3. The president-elect suggested that some belt-tightening would
help the economy.
Śǯȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ
5. That dog is actually a famous thoroughbred.
6. Onlookers and passersby watched as the skyscraper grew
taller each day.
7. The new tablecloth is in the dining room.
8. Bird-watchers typically use backpacks to carry binoculars, a
camera, a notebook, and other supplies.
şǯȱ
ȱȬȬ ȱ ȱȱȬȱĴ¢Ȭȱ ǯ
10. Some schools still use the blackboard for teaching.
E. Pick the compound noun from the following sentences and write
on the lines provided.
1. Sharon likes to ride the merry-go-round.____________
Řǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęǯȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
3. I have to meet my sister-in-law today. ____________
4. The children painted the stage background. ____________
5. Dav likes to swim backstroke. ____________
6. They danced in the ballroom. ____________
ŝǯȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
8. Shital is a know-it-all. ____________
9. We saw the trains at the railroad. ____________
10. Do you like to play table tennis? ____________
11. The high school team won the game. ____________
12. The wind blew outside. ____________
Hello Grammar Book- 4 47
Note:
Collective nounsȱȱę¡ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
collective noun with other groups of people or things.
ȱȱȱ¢ȱǻdžǼȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǻʒǼȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱǻdžǼȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǻʒǼ
Collective nounsȱȱę¡ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
collective noun with other groups of people or things.
ȱȱȱ¢ȱǻdžǼȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǻʒǼȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱǻdžǼȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǻʒǼ
Collective nouns for people: ǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ
ěǰȱǯ
Collective nouns for things: bunch, pile, pack, heap, stack, packet, kit,
set, etc.
Collective nouns for animals: ǰȱ ǰȱ Ĵǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ Ěǰȱ
colony, etc.
F. Rewrite the following sentences, correcting mistakes.
1. A drove of sticks was broken by a child.
Řǯȱ ȱĚȱȱȱȱȱĴȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ
řǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱęȱ¢ȱ ǯȱ
4. We played base ball yesterday, so we were tired.
5. Her mother in law is quite friendly. They behave like friends.
Ŝǯȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ
7. Your shoe lace is untied. You might trip over it and fall.
Şǯȱ ȂȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱĴǯ
şǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱĚ ǵȱ
10. An army of dogs were chasing a terrorist.
11. A crew of elephants destroyed all our crops last night.
48 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Lesson SINGULAR NOUNS AND
8 PLURAL NOUNS
Two birdsȱȱĴȱȱȱǯȱ
A man is walking.
There are three desks in the room.
On the basis of number, a noun is divided into two parts: singular and
plural.
Singular nounsȱȱȱǯȱ ¡ǰȱA man is walking.
Plural nounsȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ¡ǰ Men are walking.
p
(more than one)
Hello Grammar Book- 4 49
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
I saw an owl. I saw three Ě .
[singular noun] [plural noun]
A cowȱȱ£ȱȱȱęǯȱȱȱ He has two oxen.
[singular noun] [plural noun]
There is a big tree. Three childrend are standing
[singular noun] [plural noun]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
50 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Assignment
A. Decide whether each underlined word is a singular or plural
noun. Then write singular or plural on the line.
1. There are no jobs here. ___________________________________
2. My family is leaving the country. __________________________
3. We’re going to stay with my grandparents for now. __________
4. Papa sent us a long email. _______________________________
5. He is meeting us at the bus station. ________________________
6. We’re waiting to get our citizenship cards. __________________
7. This trip is taking forever! _______________________________
8. It’s been weeks since I last saw you. _______________________
9. The pagesȱȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱǯȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
10. I miss the gym I used to go to. ____________________________
11. I had to sell my painting. _______________________________
12. The apartment is crowded. ______________________________
13. I kept my two rabbits. __________________________________
14. We bought some new pairs of shoes. _______________________
15. She received several greeting cards. _____________________
Singular nouns QDPH RQH SHUVRQ DQLPDO RU WKLQJ ([DPSOH a cat
Plural nouns QDPH PRUH WKDQ RQH SHUVRQ DQLPDO RU WKLQJ ([DPSOH WZR
FDWV
Hello Grammar Book- 4 51
Note:
Most plural nouns end in –s, --es, or –ves.
--s --es --ves
students heroes calves
teachers benches loaves
players ¡ knives
Add –es to the nouns ending in –o, --ch, --sh, --ss, orȱ¡ȱto form plural
nouns.
Singular nouns Plural nouns
zero zeroes
pass passes
bus buses
But, photo o photos radio o radios
Add –s to the nouns ending in –y Ğȱ ȱĴȱǻa, e, i, o, and
u) to form plural nouns.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
boy boys play plays
day days guy guys
ȱȱȱĴǻǼ—f or –fe into –ves to form a plural noun.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
wife wives wolf wolves
knife knives leaf leaves
B. Circle each noun. Write an S for each singular noun and a P for
each plural noun.
