Hello-Grammar-Book-7

Hello
Hello





Grammar
Grammar











Grade 7






























Approved by the
Curriculum Development Centre,
Ministry of Education, Sano Thimi

Kantipur Education Development Council
Dhumbarahi, Chakrapath, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: 2151710 TABlE of ConTEnTs
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.kedcnepal.com


© Kantipur Education Development Council 2058
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this book may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
system, except as may be expressly permitted in writing by the publisher.


Distributor: KEDC
Printed in Nepal

Written by:
Amar Bahadur Sherma (M.A.) English


Advisor:
Dave Mapalad (M.Ed) TESOL
Subadra Shresta


Editor:
Jerell Morales-Shrestha (M.Ed.) Education Management

Layout Artist:
Hazel Joy Malagonio



About the Book


The revised Hello Grammar is written exactly how teachers and students
should use grammar. During the first phases of a new unit or lesson when the
students are trying to grasp an initial understanding of the form and meaning
of a structure, clear and precise explanations are crucial; therefore, this book
is designed for that purpose. It uses a grammar-based approach integrated
with easy-to-understand explanations with a variety of exercises. The book is
practical and very useful for teachers, as it also includes separate classwork
and homework exercises. We hope that the book will help teachers and
students enjoy learning the English Grammar.

TABlE of ConTEnTs





lEsson 1: sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Subject and Predicate
Sentences Fragments
Transformation of Sentences
lEsson 2: Determiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
lEsson 3: nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Abstract, Collective,

Compound and Appositive
lEsson 4: Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
lEsson 5 : Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
lEsson 6: Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
REVIEW: lEsson onE To sIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63


lEsson 7: Idiomatic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
lEsson 8: Homophones and Homographs . . . . . . 76

lEsson 9: Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Personal, Reflexive and Emphatic, and
Relative
lEsson 10: Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
lEsson 11 : Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Types of Adverbs
Formation and Positions of Adverbs
lEsson 12: Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Types of Adjectives

Formation of Adjectives
Degrees of Adjectives

TABlE of ConTEnTs





lEsson 13: sentences [simple, Compound and
Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
REVIEW: lEsson sEVEn To THIRTEEn . . . . . 132

lEsson 14: Verbs: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs,
Main Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs, and

Subject-Verb Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
lEsson 15: Tenses [Past, Present and Future] . . . . 149
lEsson 16: speech [Direct and Indirect] . . . . . . . 160
lEsson 17: Voice [Active and Passive] . . . . . . . . . 168
lEsson 18: Transformation of sentences . . . . . . . 176
lEsson 19: Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
REVIEW: lEsson THIRTEEn To nInETEEn. . . 191


CoMPosITIon


lEsson 1: Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

lEsson 2: notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

lEsson 3: E-mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

lEsson 4 : Diary Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

lEsson 5 : Postcards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

lEsson 6 : short story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
lEsson 7: Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

lEsson 8: Essay Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

UNIT 1




Lesson 1: Sentences





1. Sudip is a grade 7 boy.
Are these
2. The story boring.
sentences or
3. Sudip 7 boy is grade a.
just a group of
4. The President speech.
words?
5. A group of girls sang a song.





2. and 4. are groups of meaningfully arranged words without verbs.

3. is a group of words with a verb but not arranged in a meaningful way.

But 1. and 5. are groups of arranged words with verbs which are
highlighted and they express complete sense without the help of any
other verbs. They are called sentences.

Sentences begin with a capital letter and words are arranged
meaningfully.

Sudip is a grade 7 boy.
Sudip 7 boy is grade a. [This is not a sentence]



Sentences end with different punctuation marks.
Aashish is a gentle man. [full stop]
Which team won the match? [question mark]
What a boring task it was! [exclamation mark]



A sentence always has a main verb in it and expresses complete thought.
Terisa eats green vegetables every day.






1 Hello Grammar 7

VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE







TYPES OF
SENTENCES





A teacher teaches students. What do teachers do?
[Assertive / Declarative Sentence] [Interrogative Sentence]
















Kindly teach them. What a versatile teacher!
[Imperative Sentence] [Exclamatory Sentence]




Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.



ASSIGNMENT

A. Write ‘G’ for a group of words and ‘S’ for sentences.
1. Binit spoke rudely to me last week. __________
2. The longest bridge in the world __________

3. Go to bed. __________
4. Doren smiled at us. __________
5. Hurrah! We won the match. __________
6. A book with many illustrations __________

7. When is he returning to Nepal? __________



2 Hello Grammar 7

B. Rewrite the following, arranging them in a meaningful way.

1. Sanjit on the table put a knife.
___________________________________________________________
2. How she naughty is!
___________________________________________________________

3. have I for long a time been taking rest.
___________________________________________________________
4. you are how old?
____________________________________________________________

5. How you dare so say me to!
___________________________________________________________

NOTES
There are four types of sentences.

It suggests a statement or assurance.
It can be either positive or negative.
It always ends with a full stop. A DECLARATIVE
positive statement expresses truth. SENTENCE
A negative statement expresses refusal.
Example: Subrat has an ox.


It enquires or asks something.
It always ends with a question mark. ?
INTERROGATIVE
It can be Wh-questions, or Yes/no
SENTENCE
questions and Questions tags.
Example: Do you want to play a game?


It denotes commands, orders, suggests,
requests, warnings, threats, advice,
thankfulness, etc.
It sometimes begins with a subject.
IMPERATIVE
Example: Let us go home.
It ends with a full stop. SENTENCE
Example: Take off your shoes.


It expresses anger, shock, surprise, etc.
EXCLAMATORY
It always ends with an exclamation mark. !
SENTENCE
Example: What a good job you have done!



3 Hello Grammar 7

ASSIGNMENT

A. Identify the sentences below as declarative or assertive,

interrogative, imperative or exclamatory sentences. Also, punctuate
the sentences appropriately.



