Hello-Grammar-Book-7

ASSIGNMENT

A. Write ‘the’ or ‘X’ wherever necessary.

1. ________ Koshi flows through Morang district.


2. A ship capsized in _______ Black Sea.

3. At night you can see starts in ________ sky.

4. Why don’t you invite ________ Manisha Koirala.

5. ________ Koiralas are our special guests.


6. ___________ longer you walk, the more you get tired.

7. She wanted to settle in ________ West.

8. ___________ English is my favourite subject.




B. In the following text the definite article ‘the’ has been wrongly used.
Identify the error and correct it.



The Koshi is a very long river. It is the deepest river flowing through
the Morang district. It rises in the Himalayas in the Tibet. After flowing
through the norst-eastern part of the India and the Bangladesh, it joins
the Ganga. The valley of the Bramaputra has the fertile farmland. In the
rainy season, the river floods much of the valley. The life without the

water is not possible, yet it triggers a lot of physical and human damage
during the monsoon. The fishing is the main profession of the villagers
who live near the Koshi River. The villagers catch fish the every day and

sell for their living. Children, men, women, senior citizens—everyone is
involved in the this. Sometimes the news of death of children drowning
in the river hits the headline of national dailies of the Nepal. Such tragic
death is common in such areas. On the positive side, there are some
water canals constructed for irrigation.







47 Hello Grammar 7

Zero Articles

We don’t use articles in the following situations.

Situations Examples
proper nouns Hitesh, Chanda, Muna

abstract and material nouns affection, love, care, silver, copper
primary purposes school, college, hospital, church, bank,
market, church
possessive pronouns our hostel, his jacket, their bicycle

meals dinner, supper, breakfast
seasons, months and days autumn, June, Sunday

diseases, games and diabetes, cricket, pink
colours

certain expressions at sunset, by bus, on holiday, on strike,
at work, on foot, by chance, in trouble,
by sea, under arrest, at ease


A. Fill in the blanks with suitable articles—‘a’ an’, ‘the’ or ‘X’ wherever
necessary.
1. ________ Fifth International Women’s Surf Championship scheduled
to take place on _______ island of Mauritius, in ___________ Indian
Ocean, have been cancelled due to _________ bad weather. There were
_________ waves as high as _________ three meters yesterday afternoon,
and _________ strong winds are making _________ conditions even more
dangerous. _______ organizing committee hopes _______ championships
can be held in ___________ week’s time once ________ weather has
improved.


2. Nearly 400 children and young people with __________ physical
disabilities from all over ________ Australia, ________ United States,
__________ New Zealand and __________ South Africa have been
competing in __________ National Junior Games for the Disabled. They
have taken part in __________ swimming, ____________ basketball,
__________ archery and ___________tennis. _________
Games were opened by _______ Prime Minister, who is __________
Olympic sprint champion herself.



48 Hello Grammar 7

B. There is one word [article] missing in each line. Write the correct
article in the correct place.


Before Article After

Michael Jordan has been most famous player from a. most the been

the USA. One day as child he went home in tears. b. _________ ___________ __________

He told his mum that he was not selected in team. c. _________ ___________ __________

His mother told him that the size of person in a game d. _________ ___________ __________
doesn’t matter but the size of game in a person. e. _________ ___________ __________

He hadn’t understood what mother meant. f. _________ ___________ __________

“coach must have seen that as a player you needed to g. _________ ___________ __________

mature a lot before you could make it to team, h. _________ ___________ __________
mother explained. Next morning Michael woke up early i. _________ ___________ __________

and started practising. When next season came, he tried j. _________ ___________ __________

again and made it to team. k. _________ ___________ __________




C. Choose the best option to fill in the blank space.



1. _______ sooner it is done, the better it will be.

A. A B. The C. An



2. _____ milk used to make this ice cream is of a pure quality.

A. A B. An C. The



3. ________ mankind should love nature.
A. The B. A C. None






49 Hello Grammar 7

Lesson 5: Prepositions





Young education advocate Malala Yousafzail
who survived an attempt on her life in Swat,
Pakistan on 9 October 2012, has won the 2014
Liberty Medal from the National Constitution
Centre in Philadelphia, US. The prestigious medal

has been awarded annually since 1989, when
Polish Solidarity founder Lech Walesa received
it first. She also released her memoir in 2013, I am

Malala, which is now also out in a Young Readers
Edition: I am Malala: How One Girl Stood Up for
Education and Changed the World.




Prepositions are the words that are usually placed before a noun or
pronoun in a sentence and show the relationship between a noun or
pronoun and other words in the sentence.



We shall call you on Monday.
They are singing a song in the auditorium tomorrow.
A mongoose jumped onto the wall and sat there.



In the first sentence, the word ‘on’ shows the relationship between the
pronoun ‘you’ and ‘Monday’ and suggests time.


In the second sentence, the word ‘in’ shows relationship between ‘song’

and ‘the auditorium tomorrow’ and suggests a place or position.


In the last sentence, the word ‘onto’ shows relationship between
‘jumped’ and ‘the wall’ and suggests direction or motion.






50 Hello Grammar 7

VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE




PREPOSITION OF PLACE



(a pic of a mother in Sudip is at the bus stop now.
the kitchen)
A dictionary is on the desk.

My Principal is at the reception.



A mother is at the kitchen.



PREPOSITION OF TIME

We haven’t met each other
since Monday.

Our first term examination
starts in July.
My dad leaves for office early
The student reaches school at
9 am. in the morning.



PREPOSITION OF DIRECTION

A bull ran across the road.

A cat jumped onto the fence
and sat there.
I ran out of my house two days
ago.
He is going towards a school.






Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.





51 Hello Grammar 7

ASSIGNMENT

A. Circle the prepositions in the following passage and write them in the
right box below on the basis of how they work in sentences.


Electronic literature is born in digital environments: it includes
conversational characters, also known as ‘chatterbots’, interactive fiction,
novels that take the form of emails, SMS messages, blogs, and poems and
stories that are generated by computers, either interactively or based on
given parameters.

