Exercise
I. State whether the following statement is true or false.
a. People living in a certain area is called a nation.
b. Sovereignty and population are optional requirements for the
nation.
c. Nepal never came under the control of any powerful nation.
d. Corruption and dowry system are existing even today in Nepal.
e. There is an inseparable relation between a nation and
nationality.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by a nation?
2. Show the difference between a nation and nationality.
3. What do you understand the term 'nationality'? Explain with examples.
4. What are the elements of a nation? Explain briefly.
5. How did our ancestors protect our nation? Explain.
Community Work
Collect the pictures of some personalities who worked hard to enhance the glory
of the nation. Prepare a collage from the pictures and explain their contributions
briefly and submit them to the teacher.
51 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Lesson Gehendra Shumsher:
2.4
The First Nepali Scientist
To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old
FACTS problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination
to Understand and marks real advance in science.
Albert Einstein
Gehendra Shumsher was born in Poush BS 1928. He was the son of Bir Shumsher.
Bir Shumsher was in Kolkata as a foreign representative during the time of birth
of Gehendra. He got education from an English teacher in Kolkata. Later, he
got admitted to Durbar High School in Kathmandu. He was whimsical, agile,
argumentative, active and creative since his early childhood. He was interested
in games, music and new inventions and creations rather than his studies. He
was much interested to do something different from others. So, Bir Shumsher, his
father encouraged him to work in factories where arms, weapons and bullets were
made. There he was made in-charge of arms and weapons.
industry
In BS 1942, Bir Shumsher became the Prime Minister of Nepal. Many Nepali
scientists are working in and outside the country.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 52
Then Gehendra Shumsher got a change to work more freely than before. He
established factories to manufacture arms at Balaju, Jamal, Sundarijal and also
out of valley. To make arms and ammunition he used coal which was found in
Koilabas in Dang and Iron found in different parts of Nepal.
He was very creative. At the end of BS 1956, he imported a motor car of Ford
Company from Britain. Due to his creative character, he studied dissembling each
and every part of motor car in details in order to manufacture the same type of
motor parts in near future. Again assembled all the motor parts and gifted to king
Prithivi Bir Bikram Shah, as he wanted to have the car. He showed many scientific
miracles with the assistance of Muse Thapa. He invented rice mill, water pump
to draw underground water and skin tanning factory. He was the first person
in Nepal who generated electricity from Pharping Hydro Power Station during
the regime of Rana Prime Minister Chandra Shumsher. The total capacity of
electricity generated was 500 KW.
During the premiership of Dev Shumsher he was sent to Japan with his 5 members
team to learn Japanese Technology. He manufactured rifles named as Ge-rifle
after his name. Similarly, he manufactured Bir Gun, Dhir Gun, double barreled
machine Gun, four barreled cannon, small cannon balls and small pocket rifles. In
this way he established himself as a great scientist of Nepal.
In 1963, on the occasion of Dashain festival while greeting Chandra Shumsher,
then Rana Prime minister, bowed down to salute, unfortunately a pistol fell down
from the pocket of Gehendra. Chandra Shumsher imprisoned him and after one
year, in BS 1964 Gehendra died mysteriously at the age of 35. After his death
most of the factories were closed down. The country had great loss due to the
untimely death of a great scientist. His creations are still preserved in Chhauni
Museum, Kathmandu.
Rajesh Poudyal is a scientist who works at NASA Goddard
space Flight Centre since 1996 till the date. He was born on
4 Mangshir 2027 (19 Nov.1970) in Naxal, Kathmandu and
th
th
completed schooling from Himalaya Vidya Mandir and I.Sc from
Amrit Science College. He is working in NASA as Research
Scientist. He is mostly doing research on environment, soil,
Climate, Support for Endangered species etc. Rajesh Poudyal
Dr. Eklabya Sharma is an ecologist and scientist in ICIMOD
(International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development)
with over 30 years of experiences in developing managing
and implementing programmes mainly on Sustainable
natural resources management in the Hindukush Himalayan
Region. He contributed in family system, Natural Resource
Management Environment change and Ecosystem Service.
He published 18 books. Dr. Eklabya Sharma
53 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Key Words
whimsical : unusual in a playful or amusing way, not serious
agile : quick, smart, clean
argumentative : tending to argue.
Collect the picture of all kinds of arms and ammunition made by
Activity Gehendra Shumsher and make a collage of it.
Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
a. _________ was the first scientist of Nepal.
b. Bir Shumsher was a _____ during the birth of Gehendra Shumsher.
c. In BS ________ Bir Shumsher became the Prime Minister of Nepal.
d. Gehendra Shumsher gifted his car to the king______.
e. Gehendra Shumsher generated electricity of __________ capacity.
II. Answer the following questions:
a. Who was Gehendra Shumsher?
b. Explain the contribution of Gehendra Shumsher to the country?
c. Who generated electricity for the first time in Nepal? What was the
total capacity of electricity generated?
d. What is meant by mysterious death? When did Gahendra Shumsher
die?
e. What was the reason to imprison him?
