KEDCHelloKEDC's Grammar
4
Writer
Amar Bahadur Sherma
Kantipur Education Development Council
Maharajgunj, Chakrapath, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: 4202027/2151710
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.kedcnepal.com
KEDC
Kantipur Education Development Council
Maharajgunj, Chakrapath, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: 4720202/2151710
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.kedcnepal.com
Kantipur Education Development Council 2058 ALL
RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
system, except as may be expressly permitted in writing
by the publisher.
Written by:
Amar Bahadur Sherma
M.A. English, Tribhuvan University
TEA Fellowship, California State University
Advisor:
Subadra Shresta
Editor:
Jerell Morales - Shrestha (M.Ed.)
Education Management
)LUVW HGLWLRQ
5HYLVHG HGLWLRQ
1HZ edition, 2019
Layout/Design
Sarika Koirala
Preface
Hello Grammar series (new edition) is carefully designed to help school
level English language students learn grammar systematically and creatively.
This series has been developed as an additional course for the school students
of Nepal who learn core English in the communicative language teaching
setting. Based on the major grammar elements that are deemed inevitable
for the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, this Hello Grammar
series presents grammatical rules in the concise form of notes.
We educators are well aware that grammar plays a significant role in
communication, both in the spoken and written form. Adequate knowledge
of grammar helps learners achieve accuracy in the use of language.
Understandably, most students fear or dislike a long list of grammatical rules.
So, this series calls a change in the approach to the teaching of grammar.
Although there are arguments that inductive approach to grammar teaching
is better than deductive approach, I strongly suggest following whatever
is useful depending upon the case in hand. Both approaches have been
integrated into the series.
A wide range of contextual exercises, useful notes or easy-to-understand
explanations, unit reviews to test learners’ understanding or help them
recall what is already learnt, the new attractive cover and layout with clipart
illustrations enhance the appeal of the book.
It is sincerely hoped that this new edition of the series will cater to the
needs of both teachers and students in the years to come. Many thanks to
Kantipur Education Development Council (KEDC) and those who have
assisted me in producing the book in this present shape. Any constructive
feedback and suggestions for the improvement of the book will be gratefully
acknowledged.
Amar Bahadur Sherma
Contents
Unit 1 1 14. Past, Present and 91
1. Sentences 6 Future Tense Verbs
2. Types of Sentences 15 Unit 4 103
3. Subjects and Objects 21 109
4. Combining Sentences 28 15. Pronouns
5. Run-on Sentences 16. Subject and Object 115
37 120
Unit 2 Pronouns
6. Common Nouns and 43 17. Pronoun-Verb 128
134
Proper Nouns 49 Agreement 138
7. Collective Nouns and 56 18. Possessive Pronouns 144
63
Compound Nouns Unit 5 152
8. Singular Nouns and 72 19. Adjectives and Its 156
78 161
Plural Nouns 84 Types 168
9. Possessive Nouns 20. Positions of Adjectives
10. Countable and 21. Articles
22. Ajectives that Compare
Uncountable Nouns
Unit 3 Unit 6
23. Adverbs and Its Types
11. Action Verbs and State 24. Prepositions
Verbs 25. Punctuation
26. Writing
12. Modal Verbs
13. Irregular Verbs
Lesson UNIT - 1
1 SENTENCES
I boy am a.
A girl am I.
I am a student.
A sentence is a group of properly arranged words that give a complete
thought.
I boy am a. (This does not make sense.)
A girl am I. (This does not make sense.)
I am a student. (This gives a complete thought.)
Note:
Only a group of words does not make a sentence.
School went to we.
A group of well-arranged words make a sentence.
We went to school.
A sentenceȱȱ ȱȱȱĴǯȱ
She has a big bus.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 1
A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not give a complete
thought because it lacks either a subject or a verb or both.
She has.
Mr. Gurung is.
Is very upset.
A sentence fragment does not stand by itself.
While I was singing.
Since it was raining.
(It does not have a meaning)
But, a sentence stands by itself.
While I was singing, my parents clapped their hands.
Assignment
A. Read the following groups of words. Then write ‘S’ for sentences
and ‘SF’ for sentence fragments on the lines provided.
1. Cows give us milk. _________
2. When I was 12. _________
3. I write with a pencil. _________
4. At the beginning. _________
5. The sun sets in the west. _________
6. She is planting potatoes. _________
7. Playing the piano. _________
B. Rewrite the following groups of words, arranging them so that
they are sentences.
ŗǯȱ ȱȱĚȱȱǯȱ
_________________________________________
2 Hello Grammar Book- 4
2. at barks strangers dog a.
_________________________________________
3. has colours the seven rainbow.
___________________________
Śǯȱȱ ȱȱȱĚ ȱǯ
___________________________
5. the rises morning sun in the.