1. The trip to the mountains was fun. ____________________
2. The visitors came from around the world.________________
3. My friend collected rocks._________________
52 Hello Grammar Book- 4
4. The smallest stones were found by the stream. _____________
5. There were rare gems at the museum ___________________
6. The most valuable ones were displayed in cases. ____________
7. The guide said that rocks are made of minerals. ___________
C. Write the correct plural form of each noun in the parentheses.
ŗǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¡Ǽȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
bushes.
2. Many people from other (country) _________________ come to
Nepal to climb Mt. Everest.
3. They heard (volcano) ______________________ erupt.
4. The (city) ____________________ were buried under ash.
śǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǻǼȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęǯ
6. Shecaughtarabbitthatwashidinginthe(bush)_______________.
7. I asked the neighbor’s two (boy) _______________ to help me
milk the cow.
8. We enjoyed our Mathematics (class) ____________________.
9. Please feed the (baby) _________________________.
ŗŖǯȱ ȱȱȱǻ¡ǼȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱȱǷ
D. Find the plural form of the nouns in the parentheses. Circle your
answer.
1. The blue (sky) over the lowlands seem so vast and clear.
a. skys b. skyes c. skies
2. Tourists spent many (day) on our journey.
a. days b. dayes c. daies
3. Two (café) are going to be opened here.
a. caves b. cafés c. cafees
4. I have lived in several (city), but I prefer the village.
a. citys b. cityes c. cities
Hello Grammar Book- 4 53
5. Two (family) are about to be re-united in our village.
a. familys b. familis c. families
6. We watched many (sunset) over the beautiful hills.
ȱ ǯȱȱ ǯȱȱ ǯȱĴ
ŝǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǻǼȱȱȱĚȱȱ ǯȱ
a. cloths b. clothes c. clothses
Note:
ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
Singular Plural Singular Plural
tooth teeth foot feet
mouse mice child children
¡ ¡ businessman businessmen
woman women louse lice
Some nouns remain unchanged in the plural.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
deer deer dozen dozen
sheep sheep hundred hundred
Some nouns are always plural. ȱ ȱȱȱ
Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
E. Pick out the underlined nouns from the passage below and write
them in the correct column.
There was once a boy. He lived with his parents. He always used to
irritate people. One day, he went to a barber’s. He sat on the chair
against the mirror. The barber knew the nature of Raju. Raju told
the barber to shave his beard. The barber put a piece of cloth around
the shoulders of Deepu. Then, he applied shaving cream on Raju’s
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ Ğȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ
Raju shouted and asked the barber what he was waiting for. The
54 Hello Grammar Book- 4
barber smiled and replied that he was waiting for his beard to grow.
Singular nouns Plural nouns
F. Fill in the blanks by choosing the best option from the parentheses.
1. Our dog chased a _________________. (goose / geese)
2. Do you want to buy _______________? (a pant / pants)
řǯȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏǯȱǻ¡ȱȦȱ¡Ǽ
4. He bought two __________.
(sheep / sheeps)
5. I saw a _____________. (thief
/ thieve)
6. There are two ___________.
(ladys / ladies)
7. ___________ are useful tools.
ǻ ¡ȱȦ ¡Ǽ
Şǯȱȱ ȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱȱ£ǯȱǻĴȱȦȱĴǼ
G. Write the plural forms of these nouns.
1. parrot ______________ 2. monkey ___________________
ȱ řǯȱěȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱŚǯȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
5. roof _______________ 6. hoof ______________________
Hello Grammar Book- 4 55
Lesson
9 POSSESSIVE NOUNS
The dog’s eyes are very shiny.
The girl’s bag is heavy.
The kite’s ȱȱĴ¢ȱǯ
The red-coloured words show what an animal, persons and thing own or
possess. So these nouns are called possessive nouns.
The dog’s eyes oooȱ ¢ȱȱȱ
The girls’ bags oooȱ ȱȱȱ
The kite’s tail oooȱ ȱȱȱ
56 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Note:
You must form possessive nouns by adding an apostrophe (‘) and
(–s).
ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȮ‘s
leaf – leaf’s book – book’s
When a name ends in –s, we usually treat it like any other singular
noun, and add –‘s.
This is Charles’s car.
But it is possible to just add the apostrophe –‘, especially with older,
classical names.
Who has James’ car?
Possessive nouns answer the question:
whose?
Suraj’s car.
Chandra’s car.
Teachers’ car.
Nribesh’s car.
Nribesh’s car is very expensive.
pp
(whose?) (object) oo (The car belongs to Nribesh.)
Hello Grammar Book- 4 57
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
The cow’s tail is long. Three boys’ ball is new.
[singular possessive noun] [plural possessive noun]
The man’s house is very big. Two girls’ hair is long.