Community Work
Visit your community and find such a person who has sacrificed his/her life for the
welfare of the people and the nation. Prepare a short biography of such person.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 54
Lesson Some Historical Personalities of
2.5
Our Country
Mangala Devi Singh was a pioneer feminist and
FACTS prominent democratic right activist of Nepal. She spent
to Understand many years in jail. She was the founder of Nepal Women
Association and the wife of leading Nepali Congress
leader Ganesh Man Singh.
Nepal has given birth to many personalities. Many people contributed a lot to the
welfare of the nation. They worked hard for the society and the country. Those
personalities who made remarkable contribution in the past to enhance the glory
of the nation, are called historical personalities of the country. Many personalities
in the history of Nepal contributed to bring reformation and welfare of the country.
Some of the personalities and their contributions are given below:
The four Great Martyrs Contributions
1. Sukra Raj Shastri Good knowledge of Nepali, Newari, English and Hindu
(BS 1950 - BS 1997) language. He was the writer of Nepal ko Jhalak,
Sanskrit Pradeep, swargo ko Dwar, etc.
Founder member of Nepal Praja Parishad.
Actively involved in anti-Rana Movement.
Organized a huge gathering at Indra Chowk which
condemned the autocratic Rana rule.
Arrested and hanged to death at Teku Pachali on 1997,
Magh 10.
55 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
2. Dharma Bhakta Got education in Darjeeling and Kolkata India.
Mathema Impressed by the Indian Movement of Independence.
(BS 1965 - BS 1997)
Impressed royal family by his talent of physical show.
So he was appointed to the Royal Palace to teach
physical exercise to king Tribhuwan.
Member of the Praja Parishad, the first political party of
Nepal.
Played the role of bridge between the king and
the party. As a result Rana Prime Minister Juddha
Shumsher suspected him for conspiracy and he was
arrested. In Magh 13, 1997 he was hanged at Siphal,
Kathmandu.
3. Ganga Lal Shrestha Got education from the Durbar High School and
(BS 1975 - BS 1997) Trichandra College
He formed an association of youths in the College.
He joined Mahabir Institute where he studied human
rights, patriotism, etc.
He met Sukra Raj Shastri and organized people against
the Rana rule.
Gave speech against the Rana rule and was arrested.
On Magh 15, 1997 he was shot dead at Shobha
Bhawati with Dasharath Chand.
4. Dasharath Chand Studied in Varanasi, India
(BS 1960 - BS 1995) Impressed by the Indian Movement of Independence
and took part in the movement against the Rana rule.
He formed an association of Nepali students in
Varanasi where he met Tanka Prasad Acharya and
Dharma Bhakta Mathema. They established a political
party called Praja Parishad in 1984 BS, Tanka Prasad
Acharya became the president of the party.
He became the in-charge of anti-Rana Movement. He
published many articles in newspapers against the
Rana rule.
He was arrested and asked to beg a pardon by the
Ranas but he did not do so. Finally, he was shot dead
at Shova Bhagawati on Magh 15, 1997 with Ganga Lal
Shrestha.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 56
5. B.P. Koirala Leader of Nepal Rastriya Congress
(BS 1971 - BS 2038) Leader of Nepali Prajatantric Congress
First elected Prime Minister of Nepal
Continuously struggled to remove Panchayat rule and
establish Multi-party Democracy
Literary figure of Nepalese Literature
6. Puspa Lal Shrestha He was the founder of the Nepal Communist Party
(BS 1981 - BS 2035) A pioneer of Communist thought in Nepal
7. Ganesh Man Singh Leader of the Anti-Rana Movement, BS 2007
(BS 1972 - BS 2054) A leader of Nepali Congress
Commander of the Mass Movement BS 2046
Contribution to the restoration of democracy after
People's Mass Movement I of BS 2046
A selfless leader
He got the nick name as an Ironman of Nepali politics
Active participation in the Quit India Movement
8. Manmohan Adhikari Active member of Nepal Communist Party.
(BS 1977 - BS 2056) Significant contribution in Mass Movement I, BS 2046
He became the first Communist Prime Minister of
Nepal, BS 2051
9. Krishna Prasad Bhattrai A founder leader of the Nepali Congress
(BS 1981 - BS 2067) Active participation in the Anti-Rana Movement
BS 2007
The President of Nepali congress
The first elected speaker of Nepal, BS 2016
Significant contribution to restoration of democracy
57 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
10. Madan Bhandari Central Committee member of the Janabadi Sanskritik
(Ashad 14, 2009) Morcha , a student movement launched by Pushpalal
Shrestha
Founder member of the Communist Party of Nepal
(Marxist-Leninist)
Significant role in the program of CPN (UML) "People's
Multiparty Democracy" to lead his party as the
strongest Communist Party of Nepal
11. Girija Prasad Koirala Significant Contribution in Movement of Biratnagar,
(BS 1981 - BS 2066) BS 2003
Continuous efforts for the institutionalization of
democracy
The first elected Prime Minister after the restoration of
democracy in BS 2048
The leader of the Mass Movement II of BS 2062/2063
The leading role for comprehensive Peace Accord in 5
th
Mangshir, BS 2063
The first Head of the Government of Republic of Nepal.
12. Sushil Koirala Became the Prime Minister of Nepal
(BS 1996 - BS 2072) Established democratic culture in Nepali congress.
The Constitution of Nepal, 2072 is promulgated.
Put a significant effort for the re-establishment of
Democracy and Loktantra in Nepal.