An e-book is an electronic version of a print book that can be read on a
computer, or a device such as a tablet, a smartphone or an e-reader (a
book-sized device). E-readers have become quite popular because they
can store thousands of e-books at one time. Some e-books apps have a
good selection of modern and classic e-books, customizable features and
a well-designed interface. They can be integrated with web stores and
other electronic devices to facilitate the purchase, download and transfer
of e-books instantly.


Preposition of place Preposition of time Preposition of
direction













Types of Prepositions
Simple prepositions show the movement or position of a noun or pronoun
and the time of the action. Keep in mind that we cannot differentiate
between the position of a noun and time unless the prepositions are used
in a sentence.

She also released her memoir in 2013. [time]
She has won the 2014 Liberty Medal from the National
Constitution Centre in Philadelphia, US. [position]

The Lions Club is located across the river. [place / position]
A boy walked across the basketball court. [movement / direction]



52 Hello Grammar 7

Study the following table for a clear difference.



Types Example Sentences

in, on, at, inside, a. My friend lives at 13 Central Road.
outside, next to, b. Little Angels’ School is opposite
down, below, Kathmandu
above, under, University School of Education.
Preposition behind, in front of, c. There are many palm trees in
of place
opposite, among, front of our house.
across, at the d. Her college is next to the fun
back of, near, by, park.
beneath, upon, etc. e. A cat is sleeping under the sofa.
a. She has to reach her school by 8
am sharp.
b. Our rehearsal goes on from 6 am
in, on, at, for,
Preposition before, since, from, to 8 am.
c. Our teacher has been teaching us
of time by, during, till, since 9 am.
around, until, etc.
d. My flight is at 9 pm tonight.
e. The guest house is located on the
corner of the boundary wall.

a. You should throw garbage into
the dustbin.
b. The plane flew towards
Biratnagar. (in the direction of
Preposition into, to, towards, Biratnagar, but its destination was
of onto, through, somewhere else)
direction across, etc. c. We waded through the mud
yesterday.
d. We had to swim across the river.
e. A bus went to church for prayer.
(destination)



B. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions from the parenthesis.
1. The birds are flying _________________ the clouds. (in / above)

2. The postman is _______ the door. (at / in)
3. Numa is _______ the bus. (in / on)
4. The cottage is _____________________ the four coconut trees.
(between / among)




53 Hello Grammar 7

5. The tap is ______________________ my home. (far / in front of)
6. Your granny lives __________________ a river. (on / beside)

7. Our Principal lives _________ 17 Avenue Road in Kathmandu. (in / at)
8. Safal is waiting for someone ________ the airport. (in / at)

9. Someone is talking ____________________ the wall. (in / on the
other side)

10. The mechanic is lying ___________ the car. (below / beneath)



C. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions of time.
1. Rishi reached New York __________ (in/ at / on) 9 pm last month.

2. We met them _________ (in/ on/ at)
3. The farewell program starts ____________ an hour. (at / within)

4. We set out for our journey ______ dawn. (in / on/ at)
5. Singers have been rehearsing __________ two hours continuously.

(since / for)
6. My daughter’s birthday falls _______ October. (on / in)

7. Sushil was married _____ 2007. (at / in)



D. Fill in the blanks with prepositions of movement given in the box.
1. The sidewalk goes ______________ the road.

2. We went _____ school despite heavy rainfall. towards
off
3. The soldiers aimed _________ the target.
through
4. My father leaves __________ his office at 9 am.
against
5. The swimmer plunged __________ the pool.
to
6. A tired man leaned ___________ the wall of my house.
for
7. A school girl fell __________ her bicycle. into

8. The bus passed _______________ the tunnel. at
9. The athletes were moving _________ the finishing line. along

10. Our boat went ___________ the lake. across




54 Hello Grammar 7

In, on and at: prepositions of time
In On At


In February, in 2010, in On Sunday, on 12th At 6 pm, at noon, at
summer, in the night, September, on Sunday lunchtime, at dawn,
in the 20th century, in night, on time, on New at dusk, at morning,

5 minutes, in a while, Year’s Eve, on your at the weekend, at
in time, etc. birthday, on Christmas Dashain, at Holi, at the
Day, same time, at sunrise,
at noon, etc.


a. We never use in, on or at with last, next, this, every, etc:
I’ll be home next week. [not in next week]
I met my Class Teacher this morning. [not in this morning]
We have to speak English every day. [not on every day]
b. ‘In time’ and ‘on time’ are not same:
The meeting started on time. [It began at the time it was planned
to begin]
A child suddenly ran across the road, but I managed to stop the
car just in time. [Soon enough to avoid hitting the child]
c. ‘After’ and ‘in’ suggest some period of time in the past and in the
future:
My dad came home after 3 years. [past]
My dad will buy us some clothes in 3 hours. [future]
d. ‘By’ and ‘with’ are used for different purposes:
A thief was killed by the public. [agent]
A thief was killed by the public with a stick. [instrument]



D. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions. If prepositions are
not required, put a [x].
1. Shall we meet ___________ next week?
2. A snake was killed ____________ a stone.
3. My lost uncle returned home _______________ five years.
4. I reached the exam hall __________ time. So, I couldn’t read the
instructions.
5. We will meet ________ lunchtime.
6. What do you read __________ every Saturday?




55 Hello Grammar 7

LESSON 6: Prepositional Phrases and

Phrasal Prepositions



The shop at the corner of the

street sells sandwiches.

Isha with her mum went on
walking on the pavement.

Don’t use the broom behind you

to sweep the floor.

Tuleshwor will climb up the hill to
see the view.



Unlike just prepositions, a prepositional phrase begins with a preposition

and ends with a noun, pronoun, gerund or clause.


Compare the following:
Prepositions are those words that show the relation between a noun or

a pronoun and some other words in a sentence.
The book is placed on the desk.
A policeman went into a deal to trace all the most wanted criminals.