[singular possessive noun] [plural possessive noun]
The doctor’s ȱȱǯȱȱ The trees’ȱȱȱǯ
[singular possessive noun] [plural possessive noun]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
58 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Assignment
A. Write the possessive form of each underlined singular noun.
1. Tirtha books are very funny to read.
Example: Tirtha’s
2. This is the library book, so please return it. _________________
3. People rang the churchȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱęǯȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
4. The inventor fame spread throughout the nation. ___________
5. Have you seen Charels sunglasses? _______________________
6. I think my father is one of Nepal best-know citizens. _________
7. This old magazine pages are torn. _________________________
8. Mydoctorȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǯȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
9. The key was tied to the kite long string. ______________________
10. TheȱĴ¢ power is running low. _________________________
B. Rewrite each phrase, using a possessive noun.
1. the aim of the boy: ______________________________________
2. the water of the campers: ________________________________
3. the leaves of the trees: ___________________________________
4. the nest of the birds: _____________________________________
5. the coat belonging to my grandfather: _____________________
6. the backpack of my daughter: ____________________________
7. the dog of the girls: _____________________________________
8. the house of the driver: __________________________________
C. Rewrite each sentence, using the possessive form of the noun in
the parentheses ( ).
1. My _______________________ belt is red and blue. (cousin)
Hello Grammar Book- 4 59
2. The ________________camping trip is a great success. (family)
3. Aunt Rekha takes _______________ boots to the shed. (Diwas)
4. The ______________________ camp is down the hill. (lady)
5. The __________ concern is that the bridge is not safe. (engineer)
6. The _____________________ intention is not good. (directors)
Note:
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȮsǰȱȱȮ‘s
women – women’sȱȱ ¡ȱȮȱ¡’s
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȮsǰȱȱȮ ‘
students – students’ classes – classes’
ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ Ğǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
questions that follow.
(1) Last summer, my
Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
orchard to pick apples. (2)
The orchid’s owners gave
us baskets and showed us
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ
(3) The apples’ scent was
sweet. (4) On each tree’s
trunk there was a ladder.
ǻśǼȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
climbed up the ladders’
rugs until we were hidden
in the trees’ leaves. (6) We
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯ
60 Hello Grammar Book- 4
1. Which word in Sentence 2 is a singular possessive noun?
A. orchard’s B. owners C. baskets
Řǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱ
noun?
A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 2 C. Sentence 5
3. Which form of the word apple is NOT in the passage?
A. singular B .s ingularp ossessive C .p lural
4. Which describes the word ladders’ in Sentence 5?
A. singular noun B. plural noun C. p. possessive noun
śǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱ
plural noun?
A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 2 C. Sentence 3
6. Which describes the word ‘baskets’ in Sentence 6?
A. singularn oun B .s .p ossessiven oun C .p luraln oun
E. Choose the correct plural possessive form to complete each
sentence.
1. These ______________________inventions were praiseworthy!
a. people b. peop
c. peoples’ d. people’s
Řǯȱ Ȭ ȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱĞȱȱ ȱ ǯ
a. inventors b. inventor’s
c. inventors’ d. inventor’
řǯȱ ȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏěȱȱȱȱ ȱ
a. worker b. workers’
c. workers d. worker’s
Hello Grammar Book- 4 61
Śǯȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱ£ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
a. childs’ b. children
c. children’s d. childrens
śǯȱ ȱȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱȱ ȱ
a. books b. book
c. book’s d. book
6. The _____________________ purposes must be made clearer.
ǯȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¡Ȃ
ȱ ǯȱ¡Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¡Ȃ
F. Write the plural possessive form of coloured noun.
1. Those ¡ purpose was to teach us more about
electricity._____________________
Řǯȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
people houses._________________________
3. The mayor honoured theȱęęȱheroism. ____________
4. Electrical chargesȱěȱȱȱǯȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
5. Pasang Lama won several countries respect. _____________
6. The church bells ringing woke me. ______________________
7. Most limes skin is green, but one kind of lime is yellow.________
8. The children book was very interesting. ____________________
9. That is the workers canteen. ________________________
62 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Lesson COUNTABLE AND
10 UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
How many dogs do you see?
ȱȱęȱdogs.
How much sand do you see?
ȱȱȱĴ sand.
How many soldiers are
there?
There are three soldiers.
Countable nouns can be counted like one dog, two dogs, three dogs, etc. It
answers the question: how many? Examples: cat, book, pen, boy, hat, stick, etc.
Uncountable nouns cannot be counted like one sand, two sands, three sands,
etc. It answers the question: how much? Examples: ghee, juice, meat, sand,
water, etc.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 63
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
There are two books. There is some milk.
[countable noun] [uncountable noun]
Three stars are visible tonight. Which animal will eat this grass?
[countable noun] [uncountable noun]
ȱȱ ȱmarbles. I need someȱĚ to make bread.