Sentences without
punctuation marks Types of sentences


Aalok has to be careful

Tushar needs some medicine

What are you doing tonight

Let him go to the theatre


Do not run that way

Should we stay outside

The sun is cooling down

What amazing facts they are

Rupa sneezed frequently due to

common cold

Priya and I are good friends, aren’t we

Tenzing has been very stupid

Which is better, Bisheshta or Bini


Don’t show off here

Our manners reflect who we are

An industrious barrister was murdered
last night







4 Hello Grammar 7

NOTES


Changing Declarative Sentences with auxiliary verbs into Negative
Sentences:


Anita is a helpful lady. [positive]
[is, am, are, was,
Anita is not a helpful lady. [negative]
were, do, does,
Ankur was admitted to college. [positive]
has, have, had, will,
Ankur was not admitted to college. [negative]
shall, can, could,
She had killed a pig. [positive]
may, might, must,
She had not killed a pig. [negative]
need, should, etc.]
He would buy a car. [positive]
+ not
He wouldn’t buy a car. [negative]


Auxiliary verbs are used to form the tenses and voices of other verbs.


Changing Positive Sentences without auxiliary verbs into Negative
Sentences:


He left his family. [positive / affirmative]
He didn’t leave his family. [negative] [v , v and v ] Ö don’t,
1
2
5
Srijana played a trick. [positive] doesn’t and didn’t + v1
Srijana didn’t play a trick. [negative]



B. Rewrite the following negative sentences as affirmative sentences.

1. Sahil didn’t slap a boy.
____________________________________________________________

2. She shan’t abide by all rules and regulations.

____________________________________________________________

3. I didn’t allow everyone use my bike.
____________________________________________________________






5 Hello Grammar 7

4. The train hasn’t passed through a tunnel.

____________________________________________________________
5. My brother didn’t inform me about the case.

____________________________________________________________

6. Sarita doesn’t eat meat.

____________________________________________________________
7. We didn’t drink plenty of wine.

____________________________________________________________

8. Preety met her old friend while shopping in a supermarket.

____________________________________________________________



NOTES



Who has written this essay?
Wh-questions begin with Wh-
(verb)
words like who, what, when,
Who sweeps the floor?
whose, how, etc.
(verb)

In a Wh-question, the Wh-word Which book are you going to buy?
is usually followed by verbs but (noun)
nouns and pronouns sometimes. Which of you is sad?
(pronoun)



Yes/no questions begin with an
Has the essay been written?
auxiliary verb like has, does, are,
etc. And they are answerable by
yes or no. Is the floor swept?


Auxiliary verbs are followed by Are you a patient?
the subject of the sentence.






6 Hello Grammar 7

A. Turn each statement into a question in your notebook. Use the word

in parenthesis as the first word.
1. My favourite game is cricket. [What]
2. We went to Afghanistan two years ago. [When]
3. I want to go to Australia. [Where]

4. Dipa has been ploughing the field. [Why]
5. Raj wants to join the British Army. [Does]
6. These roses are very beautiful. [Are]
7. Rima recorded her songs. [Did]

8. Her rabbits are lost. [Are]
9. Raj is in the Nepal Army. [Is]
10. These flowers are man-made. [Are]
11. Rima recorded her voice. [Did]

12. Her pet has dots on the body. [Does]

B. The following sentences have not been punctuated properly. There
is an error in each line against which a blank has been given. Write the
incorrect punctuation mark and the correction in your answer sheet

against the correct blank space. Remember to underline the
punctuations to be edited.
Error Correction

David jumped over the wall, e.g. comma (,) full stop (.)


dikshya ate unripe fruits. _____________ _____________

She wrote, edited and printed _____________ _____________

How far is your home. _____________ _____________

Wow you look gorgeous. _____________ _____________

Kick the ball, _____________ _____________

I was born on a Saturday? _____________ _____________

Please call me back? _____________ _____________


Wow. What a performance! _____________ _____________



7 Hello Grammar 7

C. Read the following paragraph which is not well edited. Then answer

the questions that follow.



[1] A couple of years ago my friend Jack gave me a poster as a
birthday present. [2] It’s an aerial photograph of a huge wave

breaking around a lighthouse during a terrible storm. [3] Standing

in the doorway of the lighthouse is a man. [4] This person must

be the lighthouse keeper, and the whole picture is very dramatic.
[5] I thought, ‘What should I do with the poster?’ [6] Finally, I put

the poster on my bathroom wall and I have looked at it almost

every day since Jack gave it to me? [7] One day a friend of mine

came to my house. [8] He said, ‘What a beautiful picture it is!’ [9]
He said to me, ‘Get me such poster?’




1. Which one of the following sentences is an interrogative sentence?


A. Sentence 4 B. Sentence 5 C. Sentence 6

2. Which one of the following is an imperative sentence?

A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 6 C. Sentence 9

3. Which one of the following sentences is not punctuated correctly?

A. Sentence 6 B. Sentence 7 C. Sentence 2


4. Which sentence has a conjunction?

A. Sentence 3 B. Sentence 4 C. Sentence 5

5. Which one of the following is an exclamatory sentence?


A. Sentence 3 B. Sentence 8 C. Sentence 9





8 Hello Grammar 7

NOTES



It is an excuse.
The actress is very arrogant. SENTENCES

He is a clever boy WITHOUT EMOTIONS
We have lost the match.


These groups of words are in a simple order. They end with a full stop.
They don’t show emotion.


We begin an exclamatory sentence with ‘What a….!’ if the predicate
contains an adjective and a noun and ‘How ……. !’ if the predicate

contains only an adjective.


In other cases, we use the emotive words like alas, hush, ouch, oh my God, etc.

Exclamatory sentences usually end with a mark of exclamation [!] and
have a different word order.


What an excuse it is!
How arrogant the actress is! SENTENCES
What a clever boy he is! WITH EMOTIONS
Alas! We have lost the match.



A. Rewrite the following sentences as exclamatory sentences changing
word order on the lines provided.

1. She has got a melodious voice. ________________________________

2. He is a brave boy. ___________________________________________

3. He is a hardworking boy _____________________________________

4. Our neighbours are very stupid. _______________________________

5. Her cousins are quite ambitious _______________________________

6. Ms Clinton is a politician. _____________________________________




9 Hello Grammar 7

NOTES

Imperative sentences suggest order, command, request, threat,
instruction, etc. Such ideas often depend upon the speaker’s tone.
You should go to work regularly. [advice / suggestion]
Kindly pass the newspaper to me. [request]

Open the fire. [command]
Speak English here. [instruction]
Return my money or I will kill you. [threat]


Imperative sentences usually begin with a main verb and end with a full
stop [.].