Phrasal prepositions are a group of words with the force of a single
preposition.
Don’t be ignorant of what you know very well.
She is very bad at making plans.



Prepositional phrases are a group of words that begins with a
preposition and is usually followed by a noun or a pronoun.
The resort is beside the mountain.






56 Hello Grammar 7

Study the following table that illustrates differences between a
preposition and prepositional phrases.




Prepositions Prepositional Phrases

a. Prepositions are the words that Prepositional phrases are the group
draw a relationship between a of words preceded by an appropriate
noun/pronoun and other word/s preposition that modifies a noun or
in a sentence. a verb in a sentence.


She hid behind a big cupboard. The car in front of the hotel is hers.
He is standing between two She is working on her project.
friends.




b. Prepositions show time, place Prepositional phrases do the work
and direction. of an adjective and an adverb.


i. Ramesh sat on the big log. i. Ramesh with his niece lives in
(place) Kathmandu. [This prepositional
phrase gives some information
ii. Sandex will dine out at the about the proper noun ‘Ramesh’.
weekend. (time) Hence, the phrase does the work of
an adjective.]
iii. Aslesha ran across the field.
(direction) ii. Sandex went up the mountain.
[This prepositional phrase gives
information about where Sandex
went. It functions like an adverb.]


iii. Aslesha talks during class. [This
prepositional phrase works like an
adverb, as it modifies the
verb ‘talks’.]








57 Hello Grammar 7

VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE


















My mother focused on She is working on the
studies. computer.
PHRASAL PREPOSITIONS















She takes pity PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES The house near the jungle
on the poor. is mine.










trAVEL
MAGAZINE




Ritesh could hear his
She is interested in mum across the room.
magazines.




Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.





58 Hello Grammar 7

ASSIGNMENT

A. Underline the prepositional phrases and write them in your notebook.
1. By the end of the day, all the horses at the stable were neighing noisily.
2. She stood on the beach and watched the ship beyond the dock, slowly
manoeuver itself past the markers and into the sea.
3. For some strange reason, my guests across the road parked their cars
behind someone’s garage.
4. The children from the nearest school collected donations for the victims
of flood.
5. Upon their arrival, the attendees were greeted at the party.
6. Who will put the notes under the cushion without any cover over it.
7. Everyone except James ran towards the boy sitting near the dangerous
wire.
8. Within two minutes, all of the trumpeters had laid their horns under their
chairs on the stage.



B. Complete the following sentences by filling in the correct
prepositional phrase from the box.


out of luck after returning out of danger
out of bounds in public in debt on my own
in his pyjamas on the phone in a whisper


1. Students laughed when Ram came to school _______________________.

2. I don’t need any help. I will manage ______________________________.
3. Jane is better now. Her doctor says that she is ______________________.
4. Nobody is allowed to talk to her now. She is still ____________________,

but I will ask her to call you back.
5. Anup didn’t want any to else to hear, he spoke to him ________.
6. Sujit is still very nervous when he has to speak _____________.

7. I’m afraid you are ______________________; there aren’t any tickets left.
8. This is defence area; it is ___________________________ for civilians.

9. The jeweler closed down his business; he was ______________________.
10. He called his friend back _________________________ from the market.



59 Hello Grammar 7

NOTES
Phrasal Prepositions are a group of words with the force of a single
preposition.
According to the rule, you should be in office by 9 am.
Because of the heat, we wished to remain indoors.
When you go on a tour, you are supposed to take your bags
along with you.
My parents are proud of me for my success.
All the students are capable of scoring good marks in English.
My relatives were indifferent of my miseries.
My wife is very good at cooking.
Are you fond of travelling?


C. Underline the phrasal prepositions in the given sentences.
1. In case of fire, ring the bell.
2. With reference to your advertisement, I would like to apply for the vacancy.
3. The bus conductor tried to accommodate us in spite of little room in

the bus.
4. Our principal spoke on behalf of students.
5. As per the company rule, no employee has to be on a probation period.
6. In addition to Japan, he has visited Kenya and Singapore.
7. Why are you not aware of current changes?
8. I care for my old mother.


D. Circle the appropriate phrasal prepositions from the options given
and fill in the blanks.
1. The headmaster ________________ an excellent result.
A. hopes for B. love of C. fondness for
2. My uncle had a strong __________________________ children.
A. make up B. proud of C. liking for
3. After a thorough investigation, I got a ________________ the subject.
A. ask for B. grasp of C. love for
4. Sita was the ________________________ Lord Ram.
A. find out B. love of C. talk about
5. The nurse ________________________ her patient’s recovery.
A. look after B. concern for C. take care


60 Hello Grammar 7

6. After the holidays, students ________________________________
their vacation trips.
A. talk about B. confusion about C. worry about
7. Animals ____________________ their surroundings.
A. adopt to B. adapt to C. adapt for
8. Students must have ______________________ their teachers.
A. respect for B. respect to C. disregard




E. With the help of your dictionary, find the meaning of the given
phrasal prepositions and make sentences of your own.

belief in afraid of amazed at angry about
concentrate on search for equip with deal with
belong to exclude from guard against ignorance of
a need for sympathy for emphasis on divorce from



Specific prepositions are usually used with specific words. This occurs in
three categories: nouns, adjectives and verbs. Such words are called phrasal
prepositions. Study these lists of phrasal prepositions.


I am confident of scoring an A in the exam. [adjective + preposition]
My opinions differ from that of Hilary Clinton. [verb + preposition]
I have a strong liking for pasta. [noun + preposition]

The following are the nouns followed by prepositions.

a graduate in an expert in improvement in faith in
relative of the envy of an example of collection of
dislike for candidate for witness for warrant for
attitude to access to attention to heir to


Suren is a graduate from Kathmandu University School of Education.
Mr Joshi is an expert in Mathematics.
I have strong faith in the existence of God.
Don’t show your negative attitude to us.
Pratima is an heir to the large forune.
Who is the candidate for upcoming presidential election?