_________________________________________
Ŝǯȱȱ ȱȱęȱǯ
_________________________________________
Note:
ȱȱę¡ȱȱsentence fragment by adding one of the following.
Is writing a novel.
The writer is writing a novel. (adding a subject)
ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¡ǯ
The teacher is teaching without a textbook. (adding a verb)
Because I was ill.
I didn’t go to school because I was ill. (adding a major clause)
John is. John is very handsome. (adding a complement)
A sentence fragment is a group of words that looks like a sentence,
but aren’t. They may lack at least one of these: subjects, verbs, major
clauses or complements.
ǯȱȱ ȱǰȱę¡ȱȱǯȱ 3
1. Invented a robot.
______________________________________
Hello Grammar Book- 4
2. Shows no interest in studies.
______________________________________
řǯȱ ȱȱȱȱĞǯ
______________________________________
4. Four thieves arrested by the police.
_______________________________________
5. Mr. Brown is.
_______________________________________
6. If Shristi saw me.
______________________________________
7. Because Sona was quite lazy.
________________________________________
D. Make sentences using the following words.
1. Trees ………………………………………………………..
2. The sun …………………………………………………………..
3. Our school ………………………………………………………..
E. Change the following sentence fragments into sentences, picking
ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ǯ
1. …………… lives in the den. a good boy
Řǯȱ dzdzdzdzdzǯǯȱĚ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǯ is
play
3. Suman ……….. singing an English song. she was scared
4. Did you ………………… the sitar? are happy
5. Arjav is …………………….. A tiger
Birds
6. As she was alone…………………………….
7. My uncle and aunt…………………………..
4 Hello Grammar Book- 4
F. Look at the following picture and write FIVE sentences about it.
SENTENCES
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________
Hello Grammar Book- 4 5
Lesson TYPES OF SENTENCES
2
Lion: I am very happy today.
Deer: Why are you happy today?
Lion: The animals of this jungle have made me new king.
Deer: What an interesting thing!
Lion: I will try to be a good ruler.
Deer: How can I serve you?
Lion: Get me some meat.
ȱ ȱ ě¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ě¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱǯȱ
Declarative sentences tell something. It ends with a full stop (.).
Interrogative sentences ask something. It ends with a question mark (?).
Imperative sentences ask someone to do something. It ends with (.).
¡¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱ
mark (!).
Optative sentences ¡ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǻ!).
6 Hello Grammar Book- 4
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
Mt. Everest is the highest peak. What does a nurse do?
[Assertive / Declarative [Interrogative Sentence]
Sentence]
TYPES OF SENTENCES
Go to school.
[Imperative Sentence]
What a painting!
ǽ ¡¢ȱ Ǿ
Long live the king.
[Optative Sentence]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 7
Assignment
A. Write declarative sentence, interrogative sentence, imperative
ǰȱ¡¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
of words.
ŗǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴǵȱȱ ȱ
_________________________________________________
2. Binay is very hungry today.
_________________________________________________
3. Her lunch bag is missing.
_________________________________________________
4. What a tall man he is!
_________________________________________________
5. Hurrah! We won the match.
_________________________________________________
Ŝǯȱ ȱȱěȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱ
_________________________________________________
7. May you pass the test.
_________________________________________________
8. Open the door now.
_________________________________________________
B. Write each sentence with the correct punctuation in your note
book.
1. Are you sure you brought your
lunch
2. Maybe Jitu took it
3. Class, don’t make a noise
8 Hello Grammar Book- 4
4. How active our players are
5. Rebeka is very happy today
6. Iron your uniform on Saturday.
7. May you win the quiz contest
8. Do you think we should feed the cat each day
Note:
¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴǯȱ
Biraj is an optimistic boy.
Declarative sentences are also known as assertive sentences. There
are two types of declarative sentences: Positive and Negative.
Jamuna is a student. ȱǻ ȦĜǼ
Jamuna is not a student. (Negative)
Sometimes we have to change the entire word instead of adding
‘not’.
several—many all—none already—yet
always—never ȱȱȯ
C. Change the following sentences into negative sentences.
1. Dipsa can play outdoor games.
______________________________________________________
2. The water is very deep.
______________________________________________________
3. Rupa has a lot of ghee at home.
_____________________________
4. Only three students always come
to school.
_____________________________
Hello Grammar Book- 4 9
śǯȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱĞȱȱǯ
______________________________________________________
6. All of you should be present there.
______________________________________________________
ŝǯȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱę¢ǯȱ
______________________________________________________
Note:
Interrogative sentences are of two kinds: Yes/no question and Wh-
question. ‘How’ is also known as a Wh-question.