[countable noun] [uncountable noun]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
64 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Assignment
A. Identify and underline nouns in the following sentences. Then
write whether they are countable or uncountable on the lines
ǯȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ
1. He is travelling far in search of peace. uncountable
2. That picture is truly beautiful. _________________
3. Noise is harmful. __________________
4. There is hardly any light in this street. _________________
5. We must praise her courage shown in a war._______________
6. This well contains very dirty water. _________________
7. How much rice do you want to eat today? _______________
8. Can you fetch an apple from the fridge? _______________
9. Let’s be careful about typhoid. __________________
B. Rewrite the following sentences changing singular nouns into
plural nouns and plural nouns into singular nouns.
1. Can you send a cat to me?
2. Who wrote those novels?
3. I love to watch English movies.
4. My friends do not want to go abroad.
5. They have determined to win the match.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 65
Note:
Uncountable nouns can also be changed into countable nouns
ě¢ǯȱ
milk – a glass/cup of milk soap – a bar/piece of soap
hair – a strand of hair grass – a blade of grass
news – an item of news advice – a piece of advice
Countable nouns are followed by both singular and plural verbs.
A book has been covered. (singular verb)
Two books have been covered. (plural verb)
Uncountable nouns are always followed by singular verbs.
Some water has been wasted. (singular verb)
C. Change the following uncountable nouns into countable nouns
¢ȱȱěȱǯ
1. yogurt ___________________
2. rice ___________________
3. information ___________________
4. sugar ___________________
5. water ___________________
6. furniture ___________________
ŝǯȱ Ȧěȱȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
8. news ___________________
D. Choose the correct forms of verbs that agree with the nouns in the
following sentences.
1. A dictionary ____________ (is / are) very useful in our everyday
life.
2. Honey ________________ (come / comes) from bees.
řǯȱ ĴȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱǻȱȦǼȱȱȱǯȱ
66 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Śǯȱ ȱ¡ȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱǻȱȦȱǼȱęȱȱǯȱ
5. Two sacks of rice _________ (am / are) mine.
6. His hard work ____________ (have / has) to be admired.
ŝǯȱ ȱĚ ȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱǻȱȦȱǼȱȱȱǯ
8. Her paintings _____________ (cost / costs) a lot.
Note:
ȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱDZȱ
Countable nouns Uncountable nouns
Go with a, an, the, my, etc. in the Do not go with a, an, two,
singular. etc.
¡: She bought an umbrella. ¡: She drinks orange
juice.
Can be used alone or with some, Can be used alone or with
any, many, few, several, etc. in ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ Ĵǰȱ ǰȱ
the plural. my, etc.
¡DZ I love (some) carrots. ¡DZ Remember to buy
(some) bread.
¡DZȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ěǰȱ
etc.
ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ
¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱȱ ȱ
a no many any a ot f l o
1. Pass me _____________ salt please.
2. There are ______________ players
in our locality.
3. Can you send me _____________
pen with Anu?
4. There is ____________ rice in the
sack.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 67
5. How _____________ cooking oil must I buy?
6. Where have _____________ the chocolates gone?
ŝǯȱ Ğȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱ ȱ ȱ
rescue.
8. I have to pay __________ rupees more to the shopkeeper.
şǯȱ Ȃȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱ¢ȱĞǯ
10. Has he done _________ work at all since he arrived?
Note:
Proper nouns, material nouns and abstract nouns are uncountable.
Proper noun Material noun Abstract noun
Rosy copper kindness
Kunal wood information
Biny Thapa cement ěȱ
Bidushi gold love
F. Rewrite the following sentences by correcting the errors related
to the nouns.
1. Mrs. Ghimire’s classes are always full of laughters.
2. We have become rich by selling our golds.
3. She gave me a marbles.
Śǯȱ ȱȱĴȱȱǯ
5. Complete your homeworks.
6. Give me informations on the project.
7. I have to buy a cement.
Şǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴǯȱ
9. Nature is a source of happinesses.
G. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
ǻŗǼȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱĴȱĞȱȱǯȱǻŘǼȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ
68 Hello Grammar Book- 4
had fun at your grandparents’ during your vacation. (3) You
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
Nepalese festivals. (4) Nepal is a land of diverse cultures and
religions. (5) My favourite festival is Holi, which is a festival of
colour, joy and friendship.
ŗǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǵ
A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 2 C. Sentence 4
Řǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǵ
A. Sentence 3 B. Sentence 4 C. Sentence 5
H. Pick the word and write in the correct column.
page oil ghee cement
sugar
water book diary
pen milk
Countable noun Uncountable noun
Hello Grammar Book- 4 69
Verb + at UNIT REVIEW: NOUNS 30
Name: _____________________ Date: ______________
A. Identify and underline nouns in the following sentences. 1 =
(5 × 1 =
1. Denmark is located in Europe.
2. My wife is very intelligent.
3. My husband is very hard-working.
4. He is a British soldier.
5. She has a big noticeboard at home.
B. Identify the class or type of the following nouns. (Proper
noun, Common noun, Collective Noun, Possessive noun and
Compound Noun) (5 × 1 = 5)
1. a pride of lions, a bouquet of roses _____________
2. school, boy, student _____________
3. Ram’s, John’s, students’ _____________
4. Finland, Nepal, Japan _____________
5. noticeboard, laptop, keyboard ______________
C. Rewrite the following phrases by using the apostrophe.
(5 ×
ŗǯȱ ȱĚȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
2. the mineral resources of Nepal: _____________
3. the image of my son-in-law: ______________
4. the tail of a dog: _____________
5. the glory of Nepal: _____________
70 Hello Grammar Book- 4
D. Identify the circled nouns as Countable or Uncountable nouns
(5 × 1 = 5)
1. A bag has been washed.
2. We gained a lot of information on robots.
3. Who will sing a Maithili song?
4. There are manyȱęȱin the pond.
5. I drink a glass of milk every morning.
E. Change the following boldfaced nouns into plural nouns. (4X1=4)
1. Drishya gave long speech on Parent’s Day.
2. Rajendra and I are looking for a deer.
3. Shreeyukta sent me her photo.
4. We bought a radio in the market.
F. Solve the puzzle with the help of the given clues. (6X1=1)
2. 4.
1.
3.
v
5. e
6
Across: 5. Plural of thief 6. Plural of goose
Down: 1. Plural of photo 2. Plural of tooth
3. Plural of wife 4. calf
GOOD LUCK!
Hello Grammar Book- 4 71
UNIT - 3
Lesson ACTION VERBS AND
11 STATE VERBS
A car speeds down the road.
The wind is blowing.
The red-coloured words above tell what the subjects do, did or doing.
ACTION VERBS:ȱ ¢ǰȱǰȱǰȱǰȱǰȱęǰȱǰȱǰȱ ǰȱǯ
A car speeds down the road.
p p
Subject: A subject does an This action verb tells
action. what the car does.
He looks sad today.
This verb tells what the boy’s situation
is. It does not tell what action he does.
72 Hello Grammar Book- 4
The tree is dead.
The red-coloured words are state verbs. A state verb tells what or who
the subject is or the situation of the verb is.
STATE VERBS:
seem, taste, is, am, are,
appear, was, were, etc.
A boy looks very sad. This verb ‘looks’ does not
p p tell what the boy does.
This tells how he is from
(subject) (state verb) others’ point of view.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 73
Assignment
A. Identify and circle action verbs in the following sentences.
1. The athletes ran very fast.
2. He pauses near the ribbon of highway.
3. A car speeds down the
road.
4. The passengers look out
the window.
5. The audiences stare at the
roadrunners.
6. The aeroplane has just
ȱěǯȱ
7. A lizard jumps into a hole to save its life.
Şǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱěǯȱȱ
B. Pick out action verbs and state verbs from the following sentences
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ
Action State
1. The snake stretches out along the rocks.
2. His goat is very big and strong.
3. He swishes his long tail.
Śǯȱ ȱȱȱĞȱ ȱǯȱ
5. My aunt appears to be disappointed.
6. This soup tastes very delicious.
C. Rewrite each sentence. Use a verb (action / state) to complete each
one.
1. She ________________________ through the park.
74 Hello Grammar Book- 4
2. My school day _____________________ at 8:30 in the morning.
3. The large dog ____________________ very sick.
4. I ___________ the head of my family.
5. The family __________________ three children.
6. My father ___________happy due to his promotion.
7. Do you _________________ elderly people?
8. This curry _____________ very tasty.
Note:
ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱǯȱ
Jeevika jumps onto a horse. (present tense)
Samyami visitedȱȱ ěȱ ȱ¢¢. (past tense)
Jamuna will cook dinner tomorrow. (future tense)
Arjun is very healthy. (present tense)
Pasang seemed excited last week. (past tense)
D. Read the following sentences, and write which tense they indicate.
1. The supermarket is close to our house. ____________
2. We won the match very easily. ____________
řǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱęǯȱȱȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
4. Rajeev washed his own car in the garage. ____________
śǯȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱĚ¢ȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ ǯȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
6. Sanjay drives the car. ____________
7. Lakpa was unaware of this plan. ____________
Hello Grammar Book- 4 75
Note:
Action verbs and state verbs must agree with the subject in the
present tense.
Plural subjects Action + State verbs a meal.
They/We/I happy.
cook (base verb)
look/seem/appear (base)
Add –s/es to most verbs if the subject is singular in the present tense.
Singular subjects Action + State verbs very high.
all night.
He jumps me.
It barks disturbed.
She pushes
Rajan seems / appears
ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯȱ
E. Make sensible sentences by using all of the action verbs you can
see in the Pictionary below.
76 Hello Grammar Book- 4
ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
correct subject-verb agreement.