Question Tags are the shortest questions. They are placed at the end of
a statement.
A question tag separated by a [,] comma and is used to get a statement
confirmed.



If the statement is positive, the question tag is usually negative.
They are thieves, aren’t they?
If the statement is negative, the question tag is usually positive.
They are not mean, are they?
Negative question tags are made up of auxiliary verbs and pronouns.
isn’t it?, is he?, mustn’t he?, shouldn’t she?, won’t I?, shan’t he?,

haven’t they? etc.
Whether imperatives are negative or positive, we usually use ‘will you?’
Don’t spit here, will you?
Let us sing now, will you?
With sentences that begin with ‘Let’s….., we use ‘shall we?’

Let’s not fight with each other, shall we?
The auxiliary verb ‘am’ doesn’t have its negative form.
I am a student, aren’t I?
In case of the absence of auxiliary verbs in sentences, use ‘do, does or
did’ in the question tag.
Preety has a new scooter, doesn’t she?

Goma’s husband won the lottery, didn’t he?


10 Hello Grammar 7

B. Make imperative sentences beginning with the following main verbs.

Let: ________________________________________________________
Turn: _______________________________________________________
Shut: _______________________________________________________
Slam: _______________________________________________________

Dance: ______________________________________________________
Sprint: ______________________________________________________
Throw: ______________________________________________________
Go: _________________________________________________________



C. Add appropriate question tags to the following statements.

1. We shall go into the space, __________________________________?
2. I am a specialist, ________________________________?

3. They will organize a campaign, __________________________?
4. They repair the door, ______________________________?

5. Don’t chew gum here, __________________________?
6. She had some butter, ____________________?

7. Let us dance in the rain, ______________________?
8. Let’s help each other, _________________________?

9. They had not borrowed a book from him, ______________________?
10. We ought to help the victims, ____________________?



D. Rearrange the words in the following groups to make them
complete sentences.
1. is / she / hardworking / student / a / Budhanilkantha School / at.

2. how / I / can / decline / such / an / offer?
3. why / them / annoying / are / you ?
4. anybody / your / never / abuse / power / despite
5. on / carefully / instructions / the / read / the / bottle / written.

6. what / he / gave / a/ argument / convincing !
7. delivered / speech / motivational / she / a / what!




11 Hello Grammar 7

E. Rewrite the following sentences following the instructions given
in the parenthesis.

1. Jenny is a smart teacher. [exclamatory sentence]
2. We visited the White House last week. [negative sentence]
3. Sunil finished third in the chess competition. [yes/no question]
4. Reena tossed the coin. [wh-question]

5. Sahil hardly follows school rules. [affirmative]
6. Bipana had big eyes, _____________? [question tag]
7. Compose a poem. [request]
8. Patch up disputes. [advice]

9. Katrine doesn’t complain to us about anything. [affirmative]
10. Let us cook a meal, _________________? [question tag]


NOTES
A sentence has two parts: subject and predicate.

Nina cooked dinner for 45 guests.

Shanti danced with her friends.

Isika settled the matter skillfully.

The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about is
called the subject of the sentence. Subjects may include more than one
part of speech.

All the guests
Devika SUBJECTS

Our well-wishers


The part which tells something about the subject is called the predicate
of the sentence. Predicate may include more than one part of speech.

took the exam.

PREDICATES bought a bag.

prayed to God.





12 Hello Grammar 7

A. Add subjects to the following sentence fragments to form

complete sentences.
1. __________________________ are worried for their upcoming test.

2. ________________________ have been trying to climb Mt K2.
3. __________________________ usually go to temple.

4. ___________________________ killed a goat in the jungle.
5. _________________________________ is a burden.

6. __________________________ were killed by lions.
7. ___________________________ awarded by the honourable minister.

8. __________________________________ need to be helped.



B. Turn these sentence fragments into complete sentences by
adding a predicate to form complete sentences.

1. Many of European tourists ____________________________________
2. South Asians players ________________________________________

3. An email __________________________________________________
4. On a picnic ________________________________________________

5. The skins of animals ________________________________________
6. Employees in private offices __________________________________

7. My parents ________________________________________________
8 Our attitude _______________________________________________

9. Our counseling _____________________________________________
10. My uncle _________________________________________________

11. My behavior _______________________________________________
12. Her goal _________________________________________________



Classwork: The teacher should tell or read at least 10 sentences from a

storybook, magazine, newspaper or a textbook. Then students should
identify both subjects and predicates in each sentence.





13 Hello Grammar 7

NOTES

The subject of a sentence usually comes first, but occasionally it may
be placed after the predicate.
In the heart of the forest lived a saint.
Here comes Mr Gupta, the President of DELTA.


In an imperative sentence, the subject is always ‘you’. It is not stated
but implied.
Buy a ticket before you enter the hall. [You sit down and read a
magazine.]

In a Yes/no question, the subject is placed after an auxiliary or
modal verb.
Are you staying with us?


In a Wh-question, the subject is placed after a main verb.
What is Teesa doing after the annual examination?

C. Read the story below. Circle subjects and underline predicates in
the sentences.
It was a hot summer day. People were busy running around searching for
cooler pastures to escape the scorching heat. Those who could not and
were stuck with their office were returning home, all withered like a dried
plant. People returning home were trying to drive fast to reach home and
be in the cool comfort of their home. Among all these people was a blind
man. He was returning home from his monthly visit to the bank to collect
his pension.


His wife was at home. His son had worked hard at college and was now
studying to be a doctor. He wanted to help restore his father’s sight. The
blind man’s eyes welled with tears thinking about his son. Lost in his thoughts
he started crossing the busy road. Suddenly a loud screeching of brakes at
the right time and that had saved the old man. She rushed out of her car
and helped the old man get into her car. She apologized and took him to a
hospital. The doctors said that he was perfectly fine. The motorist went to
drop the old man at home. There she saw his wife and the photo of his son.
Only then did she realize that she had helped her best friend’s father.




14 Hello Grammar 7

NOTES
The following are the rules for transformation of sentences.