Besides these historical personalities there are many other personalities who have
contributed a lot to the nation. They are Mangala Devi Singh, a woman activist
fought for women's right, Shailaja Acharya a woman leader and first Deputy
Prime Minister of Nepal, Dwarika Devi Thakurani, first woman minister in B.
P. Koirala's government, K.P. Sharma Oli, the former Prime Minister of Nepal,
encouraged people to feel strong nationality during undeclared blockade during
Terai-Madhesh Movement, BS 2072.
Key Words
patriotism : love that people feel for their country
restoration : the act of bringing back something that existed before
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 58
Divide the class into 4 groups and role play of B.P Koirala,
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, Mangala Devi Singh and Dwarika Devi
Activity Thakurani and present it in your classroom.
Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
a. The first woman Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal was ___________.
b. The first elected speaker of parliament of BS 2016 was____________.
c. Sukra Raj Shashtri was arrested and hanged on ____________.
d. The founder of Praja Parishad was ___________.
e. The first elected prime minister of Nepal was__________.
II. Answer the following questions:
a. What types of persons are called historical personalities?
b. Among the above given personalities whom you like most? Write wtih
reasons.
c. In your opinion, what kind of contribution is required for a country
like Nepal?
d. Being a responsible citizen, how can you contribute to your nation in
the future? Write in brief.
e. What kind of role was played by the personalities to bring democracy
in Nepal? Explain.
Community Work
Visit your community and ask the people about their ideal political leader and his/
her contribution. Prepare a report based on it and present to the class.
59 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Lesson Our Social Behaviours, Cultures
2.6
and Traditions
German society celebrates Oktoberfest every year that
FACTS runs from late September to the first Sunday in October.
to Understand About 81 million people celebrate this festival.
There are many social activities
practised in our society. These are
the reflections of our behaviours,
cultures, traditions, lifestyles, etc.
This includes various rites and
rituals performed from birth to
death of an individual. These are the
combination of feast and festivals,
profession, language, religions,
costumes, cultures and traditions,
relations, food.
Tradition is a belief, behaviour,
customs or elements of a culture Indra jatra (Pulu kesi dance)
transferred, from generation within
a group or society with its origin in the past. In Nepal, people from different
social cultural, religious and geographical backgrounds have their own unique
culture and traditions. All these are influenced by social norms and values. Nepali
societies are in transitional phase between traditional and modern practices.
People of various societies have their own special norms and values. Respecting
and serving our parents, aged people, teachers and seniors and loving juniors,
showing good hospitality to the guests, constructing resting place, pati, pauwa,
chautaro, making taps and wells and offer food and water to hungry and thirsty
people are the common norms and values of our society.
People plant peeple trees, basil plant (Tulsi) and worship, observe many festivals
with great pumps. In this way people living in society share their joys and sorrow,
exchange their feelings morality, disciple, good conduct, etc. Nepali people help
others in pain and share happiness. They together perform marriage and death
rituals, join different organizations like Aama Samuha, religious groups, guthi,
gather in Rodhi and other developmental and welfare programme in the society.
The Nepalese have unique culture, dress, dances, songs, musical instruments and
many more features which have also lured many tourists.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 60
Some of the social customs and traditions are given below:
Castes Rituals
The Brahmins Naming ceremony within 11 days
and Chhetris
Weaning ceremony in 5 or 6 months
Bratabandha in 8-16 years
Arranges or love marriage
Mourning period for 13 days
Worship to Brahma, Vishnu, Maheswor celebrate
Dashain, Tihar, Chhath, etc.
The Newars Naming ceremony within 4-11 days
Weaning ceremony in 5 or 6 months, Ihi, arrange or love
marriage
Dead body is either buried or burnt
Worship Hindu Gods or Buddha
Observe Buddha Jayanti, Dashain, Tihar, Jatras, etc.
The Magars Naming ceremony in 11-15 days
Arrange, love or Jari marriage
Observe death ritual for 11-13 mourning period
Celebrate Dashain, Tihar, Nag Puja
Worship Hindu god and goddesses
The Tharus Naming ceremony within 6-9 days
Arrange and love marriage
Dead body is either burnt or buried, mourning period is
5-7 days
Worship to Hindu gods and Goddesses
Celebrate Maghi, Dashain, Tihar, Holi, etc.
The Tamangs Naming ceremony within 3 days
Weaning ceremony 5 or 6 months
Arrange, love or Chori marriage worship Lord Buddha
Lhosar observe Buddha Jayanti, etc.
Dead body is buried
Mourning period is observed for 3 days
61 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
These are only some of the social practices observed in the society. Besides, these
there are so many different ethnic groups live in the society who have their own
identity and social practices. These things have made the country unique from
others and very rich in culture. People have their own costumes, ornaments, ways
of living, etc. which are very distinct and unique.
Key Words
ceremony : formal programme
Guthi/Rodhi : organization of the Newars and the Gurungs respectively
Make different tradition costumes of different community of
Nepal using colour paper and paste in chart paper.
Activity
Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
a. Our social activities are ________ of our behaviours.
b. People of different communities have their own ______ and _________.
c. People plant_________ and __________ to worship.
d. Nepalese celebrate _____ with great pomp.
e. Nepal is ______ rich country.
