line against which a blank has been
given. Write the incorrect causative verbs and the correction in your answer
sheet against the correct blank space. Remember to underline the word
that has to be changed in the sentence.
Error Correction
One day an old farmer made someone to call
to call
his sons. His sons got scold for being ___________ ___________
idle. He had his sons to go to their field. ___________ ___________
Then he got them dig the field for
many days. ___________ ___________
The farmer was happy to get crops ___________ ___________
grow.
80 Hello Grammar 8
The farmers had his servants to ___________ ___________
harvest it.
After that, the farmer got someone to ___________ ___________
praised
him. Finally, he had his sons to learn a ___________ ___________
lesson.
REVIEW: LESSON ONE TO SIX
A. Look at the underlined words. Circle your answer.
1. At the end of the movie some audiences cried.
A. subject B. predicate C. adjective
2. Sachin Tendulkar scored many runs in cricket during his
professional career.
A. subject B. predicate C. conjunction
3. The negative of ‘I always sing a song’ is:
A. I don’t always sing B. I never sing a song. C. I often sing a song.
a song.
4. Let’s go up the mountain. Its negative is:
A. Don’t let go up the B. Let’s not go up the C. Let’s go down the
mountain. mountain. mountain.
5. I will feel sad. The interrogative form is:
A. Do you feel sad? B. Are you feel sad? C. Will you feel sad?
6. She is a pretty girl. Its exclamatory form is:
A. Wow! She is a B. What a pretty girl C. What a pretty girl
pretty girl! is she! she is!
81 Hello Grammar 8
B. Look at the underlined words. What kind of determiners are they?
Circle your answer.
1. Several air jets are hovering in the sky. They are practising for security.
A. quantitative B. possessive C. distributive
2. The second position holder also got a medal. He had played very
well but lost at the last moment.
A. demonstrative B. numerical C. interrogative
3. There are many jackets in the cupboard. Which jacket would you
prefer to wear?
A. possessive B. numerical C. interrogative
4. Those trees are very tall. I am wondering who might have planted
them long ago?
A. possessive B. demonstrative C. distributive
5. Every student in the classroom is born with unique talents. We
have to respect them.
A. distributive B. quantitative C. possessive
6. My shoes are lost. I had bought them only two days ago. They
were still new.
A. interrogative B. possessive C. demonstrative
C. Read sentences and look at the underlined words. Are they abstract
nouns, collective nouns, compound nouns or noun appositives? Circle
your answer.
1. Too much familiarity breeds enmity.
A. collective noun B. abstract noun C. none
2. A gang of robbers was hiding in the jungle.
A. abstract noun B. collective noun C. compound noun
3. Whenever you want, you may go to the park.
A. countable B. compound noun C. collective noun
82 Hello Grammar 8
4. Do you know Putin, Russian president?
A. compound noun B. noun appositive C. both
5. A man-servant was fired from his job.
A. abstract noun B. compound noun C. collective noun
D. Choose the best option to fill in the gaps.
1. Ranjana is ________ honest girl at school.
A. an B. a C. the
2. Dipsa wanted to climb _______ Mt K2.
A. a B. an C. none
3. She lives in ________ Czech Republic.
A. a B. none C. the
4. Pliers are _________ useful tool to use.
A. an B. a C. none
5. ______ longer you stand, the more tired you get.
A. a B. the C. none
E. Choose the right preposition to add in the blank places.
1. An aeroplane is flying _________________ the clouds.
A. up B. above C. in
2. A train passed __________________ a tunnel.
A. up B. through C. with
3. We shall meet ________ bedtime tomorrow.
A. in B. on C. at
4. The rider fell ___________ the horse.
A. on B. off C. from
5. The desire _____________ more money turned him into a gambler.
A. of B. for C. with
83 Hello Grammar 8
6. Simran is capable _____________ singing English songs.
A. of B. about C. for
7. Sudip is aware ____________ Ebola Virus.
A. about B. of C. with
8. Ranjana is very, very bad _____________ physics.
A. at B. on C. in
9. If I make mistakes, I apologize ________ others.
A. for B. to C. others
F. Circle the best option to fill in the gaps.
1. She got a student _______ a file from the office.
A. bring B. to bring C. brought
2. Aadipti ___________ her mum tie her hair.
A. gets B. makes C. got
3. Hima had a worker ________________ in the ground.
A. to lie B. lied C. lie
4. Ayusi got her house ________________.
A. to paint B. paint C. painted
5. We got a police officer __________ a thief.
A. catch B. to catch C. caught
6. Rizma had a dog _____________ a bucket.
A. to fetch B. fetched C. to fetch
7. Carla made her mother ___________ dinner last night.
A. cooked B. to cook C. cook
84 Hello Grammar 8
Lesson 7: Idiomatic Expressions
Get back to your studies right now instead of burning the midnight
oil later. You must work hard if you don’t want to cut a sorry figure of
yourself in the entrance test of MBBS. Students from far and wide will
take part in the test. Passing an MBBS test will help you enormously
in the long run.