We usually use ‘do’ verbs [do, does, did] when the word ‘have’ is used as
a main verb.
Bisika has two buffaloes. [affirmative]
Bisika doesn’t have two buffaloes. [negative]
Samjhana had a carpet. [affirmative]
Samjhana did not have a carpet. [negative]


We usually use ‘do’ verbs when the forms of verbs are ‘have to’ or ‘used to’.
They have to show sincerity at work. [affirmative]
They don’t have to show sincerity at work. [negative]
They used to compose music. [affirmative]
They didn’t use to compose music. [negative]


We usually use ‘not’ after the first auxiliary verbs.
She may cut her finger. [affirmative]
She may not cut her finger. [negative]
Harry is delighted today. [affirmative]
Harry is not delighted today. [negative]


We usually introduce negative imperatives with ‘Don’t’ except for the
imperative sentence that begins with ‘Let…..’
Open the door. [affirmative]
Don’t open the door. [negative]
Let them sing the national anthem. [affirmative]
Let them not sing the national anthem. [negative]


A. Change the following positive sentences into negative ones.
1. It is bad to drive recklessly on the highways at night.

It is not bad to drive recklessly on the highways at night.

2. Sony and Biny have caring parents.
___________________________________________________________
3. We can see the stars which are far away from our planet.

___________________________________________________________




15 Hello Grammar 7

4. He topped the entrance exam of MBA.

___________________________________________________________
5. Ashim has bought a hotel.
___________________________________________________________

6. She is a professor. She goes to university to teach.
___________________________________________________________


B. Change the following imperatives into negative sentences.
1. Sing a song that you have learnt by heart.

2. Keep silent.
3. Let Rakshya buy a newspaper daily.
4. Let Harish chat to you on Facebook.
5. Let Sudip get his moustache shaved.

6. Kindly collect your belongings.
7. Wear a swimsuit.

NOTES

We generally change these words while transforming sentences.

some - any already - yet several - any
once - ever sometime - anytime some place - any place

too - either and so - and neither a lot of - many / much
just - lately someone - anyone somebody - anybody

somewhere - anywhere something - anything sometimes - ever

We have bought a cone of popcorns. [affirmative]
We haven’t bought a cone of popcorns. [negative]
There are a lot of books on the shelf. [affirmative]
There are not many books on the shelf. [negative]


Sometimes we can change a statement into negative without changing
meanings.
Someone loved us. [affirmative]
No one guided us. [negative]
All do hard work. [affirmative]
None do hard work. [negative]



16 Hello Grammar 7

Sometimes we can transform sentences changing the degree of
adjectives but not meanings.
The tea is as sweet as honey. [positive]
The tea is not sweeter than honey. [comparative]

Sometimes we can transform sentences changing the parts of speech
but not meanings.
The pupils showed arrogance to a teacher. [noun]
The pupils were arrogant. [adjective]



C. Change the underlined words into the parts of speech mentioned

in the parenthesis. Don’t change its meanings.
1. Mr Choudhary is ambitious enough to be successful. [noun]
Mr Choudhary is successful due to his ambition.

2. There is familiarity between these two friends. [adjective]
3. She is a disgrace to her school. [adjective]

4. The cost of this tablet is very high. [adjective]
5. William Wordsworth had a love for poetry. [verb]

6. We treat our guests in a kind way. [adverb]
7. Anshu likes painting at her leisure. [noun]



D. Identify and strike out an error in the following. Then, correct

the following sentences.
1. We have not done something till now.

We have not done anything yet / till now.
2. He hasn’t earned some money.

3. I also don’t support corruption in the world.
4. There are not a lot of pencils in the box.

5. We have not donated several old books to a new library.
6. The helicopter has lately taken off.

7. He failed the exam and so did his brother.
8. She has not submitted the project already.




17 Hello Grammar 7

9. I talked to anybody.

10. Deepsa hasn’t got several awards despite hard work.



E. Rewrite the statements below as a negative sentence and a
question. Use correct punctuation marks.

Sikha sat on the cushion. [statement]
Sikha didn’t sit on the cushion. [negative]

Did Sikha sit on the cushion? [question]
1. It is a challenging position.

2. I wish I were with Hilary Clinton.
3. Neymar may win his 1st Ballon d’Or Award.

4. I want to go on a trip to Thailand.
5. Jack has announced his retirement from his tennis career.

6. Mr Khanal is repairing his bed.
7. Resham caught a big eagle.



F. Read the sentences and underline the adjectives. Rewrite each

sentence by changing the degree of adjectives into the degree

mentioned in the parenthesis.
1. Silver is as useful as copper in our life. [comparative]
Silver is not more useful than copper in our life.

2. This magazine is as cheap as a newspaper. [comparative]
3. My uncle walks faster than me. [positive]

4. Europe is more developed than Asia. [positive]
5. Asia is the largest continent in the world. [comparative]

6. Hospitality is the best means of attracting tourists. . [comparative]
7. No other buses are as fast Mahanagar Yatayat in the Kathmandu

Valley. [superlative]







18 Hello Grammar 7

Lesson 2: Determiners


‘I don’t care about the prize. I don’t care
about anything. Right now, nothing can
console me—not the award or anything
else.’ That’s what football here Lionel
Messi said when asked about his team
Argentina’s loss in the FIFA World Cup
2014. The Argentine footballer, who
plays as a forward for Spanish club FC
Barcelona, may not have shed tears when
his team lost in the finals of the World
Cup, but he was clearly inconsolable.
Messi sportingly accepted commiserations from many opponents of
his and posed for few photographs. Messi was awarded the Golden
Ball for his outstanding performance. Each goal scored by him at
the group stage was spectacular. That match is not forgettable for
several fans of Lionel Messi and Argentina. Messi shows magic in
every match. Which match of his is boring?



Determiners, or noun signals, are special adjectives used before
nouns. Determiners are of different types:

Type Usage Determiners Examples
Articles To show definiteness A, an and the a forward, the
of a noun prize
Demonstrative To point out specific This, that, these, that final
nouns those

Possessive To show ownership My, his, her, our, his team
their
Distributive To show individual Each, every each goal
members of a group
Quantitative To tell about quan- Few, many, sev- Several fans,
tity without giving eral, little many opponents
an exact number
Numerical To tell an exact One, two, there six goals
number

Interrogative To ask a question Which, whose, Which match
what



19 Hello Grammar 7

VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
























Whose shoes are This girl is my Your dress is ready
those? girlfriend. to wear.
[interrogative [demonstrative [possessive
determiners] determiner] determiner]






















Each book has to be Many mango trees Six footballs have
stamped. have grown been bought.
[distributive in the orchard. [numerical
determiner] [quantitative determiners]
determiners]


Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.