II. Answer the following questions:
a. What are the society activities that are practiced in Nepalese society?
Explain briefly.
b. What do you mean by tradition? Define .
c. What are the common norms and values which are followed in common
by Nepalese society?
d. Explain the social practices of the Newars and the Tharus.
Community Work
Find out the people of different communities group living in your locality. Make a
list of them and mention social practices.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 62
Lesson Our Folk Culture
2.7
The Tharus people made their culture very rich. They
FACTS decorate rice containers, colourfully painted verandahs and
to Understand outer walls of their homes using only available materials
like clay, mud, dung and grass. The Deukheri Tharus are
known for their colourful shell and feather decorated
basketry, including ram topne water jug covers.
A folk culture is the practice started by our ancestors and handed down by the
ancestors from one generation to another generation. Folk culture mainly focus
on traditions practiced by a small community. In the past every activity was
based on oral tradition when there was no written concept. It was passed from
one generation to another without modifying the original one. It shows the old
ways that was followed by our ancestors. A folk culture is a unique tradition of a
small community in a particular place. Some of the elements of folk culture are
folk songs, dances musical instruments, day to day activities, arts, beliefs, rituals,
customs, thoughts, etc.
Folk Song
A folk song is a traditional song typically created by the people of a country of
a region which reflects the particular society and their activities. Folk songs
are locally composed songs with traditional tunes. It reflects the customs and
traditions, social practices, happiness and sorrow and the way of life in a particular
community.
Folk songs differ from one place to another one community to another and
according to festival. Among the various folk songs, some are given below:
!= ‘tfnsf] kfgL df5Ln] vfgL
lkl/d l;t hfgL ls ghfgL’
@= ‘/]zd lkml/l/ /]zd lkml/l/
p8]/ hfpFls 8fF8fdf e~HofÍ
/]zd lkml/l/========’
63 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
There are many types of folk songs. Some of them are as follows:
Ritual songs : Rateuali, Balan, Chhaiti, marriage, etc.
Festival songs : Deusi-Bhailo, Teej, Holi, Jhijhiya, etc.
Prayer songs : Mangal Dhun, Bhajan, etc.
Caste related : Dohari, Rodi, Maruni, Sangini, Sorathi
Common songs : Jhyaure, Purbeli, etc.
Folk songs are so heart touching that these can make a person burst into tears if
feels bad and jump with joy, if they get excited people in the past used to entertain
and refresh through these folk songs.
To get more Nepali songs you can visit: www.npsongs.com
Folk Music and Instrument
Folk music is used to support the folk song. This music is played by different folk
instruments. Such as Panchaibaja (combination of five different instruments like
Nagara, Sanai, Damaha, Tyamko and Jhyali), Sorangi, Murali, Madal, Binayo,
Murchunge, etc. The very common and natural folk musical support is clapping.
We clap and begin to dance when songs touch our heart.
Folk Tunes
There are many popular folk tunes in Nepal. They represent special occasions and
ceremonies in Nepalese societies. For example, Malshree Dhun is played during
Nawaratri. Other tunes are Maruni, Sorathi, Kaura, Chanchari, Kawra, etc.
These are tunes of National songs, National anthem, etc. Some National songs
are very popular in Nepalese society.
!= ‘/ftf] / rGb| ;"o{, h+uL lgzfg xfd|f]
lhpFbf] /ut ;/L of], hNbf] of] zfg xfd|f]’
@= ‘of] sd{e"ldsf] cfFugdf
sd{sf] pbfx/0f
k|:t't u/]/ b]vfp
oxfFsf] w/tL afFemf] 5}g
ljsf;sf] km"n km"nfpm’
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 64
Ornament
There are many types of ornaments worn by Nepalese people. Women wear
Dhungri, Bulaki, Phuli, Mundri, Tilahari, Naugedi, Chandrama, Kalli, Bala,
Chandrahaar, etc. These are the unique ornaments of Nepalese culture.
Costumes
The traditional costumes or dress of Nepal are unique. Men wear Daura, Suruwal,
Dhaka Topi, Patuka and women wear Chaubandi, Choli, Fariya, Patuki and
Majetro (shawl).
Folk Dance
The traditional dance which is performed by the people of different Communities
is called folk dance. Such dance represents culture and lifestyle of different
communities living in Nepal. The folk songs, dance and instruments are
interrelated to each other. The dances are practised in local community as a
part of tradition and based on folk songs and supported by music. Through the
dances people express their feelings, joys and sorrows. Dance is the most effective
way of disseminating message even to the illiterate people. Dances give more
entertainment to the people.
There are various dances in Nepal which are performed by the people of various
ethnicities, castes, religious geographical regions, etc. Such dances are Balan,
Sangini, Maruni, Deuda, Ghatu, Kaura, Selo, Jhijhiya, lakhe Naach, Hudkeli,
Jhangad naach, Deusi, Bhaili, etc.
Key Words
Panchai Baja : combination of five instruments
Jhijhiya : dance performed by the Tharus during Maghi festival
Draw the various folk instruments and paste it on your
Activity display board.
65 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Exercise
I. State whether the following statements are true or false:
a. Folk culture is started by our ancestors.
b. Folk songs and dance are interrelated to each other.
c. Folk song is a traditional song typically sung by the different
communities.
d. There are many types of folk songs.
e. People cannot express their feelings by songs and dances.