Idiomatic expressions are a type of informal English that have a
meaning different from the meaning of the words in the expression.
Every language has idioms, and they can be difficult to learn if you
are not a native speaker of English. Using idiomatic expressions in
everyday conversations can help you improve your understanding of
the English language and get a deeper insight into foreign cultures, as
idioms are influenced by culture.
Ram blew his own trumpet. [praised himself]
I want to hold a candle to Christiano Ronaldo in football. [to be
equal to someone]
Idioms that do not allow any changes are called pure or close idioms.
Kick the bucket.
Kick the basket.
Some idioms allow only select words to go with them.
Shed crocodile tears.
Weep crocodile tears.
85 Hello Grammar 8
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
[burn the candle at [over exert oneself]
both ends]
I can’t attend the meeting tonight because I have burnt the candle
at both ends.
[hold your tongue] [be quiet]
During meditation you must hold your tongue.
[in the same boat] [in a similar
situation]
After failing the examination we were in the same boat.
[apple of discord] [the cause of
quarrerl]
Too much familiarity can be an apple of discord in our society.
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
86 Hello Grammar 8
ASSIGNMENT
A. The highlighted words are idiomatic expressions. Choose the
meanings from the box below and write in the box provided next to the
sentences.
She argued in the Parliament along the lines of
her leader.
Can you give me bare outlines of your plan?
The beauty of his work lies in its format.
Solving this problem is child’s play.
Discussing football updates is my cup of tea.
I have been working day and night for success.
A judge should behave in fair play.
Terrorists kill people in cold blood.
Your monkey tricks will lead you to a greater
problem.
Cell phones are the necessary evil of modern life.
following a style of something very easy
subject of someone’s liking calm and deliberate
something needy but dangerous mischievous behavior
continuously good merits
main facts just behaviour
weakness
87 Hello Grammar 8
B. Read the list of idioms and their meanings given in the box. Fill in the
blanks with the correct idioms. Sometimes an idiom may need to be
adapted to use it correctly in a sentence.
Idioms Meanings
got wind to be known
a bolt from the blue a complete surprise
within a stone’s throw within easy reach
think out of the box find innovative ideas or solutions
all ears very interested to hear
harp on the same string to emphasise on the same thing
old habits die hard reluctant to change their ways
leaps and bounds make rapid progress
1. The surprise test was ____________________________ for the students.
2. The incident ____________________________ due to exposure by the
media.
3. In this century, students should really ____________________________.
4. My college is ____________________________ of my house.
5. This time the chief guest did not ____________________________.
6. The lecture was so interesting that all students were
____________________________.
7. The number of subscribers to our YouTube video channel has grown by
____________________________.
8. My mother refuses to wear this dress; ____________________________.
88 Hello Grammar 8
C. Rewrite each sentence using an appropriate idiom, without
changing its meaning.
Idioms Meanings
to reach for the moon try to achieve something difficult
run someone down speak ill of someone
make up with become friendly again
go down the memory lane to remember pleasant things in the past
mind of your own to have your own opinion
pick holes find faults
pour oil on troubled water to end quarrel
rise to the occasion put forth unusual efforts
1. Ujjwol is talented and ambitious; he always tends to attempt challenging things.
______________________________________________________________
2. The two friends became friendly again with each other.
______________________________________________________________
3. When I go through the photo album, I remember pleasant things in the past.
______________________________________________________________
4. The head of the village tried to end the quarrel when two neighbours fought.
______________________________________________________________
5. That child does not listen to anyone because has his own opinions.
______________________________________________________________
6. Avoid speaking ill of your friends in public.
______________________________________________________________
89 Hello Grammar 8
D. The following are the meanings. On the basis of the meanings
underline idioms in each sentence.
1. spoil the fun
2. make one look young
3. popular for new days only
4. recover
5. to give their best
6. all the details
7. the biggest part of something
8. fun and comfort
1. The contestants put their effort to be a spoil sport to win the contest.
2. Rima invested more money in her business to take years off.
3. Ritika was nine day’s wonder and did not participate in any of the games.
4. His popularity was set on your legs as he succumbed to a tough
competition.