20 Hello Grammar 7

ASSIGNMENT

A. Identify and underline different types of determiners and write
their types in the space provided.

































How pleasant to know Mr Lear,
Who has written such volumes of stuff,
Some think him ill-tempered and queer,
But a few find him pleasant enough.
His mind is concrete and fastidious,
His nose is remarkably big;
His visage is more or less hideous,
His beard, it resembles a wig.
He has ears, and two eyes, and ten fingers,
(Leastways if you reckon two thumbs):
He used to be one of the singers,
But now he is one of the dumbs.
He sits in a beautiful parlour,
With hundreds of books on the wall;
He drinks a great deal of Marsala,
But never gets tipsy at all.
He weareth a runcible hat.
- Edward Lear



21 Hello Grammar 7

1. The words a, an or the are called articles. The words ‘a’ and ‘an’ are

indefinite articles. They are used with singular nouns. The word ‘the’ is
called the definite article. Use ‘the’ before a noun when you are talking
to someone who already knows which person or thing you mean.
Silu gave me a book two days ago.

Arjun bought an orange.
They swam across the Koshi River last week.


B. Fill in the blanks with ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’.

1. Khagendra has got ________ headache.

2. Some girls are playing ___________ game in the ground.
3. Sylvia Plath wrote ___________ interesting story about __________

infant.

4. Kiran went to ___________ pub to meet his girlfriend.
5. Sandesh is __________ MBA. He is looking for _________ job.

6. Aakash has bought _________ guitar, as he wants to be
___________ singer in his future.

7. Two days ago _________ US lady phoned me. She sounded that she

was in ____________ hurry.
8. Some children are hovering around __________ one-eyed man.

9. Tihar, one of ___________ greatest festivals of Hindus, usually falls
in ___________ month of October.

10. Prabita is __________ industrious girl. She has won many awards.



C. Edit the following text where articles have been wrongly inserted.
Although I searched an internet for ages, I was unable to find the ad-
dress for him though there were hundreds of sites where I could buy a
poster. I wondered why he hadn’t tried to rescue an lighthouse keeper,

instead of just taking an photograph of him from an aircraft. A wind is
very strong, and it is surprising that man looks unafraid.




22 Hello Grammar 7

D. Insert articles ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ in the parenthesis given.


Homework is [ ] important part of the learning process in primary
and secondary school. One reason is that homework gives students
additional practice of skills covered in class. School classes are too
short to teach [ ] new concept and practice it sufficiently for
students to master. Another reason for homework is that it provides
time to complete [ ] longer assignment. For example, composition
writing or project work allows time for [ ] pupil to think and
to reflect on their ideas, as well as time to revise and to proofread
their writing. In addition, since all students don’t learn or work at [
] same speed, giving students time at home to finish work keeps
them from falling behind. Finally, [ ] most important reason for
homework is that it ensures review. New material and old material
are practiced in daily assignments. That’s why, [ ] student needs
to do their daily homework for sufficient practice, better grades and
better learning.



2. Demonstrative determiners are used to point out objects or persons
being talked about in the sentence.
Sometimes, such words play as the subject in a sentence. These words

basically function as pointers.
‘This’ and ‘that’ are used with singular nouns. ‘These’ and ‘those’ are used
with plural nouns. But ‘such’ is used either with singular or plural nouns.
That bag is very small.
This chapter is very easy to understand.
Such act of bravery is to be admired in the world.


A. Circle the demonstrative pronouns and use them in sentences of your
own as demonstrative determiners.



1. This is the guestroom where the party was held.
This boy studies in my school.






23 Hello Grammar 7

2. That was a difficult sum to be solved without using a calculator.

____________________________________________________________

3. Those are my favourite players of soccer.
____________________________________________________________

4. These are the skins of the dead tigers.

____________________________________________________________

5. This will be the venue for the next international conference of NELTA.

_____________________________________________________________

6. These are the ancient monuments that were built in the 19th century.

_____________________________________________________________
7. Such cannot be a kind thing.

_____________________________________________________________



B. Read the sentence carefully. Place a box around the demonstrative
determiner and underline the noun qualified by it. Change the noun
number and then rewrite the sentences changing the demonstrative
determiner and the helping verb to make a correct sentence. See the
example done for you.




1. This motel was opened forty years ago.


These motels were opened forty years ago.

2. That boy has already been vaccinated.


____________________________________________________________

3. Those newspapers will be piled up on the table.


____________________________________________________________





24 Hello Grammar 7

4. This castle was built by her grandmother one hundred years ago.

____________________________________________________________

5. That computer has an internet connection.
____________________________________________________________

6. These flowers are roses. They have a sweet smell.

_____________________________________________________________


3. Possessive determiners are used to show possession or authority of an

object, a person or a place.
Words like his, her, my, their, our, etc.
are used before nouns to show ownership.
That is my book.

Our home is well-painted.
His leg has sprained badly.
Her hair is very silky.



A. Select the correct words given in the parenthesis. Here they act as
possessive determiners.
1. ____________ shoes should be polished before you go to school. (Your,

You, I)
2. Please give __________ pen back to me. (mine, me, my)

3. The security personnel frisked _____________ bodies at the entrance
of the airport. (us, our, me)

4. They wanted to visit __________ native home in Panchthar. (him, his,
their)

5. Miss Shruti counseled __________ pupils before their examination. (his,
hers, her)

6. Deposit all ___________ belongings at the counter and get a token.
(yours, you, your)

7. A dog was licking _______ tail. (it, it’s, its)




25 Hello Grammar 7

B. Circle the possessive determiners and underline the pronouns in

each sentence.
1. Our study room has a big bookshelf. All the books are ours.

2. Our teachers are going to Goa. On reaching Goa, they will send us
messages on Facebook.
3. Shailaja wrote an email to her friend. She replied to her immediately.

4. Vidip and Rizma got their names registered. They want to win this
quiz contest.

5. She gave her prescription to the receptionist. The doctor had given
her an appointment.
6. I purchased a new curtain for my bedroom. They were rather transparent.

7. A cat was scared of its shadow. It was a cowardly pet.


4. Distributive determiners show that the person or things from a group

are taken one at a time.
Either book is full of motivation.
Every dog has its day.