ȱ Ȧȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęǯȱ ȱ ȱ
begin with a helping verb like is, am, are, was, can, should, may, etc.
Is Joe an American?
A Wh-question is asked for more details.
Who is an American?
How did he become an American?
D. Turn each statement into a Yes/no question and a Wh-question in
¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¡ǯȱ
ŗǯȱ ¢ȱĴȱȂȱȱȱ ǯȱ
What is your doll’s name? (Wh-question)
Is your doll’s name Arpita? (Yes/no question)
2. My younger brother copies everything I do.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3. My school is 5 kilometres away from my home.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
10 Hello Grammar Book- 4
4. She wants to go to grandma’s place.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
5. Football is the most popular sport in the world.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
E. Change the following sentences according to the instructions
given in the parentheses.
1. Meet at the track at seven o’clock. (Interrogative)
________________________________________________________
2. Run around the table. (Declarative)
________________________________________________________
řǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱǻ ¡¢Ǽȱ
________________________________________________________
Śǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǷȱǻ ¡¢Ǽȱ
________________________________________________________
5. Aisharya is a punctual student. (Negative declarative)
________________________________________________________
7. Rina does not draw a picture. (Positive declarative)
________________________________________________________
8. How beautiful that village is! (Interrogative)
________________________________________________________
9. Hema does not have any problem now. (Positive declarative)
________________________________________________________
10. Sujan shouts at his dogs. (Imperative)
________________________________________________________
Hello Grammar Book- 4 11
Note:
Imperative sentences are about request, invitation, command,
suggestion, etc. It begins with a main verb.
Goȱȱȱȱǯ (suggestion)
Please ȱě your hat. (request)
Open your notebook. (order)
Have some more tea. (invitation)
The subjects of imperative sentences are ‘you’, which is not
mentioned.
(You) Come in.
ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ
sentences?
Request Command Suggestion Invitation
1. Kindly submit your answer script.
2. Don’t make a hasty decision.
3. Don’t bunk classes.
4. Let me solve your problem.
5. Don’t shoot your gun.
6. Polish your shoes before going to school.
7. Please help me now.
Note:
¡¢ȱ show the speaker’s strong feelings about
something. It shows pity, happiness, surprise, etc.
What a pity!,
How lucky you are!
Ouch! You stepped on my toe.
12 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Generally, we use ‘what’ with a noun and ‘how’ with an adjective
or adverb.
What a victory!
How rudely you speak!
In ¡¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱĞȱȱǯ
What a lazy boy are you!
What a lazy boy you are!
ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡¢ȱǯ
1. You have hurt me.
2. Suman is the tallest boy.
řǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱǯ
4. They speak quite rudely.
śǯȱ ħȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ
6. It is a beautiful garden.
Note:
Optative sentencesȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ
¡ȱȱǻǷǼȱȱȱȱȱǻǯǼȱ
May God bless you!
Wishȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ
H. Rewrite the following sentences as optative sentences like the
ȱ¡ȱ ǯȱ
1. You wish Suraj to live long.
May you live long!
2. You pray to God to bless you.
______________________________________________________
Hello Grammar Book- 4 13
3. You wish the queen of Britain live
long.
______________________________
4. You wish someone to have a safe
journey.
______________________________
5. You wish your team to win the
match.
______________________________________________________
6. You pray to God to give you strength.
______________________________________________________
I. Read the passage below carefully. Think about what type of
sentence each one is. Then rewrite the passage, using the correct
punctuation.
when ourȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȬȱȱȱȱĞȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱ
her who could we get to care for her all day long I go to school all day
ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ
weekend It’s wonderful
ǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱĞȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ
that follow.
ǻŗǼȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱǻŘǼȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱǵȱ
(3) Hey, he kicked that ball so far! (4) He scored the winning goal for his
team. (5) Listen to the coach praise him. (6) Wow, what a wonderful day!
1. Which sentence should end with an exclamation mark?
A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 2
2. Which of these sentences should end with a full stop?
A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 6
14 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Lesson SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS
3
Theȱ Ĵȱcut down a tree.
The boy kicked the ball hard.
The girl is eating an ice-cream.
The words in bold are subjects, and the red-coloured words are objects.
Subjects perform an action. Subjects are nouns or pronouns.
The girl is eating an ice-cream.
Objectsȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ
or pronouns. The girl is eating an ice-cream.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 15
The girl ooo is eating ooo an icecream.
pp p
performer action verb (object)
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǽȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱǾ
doer
Subjects answer the question: who?
A rat ate my cheese. (Who)
Objects answer the question: whom?
A rat ate my cheese. (whom)
Generally, there is no preposition between action verbs and objects.
She sat on the bench.
She became a doctor. (This is not an action verb.)
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
Subin watched a movie. He called us.