II. Answer the following questions:
a. Define folk culture and discuss the major characteristics of folk culture.
b. Explain folk songs.
c. Write any two folk songs which are very popular in Nepalese society.
d. What are types of folk songs? Mention.
e. What is folk music? How do people express their feeling through
music?
Community Work
Find out the people living in your community. Ask them about folk culture and write
any two songs each of the community.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 66
Review Questions
1. 'Nepal is a multi-religious and secular nation '. Justify the statement.
2. What do you mean by religion and religious ritual?
3. What are the main features of Hinduism and Buddhism?
4. What is religious tolerance? Explain with examples.
5. What kind of rituals performed by the people in your community? Visit any four
houses to get the detailed information and write.
6. Differentiate between a nation and nationality.
7. What are the things that make country people feel proud? Make a list.
8. It is the duty of all Nepalese to take high emphasis on nationality and welfare of
the nation. Explain.
9. What is culture and tradition?
10. 'The different customers made the land colourful'. Justify the statement.
11. Write a letter to your foreign friend describing the special cultural aspect of your
community.
12. Who was Gehendra Shumsher? Write his contribution in brief.
13. Prepare a biography of Mahabir Pun with the help of your teacher or the internet.
14. Who are historical personalities. Make a list and explain briefly about any two
historical personalities.
15. How can you contribute to your nation in future?
16. Define folk culture and discuss its major characteristics.
17. Show the interrelationship between folk song, dance and music.
67 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Unit
3 SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND
THEIR SOLUTIONS
Learning Outcomes of the Unit
The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
the unit are to enable students to:
UNIT CONTENTS define social problems and evils.
3.1 Social Problems and Evils 69 differentiate between social problems and evils.
3.2 Causes and Solutions of
Social Problems and Evils 73 know the cause and effects of social problems in
3.3 Role of Schools and National Nepalese society
Organization in Solving find out the solution of social problems and evils
Social Problem 77 explain the importance of social organization in
3.4 Conflict and solving social problems and evils
Its Management 80 create awareness against the malpractices like
3.5 Concept of Peace 83 gambling, girls trafficking, alcoholism drug abuse,
Review Questions 85 caste discrimination, untouchability, etc.
define conflict and its management
differentiate between peace and conflict
to know the adverse effects of conflict and
importance of peace
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 68
Lesson Social Problems and Evils
3.1
49 percent of detected victims of human trafficking are
FACTS adult women.
to Understand
The activities which are done to fulfil one are personal or group interest in the
form of speech or actions thought are called social problems. These activities are
against the norms of the society. Some people give trouble to others for many
reasons such as financial benefits, people's happiness, dignity, health, safety,
freedom, rights and social reputation. These activities are immoral, bad and
undesirable which disturbs the peace and harmony of the people living in the
same society. They obstruct the development of the society, so society cannot run
smoothly.
Every society has problems only the degree is different. In developed societies
there are many kinds of problems but most of them are easily resolved. But in
developing countries many social problems are seen which are unsolved and
create many problems. These problems are dowry system, alcoholism, vandalism,
gambling, quarrelling, fighting, etc. When these problems are unsolved for long
time then they turn into social evils. Therefore, social evils are those problems
which remain in a society for a long time and obstruct the development of the
society and hinder it to run smoothly. Later, the evils can be a part of culture of
a society.
There are many social problems and evils in Nepalese society. In the name of rites
and rituals, cultures and traditions people are practising many such activities
which obstruct the progress of the society. Though, Nepali society is very rich in
culture and tradition. We have tradition to respect our elders, love juniors, help the
needy people and show good hospitality to the guests. Despite these good customs
and traditions many bad elements have entered the society which has disturbed
its peace and harmony. There are problems like child marriage, superstitions,
extravagance, girl trafficking, drug abuse, child labour, domestic violence, dowry
system, untouchability, caste discrimination, etc. Some of the social problems and
evils are discussed below.
Superstitious Belief
There are more villages in Nepal than towns and cities. People in rural areas are
deprived of many basic facilities such as education, health, transportation, etc.
Most of the people live in limited periphery. They believe in superstition and witch
69 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
doctors. Many women are also
accused as witch in rural areas.
They believe that illness is caused
by the evil spirits and instead of
visiting medical doctors they visit
witch doctors. Due to a lack of
proper medical treatment people
even lose their life. Superstition
is a great problem of our society.
Nepalese society gives high
priority to a son than daughter. A
family wants for a son. The birth
process continues till the family
bears a son. People think that
because of a son, they can reach blaming bokshi (witch)
the heaven after death. As a result
population size increases together.
and many problems also increase. Many women are also accused of being witch
in rural areas.
Girls Trafficking
Girls' trafficking is another major problem of the society. It is increasing day
by day in Nepal. Many innocent and illiterate girls are trafficked to many other
countries. These girls are brought from remote villages by the brokers in the name
of giving a good job or to marry them but they are sold from one hand to another
and finally to the brothels. In this way, their whole life is ruined in the brothels.
rally against girl trafficking
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 70
Dowry System
Dowry system is a major social evil, mostly
seen in the Terai region. When bridegrooms
family demand for money and property with
the brides family during their marriage
this system is called dowry system. In the
beginning during the marriage, parents use
to give some money and property to their dowry system
daughter as per their capacity but later it
became a part of their culture and bridegroom's family started demanding the
amount with the bride's family. It has created economic burden to the girl's family.