A. Fill in the blanks with ‘each’, ‘every’, ‘either’ or ‘neither’ as the hint
given in the parenthesis after every sentence indicates.
1. __________________ child knows where I live. (not one or the other)

2. The pupil had a toy in __________________________ hand. (one or the
other of the two)

3. ____________________ student in the class has a chair and a desk.
(emphasis on the individual)
4. There was a parking lot on ___________________ side of the street. (the

one or the other)
5. ____________________ sentence is grammatically correct. (not one or
the other)

6. _______________________ candidate appearing in the examination is
given a unique number. (all the candidates)



26 Hello Grammar 7

B. Underline the words ‘each’, ‘every’, ‘either’ and ‘neither’ in the following

sentences. Write in the parenthesis [P], if it is used as a pronoun [D], if

it is used as a determiner. Determiners come immediately before a noun
or a noun phrase.
1. Since there are four cushions for four chairs, I can keep one cushion on

each. [ ]
2. Every basket is filled with pure water. [ ]
3. I gave a pastry to each friend of mine. [ ]

4. Both boys and girls are intimate friends; you can talk to either. [ ]
5. We saw two temples but neither was of my choices. [ ]
6. Neither bus will go to Nepalgunj tonight. [ ]

7. Every cloud has a silver lining. [ ]
8. Every book is worth reading. [ ]





5. Words such as many, much and several tell about quantity without

giving an exact number. They are called quantifying determiners. Some
quantifying determiners are used only with plural nouns. They are

few, a few, many, both, several, etc.
We left school many years ago.
Few girls were suspended for their mischief.



Some quantifying determiners can be used with both plural and singular
nouns and nouns that show no exact number. They are all, half, some,

enough, a lot of, lots, of, most, other and plenty of.
Half the balloons have burst already.
She spends half her time watching TV.

A little help is enough for poor people.
Several spectators cheered up at the end of the match.

A few friends thanked me for winning a scholarship.





27 Hello Grammar 7

A. Fill in the blanks with ‘much’, ‘many’, ‘few’, ‘a few’, ‘the few’, ‘little’, ‘a

little’ or ‘the little’. ‘Little/few’ means not much or many or hardly any.

‘A little/few’ is used to mean some or few in number. And ‘the little/few’
indicates the entire amount.
1. The flood damaged ________________________ crop that had

grown. There is no crop in the field.

2. The bag is heavy. I need _____________________________________
help to lift it.

3. There was __________________________ milk left in the glass, but it

was enough for the baby.
4. Mina works with ______________________________ interest. Hence,

her work is very untidy.

5. The cat drank up __________________________________ milk that
was in the bowl.

6. I have only ___________________________________________
friends in the school at the moment.

7. There are only ___________________________________________

girls in the classroom today.
8. Ramesh and __________________________________________ of his

friends went to watch a play.
9. How ________________________________________ times have I

reminded you of your homework?

10. There is not ______________________________________________
sugar left in the sack

11. He didn’t give me ______________________________________

information on his retirement.
12. The birds pecked at ___________________________________ fruits

that were strewn on the roof.




28 Hello Grammar 7

B. Tick the most suitable alternative to complete the sentences below.

1. How __________________ money did you demand from your parents?
A. a little B. few C. much D. many

2. On Sundays, there is not ____________ traffic along the road in the US.
A. many B. much C. few D. several

3. I gave my mother a bouquet of ____________________ rose buds.
A. many B. few C. several D. little

4. He has spilt _______________________ ink on his uniform.
A. many B. any C. few D. a little

5. ___________________________ fans cheered the players.
A. few B. a little C. much D. a number of

6. ___________________ young people joined the cross country race.
A. much B. most C. little D. few



6. Numerical determiners are of different types.

Cardinal numbers: one, two, three, four, etc.
Ordinal numbers: first, second, third, etc.

Fractions: half, one-third, two-third, etc.
Multipliers: double, twice, five times, etc.

Partitives: a bowl of, a slice of, a loaf of, a team of, etc.



A. Underline all the quantitative determiners and circle all the nouns
modified in the sentences given below. Write on the lines provided if

the nouns are countable or uncountable.
1. A few players were injured during the match. ____________________
2. Many pieces of cake were left on the plates. _____________________

3. There was enough juice left in the jar. __________________________
4. I didn’t go by car because little petrol was left. ___________________
5. Several students joined Tribhuvan University last year.

6. There was sufficient ice cream for all the guests. _________________



29 Hello Grammar 7

B. Underline the numerical determiners. See if they have been correctly
used or not. Put a ‘ ’ or ‘ ’ in the parenthesis accordingly. If the
determiner is used incorrectly, rewrite the sentences inserting it in the
appropriate place.

1. The shopping mall has second storeys. The three floor has a
restaurant. [ ]

___________________________________________________________
2. The three floor of the house had second bedrooms. [ ]
___________________________________________________________

3. There were two buffaloes in the animal shed. [ ]
___________________________________________________________
4. The first half of the football match was exciting. [ ]

___________________________________________________________
5. The film was of second hours. The three half of the movie was
hilarious. [ ]

___________________________________________________________



7. Interrogative determiners are Wh-words followed by nouns. They are
used to form questions and a question mark (?) is placed at the end.
What movie did you watch this morning?
Whose house was robbed last night?
Which book of these is a non-fiction?



A. Complete the sentences with the given Wh-words. They are
interrogative determiners.
1. What amount _____________________________________________?
2. Which flower _____________________________________________?
3. Which animal _____________________________________________?

4. What movie ______________________________________________?
5. Whose watches ___________________________________________?
6. Whose caps ______________________________________________?
7. What colour ______________________________________________?
8. Which wrestler ____________________________________________?



30 Hello Grammar 7

B. Write two questions for each sentence. The underlined words should
be the subject of your questions. Use the Wh-words first as a determiner,
then as a pronoun. See the solved example. ‘What’, ‘which’ and ‘whose’

are only the examples of interrogative determiners.

1. We are going to Birgunj by plane.
By what means of transport are you going to Birgunj?

What is the means of transport that you are going to Birgunj?