[Subject] [Object]
16 Hello Grammar Book- 4
PARTS OF SENTENCE
The dog chased the boy. She is drawing a picture.
[Subject] [Object]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
Assignment
A. Identify and circle subjects and underline objects in the following
sentences.
1. Bishika caught a thief.
2. We sang songs.
3. Rajiv felled a tree.
4. We are planting trees.
5. Rajiv wrote an email.
6. Mr. Sherma taught us literature.
7. Shanti raised an orphan.
8. Santosh asked a question.
B. Add appropriate subjects to complete the following sentences.
1. ____________________ has passed a test.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 17
2. _________ is climbing a mountain.
3. _____________ are taking a bath.
4. _________________ selling fruits.
śǯȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱȱęǯȱ
C. Add appropriate objects to complete
the following sentences.
1. Raja and I am writing ______.
2. All of them have done ______.
3. We made __________________
yesterday.
4. Rama and Kabita have
cooked__________________.
śǯȱ ħȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏǯ
6. Three classmates won _______.
ŝǯȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏǯȱ
8. Jumanu and his relatives washed _______________.
9. Clean ___________________ immediately.
Note:
The subject ‘you’ is not mentioned in imperative sentences.
(YouǼȱȱȱȱǯȱ
The subject and the object can contain more than one word.
A tall boy helped me. (subject)
The teacher punished a rude student. (object)
D. Pick out the subjects and objects from the following sentences
ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ
Subjects Objects
1. A strong man fought a tiger.
18 Hello Grammar Book- 4
2. Villagers destroyed the jungle.
3. They covered the new books.
4. Talented students solved the problem.
5. Lend me your pen.
6. I have met a famous celebrity.
7. A rude person pushed me.
E. Add subjects and objects to complete the following sentences.
1. ________ visit ____________
2. ________ has _____________
3. ________ pull ____________
4. ________ makes __________
5. ________ set _____________
6. ________ puts ____________
7. ________ eat _____________
8. ________ should write ____
ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ Ğǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
questions that follow.
(1) Today was the big parade. (2) The marching band moved quickly
down the street. (3) The music was loud and joyful. (4) Sam found
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǻśǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ǻŜǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ěȱ ȱ
him.
1. Which two sentences have no objects?
A. Sentences 1 and 2 B. Sentences 4 and 5
C. Sentences 2 and 6 D. Sentences 4 and 6
2. Which sentence is missing a subject?
A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 2
C. Sentence 4 D. Sentence 5
Hello Grammar Book- 4 19
3. Which is NOT an action verb in the passage?
A. was B. moved
C. waved D. oundf
4. Which is a NOUN in the passage?
ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱĚ
C. him D. oundf
5. Which is a PRONOUN in the passage?
A. quickly B. down
C. today D. t i
20 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Lesson COMBINING SENTENCES
4
Rohit is quite tall, but Binod is short.
When the teacher taught a
lesson well, all of the students
ȱĴǯȱ
The businessman is greedy though he is
wealthy.
All of the red-coloured words are conjunctions. Conjunctions join two
clauses. Conjunctions are also called connectivesǯȱ ȱ¡ȱDZȱ
ǰȱǰȱǰȱǰȱǰȱǰȱǰȱǰȱǰȱ ǰȱǰȱǯ
Hello Grammar Book- 4 21
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
He got hurt because ȱȱȱȱ They played very well, yet they
tree. lost the match.
[Compound]
ǽ ¡Ǿ
TYPES OF SENTENCES
Ğ ȱȱǰȱ ȱĞȱǯȱ She worked hard, so she won the
ǽ ¡Ǿ contest.
[Compound]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
22 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Assignment
A. Identify and underline conjunctions in the following sentences.
1. Sumitra collects the tickets and she tears them in half.
Řǯȱ ħ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
3. The musicians compose music and singers sing songs.
4. Amar will go to Japan or he will start a business in Nepal.
5. Kamala sells clothes whenever she is free.
6. We will not go home till it stops raining.
7. When I went to that jungle, I saw many animals.
B. Complete the following sentences on your own.
1. Deepa and her friends could not win the race because
______________________________________________________
Řǯȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
3. He will play this game or ________________________________
4. Jagat climbed up a big tree when _________________________
Note:
A clause is a combination of a subject and a predicate. It also gives
a complete thought but it is a part of sentences.
Rojina has a book. (A clause)
Rojina has a book. She bought it yesterday. (Two clauses)
This is the book that Rojina bought yesterday. (A sentence)
Two clauses joined by the acronym of conjunctions (FANBOYS:
For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet and So) are called compound sentences.
They dried the river, yetȱ¢ȱȱȱęǯȱ
Hello Grammar Book- 4 23
C. Add a comma followed by and, but, or or to combine each pair of
clauses into one compound sentence.