61 Hello Grammar 7

The following are the adjectives followed by prepositions.


ashamed of ignorant of tolerant of jealous of
tough for competent for anxious for fit for
marvelous at clever at poor at terrible at
addicted to tempted to accustomed to adjacent to


Hem’s house is adjacent to mine.
You must feel ashamed of yourself for such work.
Simla is very tolerant of such bullying.
All the students are anxious for their result.
My uncle is accustomed to drinking alcohol.
Girls are more jealous of each other than boys.

The following are the verbs followed by prepositions.


aim at stare at guess at laugh at scoff at
mourn for reach for ask for wish for mistake for
meddle in interfere in equal in sink in excel in
unite against appeal against clash against compete against



A group of soldiers aimed at their enemies.
Can I ask for your tablet for a while?
I mistook a dog for jackal.


F. Choose the correct preposition to follow the following nouns,
adjectives and verbs from the parenthesis.


1. Ilam is famous ___________ scenic beauty and tea gardens. [to / in / for ]
2. My employers were surprised __________ my teaching approach. [for
/ of / on ]

3. India is a match ___________ Nepal in football. [at / for / on]
4. There is still no cure _________ skin cancer. [of / for / about]

5. Are you susceptible ________ flattery? [of/ to / with]
6. He is indebted ________ me for my help. [of/ for / to]

7. Some girls are infatuated _________ handsome boys. [in / with / for]




62 Hello Grammar 7

8. We are desirous ________ visiting Goa. [of / for / with]
9. She assisted me ______ climbing a mountain. [on / in / with]
10. They are intent ________ visiting Estonia next year. [with / on / of]



Review: Lesson One to Six


A. Look at the following. What kinds of sentences are they? Circle your
answer.
1. Dipa had run the supermarket.

A. Declarative B. Interrogative C. Imperative
2. Sachin Tendulkar scored many runs in cricket during his professional career.
A. Declarative B. Exclamatory C. Interrogative
3. Are prices up?

A. Interrogative B. Imperative C. Assertive
4. Let us play volleyball here.
A. Imperative B. Exclamatory C. Interrogative
5. How gorgeous you are looking in this dress!

A. Imperative B. Exclamatory C. Interrogative


B. Look at the underlined words. What kind of determiners are they?
Circle your answer.

1. Several air jets are hovering in the sky. They are practising for security.
A. quantitative B. possessive C. distributive
2. The second position holder also got a medal. He had played very well
but lost at the last moment.

A. demonstrative B. numerical C. interrogative
3. There are many jackets in the cupboard. Which jacket would you
prefer to wear?
A. possessive B. numerical C. interrogative

4. Those trees are very tall. I am wondering who might have planted
them long ago?
A. possessive B. demonstrative C. distributive




63 Hello Grammar 7

5. Every student in the classroom is born with unique talents. We have

to respect them.
A. distributive B. quantitative C. possessive
6. My shoes are lost. I had bought them only two days ago. They were still new.
A. interrogative B. possessive C. demonstrative



D. Choose the best option given below to complete the following sentences.
1. Rohini met _____ ex-boyfriend of hers after several years.
A. a B. an C. the

2. She has not ironed ________ uniform yet.
A. a B. the C.an
3. We want to talk to our sons’ class teacher right away. Where is _____
class teacher?

A. the B. an C. a
4. Dipesh, my friend, is studying in Norway. He is coming _____ home soon.
A. an B. a C. none
5. She is has passed a Master of Philosophy. She is _____ M.Phil., indeed.

A. a B. the C. an


E. Prepositions are missing in the text below. Insert appropriate

prepositions where required

When I saw the excellent view Dhaulagiri and Annapurna Range, I fell love
with it at first sight. I felt like spending rest my life there enjoying the never
fading beauty of nature. We could also capture the Newari architecture of
its buildings our cameras. We were lucky enough to observe Sorathi and
Chutka dances which are very popular. We were dragged to the courtyard
some local people and we had no options but to dance. We also visited Tin

Dhara, the Bindyabashini and the library the village centre.


Since our boys classmates returned school a day earlier than us, they missed
the Lakhe dance and the sight a big water fall. We took a hike to Ramkot
village. It was very tiring journey. Most us raised in Kathmandu are not
habituated to walk the hill and down.



64 Hello Grammar 7

F. Read the underlined phrases carefully and circle the best alternative.




1. Mother paid attention to her children.


A. prepositional phrase B. phrasal preposition C. preposition

2. Hima is working on her laptop.

A. prepositional phrase B. phrasal preposition C. none


3. Her school is near the zoo.

A. prepositional phrase B. both C. phrasal preposition

4. Divy is dancing on the bank of the Trishuli River.


A. phrasal preposition B. prepositional phrase C. none

5. Sulekshya is looking forward to meeting us.

A. prepositional phrase B. phrasal preposition C. both


6. Sumnima with her family wanted to go on a picnic next week.

A. phrasal preposition B. prepositional phrase C. none


7. Anup did not stand at the doorway.

A. prepositional phrase B. phrasal preposition C. both

8. Henry’s picture is in contrast to mine.


A. phrasal preposition B. prepositional phrase C. both

9. In addition to being a teacher, she is a good mother.


A. prepositional phrase B. phrasal preposition C. none

10. In spite of illness, she went to school.

A. prepositional phrase B. phrasal preposition C. both





65 Hello Grammar 7

Lesson 7: Idiomatic Expressions









The soldier was armed to the teeth. He had his
heart in his mouth. He was in hot water. It was
time to face the music. He put his best foot

forward. He hoped to strike while the iron was
hot even though his heart was in his boots.

You could hear a pin drop, when suddenly he
turned a corner and found his brother hiding in
the long grass. ‘I’ve got your back,’ his brother

whispered.









Idiomatic [Idiomatic expressions] are common phrases that have a
different meaning from the actual words used.


Ram blew his own trumpet. [praised himself]


I want to hold a candle to Christiano Ronaldo in football. [to be equal to
someone]


My parents had little money so they could not keep their heads above
water. [manage to deal with tasks, responsibilities, etc.]