2. I joined Kathmandu University in 2014.

3. The colour of my house is green.

4. Those are Chandra’s books.

5. The newly pitched road leads to Nagarkot.

6. I want a pair of trousers of medium size.
7. Sundar’s brother won the gold medal.

8. It’s 11 pm by my watch.

9. We won a lottery.

10. They cashed a cheque with a fake signature.



C. Match determiners with their examples.




Determiners Examples
1. interrogative second

2. demonstrative what

3. possessive his

4. distributive every

5. quantitative such

6. numerical few






31 Hello Grammar 7

Lesson 3: Nouns [Abstract, Collective,

Compound and Appositive]




An epic is a lengthy poem about heroism and important events.


[Abstract Noun]

A bouquet of roses was given to her.

[Collective Noun]

She is an editor-in-chief by profession.


[Compound Noun]

Tony has visited Tokyo, the capital city of

Japan. [Noun Appositive]




Nouns are naming words like Rahul, Silpa, Bangladesh, stone, pain, etc.



Abstract Nouns denote ideas, qualities, state etc.
She gave me some advice.



Collective nouns are names for a collection of things or a group of people.
Sahil called a crew of sailors.



Compound nouns are words made up of two or more words.
She is at the bus stop.



An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun that
is beside it.

A hot-tempered soccer player, Sergio Ramos punched the umpire.





32 Hello Grammar 7

VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE


























She is passion for reading books. Boys’ football team are playing.
[Abstract] [Collective]

























My mother-in-law is very old. Meet Harish, my best friend.
[Compound] [Appositive]





Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept at
any levels.





33 Hello Grammar 7

NOTES


Abstract nouns can be felt, understood or realised, but we cannot see
and touch them.
She was brought up in poverty.
He received an award for bravery.


Abstract nouns are normally uncountable.
We are grateful the government of Japan for their assistance.
Don’t show me your anger.


Some abstract nouns are countable.
Collect ideas for this project.
I will pay a visit to you one day.




ASSIGNMENT
A. Identify and underline abstract nouns in the following text, and
write them in the box provided.


On 27 August, Interpol released a statement

declaring that Shah Rukh Khan will be the
Ambassador of their Turn Black Crime Campaign.

The campaign will promote awareness about how
everyone can play a role in preventing crime. The

first Indian actor to get the honour, Shah Rukh
joins actor Jackie Chan as an ambassador for the

campaign, which includes support from footballer
Lionel Messi and Formula 1 drivers Fernando

Alonso and Kimi Raikkonen. Interpol is the world’s largest international police
organisation with 190 member countries.






34 Hello Grammar 7

NOTES



Abstract Nouns can be formed from adjectives, verbs and common nouns:


Words Abstract Noun Words Abstract Noun

private privacy bear birth

marry marriage attract attraction

assist assistance deceive deception

boy boyhood cruel cruelty
merry merriment anxious anxiety

pay payment modest modesty

omit omission broad breadth





B. Change the following words into abstract nouns.

repeat ______________ free ______________

true ______________ wise ______________

innocent ______________ appear ______________


young ______________ holy ______________

agree ______________ agree ______________

large ______________ thin ______________

lend ______________ fail ______________


high ______________ sit ______________

man ______________ certain ______________

unite ______________ move ______________






35 Hello Grammar 7

C. Find abstract nouns in the word-search grid below and use the

words to complete the following blanks.


a l a u g h t e r s

g w s e r w r q t i

r m s b j j u h t g
e j u u i l t d f h

e a r q h m h n g t

m p a t i e n c e e

e e n f v b n z a w

n n c f r e e d o m

t g e v a c a n c y




1. An ____________________ was signed between the landlord and the

tenant.

2. The spectator burst into _________________ at the
_______________ of the clown.

3. She gave me an ____________________ that she would return my

books immediately.

4. The factory faced an acute ____________________ of raw material.

5. There is no ___________________ in this office.


6. Teachers are required to act with a lot of _______________________.

7. ___________ prevails everywhere.

8. Many martyrs sacrificed their life for _______________________.






36 Hello Grammar 7

NOTES



Collective nouns can denote either groups of people or things.
A troop of soldiers a suite of rooms


Collective nouns can be either singular or plural depending on the action
of the members of the group.


The jury have given their different opinions. [plural]
The jury has shared the same opinion. [singular]


a fleet of ships a bevy of beautiful ladies

a brood of chickens a team of players

an album of photographs a troupe of acrobats/artists/dancers

a clutch of eggs a galaxy of stars

a flight of birds a bundle of sticks
a gang of burglars a string of pearls

a pack of hounds a library of books

a swarm of bees a pride of lions




A. Fill in the blanks with suitable collective nouns.

1. an _____________________ of stamps

2. a ______________ of directors
3. a ______________________ of arrows

4. a ______________ of events
5. an _____________________ of fruit trees

6. a ______________ of eggs

7. a ______________________ of grass
8. a ______________ of geese




37 Hello Grammar 7

B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate collective nouns on the basis of
given clues.




1. a collection of sticks __ __ __ __ __ e

2. a number of savage people h __ __ __ __


3. a number of dancers __ __ __ __ __ _e

4. a number of birds __ __ i __ __ __


5. a number of sequential events __ __ __ i __

6. a number of chickens __ r __ __ __


7. a collection of cards p __ __ k

8. a collection of tools __ e __


9. a collection of books __ __ b __ __ __ __

10. a collection of drawers c __ e __ __




NOTES


The nouns/the noun phrases that follow another (any types of Noun)
to describe it or give more information is said to be Noun Appositives.


Jenny, our favourite English Language Teacher, is very strict. [subject]

We will visit Damak, my beautiful hometown. [object]

Have your bought ‘Essential English Usage and Grammar, J.B. Alter’s
supplementary material. [possessive]









38 Hello Grammar 7

ASSIGNMENT

A. Rewrite the following sentences with appropriate appositives in
subject, object or possessive cases.

1. Ram would buy a car very soon.
Ram, a poor employee, would buy a car very soon. [as a subject]

2. Sumana has to marry an engineer at any cost.
____________________________________________________________

3. Aadity saw an English movie and wrote a movie review.
____________________________________________________________

4. Dipa passed an entrance test to MBS.
____________________________________________________________

5. Prem committed suicide two days ago.
____________________________________________________________



B. Identify the underlined nouns as subject, object or possessive in the

following.