1. Deer have come back to the park. Wolves have returned, too.
______________________________________________________
Řǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱĞǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ǯ
______________________________________________________
řǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ě ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
them.
______________________________________________________
4. You can look at the river. You can enjoy the waterfalls instead.
______________________________________________________
5. I love Chitwan National Park. My brother prefers Dharan.
______________________________________________________
D. Combine each the pair of clauses with FANBOYS. (acronym)
1. The volcano erupts. MȱȱĚ ȱǯ
______________________________________________________
2. Pokhara is a great place. I like other parks too.
______________________________________________________
3. We’ll go camping together. We might go to the beach.
______________________________________________________
4. Abhinav forgot to park a toothbrush. Susan forgot to bring a
bar of soap.
______________________________________________________
5. Mom likes to hike. She is not ready to go for hiking now.
______________________________________________________
24 Hello Grammar Book- 4
6. My family loves camping. I prefer reading indoors.
______________________________________________________
7. Rizma studies well. She tops eȱ¡ȱȱǯȱ
______________________________________________________
8. Mom likes to trek. I come with her.
______________________________________________________
Note:
The clauses joined by the conjunctions like ǰȱ ǰȱ Ğǰȱ
until, when, where, if, unless, as, etc. are called ¡ȱ.
Surakshya cannot go unless she completes her project.
Some sentences may begin with a conjunction, but a comma (,) has
to separate two clauses.
Because Diya was ill,ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ¢ǯ
E. Combine each pair of clauses, using the given conjunctions in the
parentheses.
1. The day became very dark. A cloud hid the sun. (when)
2. Sonu reads books about animals. She comes home. (as soon
as)
3. People wear transparent clothes. It is summer. (because)
4. I check my wallet. I get on a bus. (before)
5. You can’t be an engineer. You show interest in mathematics.
(unless)
6. You work hard. You can be successful. (if)
7. Astronauts visited the moon. The moon is over 250,000 miles
away. (though)
Şǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱǯȱǻĞǼ
şǯȱ ȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱěǯȱǻǼ
Hello Grammar Book- 4 25
Note:
¡ȱȱare a combination of two related ideas. It joins
an independent clause and other dependent clause(s).
Anita took an umbrella because it was raining.
p
(independent)
1. Anita took an umbrella
It is not clear. This just tells us a reason. But
we don’t know what happened because of
rain.
2. Because it was raining.
It is clear. We can guess why Anita took an
umbrella. Maybe it was a sunny day or a
rainy day.
F. Find the independent and dependent clauses. Circle independent
clauses and underline dependent clauses.
ŗǯȱ Ğȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯ
Řǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
around.
3. Since there were no fruits, we gave our guests only juice.
4. If you work hard, it is not impossible to achieve dreams.
śǯȱ ȱȱȱĞǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǯȱ
6. Though Ramu woke up early, he reached school quite late.
G. Read one part of a story. Then answer the questions that follow.
ǻŗǼȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱęȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǯȱ
(2) They did lots of tricks and they told jokes to make us laugh. (3) The
clowns also rode their mini bikes. (4) I even took some photos of them.
ǻśǼȱ Ğȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ǯȱ ǻŜǼȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
hungry, so we went to a nearby restaurant for pizza.
26 Hello Grammar Book- 4
1. Which is a complex sentence?
A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 2
2. Where should there be a comma in Sentence 2?
A. Before the word ‘and’ B. Before the word ‘to’
3. Which one is a dependent clause?
ǯȱ ȱ¢ȱěȱȱ ǯȱ Ğȱȱ
4. Sentence 3 is .................
A. an independent clause B. a dependent clause
Hello Grammar Book- 4 27
Lesson RUN-ON SENTENCES
5
April 12, 2019
Friday, 8 pm
ǰȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ğȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱǷȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱ ǯȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ¡ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱĞȱ ȱ ȱȱĴǯȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǯȱ
ȱĞȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ
soon.
ȱȱȱȱȬ Ĵǰȱę¡ȱȱȱȱȬȱǯ
April 12, 2019
Friday, 8 pm
ǰȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱȱ ȱ ȱĞȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǯ We
ȱȱȱǷȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ It is only
April.
ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
¡ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱĞ; ȱ ȱȱĴǯȱ ȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱǯȱ ȱĞȱ ȱȱȱ ǯ Wȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱ
passed the woods;ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
tired. We want to go again soon.
Ashim
28 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Does your sentence contain NO Your sentence is correct.
more than one independent
clause?
YES
Are the clauses joined with a YES Your sentence is correct.
comma (,) and a conjunction
(FANBOYS)?
NO YES Your sentence is correct.