Some policemen played cat and mouse with the burglars to bring them
out in the open. [to tease or fool someone]


Some Nepalese businesspersons have been walking on a tightrope for
few months. [to be in a difficult situation]



66 Hello Grammar 7

VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE






[burn the candle at [over exert oneself]
both ends]



I can’t work today because I have burnt the candle at both ends.







[hold your tongue] [be quiet]



During your exam you must hold your tongue,
or you will be sent out of the hall.






[in the same boat] [in a similar
situation]



After losing property, two friends were in the same boat.







[apple of discord] [the cause of
quarrerl]


The practice of borrowing and lending has been
an apple of discord in our society.




Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
Idioms make a language beautiful.





67 Hello Grammar 7

ASSIGNMENT

A. The underlined words in the poem are idiomatic expressions.
Write their meanings in the box provided.




Build Bridges Meanings



Let us all be friends,
And build bridges, [1]

Bridges across the world.

Let us all unite,
For united we stand,
Divided we fall,

Let there be no hatred,

no dividing walls. [2]
Countries who are at war,
Should bury the hatchet. [3]

Let us chance to bring, [4]

The world to unite in a chain,
In a war even the,
Victor doesn’t gain.

People at war,

Dig their own graves, [5]
A war always,
Does more harm than good.

Let us follow the footsteps [6]

Of the patrons of peace,
Live just like sisters,
and brothers should.

-Anonymous




68 Hello Grammar 7

B. Read the list of idioms and their meanings given in the box. Fill in the

blanks with the correct idioms. Sometimes an idiom may need to be
adapted to use it correctly in a sentence.




Idioms Meanings

got wind to be known
a bolt from the blue a complete surprise

within a stone’s throw within easy reach
think out of the box find innovative ideas or solutions

all ears very interested to hear
harp on the same string to emphasise on the same thing

old habits die hard reluctant to change their ways
leaps and bounds make rapid progress




1. The surprise test was __________________________ for the students.


2. The incident ______________________due to exposure by the media.


3. In this century, students should really __________________________.


4. My college is ___________________________________ of my house.


5. This time the chief guest did not ______________________________.



6. The lecture was so interesting that all students were ______________,


7. The number of subscribers to our YouTube video channel has grown


by ______________________________.


8. My mother refuses to wear this dress; __________________________.





69 Hello Grammar 7

C. Rewrite each sentence using an appropriate idiom, without changing

its meaning.



Idioms Meanings
to reach for the moon try to achieve something difficult

run someone down speak ill of someone

make up with become friendly again
go down the memory lane to remember pleasant things in
the past

mind of your own to have your own opinion

pick holes find faults
pour oil on troubled water to end quarrel
rise to the occasion put forth unusual efforts




1. Ujjwol is talented and ambitious; he always tends to attempt

challenging things.
___________________________________________________________

2. The two friends became friendly again with each other.
__________________________________________________________

3. When I go through the photo album, I remember pleasant things in
the past.

___________________________________________________________
4. The head of the village tried to end the quarrel when two neighbours

fought.
___________________________________________________________

5. That child does not listen to anyone because has his own opinions.
____________________________________________________________

7. Avoid speaking ill of your friends in public.
___________________________________________________________




70 Hello Grammar 7

D. Match the idiomatic expressions with their meanings and use the

idiomatic expressions in your own sentences.






Idioms Meanings
turn the corner
to change behavior and lead a
turn over a new leaf good life


set Thames on fire do something extraordinary

at the drop of a hat not in order

sixes and sevens to begin to improve

bone of contention a subject of dispute

take statements with to procrastinate


a grain of salt do immediately without hesitation

let grass grow under feet just at the right time

hard nut to crack halting between two opinions

play fast and loose to discourage

in the nick of time a difficult problem


throw cold water to doubt

sitting on the fence faithful to their employers

true to their salt say one thing and do another

strain every nerve to prepare false accounts

cook the accounts born in luxury


with a silver spoon in mouth to use utmost efforts







71 Hello Grammar 7

turn the corner


___________________________________________________________


turn over a new leaf

___________________________________________________________


set Thames on fire

___________________________________________________________


at the drop of a hat


___________________________________________________________

sixes and sevens


___________________________________________________________


bone of contention

___________________________________________________________


take statements with a grain of salt


___________________________________________________________

let grass grow under feet


___________________________________________________________

hard nut to crack


___________________________________________________________


play fast and loose

___________________________________________________________






72 Hello Grammar 7

in the nick of time

___________________________________________________________


throw cold water


___________________________________________________________

sitting on the fence


___________________________________________________________


true to their salt

___________________________________________________________


strain every nerve

___________________________________________________________


cook the accounts


___________________________________________________________


NOTES



Native speakers of English know the meaning and uses of idiomatic

expressions naturally. But nonnative speakers have to memorize it and
use as frequently as possible in everyday conversation.
When you use idiomatic expressions, you can change the tense of it.
Many students burn the midnight oil to achieve an A+ in SEE.
[present tense]

Many students burnt midnight oil to achieve an A+ in SEE.
[past tense]
Many students will burn midnight oil to achieve an A+ in SEE.

[future tense]



73 Hello Grammar 7

E. Fill in the blanks with the correct idioms given in the box. The idioms

can be changed slightly.



Idioms Meanings
keep your fingers crossed to wait eagerly for a positive result

hit a jackpot to win something by chance

to face the music to face the consequences
back to square one to start again
to go through fire and water to face difficulties

at someone’s beck and call always ready to do something for them

to bent out of shape to become very annoyed or upset
to move heaven and earth to make impossible efforts
to keep the ball rolling to keep things going




1. Anuja gave an interview for a scholarship and waited ______________

________________________ for the lucky draw.

2. Don’t get ________________________________even if you fail a test.

3. My niece __________________________________________ to find

her lost engagement ring in the gutter.