1. a. The leopard comes
down from the
mountain.
b. She look at the
desert
c. The cat run across
the road
d. The other animals
rushes out of his
way
2. a. The worm slide down the rocks.
b. She see the leopard.
c. The dog shakes his tail.
d. The rat make a hollow burrow.
G. Read the following story. Then identify and underline all the
ǯȱ Ğȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
I brought my brother to the hospital. He was very ill and I was
afraid he might die. I sat waiting for the doctor. When the doctor
came out, he called my father’s name. I told him everything. He was
very appreciative and he said that I also deserved my father’s name
due to my bravery. I was happy enough to hear that my brother
would live.
Action verbs State verbs
Hello Grammar Book- 4 77
Lesson
12 MODAL VERBS
1. The cock can Ě¢ȱȱȱ ǯ
2. The tiger canȱĴȱǯ
3. It might raint oday.
The red-coloured verbs above are modal verbs or modals. They are
a special group of verbs because they show certain meanings like
permission, ability, capacity, advice, possibility, etc.
The most frequently used modal verbs are:
can could may might
must
will would should
78 Hello Grammar Book- 4
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
This tank can contain 50 litres May success be yours!
ȱǯ [wish]
[capacity]
You must reach school in time You should consult a dictionary.
[necessity] [advice]
ȱȱmight score a Would you like to prepare
goal today. bread? ǽěǾ
[weak probability]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 79
Assignment
A. Identify and underline modals or modal verbs in the following
sentences.
1. He should have helped me with my homework.
2. You could have done it by yourself.
3. We will solve our problem soon.
4. You ought to be punctual.
5. Nepal might win the SAFF championship in 2020.
6. Could you lend me Rs 500?
ŝǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱĴ¢ǯȱ
B. Insert appropriate verbs in the following to make them correct
sentences.
1. Hemant should now.
2. Rima must the piano twice a week.
3. Arjun ought to seriously to obtain an A+.
4. Bini might have us at the airport.
5. Rajendra can a log. He is very strong.
6. Devendra should elderly people.
Note:
Modal verbs cannot stand alone. They must be followed by a main
verb.
We should our relatives. (main verb is missing)
We should meet our relatives. (meet o main verb)
However, modal verbs can be used alone only in question tags.
We should meet our relatives, shouldn’t we?
Go home now, will you?
80 Hello Grammar Book- 4
ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱę¡ȱ
them.
1. Binisha should dancing on Teacher’s Day.
Řǯȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱǯȱ
3. Let’s play, shall?
Śǯȱ ȱȱȱȱęǯ
śǯȱ ȱ ȱĴȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ
we?
6. You may out of the classroom.
7. You must not any songs.
8. Who can faster than a cheetah?
Note:
To ask for or grant permission, use may, can or could.
May I come in, Ma’am? (formal situation)
Can I use the pen? (informal, friendly situation)
Could I open the window? (very polite)
To show ability, use can or could.
I canȱĞȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱcouldȱȱȱǯȱ
To give advice or suggestions, use should or ought to.
Jitendra should join the tuition class.
You ought to Ĵȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯȱ
To show possibility, use may, might or could.
Aslesha may top the board examination. (strong)
Rama might pass the driving test. (weak)
Sachin could win the race. (very weak)
ȱ¡ȱwish and necessity, use may and must respectively.
May you be healthy! ǻȁ ¢ȂȱȱȱȱęǼ
He must save some money.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 81
ǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ¡ȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ǯ
1. Kriti ought to practise speaking English. suggestion
2. She may volunteer at the homeless shelter. ___________
3. The workers can push all of those stones. ___________
Śǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
5. Krsti may be declared Miss Nepal 2020. ___________
Ŝǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱ ǯȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
7. May your dreams come true! ____________
8. He should see a doctor. ____________
9. You may enter the hall for half an hour. ____________
ŗŖǯȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱęǯȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
E. Choose correct modals to complete the following sentences.
1. ________ you win the drawing competition! (May / Might)
2. Your leg has sprained. You _____________ see a doctor. (may /
must)
řǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ
¡ǯȱǻ¢ȱȦǼ
4. These dogs can speak. We ____________ love them. (might /
ought to)
5. They are seniors to us. We _____________ be polite. (must /
should)
F. Fill in the blanks using correct modals according to the directions
given in the parentheses.
1. You ______ use my laptop to send an email. (informal permission)
2. ____________ you get a visa to travel to South Africa! (wish)
3. Our team is losing. We __________ play well. (necessity)
4. Buy a ticket. The bus conductor _________ humiliate you.
(strong possibility)
82 Hello Grammar Book- 4
5. You ____________ to obey your teachers all the time. (suggestion)
6. ___________ ask you a few questions? (formal)
7. Somya ____________ run faster than other girls. (ability)
G. Look at the pictures below and make sentences using modal
verbs.
1. ___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
2. ___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
3. ___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
Hello Grammar Book- 4 83
Lesson
13 IRREGULAR VERBS
Apsara and Anu draw a picture now.
p
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
You can use the symbol (V1).
