Hello-Grammar-Book-7

F. Join these clauses using appropriate relative pronouns.
1. This is the film. My friend told me about it.

2. This is the first time. I have played tried horse-riding.

3. This is Mr Nelson Geoffrey Chaucer. I told you about him.

4. The man is waiting outside in his car. His daughter is your girlfriend.
5. Mr Robin will be coming here soon. I have great honour for him.

6. Paras has gone to Sweden for a year. His fiancée is your neighbour.

7. Benzima has gone to the university to study economics. He lived next

door to me.
8. Jarina is a professional tennis player in Denmark. She has three

daughters.




G. Identify and edit relative pronouns in the following text.


Granville Woods, which was an African American, is not as well-

known as some other inventors. Two other famous inventors which

lived in Ohio were Orville and Wilbur Wright. The built the first plane

who is another invention that has had a huge impact on our lives. If
it was not possible to travel by plane, it would take me six weeks to

get to Australia whose my family live. In the late eighteenth century

why the first European settlers wen to Australia, it took even longer

than that. Before cheap air travel it must have been terribly sad for
people where relatives went to live in other countries. They must

have wondered if there would ever come a time which they would

see them again. My mother to who I wrote almost every week must

have felt a bit like that about me.





97 Hello Grammar 7

Lesson 10: Conjunctions





Spanish midfielder Xavi Hernandez announced
his retirement from International football in
early August 2014. The Barcelona player, 34,
made his international debut in 2000, the
same year as he helped Spain win an Olympic
silver medal in Australia. Further success
came in 2008 when he was named player of
the tournament as Spain won the European Championship in Austria
and Switzerland, the country’s first international success since 1964.
Two years later, Xavi was a key part of the Spain squad that won
the World Cup for the first time in their history, and then in 2012 he
helped his country retain their Euro crown in Poland and Ukraine.
Although Xavi left the club, he loves his club and former teammates.



Conjunctions are the linking words which join words, phrases, clauses or
sentences together.
Words: Anu and Binu are twin sisters.
Phrases: Neither my boss nor his wife is coming to office today.
Clauses: Although we all work hard, we are not likely to attain success.


Co-ordinating Conjunctions connect words, phrases or clauses of equal
status in a sentence.
She has already asked for money, yet her parents are not ready.


Correlative Conjunctions are used to correlate groups of words and add
emphasis to an argument.
Neither Sir nor Madam is willing to forgive us for our mistake.

Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect a dependent clause to
the main clause in a sentence.
I didn’t recite a poem because I had a cold.
[dependent clause]
If you are tired, don’t do any work tonight.




98 Hello Grammar 7

VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE

ADDITION

Srijana and Sabitra CONTRAST
are very good We watch TV but my
friends. sister reads a book.



CHOICE EFFECT
Either give me money Trishna studied
or allow me to work. hard, therefore she

achieved an A.



SUBJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTION
AS RELATIVE PRONOUNS
This is the hospital where I received
treatment.


Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.


NOTES
A subordinating conjunction is used to connect words, phrases, and
clauses of unequal importance.
It adds information to a main clause, explaining why, where, or when
something is happening.
If I play outside, my teacher will complain to my parents.

Types:
Time: after, before, until, when, while, since
Reason : because, since, so that
Condition: if, unless, until, provided
Concession: although, though, while
Place: where, wherever
Manner: like, as if, as……as, where


Main Clause Conjunction Dependent/Subordinate Clause
Sima can go home whenever she wants to.




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ASSIGNMENT

A. Underline the subordinating conjunctions in the sentences given below.
1. No one can understand why he was behaving strangely.
2. That is the place where two men were kidnapped from.
3. Since she is not hardworking, she will not top the exam.
4. Everyone admires a teacher who works for the nation.
5. Sanchita has to go home, as her husband is ill.
6. If you beat him now, he will do his homework sincerely.
7. The dog which was killed yesterday was very dangerous.
8. The oxen that I saw a long time ago is out of my sight.