Are the clauses joined by a
semicolon (;)?
NO
Revise it quickly! You have a
run-on sentence.
A run-on sentence is an improper combination of two or more
independent clauses.
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴ¢ȱ¡ǯ (not punctuated)
I love the book; ȱȱȱĴ¢ȱ¡ǯ (well punctuated)
Hello Grammar Book- 4 29
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
6KH ZDWHUHG WKH ÁRZHUV VKH 6KH ZDWHUHG WKH ÁRZHUV and VKH
SOXFNHG WKH ÁRZHUV SOXFNHG WKH ÁRZHUV
[Run-on sentence] [Complete sentence]
ȱęȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱęȱȱ; it keeps you
warm. warm.
[Run-on sentence] [Complete sentence]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
30 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Assignment
A. Identify the following groups of words as Run-on sentence or
Complete sentence. Write your answer on the lines provided.
1. They played in the sand all the time it was so much fun!
____________________________________________________
2. My sister built a big sand castle I destroyed it with my foot.
____________________________________________________
3. I like blueberries, but I don’t like bananas.
____________________________________________________
Śǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱDzȱȱ ȱ¡ǯ
____________________________________________________
śǯȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱȱǯȱ
____________________________________________________
Ŝǯȱ ȱȱȱȱęǯȱ ȱȂȱȱ¢ǯȱ
____________________________________________________
ŝǯȱ ȱȱȱĴȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯ
____________________________________________________
Ȭȱȱȱȱ¢ȱę¡ǯȱ
Note:
ȱȱę¡ȱrun-on sentences by creating two clauses.
My exam started yesterday it lasted eight days. ǻʒǼ
My exam started yesterday. It lasted eight days. ǻdžǼ
(sub) + (predicate) (Sub) + (predicate)
Hello Grammar Book- 4 31
B. Correct the run-on sentence by separating them into two clauses.
Each clause should have a subject and a predicate.
1. I’m bored at Grandma’s house she doesn’t have a TV.
________________________________________________________
2. We’re going bird watching you can bring your friend along.
________________________________________________________
řǯȱ ȱĞȱĚȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯ
________________________________________________________
4. The animals are fascinating I will try drawing them.
________________________________________________________
5. I played with the rabbits they let me feed them.
________________________________________________________
6. Grandma found a pearl inside the clam she kept it for years.
________________________________________________________
ŝǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĞȱȱ ȱ ǯ
________________________________________________________
Şǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĞȱȱĚȱȱǯ
________________________________________________________
Note:
ȱȱę¡ȱrun-on sentences by creating either compound sentences
ȱ¡ȱǯȱ
My dog wanted to go outside he wanted to play with me.
My dog wanted to go outside, and he wanted to play with me.
(compound sentence)
Since he wanted to play with me, my dog wanted to go outside.
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¡ȱǼȱ
32 Hello Grammar Book- 4
C. Correct these run-on sentences by rewriting them in your
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
new sentence makes sense.
1. I thought the visit would be boring I had a fun time.
2. I woke up the birds started chirping.
3. She looked at the drawings wondered who drew them.
4. He’s never been on a boat he’s afraid he’ll get seasick.
5. Grandma is an artist is carving a bear.
Ŝǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĞȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ
7. The fawn was trapped I set her free.
8. We have to be careful the water is deep.
D. Correct the following run-on sentences in your notebook. Separate
the parts into two sentences, or join the parts into one compound
ȱ¡ȱǯ
ŗǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ęȱ
poles everywhere.
2. We want to camp out it is too cold outdoors.
řǯȱȱ ȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
away.
4. Hal likes his Ğȱ
ȱęȱěȱǯ
śǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĞȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ
6. The deer came right up to me it was not scared at all.
Note:
ȱȱę¡ȱȱrun-on sentence by using a full stop (.).
I want to travel to villages I want to take photos.
I want to travel to villages. I want to take photos.
ȱȱę¡ȱȱȬȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻ;).
I want to travel to villages I want to take photos.
I want to travel to villages; I want to take photos.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 33
ǯȱ ȱȱĴǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
each group of words into one or two sentences.