4. Our answer is wrong. Let’s get ________________________________.

5. Although all the students were feeling bored, the teacher __________
___________________________.

6. He has bought a new car, as he _______________________________.

7. Nowadays, school children are ________________________________

of their wealthy parents.

8. In his early life in Tokyo, he had _______________________________.

9. The shoplifter should _______________________________________.




74 Hello Grammar 7

F. Write the correct number of the idiom in the parenthesis which goes

best with the sentences.

S.N. Idioms Meanings

to say or do exactly what you
1 hit the nail on the head
are supposed to
2 at sea be puzzled

3 where the shoe pinches where trouble lies

4 put heads together to consult one another

5 nip something in the bud to make it fail before it matures

6 hands are full busy

7 in the air prevalent everywhere

8 wolf in sheep’s clothing hypocrite



1. Arjav said exactly he was supposed during


his job interview. [ ]


2. Mr Jha is quite busy at the moment. You


can’t meet him now. [ ]

3. A teenager was asked a question but he was at sea. [ ]


4. As soon as a problem arises, we have to solve it immediately. [ ]


5. Three business partners gathered and devised a wonderful idea. [ ]

6. Nepotism and favouritism exists in each place on this planet. [ ]


7. You know him well? He is not what he looks. [ ]


8. Mr Khan looks happy, but who knows what problem he has faced. [ ]





75 Hello Grammar 7

Lesson 8: Homophones and

Homographs




There once was a young girl named Cindrella.
She had an evil stepmother and cruel step-sister.

She had grown amazing plants for the step-
mother without a groan. The step-sisters made

her do their chores there and find a perfect scent
without giving her a cent. After having seen her
sister’s hair dyed, her father got shocked and

died. Cindrella had to go to a party but had no
special dress. She wondered where she would
get something special to wear.





Homophones are the words that have the same sound but different
spellings and meanings.


Homo + phone




same + audio/sound


The following words are pronounced exactly in a same way, yet they
differ in terms of spellings and meanings:
there : that place/thing
their : belonging to them
grown : mature
groan : a deep sound
died : passed away
cent : 100th part of a US dollar
scent : the characteristics of a pleasant smell





76 Hello Grammar 7

VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE





HOMOPHONES














A shopkeeper All living
sells things are I want to buy I go to school
shoes there. made of cells. a car. by bus.





Homographs are words that are spelled the same, but have different meanings.



HOMOGRAPHS







DEMOCRATIC
PARTY






A bat is a I got Sachin I enjoyed the Which party
nocturnal Tendulkar’s birthday party. do you
animal. bat. support?





Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.





77 Hello Grammar 7

ASSIGNMENT

A. Look up the dictionary and find the meanings of the words given below.




Homophone Sentences




break / break







cite / sight







feat / feet






idle / idol







piece / peace







sole / soul







tail / tale







78 Hello Grammar 7

Homophone Sentences




air / heir







eye / I







hole/ whole







due / dew







flour / flower







heal / heel







none / nun











79 Hello Grammar 7

B. Tick the best choice in pencil in the parenthesis.

1. My ____________ [son / sun] gets up very late.
2. You ___________ [ought / aught ] to have said it before.

3. ____________ [Boys / Buoys] float on the sea to warn ships of danger.
4. Drivers should not apply the [ brake / break].

5. Educated persons should __________ [ cast/ caste ] away all prejudices.
6. The ______________ [hair / hare] has a short tail.

7. Tell friends to __________________ [pray / prey] for my speedy
recovery.

8. The children have been playing ____________. [too / two]
9. Tell me the _______________ [prize / price] of this T-shirt.

10. Please ______________ [peel / peal] the apple with this new knife.



C. Complete the following story ticking [ ] the best alternative with

a pencil or a sketch pen.



Srijana was bored /board with the news of latest senses / census on the

television. She decided to play games on the computer. She clicked on


the cursor /curser on the computer screen to play a game. Her mother


came in threw / through the door and warned her not to play for to /

too long or it would affect / effect her eyesight. Her neighbour Bhima


complimented / complemented Sushma on her garden. A bright flower

/ flour gave a pleasant cent / sent / scent. Sushma said she wanted to


buy / by / bye an umbrella. She planned to go on the fourth / forth day


of this month to get it / eat.





80 Hello Grammar 7

C. Aslesha is all mixed up with homophones. Please help her choose
the right word to complete her poem.







I’m All Mixed Up

I am all mixed up. I will need help from ewe/you


How do I know/no

Why the sky is blew/blue?

I don’t know / no.


Is your sister aged too/to?

I/Eye am named Anna

She is named be/bee/Bea

We eat red/read berries

By the water at the see/sea


I have a lot of work to due/do

I’ll so/sew a button

On the coat you wear/where


I’ll sit on that chair

I’ll wait right/write over there/ their.
















81 Hello Grammar 7

D. Insert a suitable homophone from the cloud in each sentence to

bring out its correct meaning.

groan throne bolder boulder suit alter
thrown assent shoot altar ascent grown


1. A naughty child became ________________ and more confident
each day.

After the earthquake a huge _______________ came rolling down the hill.
2. The passengers were _________________ forward when the driver
applied breaks suddenly.

I wish to sit on the ___________________made of gold and diamond.
3. We should go to ______________ a video, as the model is back.
Does anyone tell me what the price of this ______________ is indeed?
4. Farmers have _______________ wheat in their field.
I could not pull the trigger when I heard the painful ____________

from the injured boy.
5. The plane made its ____________________ at 9 pm.
The employer finally gave her ____________ to our ambitious proposal.

6. Please place the lately plucked flowers at the _________________.
I have been asking my students to _______________ their handwriting.
7. Let’s go on a picnic today, as the _________________ is pleasant.
I am in a dilemma as to ________________ to go by bus or air.


E. Underline one word in the sentence and find a homophone of it and
make a sensible sentence.

1. The gate of our school was very weak.


Ramila has an awkward gait. She walks in a cumbersome way.