B. Join the sentences with the correct subordinating conjunctions
from the parenthesis and rewrite them.
1. She has lost her way. She is crying. [because / then]
She is crying because she has lost her way home.
2. Riots broke out. The police were called immediately. [so / if]
____________________________________________________________
3. My friend father is lunatic. He refuses to go for treatment. [still / so]
____________________________________________________________
4. Mr Thompson bought a house. He got married. [before / that]
____________________________________________________________
5. Raju can go to play. He completes his homework. [upto / unless]
____________________________________________________________
6. We are watching an English movie. She is watching a Hindi movie.
[wherever / whereas]
____________________________________________________________
7. They can be in Nepal. I am out of the country for business. [as long as
/ in order to]
____________________________________________________________
8. Binita can join our cricket team. She shows commitment to practicing
regularly. [unless / if]
____________________________________________________________
9. Our students go to school. They can enrich their knowledge.
[because / so that]
____________________________________________________________
10. Rakesh went to a hospital. His friend was hospitalized. [so / because]
____________________________________________________________


100 Hello Grammar 7

A Coordinating conjunction joins together two grammatical units of
equal rank. Coordinating conjunctions are of four kinds.


Types Usage Examples Sentences

Addition addition of and, both, as Time and tide waits for
one well as, not none.
thought to only_ but also, Not only is it boring but
another etc. also long.
Contrast opposition but, still, yet, She is old, nevertheless,
between two whereas, while, she is active.
sentences nevertheless, I went to school, but I
however, etc. had no friends.
Choice choice be- either _ or, She has to study hard, or
tween two neither _ she will not get
options nor, nor, else, a good grade.
otherwise, etc.

Effect reason or thus, therefore, He was ill, so he didn’t
cause so, for, etc. speak much.



C. Identify and underline the coordinating conjunctions in the
following sentences and write its types.
1. Manish failed his annual exam and his father thrashed him. __________

2. Both Bindu and Harry are getting married soon. __________
3. Somi is married, yet she doesn’t have a child. __________

4. Good students study while bad ones play. __________
5. Ajaya deserves the medal no less than Priya. __________

6. Jhapa district as well as Morang district is developed. __________
7. Himesh sat for his entrance exam, but he failed it. __________

8. Neither he sings a song nor he dances. __________
9. Either go to jail or hell. __________

10. We were late, so our Principal scolded us badly. __________





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NOTES

Correlative Conjunctions always appear either in pairs or as a group.
One part of the pair or group cannot be used without the rest.
Common examples of this kind are: both ….. and, as well as, no less

than, not only ……but also, no sooner …… than, whether …. or, rather
…. . than, etc.
Not only did he buy clothes but also iron it. [both]
No sooner had we reached home than my mum told me to

cook. [as soon as]




D. Join the following clauses using the given correlative conjunctions.
1. Aisharya is hardworking. She is versatile. [as well as]
2. We had reached the school. It rained heavily. [no sooner ….. than]
3. Kate is not stupid. She is not talkative. [neither ……. nor]

4. They should have fixed my laptop sooner. I may have completed my
project by today. [if……. then]
5. I am very happy to be in Paris. I’m very glad to represent Nepal.

[both ….. and]
6. Speak English every day. You will get punished for not speaking
English. [either …… or]
7. I would stay at home. I don’t want to be at the wedding ceremony.
[rather …….. than]

8. My mum started cooking. The gas got over. [scarcely …… when]


E. Read the sentences given below carefully and circle all the
conjunctions.
1. Rachana and Sapana are cousins.

2. Jitu is a shopkeeper, yet he is intelligent.
3. In winter, the number of road accidents rises due to poor visibility.
4. Not only did he swim there but also cleaned the pool.





102 Hello Grammar 7

5. No sooner had we reached the venue than the program was cancelled.

6. As Prem bunks classes regularly, he doesn’t score good marks in exams.

7. Sital had hardly walked for 15 minutes when she got tired.

8. Do whatever your instinct tells you.



F. Rearrange the jumbled words to make meaningful sentences.
Underline conjunctions that express a choice between the alternatives.
1. Neither / the / storytelling / extempore / nor / was / contest / the / held
2. Does / prefer / or / Shyam / the US / Japan / studies / for
3. My mum said, “Jarina/ up / wake / early / you / be / otherwise/ for

school / late / will”
4. Biratnagar / to / Buddha Air / She / either / by / Yeti Airlines / by /
went / or

5. I / my / cold / jumper / else / wear / I / catch / or / a / had better / will
6. water / me / Please / a / of / glass / cold / or / juice / fetch


G. Join the following pair of sentences using the conjunctions given in
the parenthesis.

1. Sanju went to India. She could get a chance to be an actor. [so that]

___________________________________________________________


2. Yam was very weak. He could not go to the bathroom. [so __ that]

____________________________________________________________

3. Jiya is a model. She is an interior designer. [both _ and]

____________________________________________________________


4. Do as I say. Go somewhere else. [either _ or]

___________________________________________________________

5. I reached my friend’s home. The earthquake struck. [hardly _ when]

____________________________________________________________



103 Hello Grammar 7

6. Jasmine reached the party palace. It began to drizzle. [scarcely _ when]


___________________________________________________________
7. They are wealthy. They can buy a new car. [enough _ to]


___________________________________________________________
8. I reached the airport. The flight was delayed. [no sooner_ than]


___________________________________________________________
9. Binod Das played well. Paras Khadka played well in the cricket match.