1. We love the lake so many animals live there.
________________________________________________________
2. it’s hard to catch rabbits they run away so fast
________________________________________________________
3. deer get frightened they see or hear you
________________________________________________________
4. the raccoon’s eyes are black he’s wearing a mask
________________________________________________________
śǯȱ ȱȱȱĚ¢ȱȱ
________________________________________________________
Ŝǯȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
________________________________________________________
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴǯȱ
34 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Verb + at UNIT REVIEW: SENTENCES 30
Name: _____________________ Date: ______________
A. Decide if each of the following is a sentence or a sentence
fragment. (5 × 1 = 5)
1. Denmark a beautiful country. _____________________
2. Has been sad. ________________
3. Ankit slept. __________________
4. At the end. __________________
5. She has a book. _______________
B. Write the types of the following sentences. (6 × 1 = 6)
1. Nobody has made a mistake. ___________________
Řǯȱ
Ƿȱ ȱȱȱęǯȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
3. Stop gossiping about others. ___________________
4. May you live a long life. _______________________
5. Who should clean this room? ___________________
6. Let me go home early today. ____________________
C. Change the following as per the instruction in the parentheses.
(5X1=5)
1. Bikash has a big doll. (Yes/no question)
2. She always speaks English. (negative)
3. Dipendra wrote a novel. (imperative)
4. She won’t play music. (positive)
śǯȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱǻ¡¢Ǽȱ
D. Circle the subject and underline the predicate in the following
sentences. (5 × 1 = 5)
1. Simla destroyed an anthill.
2. We will discolour a house.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 35
3. Sing a Nepali song.
4. Archana will repair her mobile.
5. Dipa dropped her laptop.
E. Combine the each pair of clauses, using the conjunctions
given in the parentheses. (6 × 1 = 6)
1. Binit sings songs. His brother dances. (but)
Řǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ƹȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱǻǼ
3. My mother works hard. I want to give her happiness. (so)
4. There are many ethnic communities. Nepal is a peaceful
nation. (though)
5. We cannot go to bed. It should be at least 9 pm. (until)
6. They stayed indoor. It was raining. (because)
F. Read the following passage. Then look at the answer choices.
Circle the best option. (3 × 1 = 3)
(1) Saurav was a student of class 4 and he was the best badminton
player in the school team. (2) He enjoyed the game but at the same
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱǻřǼȱ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǻŚǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
announced his name. (5) He was young he was more talented than
many other players.
ŗǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬȱǵ
A. Sentence 3 B. Sentence 4
Řǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰǼȱǵȱ
A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 3
řǯȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱę¡ȱȱȬȱȱȱ ȱśǵ
A. by using a comma and but
B. By using the conjunction because
GOOD LUCK!
36 Hello Grammar Book- 4
UNIT - 2
Lesson COMMON NOUNS AND
6 PROPER NOUNS
Hello. I am Santosh. I am an artist.
Hello. I am Saru. I am an accountant.
Hello. I am Mukesh. I am a trainer.
All of the red-coloured words are proper nouns and common nouns.
Santosh, Saru and Mukeshȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯ
Artist, accountant and trainerȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯȱ
A noun is a name of people, places or things.
In the classroom are Rohit,
John, Sita, Prabhav, Rojina,
Ankush, Dilip, etc. But all of
them introduce themselves as
a student of grade 4.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 37
A common noun ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
student, teacher, o o name of persons city, mountain, o o name of
places books, trees, o o name of things
In the classroom, there are
many students with their
individual names or identities.
Some of them are Rohit, John,
Sita, Prabhav, Rojina, Ankush,
Dilip, etc. These students
introduce themselves by their
ęȱǯȱ
A proper noun ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǯȱ
Arjun, Geeta, o o name of people Kathmandu, Koteshwor, o o name
of places Micy Mouse, Mt K2, o o name of things
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
I want to buy a mobile. , ERXJKW L3KRQH ;6 0D[
[common noun] [proper noun]
38 Hello Grammar Book- 4
I want to watch a movie. I watched Titanic twice.
[common noun] [proper noun]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
Assignment
A. Underline the common nouns in each sentence.
1. Hockey is my favourite sport.
2. The pitcher is named Jackson.
3. My father is a generous man.
4. Listen to these English songs.
5. Alissa said the umpire was wrong.
Ŝǯȱ ¡ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǯ
7. My sister uses a wooden bat.
8. Don’t throw the ball in the house!
9. How far is your school?
10. John lost his glove.
B. Fill in each blank with a common noun.
1. At the ____________________, we learned about ocean animals.
2. The tour guide showed us a model of a ________________.
řǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏǯ
Hello Grammar Book- 4 39
4. Learning about the ___________________________ was my
favourite part.
5. Our __________________, Ms Ritzy, told us to get on the bus.
6. When we got back to ___________________, we wrote reports.
Note:
Common nounsȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱęȱ
word of a sentence.
He met a doctor.
Doctors are about to come.
C. Circle the common noun in the passage below.
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ
brother. Their names are Subina and Jitendra respectively. Benish
goes to college, but his sister and brother go to school. He loves
playing volleyball but his siblings love other local games. There is a
very strong relationship among the siblings.
Note:
Proper nounsȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱĴǯȱ
Uma lives in Itahari.