Dip drew a picture yesterday.
p
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
You can use the symbol (V2).
Apsara and Dip have drawn pictures.
p
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
verb. You can use the symbol (V3).
The red-coloured words are irregular verbsȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȮȦȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ěȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ
simple past tense, we use the past tense of the verb. So you must learn
three major forms of irregular verbs: V1 - V2-V3.
84 Hello Grammar Book- 4
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
The planes Ě¢ every day.
[base form –V1]
The plane Ě yesterday
[past form- V2]
The planes have already Ě ǯ
[past participle – V3]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 85
V1 (base) V2 V3 (past +
(present) (past) present)
Generally, you must bite bit Ĵ
use a base form (V1) in catch caught caught
the present tense. choose chose chosen
do did done
You must use a past eat ate eaten
form (V2) in the past see saw seen
tense. ę fought fought
Ě¢ Ě Ě
You can use a past go went gone
participle form (V3) grow grew grown
in all the three tenses: draw drew drawn
past, present and hide hid hidden
future. know knew known
write wrote Ĵ
run ran run
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
stand stood stood
drink drank drunk/drunken
lose lost lost
Assignment
A. Write the correct past-tense form of the boldfaced verb on the lines
provided.
1. The snow begin ____________________ to fall.
2. The sunlight make ____________________ the snow and ice
Ĵǯ
3. An icicle breakȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱěȱȱǯ
4. I ę ___________________ apples lying on the ground.
86 Hello Grammar Book- 4
śǯȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ come __________________ earlier than usual
this year.
6. We go _______________________ Nagarkot for two nights.
ŝǯȱ ħȱȱ ȱdo _________________ leaps, twists, and turns on
the ice.
8. He Ě¢ ______________________ through the air and landed
safely on the blades of his skates.
9. Nina draw ____________________ a picture of the frozen pond.
10. While hiking, we see _______________________ a big bear.
B. Rewrite each sentence and the verb choices in parentheses. Tick
ǻdžȱǼȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯ
1. Riddima has (did, done) many drawings and photographs of
the park in winter.
2. She had (make, made) a beautiful house near the lake.
3. For the past four years, her parents have (given, gave) her a
photo album each year for her birthday.
Śǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻǰȱ ĴǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
the albums.
5. Today, I nearly (frozen, froze) due to cold.
6. Bina has already (sang, sung) more than twenty songs.
ŝǯȱ ȱȱǻ¢ǰȱǼȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱ
out of her bag.
Şǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱĞǰȱȱȱȱǻǰȱǼȱȱ
the sun.
9. Before she went home, Mancy had (taken, took) more than 40
pictures.
10. Rejish is absent from school as he has (fall, fallen) ill.
C. Rewrite each sentence. Use the correct past tense form of the verbs
given in the parentheses ( ).
1. Our forefathers ___ the huge bones belonged to giants. (think)
Hello Grammar Book- 4 87
2. They ____________________ wrong. (be)
řǯȱ ȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱȱȱȱǯȱǻęǼ
4. No student ____________ the answers to that question. (know)
5. While playing volleyball, he _______________his hand. (break)
Note:
Compare the irregular verbs and the regular verbs.
Irregular verbs Regular verbs
Ě¢ȱoȱĚ ȱoȱĚ jump o jumped o jumped
eat o ate o eaten spoil o spoilt o spoilt (UK)
spoil o spoiled o spoiled (US)
Some irregular verbs have special spellings when used with the
helping verbs has, have or had.
Past tense of ‘be’ is ‘was’.
Dipsa was a good student.
(past form – V2)
But with has, have or had, the past tense of be is
‘been’.
She has been sad. HAS / HAVE /
I have been sad. HAD + V3
They had been sad.
D. Rewrite each sentence with the correct form of the underlined
ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȯ
the past tense form (V2) or the past with the helping verb (have,
has or had + V3).
1. I go outside an hour ago.
_______________________________________________________
2. It has grow colder since we have been outside.
88 Hello Grammar Book- 4
_______________________________________________________
3. I know it was a good idea to carry an umbrella.
_______________________________________________________
4. All of the fallen leaves have hide the roots of the trees.
_______________________________________________________
5. The path lead us straight to the forest.
_______________________________________________________
6. I always keep my hands in my pockets to warm them.
_______________________________________________________
7. I had choose many books to buy.
_______________________________________________________
8. The farmers have harvest their crops.
_______________________________________________________
E. Rewrite the character sketch below in your notebook. Be sure to
correct any mistakes in the use of irregular verbs.
Margaret
Margaret get up early this morning. She bring her camera to the pond.
ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱĚ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
photographer. By the age of 15, she had win three photography awards.
Now 30 years old, she has write a guide for beginning photographers.
She has make photography her life’s work.
ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
sentence on the lines below.