2. We have to check our account every month.









82 Hello Grammar 7

3. The berth on which a lady was sleeping in the train was not

comfortable.







4. Will you join a basic English language course?







5. A player was suspended for two matches due to a deadly foul.







6. The eagle can soar high up in the sky.










Write a poem with
My students are going to play a game, but I
will watch a play. homographs
underlining
If they succeed in that, they will bag some
prizes and keep in their bag. homographs either
with a pencil or a
I told them to pack their things and hurry.
sketch pen on a
On the way we encountered with a pack of
sheet of A4 size
wolves.
paper.
We wound our handkerchief round the
wound and went home.


All the words highlighted in the poem are homographs. Homographs are

the same words with different meanings.
fat = state of being overweight
fat = greasy substance in the body



83 Hello Grammar 7

NOTES

Homographs are words which have the same spelling, but they have
different meanings and may or may not sound the same.
We saw a minute insect. /məܼ'nju:t/
I will be back in a minute. /'minit/
A singer wants to record his song. /ri'kܮ:d /
Please keep a record of all our expenses. / 'rekܮ:d/
The wire was wound around the pipes to secure them. /wəݜnd/
The wound was deep. It was bleeding profusely. /wu:nd/


Homographs
young Î not mature
Î young animals
right Î a proper, just, legal claim
Î what is good, just or honourable
ring Î a small circular band
Î a group of people working together
ball Î a round, solid object
Î a formal party for dancing
band Î a thin flat strip that is put round things
Î a group of people playing popular music
fair Î treating people equally
Î an exhibition of commercial and industrial goods

guru Î a Hindu spiritual leader
Î a respected and influential expert

well Î a deep hole in the ground for obtaining water
Î in good health
board Î a flat piece of wood
Î a group of people controlling a company or an
organization
advance Î to make progress
Î to pay money before it is due to be paid
reader Î a person who is fond of reading
Î a book intended to give students practice in reading
tie Î a strip of material worn round the neck under the collar
Î a situation in a game when to teams have the same score
trip Î a journey
Î to catch one’s foot on something and fall or nearly fall


84 Hello Grammar 7

A. Make sentences using the following homographs to bring out their
different meanings.

young


a.__________________________________________________________

b.__________________________________________________________

right

a. __________________________________________________________


b. _________________________________________________________

ring

a. __________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________


ball

a. __________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________

band


a. __________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________

fair

a. __________________________________________________________


b. _________________________________________________________

guru

a. __________________________________________________________

b. __________________________________________________________



85 Hello Grammar 7

well


a. __________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________


board


a. __________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________


advance


a. __________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________


reader


a. __________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________


tie

a. __________________________________________________________


b. _________________________________________________________


trip

a. __________________________________________________________


b. _________________________________________________________










86 Hello Grammar 7

B. Read the poem below carefully. Write down at least two possible

meanings of the highlighted words.


Words Meaning 1 Meaning 2
THINGS TO TOUCH

Some things are so warm to
touch,
Like blankets in the sun,
Horses pulling heavy loads,

A fresh-baked sugar bun.
Some things are so cool to
touch,
Like pebbles in a stream,

The marble on a table top,
A dish of peach ice cream,
Some things are so smooth
to touch,

Like warm pews in a church,
Inside a mossy acorn cup

A bark-peeled stick of birch.
Some things are so soft to
touch
Like snow, my cozy bed
But best of all my Grandma’s
hand

That gently strokes my head.


touch
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________

like
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________



87 Hello Grammar 7

cool

1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________

dish
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________

bark
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________

stick
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________

head
1. __________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________



C. Use the highlighted words with the same spelling but with a
different meaning in a sentence of your own.

1. Most of the films featuring Rajesh Hamal are a hit in Nepal.
___________________________________________________________

2. There are 26 letters in the English alphabet.
___________________________________________________________

3. Most of the young people in South Asia watch champions league on TV.
___________________________________________________________

4. In Kathmandu, we hardly find a big nursery to grow flowers.
___________________________________________________________

5. The British Council is a charitable trust.
___________________________________________________________

6. Pack your suitcases before you leave for the airport.
___________________________________________________________




88 Hello Grammar 7

7. How many articles have you published so far?

___________________________________________________________
8. Does your brother work as an anchor?

___________________________________________________________
9. Spring is one of beautiful seasons.

___________________________________________________________
10. Many leaves of maple fall in the US in every autumn.

___________________________________________________________

D. Make two sentences with the words underlined (a. and b.

respectively) to bring out their meaning in each sentence.



Harka did not object to their object.
a. _________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________
Hungry explorers decided to desert their dessert in the desert.

a. _________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________

The needle was so minute that it took a minute to find it.
a. _________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________
My friend usually records new world records to publish.

a. _________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________

My dear honey, get me a pot of honey.
a. _________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________
Can you please stick this stick on the wall?

a. _________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________




89 Hello Grammar 7

E. Circle the best option that best describes the highlighted word in
the sentences.


1. Her mood is down. What happened to her?

A. below B. unhappy C. sick

2. You should have a lot of drive to progress in life.

A. a ride B. desire C. tool

3. We shall take the express train to reach Scotland from England.

A. say B. fast C. best

4. Many devotees will fast during festivities.


A. quick B. stay in a place C. remain without eating

5. Anupama is a bright girl of our class.

A. full of light B. opposite of black C. intelligent

6. The situation was really grave.

A. tomb B. serious C. condition

7. She has contracted a deadly disease.

A. signed B. recovered C. caught

8. Can you record my voice now?

A. song B. write down C. play


9. We pitched a tent on the bank of the river.

A. shelter B. party C. anxiety

10. An ant is a minute insect, isn’t it?

A. tiny B. very short time C. admiration








90 Hello Grammar 7

Lesson 9: Pronouns

















Aakash has many cows. They give milk. [instead of Aakash]
Anupama is married. She doesn’t look happy. [instead of Anupama]

Ram and Sunil are friends. They live nearby. [instead of Ram]
My father bought a car. It is very expensive. [instead of car]

Aman is a BA. He wants to do a job. [instead of Aman]





A pronoun replaces or substitutes a noun.
Sulochana is a dedicated teacher. She teaches English.
[pronoun = she]



The noun which a pronoun stands for is called its antecedent.
Sulochana is a dedicated teacher. She teaches English.
[antecedent = Sulochana]

















Ram is an author. Alina is a physician.
He writes books. She is very hardworking.