1. Shilpa congratulated me on being promoted. __________________

2. Harka and Deva teased a girl. ______________________________


3. I bought Sugam Pokharel’s 1 MB. ___________________________

4. Suja has been painting a wall. __________________________


5. Do you know Diego Marodona? _________________________


6. I don’t want to watch Karan Johar’s film. __________________

7. Many girls are impress by Salman Khan’s body. ________________


8. Many singers were surprised at Deepak Limbu’s melodious voice.

_________________________





39 Hello Grammar 7

NOTES



A compound noun is made up of two or more existing words used
together. Some compound words are written as one word, some as two

or more words, and some as hyphenated words.


one word two or more words hyphenated
volleyball baby girl sister-in-law
earthworm school bus passer-by

greenhouse cyber café hanger-on
housekeeper New York birds-of-prey
staffroom washing machine editor-in-chief




ASSIGNMENT

A. Identify and underline the compound noun[s] in each of the
following sentences.


1. My friends are busy at the table tennis court.

2. Sandesh’s grandson lives in Damak.

3. Bike riders without driving licence will be punished.

4. Some women don’t want to be just housewives.

5. What are you writing on the whiteboard?

6. Let’s go for window shopping, shall we?

7. Whose income is very high now?

8. We will put you to the test of your general knowledge.

9. How many school buses do you have?

10. We need a few water tanks to store rainwater.




40 Hello Grammar 7

B. Use the words in the box and make some compound words.




on by in soft train hair

boy motor sun under break play

looker stander put ware spotting cut


friend bike rise world fast wright




1. bystander 2._______________ 3. _______________


4. _______________ 5. _______________ 6. _______________

7. _______________ 8. _______________ 9. _______________

10. _______________ 11. _______________ 12. _______________





break over burn road

washer walk house


C. Match the correct words from the box with each of the words below.

The clues will help you.

1. day ___________ The time in the morning when light first appears.

2. dish __________ A machine for washing dishes.

3. left ___________ Food remaining from a previous meal.


4. side __________ Facial hair that has grown down the side of a man’s face.

5. cross _________ A road that intersects another road.

6. side __________ A paved walkway.


7. light __________ A tall structure topped by a powerful light.



41 Hello Grammar 7

Lesson 4: Articles





I went into a room which was comparatively comfortable. The roof and

the walls were intact except for a few chinks in the tiles and cracks in

the walls. I unpacked my baggage and had a cup of tea from the big

Chinese flask I carried along with me. The November sun had already set

and darkness descended on the hill like a murderous vulture. Chilly winds

lashed the exterior of the palace.



The words ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ qualify the nouns that follow. They are called
articles.



We use ‘a’ before a singular countable noun which starts with a
consonant sound.



a cat a UK girl a US man a lady
a unity [pronounced like yunity] a ball a ewe
a unit



We use ‘an’ before a singular countable noun which starts with a vowel
sound.
an Australian an MD an S an event

an L [pronounced like el] an enemy an American
an honour


We use ‘the’ for a particular or definite object which can be either
singular or plural.

the moon the sun the telephone the UAE
the Quran the universe the rich the sky




42 Hello Grammar 7

VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE




English
language










Mr Tamang is an English Language Teacher.
















A cat is sleeping under the table.























Who constructed the tallest building?



Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.





43 Hello Grammar 7

NOTES



‘A’ or ‘an’ is called indefinite article because it indicates people or
things in general sense.
She ate a banana.

She ate an apple.


Compare:
A boy was running. [the audience doesn’t know]

The boy was running. [the audience and the speaker know]


We also use ‘the’ when we are talking about one particular thing.
Sunil sat down on a plastic chair. [one of many plastic chairs]

Sunil sat down on the plastic chair near the window. [a
particular chair; the one near the window]


We also use the when it's clear from the situation which thing or

person we mean.
Can you open the window, please? [The window in this room]
The doctor has advised me to take rest. [the particular doctor I
went to]

My father has gone to the bank. [particular bank- the one he
uses]


However, we use ‘a’ or ‘an’ is used to suggest just anyone of

something.
My brother is an scientist. [there are many scientist in the
world]
She works in a school. [there are many staff who work in a

school]
Is there a window in this room? [number]




44 Hello Grammar 7

ASSIGNMENT

A. Put in a or an in the blanks.

1. My friends watched _____ movie a few years ago.

2. We respect _____ European tourist in Nepal.


3. Mr Shah is ______ honest employee of our company.

4. She is _____ UN officer.

5. She asked us, ‘What is _____ unique name of hers?”

6. _______ auntie of mine who is _______ staff nurse is very mean.

7. Let’s pray to God for ______ speedy recovery of _______ patient.


8. She wants to study more about ________ mysterious incident. .

9. Have you ever read __________ novel?

10. Devendra is _______ university student.




B. Put in a/ an or X appropriately in the following sentences.

1. She has ______ ghee.

2. He has got ______ little money today.


3. Rishav bought two _________ oranges.

4. Sabir achieved _______ A in his examination.

5. ________ Rubina is a punctual employee.

6. Friends are going to give us ________ information.

7. We shall ride ______ motorbike.


8. Will you lend me _____ rupee note now?





45 Hello Grammar 7

NOTES



‘The’ is called definite article. We use ‘the’ when the speaker and the

audience know what they talk about.
I don’t like a tiger. [any tiger from anywhere]
I hate the tiger. [the audience knows which specific tiger]



Situations Examples

repeated nouns the town, the girl, the book
superlative degrees the saddest, the roughest, the most hand-
some
whole class the cow, the fox, the lion
ordinal numbers the first, the third, the fourth, the last

parts of the body the brain, the skull, the heart
musical instruments the maadal, the guitar, the harp

holy books the Ramayana, the Mundhum, the Bible
directions the east, the north

surnames The Khadkas, The Rais, The Chaudharies
The Rising Nepal, The Himalayan Times [not
with all newspapers] The Kantipur, The Re-
publica
inventions the mobile, the electric bulb

whole group of people the rich, the poor
parts of the house the sitting room, the kitchen

historical buildings the Taj Mahal, the Kastamandap, The Everest
Hotel
geographical places the USSR, the Czech Republic, the Maldives
deserts the Sahara desert, the Grain Plains

rivers the Mahakali River, the Koshi River
oceans and seas the Bay of Bengal, the Pacific Ocean

unique things the earth, the universe, the sun



46 Hello Grammar 7