1. All day long, the snow had fall.
_______________________________________________________
Řǯȱ Ğȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǯ
Hello Grammar Book- 4 89
_______________________________________________________
řǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ěȱȱȱǯ
_______________________________________________________
4. Kamlesh throw a snowball into the pond.
_______________________________________________________
śǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱĚ ȱȱ¢ȱǯ
_______________________________________________________
G. Look at the pictures and make two sentences using a past form of
a verb (v2) and a past participle form of a verb (v3).
90 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Lesson PAST, PRESENT AND
14 FUTURE TENSE VERBS
Anil was sad two days ago.
p
ȱȱȱǻ ŘǼȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǯ
Dipak delivers Republica every day.
p
ȱȱȱǻ ŗȦȱȱǼȱ
shows that an action takes place
every day.
We will go to the moon one day.
p
ȱȱȱǻ ȱƸȱŗǼȱ ȱ
that an action is going to happen.
ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
action or state expressed by the verb.
Hello Grammar Book- 4 91
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
The child played cricket
yesterday.
[past tense]
The boy colours pictures.
[present tense]
We will visit ȱ ěȱ ȱǯ
[future tense]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
92 Hello Grammar Book- 4
Note:
The simple past tense shows the completion of an action in the
past.
We joined this school in April. (v2)
The simple past tense shows some past habit. (v2)
I usually watched English movies.
Past actions
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ
………………………… Now …………………………
Forms of verbs
Base form Past form Base form Past form
(V1) (V2) (V1) (V2)
act acted invite invited
beat beat jump jumped
catch caught know knew
do did like liked
eat ate meet met
ę fought open opened
go went pick picked
have had quit quit
Assignment
A. Write the past form of the verbs given in the parentheses.
1. We __________________ mom’s birthday in January. (celebrate)
2. People _____________ greeting cards to one another. (send)
3. The students in our school ___________ about Bhanubhakta
Acharya. (learn)
Hello Grammar Book- 4 93
4. Two young girls ____________ the program. (host)
5. Jay ___________ the lead in the show. (play)
6. He ____________ a small stone at me. (throw)
ŝǯȱȱ ȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱ ȱĴȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǯȱǻ Ǽ
Şǯȱȱ
ȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱȱ ȱ Ĵ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱǻǼ
9. Our teacher, Mrs. Clark, _________________ us good luck
before the play started. (wish)
10. We all ___________________ our best to make the show a
success. (try)
B. Complete the short biography given below by writing the past
form of the given verbs in the parentheses.
Siddhartha Gautam ...................... (be) born in Nepal. He was
born before 564 BC on Baisakh Purnima. From his childhood, he
............. (be) very serious and thoughtful. His father Suddhodhan
........................ (manage) all comforts for him. However, Siddhartha
ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ Ğȱ ȱ
meditation, he .................... (get) spiritual knowledge. Sarnath is
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ
time. He ........................ (found) Buddhism. At the age of eighty, he
................. (die) on the full moon day of Nepali month, Baisakh.
Baisakh Purnima is celebrated as Buddha Jayanti.
The trees give oxygen. ȱĞȱreads magazines.
94 Hello Grammar Book- 4
The boy paints pictures. Exercises keep us healthy.
Note:
The red-coloured verbs are in the simple present tense.
The simple present tense is used to talk about facts, habits, duties
and general truths.
Add ȮȱȱȮȱto the base form of verbs in the simple present tense if
the subject is singular.
He eats potatoes.
Do not add ȮȱȱȮȱto the base form of verbs in the simple present
tense if the subject is plural or I or you.
They eat potatoes.
ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧ ȱȱǯȱȱ Ȧ ȱȱ.
Past actions Future actions
.................................................. now ..................................................
He dances now.
I write a poem.
We draw pictures.
Base form (V1) V5 (-s/es/ies) Base form (V1) V5 (-s/es/ies)
drink drinks fry fries
go goes see sees
want wants open opens
Hello Grammar Book- 4 95
C. Underline base forms of verbs (v1) or (v5) in each sentence.
1. The teachers assign a project about global warming.
_______________________________________________________
2. The students work in
groups.
________________________
3. All of the classes go to the
library.
________________________
Śǯȱ ȱȱ ȱęȱȱ
about Tenzing Norgay.
_______________________________________________________
5. Hema sits on the ground because of tiredness.
_______________________________________________________
6. The librarians show us the latest books and magazines.
_______________________________________________________
7. Juan and Patricia give an oral report.
_______________________________________________________
Şǯȱ ȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱǯ
_______________________________________________________
D. Circle the correct form of the verb in each sentence below.
1. Ms. Shivani’s children (go, goesǼȱȱȱęȱȱ¢ǯ
2. The students (visit, visits) Patan Durbar Square once a week.
3. The class 9 students (hurry, hurries) to the buses at 3:00 A.M.
4. The buses (reach, reaches) Thankot at 1:00 A.M.
5. Tour guides (show, showsǼȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ
design.
96 Hello Grammar Book- 4
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