91 Hello Grammar 7

VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE











He is helping others.
[personal pronoun]









He cursed himself.

[reflexive pronoun]








He did her homework himself.
[emphatic pronoun]











Rajesh Hamal, who is a popular
actor, is delighted. [relative










Picture recognition promotes better understanding of a concept.





92 Hello Grammar 7

NOTES
Pronouns avoid repetition of a noun.
Personal pronouns replace nouns that act as the subject or the object
in a sentence.

Personal Pronouns are of two types:
Subjective personal pronouns replace subjects in a sentence.
She met me at the bus stop. [subject]


Objective personal pronouns replace objects in a sentence.
Anupama met her at the bus stop. [object]


Subjective Objective
I me
We us
You you
He him

She her
They them
It it


ASSIGNMENT

A. Identify and underline personal pronouns in the following sentences
and write ‘S’ for subject and ‘O’ for objects.

1. Minu and George are cousins. They studied at the __________
same university.
2. FCE Gold Plus is a good reference book. It is very useful. __________
3. Jeevan failed a test. His parents scolded him very badly. __________

4. A girl was teased by boys. She threw her sandal at the boys. __________
5. Our friends promised to help him.
6. A local businessman doesn’t lend money to us. __________
7. A dog is barking. It must be chased away. __________

8. A car broke down on the way. Call a mechanic to
repair it. __________



93 Hello Grammar 7

9. Can anyone teach them a moral lesson? __________
10. It is worth watching. Don’t be sad. __________


B. Rewrite the following sentences using personal pronouns correctly.
1. Why can’t you excuse they?
2. It’s I. I have been knocking at the door for five minutes.
3. No other movie is better than it’s.
4. Her is a polite girl. I like her.
5. Your ought to help the needy.
6. May God bless your.

7. He has vowed to be with we.
8. They shook hands with Raman and I.
9. He has to tell the truth in the presence of I.
10. We took photos and developed they.
11. Suman phoned a girl. She was rather rude to he.
12. I have subscribed to Republica. It’s a popular national daily
13. Margaret is going to visit Singapore. Her is expected to deliver a

motivation speech there.

NOTES
Self-words like, myself, herself, itself, ourselves, etc. are used to reflect
the subject of the sentence.
They are called reflexive pronouns.
My son hurt himself while playing. [My son was hurt]
We use reflexive as the direct object of a verb.
We taught ourselves to read and write. [direct object]
We also use reflexive pronouns as the indirect object of a verb. It is
usually introduced by a preposition.
I closely looked at myself in the mirror. [indirect object]
Reflexive pronouns can also be used with the verb ‘to be’.
Due to some personal problems, she is not herself.


Self-words like, myself, herself, itself, yourself, etc. are used for
emphasis instead of reflecting the subject of the sentence. They
are called emphatic pronouns. Emphatic pronouns are usually used
immediately after its antecedent.
The building itself collapsed all of a sudden.
She herself informed me about the theft.


94 Hello Grammar 7

C. Fill in the blanks with suitable ‘reflexive’ or ‘emphatic’ pronouns.
1. Guys, I’m sure you enjoyed _________________________ at my
wedding party last night.
2. The plan ____________ was contradictory. How could we get success?
3. Your teeth are very sharp. You may crack this nut ________________.
4. We have to help _______________________________.
5. She is looking very pleased with _______________. Anything special?
6. She stepped on the bits of glasses and hurt _____________________.
7. A hunter defended _____________________ when he was
encountered with a leopard.
8. The actors entertained __________________ by dancing with their fans.
9. Dear guests, you have to serve your dinner _____________________.


D. Underline self-forms and write them as Reflexive Pronoun or
Emphatic Pronoun.

1. We ourselves did not know what
was happening there. _____________________________
2. I walked to the bus stop myself . _____________________________
3. You yourselves ought to be
responsible for that. _____________________________
4. Jenny and I made all the
arrangements by ourselves. _____________________________
5. Stella herself killed the fox in her
village. _____________________________
6. I tried to convince myself
despite setbacks. _____________________________
7. We had to punish them ourselves. _____________________________

NOTES
Relative pronouns are used to add information about a noun already
mentioned. They also help join two clauses together. Some examples
are: who, where, whose, which, why, etc.
I met an old friend who is a dentist.
Some examples of relative pronouns are: who, which, that, whom,
whose, etc.
The man, who came home two days ago, is my brother-in-law.
A relative pronoun should agree with the noun that acts as its antecedent.
My cousins, who live in Australia, are coming back to Nepal.
my cousins « are



95 Hello Grammar 7

E. Identify and underline relative pronouns in the following sentences.
1. Which is the game that you like most?

2. Can you tell me what you have not understood yet?

3. Sandeep is my friend whose wife has eloped.
4. Did you tell them where her husband works?

5. We know the children whose parents are wealthy.

6. She has a pet whose eyes shine brightly at night.

7. This is the reason why our ego is hurt.y playing with some dogs.




NOTES


We use ‘who/that’ for people.
The boy who/that finished first in the race is rewarded.


We use ‘which/that’ for animals and objects.
The dog that has lots of hair is missing.


When a relative pronoun reflects the object of the sentence, it may be
left out.
The laptop [that] I bought
this morning doesn’t work.


We also use ‘that’ after adjectives
in the superlative degree.
She is the most talented vocalist that I have ever seen.


We use ‘that’ after words like all, some, any, none, nothing, etc.
Don’t say anything like that.


We use a comma to separate non-defining clauses [not a definition].
I have to give credit to Jessica, who is meeting us shortly.






96 Hello Grammar 7