[not only_ but also]
___________________________________________________________


H. Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences and write
whether they are subordinating conjunctions or coordinating
conjunctions on the lines provided.
1. Jamuna is good at studies, but her brother is good at sports.

____________________________

2. Do online research or read at least 5 novels.
____________________________
3. The hotel was rated as no. 3, as it provided excellent service.

____________________________

4. I cannot understand why there is no reincarnation.
____________________________
5. The toy which my daughter loved the most was an old doll.

____________________________

6. Reena is the girl who completes her projects in time.
____________________________
7. The sofa we bought yesterday has cracked deeply.

____________________________

8. No sooner had I alighted from the bus than it moved.
____________________________



104 Hello Grammar 7

I. Join the sentences with the correct subordinating conjunctions from

the parenthesis and rewrite them.
1. She has lost her way. She is crying. [because / then]

____________________________________________________________

2. Riots broke out. The police were called immediately. [so / if]

____________________________________________________________
3. My friend father is lunatic. He refuses to go for treatment. [still / so]

____________________________________________________________

4. Mr Thompson bought a house. He got married. [before / that]

____________________________________________________________
5. Raju can go to play. He completes his homework. [upto / unless]

____________________________________________________________



J. Rewrite the following text using appropriate conjunctions in the
parenthesis. Then, underline them.



The most exciting part was [ ] we gathered on the verandah and
played a singing game. [ ] it was windy and could at night, I can’t

remember how many cups of hot tea we drank. The enjoyment
lasted [ ] the clock struck 11 pm. Then we went to our respective

bed room. A wide range of food stuffs were eaten. The foods [ ]
were served there were hygienic [ ] tasty.

[ ] we were coming back, we danced in the moving bus. Nobody let
each other sit and talk. We also eat junk foods which we had bought

[ ] we left Bandipur. Friends were trying to snatch noodles from
each other. We danced for so long time [ ] our muscles started to

ache. Some friends slept in the bus itself. By the time we arrived at
school the dark had already fallen. Parents had been waiting for us

anxiously.



105 Hello Grammar 7

Lesson 11: Adverbs


Without Adverbs With Adverbs


My best friend ran. My best friend ran fast.
The girl washed her uniform. The girl washed her uniform neatly.
Our teacher taught us. Our teacher taught us extremely well.
That man is rude to me. That man is very rude to me.

She didn’t go home. She didn’t go home early.


An adverb adds something to the meaning of a verb, adjective and
adverb itself.
My best friend ran fast.
[The word ‘fast’ tells how my friend ‘ran’.]


That man is very rude to me.
[The word ‘very’ tells how rude ‘the man’ is.]


Our teacher taught us extremely well.
[The word ‘extremely’ tells how ‘well’ our teacher taught us.]



VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE

















The boy walked fast. A couple are dancing We will cut down a

[Manner] there. [Place] tree tomorrow. [Time]








106 Hello Grammar 7

The room is totally full Why is your bus late? He often goes to
of furniture. [Degree] [Interrogative ] market. [Frequency]



Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.

ASSIGNMENT

A. Identify and underline adverbs in the following sentences and write what
it modifies: verb, adjective or adverb. There is one example done for you.
1. Suraj’s V-necked T-shirt is very good. [very « good]
2. We will do it completely.
3. She is eating quickly.
4. Her uncle rides motorbikes carefully.
5. She is fairly beautiful.
6. He wrote an essay lazily.
7. She did her work very enthusiastically.
8. Sweta spoke eloquently.


NOTES
The following are common types of adverbs.
Adverbs of manner suggest how an action is taking place.
She danced gracefully.
Adverbs of place suggest where an action is taking place.
They ran downstairs.
Adverbs of time suggest when an action is taking place.
She has just arrived.
Adverbs of frequency suggest the number of action occurring.
He usually visits his grandparents.
Adverbs of degree suggest the extent or degree of something.
She is pretty confident.
Adverbs of interrogation suggest questions.
What are you looking for now?