As a result murder of girl child, abortion of fetus has been increasing rapidly.
Extravagance
An expensive way of living is also one of the main cause of social evil. On certain
accessions such as marriage, bratabandha, naming ceremony, weaning ceremony,
etc. as well as some religious occasions like Dashain, Tihar, Holi, Chhath, etc.
people spend a lot of money to show their economic status in the society. Those,
who have less money even take a loan and spend on the various occasions. These
extravagant nature of the people gives lots of problems to them. It compels them
even to sell their houses and land. It increases problems in our society.
The society is the common home to all the people. It gives strength and protection
for overall development. But the same society develops evils and perversion due
to the ill mentality, selfishness, greed, etc. of the people. These problems hinder
the development and overall growth of the society. It is mainly caused by the
illiteracy and ignorance of the people. The causes, its effects and solutions will be
discussed in another chapter.
Key Words
vandalism : the act of deliberately destroying property
extravagance : more than is usual or unnecessary expenses
witch doctors : dhami-jhakri
weaning ceremony : rice-feeding ceremony
perversion : improper changes
71 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Collect some pictures which depict social problems and evils and
prepare a collage in a chart paper and paste it in your display
Activity board.
Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
a. The immoral activities are against the norms of a ______.
b. Every________ has problems of their own.
c. Social problems depend on their________.
d. Though Nepali society is rich in ______ and traditions.
e. Girl trafficking is ________ day by day in Nepal.
II. Answer the following questions:
a. What do you understand by social problems and evils?
b. Differentiate between social problems and evils.
c. 'Despite good customs and traditions many bad elements are indicated
in the statement? Explain in detail.
d. Write short notes on:
1. Superstitious belief
2. Extravagance
Community Work
Observe celebration of any occasion by the people in your community. Collect the
detailed information of it. Prepare a report on it and present it to your teacher.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 72
Lesson Causes and Solutions of Social
3.2
Problems and Evils
Globally women earn 24 percent of administrative and
FACTS managerial positions in the business world.
to Understand
Social problems and evils are increasing in our society. We are getting rid of our
social values and norms. In the previous chapter you are learnt about the social
problems and evils. In this chapter you will learn their causes, effects and their
solutions.
The society is formed to give strength and protection to the members of the society
for their overall development but due to the ill-mentality and ignorance of the
people many problems and evils are there in the society. These problems and evils
are the great enemies of socio-economic development and great enemies of peace,
security, harmony and wellbeing of the society. The main cause of these social
problems and evils are as follows:
1. Illiteracy
2. Poverty
3. Ignorance
4. Lack of awareness
5. Superstition
6. Male supremacy
7. Unemployment
8. Population growth
9. Negative influence of western culture
Nepal is an underdeveloped country. The literacy rate is 65.9 percent according to
the census BS 2068. There are many such rural areas in Nepal in which literate
people are minimum. The poverty rate is also increased due to the illiteracy and
unemployment problems. The wrong tradition to give priority to a son only has
increased the number of people in a family. The population growth has created
scarcity of food, water and other facilities everywhere. People remain unemployed
because of tough competition. As a result robbery, dacoit, murder, smuggling case
have also been increased in the society. These activities disturb peace and security
of the family and society.
People take alcohol in the name of religious rituals, festivals and celebrations.
Alcohol causes severe health problems. It disturbs peace in the family and society.
73 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
It disturbs peace in the family and society. It misuses money and resources. Many
ethnic people make alcohol because of their tradition. Such tradition needs to be
changed.
jhakri tradition
Our society is patriarchal society. Father is the head of the family. He takes all
the decisions. In such society male has been given more importance than the
female. This leads gender discrimination. Females are exploited and dominated.
These are caused due to illiteracy and ignorance of the people.
Nowadays, there is high influence of western culture among youths. People are
slowly forgetting their valuable culture and traditions and blindly imitating
other's culture. This increasing trend is a great challenge for the existing identity.
Therefore, to find out the solution is very essential. The solutions to all these
problems are discussed below:
Identify the root cause of problems and evils on time is very important.
Provide education to every family member and members of the society.
Give employment opportunities to the people according to their efficiency,
skills and education. It will generate regular income so easy to meet day to
day expenses.
Effective and positive roles of media can help to generate awareness to
resolve social problem.
Run awareness programmes effectively.
Government, social organization, civil societies and individuals should work
together.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 74
Women should be empowered by providing them education, trainings
to develop skills and employment to make them economically strong and
independent.
Equality should be maintained in caste, gender, class, religion, language, etc.
Own culture, custom and tradition should be promoted rather than the
western culture.
Strict laws should be implemented against criminals. Vandalism should be
punished by a law.
Key Words
superstition : false belief
hindrance : obstacle
ritual : ceremony, tradition
Organise a Speech Competition on the topic 'Women Empowerment
against the Gender Discrimination'. Request your subject teacher
Activity to be the judge of the competition.