Some proper nouns contain more than one word.
He lives at New Baneshwor ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ ȱ
The name of ¢ǰȱǰȱ¢ǰȱ, etc. begins with a capital
Ĵǯȱ
Saturday, February, New Year’s Day, Tihar
D. Capitalise the proper nouns found in each of the sentences below.
1. I like to play basketball with my brother raj.
Řǯȱ ȱ¢ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱĞǯ
40 Hello Grammar Book- 4
řǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ
team.
4. My cousin sanjog is the best shooter I
know.
5. At the weekend, I will visit him at
satdobato.
6. I haven’t seen him since eid.
7. My uncle has been working in
malaysia.
8. He has a basketball card with a picture of Michael jordan.
E. Identify and pick the proper noun and write on the lines given.
1. My class celebrates Earth Day._____________________
2. Mr Limbu is our teacher. _____________________
3. Estonia is a peaceful, European country. ____________________
4. Have you subscribed to Republica? _____________________
5. May I ask James two questions? _____________________
6. Teddy is my favourite doll. _____________________
7. The Koshi river has damaged crops. _____________________
8. Mt. Everest is situated in province 1. _____________________
ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱĞǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ
that follow.
ȱ ǻŗǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ĴĚȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǯȱ ǻŘǼȱ ȱ
ȱ ĴĚȱ Ě¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǻřǼȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ¡ǯȱǻŚǼȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǻśǼȱ ȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱŗŖŖȱĴĚȱȱȱǷ
1. Which word in sentence 1 should be capitalised?
ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱĴĚȱȱȱ
2. Which word is a common noun in Sentence 3?
A. friend B. Mahesh C. lives
Hello Grammar Book- 4 41
3. Which word in Sentence 2 should NOT be capitalised?
ǯȱ ĴĚȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ
4. Which word in Sentence 5 should be capitalised?
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱĴĚȱȱȱȱ
G. Divide the nouns into two types: common nouns and proper
nouns.
Common Nouns Proper Nouns
Nasita America UK
game book Everest
Dipa mountain Dang
month Tuesday hotel
42 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Lesson COLLECTIVE NOUNS
7 AND COMPOUND NOUNS
Our team is very strong.
I want to give this bouquet to her.
The Ě of sheep is grazing.
Note:
All of the red-coloured words above are collective nouns.
Collective nouns are the names of people, same animals or things.
ȱ¡DZȱĚǰȱǰȱ¢ǰȱǰȱ, etc.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 43
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
, VDZ D VFKRRO RI ÀVK I love my bedroom very much.
[collective noun] [compound noun]
COLLECTIVE NOUNS AND COMPOUND NOUNS
My mum bought a bunchȱȱ I got a laptop as my birthday
bananas. Ğǯȱ
[collective noun] [compound noun]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
44 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Assignment
A. Circle the collective noun or nouns in each sentence.
1. The army of soldiers walked across the land.
Řǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱĴęǯ
řǯȱ ȱĚȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
4. The herd moved towards
the river.
śǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĚ ǯȱ
6. The group of dancers went
to the auditorium.
7. Who will dust a pile of old
books?
Şǯȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱǯ
şǯȱ ȱĚȱȱȱĚ ȱȱ¢ȱǯ
10. An army of ants stung me while playing.
B. Fill in the blank in each sentence with the correct collective noun
ȱȱ¡ǯ
¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
gang herd pack pad
1. My aunt gave me a ________________________of crayons.
2. The_________________ of cows crossed the country road.
3. A ___________________ of ants lived under the log.
4. The farmer kept a ___________________geese in the barnyard.
śǯȱȱ ¢ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱǯ
Ŝǯȱȱ ȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱǯ
7. The police are looking for a ________________ of thieves.
8. My mother wrote the list on a ___________________ of paper.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 45
Note:
Compound nouns are made up of two or more words used together.
shoe + lace = shoelace key + board = keyboard
ȱ ȱƸȱȱƽȱȱ ȱ ȱƸȱȱƽȱ
ȱ ȱȱ Ĵȱȱone word, two or more words and
hyphenated words.
one word two or more words hyphenated words
basketball ȱĜ time-out
ě head teacher sky-scraper
sunrise school bus dry-cleaning
Ĵę New York well-being
hairstyle high school mother-in-law
ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ
book corn pop sea
foot end week ball
mark weed step snow
1. snowball 2. ___________________
3. ________________ 4. _____________
5. ___________________ 6. _________________
7. ____________ 8. ___________________ 9. _________________
D. Circle the compound nouns(s) in each of the following sentence.
1. I’ve been trying to persuade my family to visit our grandpa.
Řǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ ȱȬĴȱ
and a turtleneck.
46 Hello Grammar Book- 4
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