107 Hello Grammar 7

B. Identify and underline adverbs in the following sentences and write
its types.


Sentences Types

They are behaving weirdly now. Adverb of time

Which is your home?


She hardly speaks Bengali.

The house was beautifully decorated.

You are a brave soldier.


Kindly go upstairs.

She writes slowly during exams.

Rajendra often goes to the pub.





NOTES
Most adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding –ly:

loud « loudly easy « easily
lazy « lazily active « actively


Some adverbs have exactly the same form as adjectives:
When are you having your late lunch? [Adjective]

She reached home late. [Adverb]


Some confusing pairs of adverbs:

She hardly goes to school. [not often]
She works hard. [dedicatedly]
They got late. [unpunctual]
They have lately been to Lumbini. [recently]





108 Hello Grammar 7

C. Fill in the blanks with appropriate adverbs.
1. I am sad because my kite didn’t go very [high / highly]

___________________.
2. How can he pass the exam? He [hard / hardly]
_______________ goes to school.

3. Many buildings have been reduced to debris [late / lately]
by earthquakes ____________
4. The pedestrian was _____________ knocked [near / nearly]
down by a tempo.
5. You have to treat all students [fair / fairly]

________________.
6. You story does not sound [true / truly]
__________________.

7. Subina flew ___________________ to [direct / directly]
California last week.
8. We will send you newsletters [short / shortly]
_________________.



NOTES
Some adverbs form their comparative by adding –er and their
superlative by –est to the positive.


Positive Comparative Superlative
easy easier easiest


Some adverbs ending –ly form their comparative by adding more
and their superlative by –most.
confidently more confidently most confidently


Some adverbs form the degrees of comparison in an irregular way:
badly worse worst
well/good better best
much more most
late later latest




109 Hello Grammar 7

D. Fill in the blanks with the positive, comparative or superlative

degree of the adverbs given in the parenthesis.
1. Only those who work ____________ achieve their goal in life. [hard]

2. Megha worked ____________ than I had ever expected. [hard]
3. Our farm house stands _____________ to our school. [near]

4. You won’t get much salary. You have worked _________ than me. [little]

5. They swam ______________ than many of us. [quickly]
6. This year it rained _____________ in July than August. [heavily]

7. They spoke _______________ than we did. [angrily]



NOTES
Adverbs of manner, place and time are placed after the intransitive
verb and after the object in case of transitive verbs.
The thief ran fast. Rita made the decision this morning.


For emphasis, adverbs of time may be placed in the beginning of the
sentence also:
Last week we went to Nagarkot.
We went to Nagarkot last week.


Adverbs of frequency are placed after auxiliary verbs but before
main verbs.
She is often absent from her school.
She hardly remains absent from her school.


When an adverb modifies an adjective or an adverb itself, it is placed
before them.
The girl in the bridal dress looked quite beautiful.
The girl after marriage lived quite happily.


The adverb ‘only’ should be placed immediately before the word it
modifies.
Only Rima promised to give me notes. [nobody but she gave me]
Rima promised me to give only notes. [nothing but notes]
Rima only promised to give me notes. [but didn’t give me]




110 Hello Grammar 7

E. There is one word [adverb] wrongly placed in each line. Write the

correct article in the correct place.

Before Adverb After

Students were in just time for the a. in just were
quiz contest.
He consults always a doctor before b. ______ ________ ________
taking medicines.
The thief ran enough fast to c. ______ ________ ________
escape the police.

We appreciate your quite d. ______ ________ ________
feedback on our exam.
The sweater is expensive rather. e. ______ ________ ________
It is hot very in Terai. f. _______ ________ ________
She is tired too to walk up this hill. g. ______ ________ ________
We never should forget our moral h. ______ ________ ________
duties.


F. Rewrite the following, choosing the best alternative to complete the
following text.
She behaved 1. ________________ when I saw her at stephen’s party.
She just stood 2. _________ and stared 3. _____________ ahead when I
spoke to her.


I’ve been so busy 4. _______________ that I have 5. ________________
had time to send any emails to anyone - but it was great to hear from

you. I haven’t got much news really except that the other night Tina
and I managed to get into a Mana concert 6. ____________.


1. A. very unfriendily B. in a very unfriendly way C. in unfriendly
2. A. still B. in a still way C. stilly
3. A. straightly B. straight C. in straitingly
4. A. lately B. late C. latelily

5. A. hard B. hardingly C. hardly
6. A. freely B. free C. freelily



111 Hello Grammar 7