Exercise
I. State whether the given statement is true or false:
a. Every society has their own problems.
b. People practice many rituals in the name of traditions.
c. Dowry system is one of the major problems of the society.
d. Social problems and evils are good for the societal development.
e. People take alcohol in the name of tradition.
75 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
II. Answer the following questions:
a. What are the major causes of social problems and evils? Make a list
and explain any two of them.
b. 'Social problems and evils are creeping in our society'. Justify the
statement.
c. In what ways do social problems hinder the development of the society?
d. What are the solutions of society existing in Nepalese society?
e. How does western culture affect the Nepalese society? Explain.
Community Work
There may be various problems in your community. Find out the root causes of
the problem and also suggest the effective solution to the problem and show it to
your teacher.
Project Work
Prepare a PowerPoint presentation on social problems and evils with their
solutions.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 76
Lesson Role of Schools and National
3.3 Organization in Solving Social Problem
Education is very important because it opens the mind
FACTS and expands it. And if your years in school are boring
to Understand you can still educate yourself now.
To solve the existing problems and evils in our society, roles of schools and
organizations are established with specific aims and objectives. They are
established at various levels and voluntarily serve the society and people to get
rid of many problems.
Family is the first school for children.
They grow up in a family and learn
many things such as habits, etiquette,
character, manner, socialization, etc.
If family is good then a child will
develop good manners and positive
attitudes. If bad, he/she also will
learn the bad manners and attitude
and always wants to escape from his/
her responsibilities.
A school is considered as the second
home of a child. Children learn
discipline, politeness, kindness, good school students in uniform
moral character, good behaviour,
reasoning power, healthy customs and traditions, self-reliance, etc. from the
school and teachers. Teachers are the role model for the students. Whatever, this
helps to import good education and knowledge easily to the children to develop
good moral characters. In this way, the school can play various roles in solving the
social problems and evils prevailing in the society. It is the centre of learning and
social development. The school can play various roles to make society free from
any kind of problems and evils. They are:
Develop good character.
Help to learn to be self-reliant.
Learn to be disciplined.
Learn about own culture and traditions and know their importance.
To know their adverse effect of wrong activities
77 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
To develop the feeling of co-operation, kindness and politeness
To promote equality and equity
Develop civilization
Similarly, many social organizations established in various levels are working
in different sectors in solving problems and evils. Some of the organizations
are working at local level whereas some others are working at national and
international levels working for alleviation of social problems and evils. They are
given below along with their contributions.
Sl.No Names Contributions
1 INSEC (Informal Sector It works to protect human rights and
service Centre) develop awareness about education
2 Maiti Nepal It works for the protection of
trafficked girls and control human
trafficking, rescue of trafficked girls
and who also sold to the brothels and
resettle them.
3 CWIN (Child Workers in It works against child exploitation
Nepal.) promotes and protects child right,
child exploitation and child labour. It
rehabilitates the rescued child.
4 TIN (Transparency It controls corruption and supports
International Nepal) good governance.
5 CVICT(Centre for Victims of Fights against various violence
Torture) existed in a society.
6 BASE (Backward Society Education and Community
education) development in rural areas
There are about 40,000 social organizations working voluntarily in Nepal. They
are contribution to Nepalese society by various means. In this way, Nepalese
society in need is getting support from these organizations in need.
Key Words
adverse : negative
rehabilitate : resettlement
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 78
Make a list of social organizations working in your community
Activity also draw their logo .
Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. __________ is the first school for children.
2. Children learn _______ from school.
3. Teachers are the ___________ model for the students.
4. Transparency International is working to control__________.
5. CWIN protects children from_______.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What do you understand by the term 'social organization'?
2. Write the full form of
a. CWIN b. TIN
c. CVICT d. BASE
3. What are the contributions of schools and social organizations to
eliminate social problems and evils? Explain.
4. Why is a social organization important in society?
5. 'School is the second home for children'. Explain.
Community Work
Visit your community and observe the existing problems and evils. Find out the
remedial measures to remove such problems and make society free from any kind
of problems and evils.
79 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Lesson Conflict and Its Management
3.4
Since 1990 more than 8 million people have died directly
FACTS or indirectly as a result of war in Africa. Children are the
to Understand major target of conflict and violence mainly in Uganda,
Rwanda, Angola and Mozambique.
Conflict refers to a situation in which individuals or groups pursue disharmonious
goals, values and interest. Feelings of injustice, unfairness, anger emotion,
indifference, suspicion and mistrust lead to conflict. It is a disagreement against
one's opinion or feelings. A controversy between person, ideas or interest create
clash between two opposing forces is called conflict.
Causes of Conflict
There are many types of conflict. Some conflicts take place between individuals
groups or organizations. Similarly, other kinds of conflicts are social conflict,
political conflict and resource conflicts.