5. The yoga exercises made him look smart and took best foot forward.
6. Raj knows the ins and outs of the murder case.
7. Rani got the lion’s share of the property as she was the only child.
8. The training in a military camp is not a bed of roses.
90 Hello Grammar 8
E. Make sentences using the following idioms.
turn the corner
_________________________________________________________
turn over a new leaf
_________________________________________________________
set Thames on fire
_________________________________________________________
at the drop of a hat
_________________________________________________________
sixes and sevens
_________________________________________________________
bone of contention
_________________________________________________________
take statements with a grain of salt
_________________________________________________________
let grass grow under feet
_________________________________________________________
hard nut to crack
_________________________________________________________
play fast and loose
_________________________________________________________
91 Hello Grammar 8
in the nick of time
_________________________________________________________
throw cold water
_________________________________________________________
sitting on the fence
_________________________________________________________
true to their salt
_________________________________________________________
strain every nerve
_________________________________________________________
cook the accounts
_________________________________________________________
NOTES
Native speakers of English know the meaning and uses of idiomatic
expressions naturally. But non- native speakers have to memorize it
and use as frequently as possible in everyday conversation. When you
use idiomatic expressions, you can change the tense of it.
Many students burn the midnight oil to achieve an A+ in DLE.
[present tense]
Many students burnt midnight oil to achieve an A+ in SEE.
[past tense]
Many students will burn midnight oil to achieve an A+ in SEE.
[future tense]
92 Hello Grammar 8
F. Fill in the blanks with the correct idioms given in the box. The
idioms can be changed slightly.
Idioms Meanings
keep your fingers crossed to wait eagerly for a positive result
hit a jackpot to win something by chance
to face the music to face the consequences
back to square one fto start again
to go through fire and water to face difficulties
at someone’s beck and call always ready to do something for them
to bent out of shape to become very annoyed or upset
to move heaven and earth to make impossible efforts
to keep the ball rolling to keep things going
1. Anuja gave an interview for a scholarship and waited
__________________________ for the lucky draw.
2. Don’t get __________________________ even if you fail a test.
3. My niece __________________________ to find her lost engagement
ring in the gutter.
4. Our answer is wrong. Let’s get __________________________.
5. Although all the students were feeling bored, the teacher
__________________________.
6. He has bought a new car, as he __________________________.
7. Nowadays, school children are __________________________ of their
wealthy parents.
8. In his early life in Tokyo, he had __________________________.
9. The shoplifter should __________________________.
93 Hello Grammar 8
G. Replace the highlighted words in the following passage with suitable
idioms. Make changes, if necessary, in the sentences while using some
idioms.
To put it differently, their life is a bundle of agony and perpetual pain.
Living in a distant and backward place, often their children have no
access to education and their near relatives fail to receive the medical
facilities offered by the government. At times, they even find it hard
to feed themselves adequately though they work continuously for
hours. The tale of misery becomes prominent only when something
tragic happens to them. The influential people come from big cities
to give them hope of a better life in future. These people pretend
to be their saviours though nothing much changes in their average
lives. By now they also have a thorough knowledge about it.
necessary evil banana republic grey matter
run of the mill day and night kith and kin
act the hole the centre of attraction pie in the sky
top brass knows inside out cock and bull story
94 Hello Grammar 8
Lesson 8: Homophones and
Homographs
I want to go to Australia for higher studies. [Homophones]
I won’t go to Australia for higher studies. [Homophones]
A pass is above 70%. [Homographs]
You need a pass to get into the buildings. [Homographs]
Homophones are the words that have the same sound but different
spellings and meanings.
Homo + phone
same + audio/sound
The following words are pronounced exactly in a same way, yet they
differ in terms of spellings and meanings:
there : that place/thing
their : belonging to them
grown : mature
groan : a deep sound
scent : the characteristic of a pleasant
cent : smell 100th part of a US dollar or
died : passed away
dyed : coloured hair
95 Hello Grammar 8
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
HOMOPHONES
A shopkeeper All living things I want to buy a I go to school
sells shoes are made of car. by bus.
there. cells.
HOMOGRAPHS
DEMOCRATIC
PARTY
A bat is a I got Sachin I enjoyed the Which party do
nocturnal Tendulkar’s birthday party. you support?
animal. bat.
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept. All
the highlighted words are homophones and homographs.
96 Hello Grammar 8
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search