These conflicts are created due to many reasons. They are as follows:
Lack of understanding between two parties
Circulation of wrong information
Lack of mutual understanding and respect
Lack of proper guidance and instructions
Lack of tolerance capacity
Exploitation, injustice, discrimination of means and resources
Opposing ideologies
Sense of revenge
Mass poverty and injudiciousness
Insensitive and irresponsible government
Conflicts create difficulties in the positive change of the society. They create much
harm in the society. So, when the cause of conflict is identified it is very essential
to resolve in time.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 80
Conflict Management
The process of controlling the negative aspects of conflict while increasing the positive
aspects of conflict is called conflict management. The aim of conflict management
is to provide peaceful ending of conflict. Conflict is an undesirable situation. It
creates disharmony, groupism and destruction. So, conflict management is very
important to resolve conflict. It creates mutual understanding and harmony. So,
conflict can be resolved. Trust, co-operation, mutual understanding and state of
compromises are some elements of conflict management. It is very essential to
develop sense of responsibility and build trust to manage conflict. Some of the
ways of conflict management are as follows:
Maintain understanding between two parties
Circulating and disseminating the right news, messages and information
instead of passing wrong messages
Equal distribution of available means and resources
Give proper guidance and instructions
Good governance and transparency in the ruling system
Give skill-oriented training to create employment opportunities
Maintain good harmony and tolerance among the people
Peaceful negotiations and feeling of respect to each other
These are the effective measures to resolve conflict. Conflict management is very
helpful to end conflict in win-win situation. So, both the parties will be satisfied
and conflict ends.
Key Words
governance : ruling a country
transparency : clearness, no corruption
Prepare a case study depicted conflict and conflict management.
Activity
81 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Exercise
I. State whether the following statements are true or false:
a. Conflict helps to develop a country.
b. Unequal distribution of means and resources create peace and
harmony.
c. Mutual trust and co-operation are the elements of conflict
management.
d. Good governance and rule of law is very essential for good ruling
system.
e. Peaceful negotiation and feeling of respect to each other develops the
win-win situation between parties.
II. Answer the following questions:
a. What is conflict? Define.
b. What are the types of conflict? What are they? Name them.
c. Mention any six causes of conflict created in your society.
d. Suppose you are the mediator in a conflict between two friends. How
do you resolve the conflict? Explain in detail.
e. Write the ways of conflict management and also explain the importance
of conflict management.
Community Work
Observe the ongoing political conflict of your country. You may have a political
representative of your constituency, meet him and discuss about the reasons of
conflict and the ways of conflict management.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 82
Lesson Concept of Peace
3.5
Inner peace is more important than the peace of the
FACTS outer world.
to Understand -Kofi Annan
Peace is a state of harmony, co-operation, mutual understanding and freedom
rule of law, without conflict and freedom from fear of violence. In other words it
is understood as the absence of hostility. Peace suggests the existence of healthy
national and international relationship, prosperity in matters of socio-economic
welfare, the establishment of equality and a working political order that shows
the true interest of all.
Peace is not merely the absence of violence or war. It is also a state of mind where
people feel no fear and enjoy their rights and privilege. In the absence of peace,
development is impossible. It creates favourable environment for development.
The word 'peace' is derived from Latin word 'pox' which means 'freedom from civil
disorder'. Later this word was used in English language with various meanings
including safety, well-being, prosperity, equity, equality, security, good fortune
and friendliness. In the presence of peace, conflicts rights are respected and their
voice are heard. Everyone is at their highest point of serenity without any social
tension, peace and conflict are going on a parallel way. Peace brings progress but
conflicts bring destruction. So, to reduce the conflict peace is very essential.
Importance of Peace
It is basic responsibility of the country to maintain law and order and peace in the
country. Political organizations, civil societies as well as individuals can help to
maintain peace. It is the situation where there is no violence and gives happiness
and prosperity as well. When people are happy and prosperous they can think
good and do well. So, peace is inevitable to develop the nation. Its importance is
summarized in the points below:
It helps to develop a nation.
It removes conflict and harmonious situation can be created.
It makes nation prosperous.
Unity among the people is maintained.
It maintains security and environment to exercise all rights for all-round
development.
83 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Therefore, everybody should say 'yes' to social harmony and 'No' to war
and terrorism, poverty and conflict. It brings peace to the country. It is
important because misunderstanding leads to dispute, conflict and wars.
Similarly, understanding leads to peace and peace leads to cooperation and
co-operation leads to development.
Key Words
serenity : the state of being peaceful and calm
inevitable : sure to happen
dispute : conflict
Draw a symbol of peace in A4 size paper and discuss the
Activity importance of peace.
Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
a. Peace brings______ in the nation.
b. __________ is not merely the absence of violence.
c. In the absence of peace_____ is impossible.
d. _____ and _______ are going on a parallel way.
e. Everybody should say _______ to social harmony and ______ to conflict
terrorism.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Define peace. Explain its derivative meaning.
2. Suppose two of your friends started quarreling for some reasons.
How do you resolve the dispute and maintain peace in the classroom?
Describe the situation.
3. Explain the impact of peace.
4. What are the factors that affect peace?
5. Explain the importance of peace for the prosperity of the nation.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 84
Community Work
There may be some conflict over land ownership, family or class disputes. Do some
research and find out the cause of disputes and ways to resolve them. Prepare a
report on this basis and present it to your teacher.
Review Questions
1. Define social problems and evils.
2. Mention the features that show our social identity.
3. Write short notes on superstitious belief and Girls Trafficking.
4. 'Expensive way of living is also one of the main causes of the social problems'.
Justify the statement.
5. What are the causes of social problems and evils?
6. Mention the corrective measures to remove social problems and evils.
7. Write down the roles of family and school to eliminate problems from the society.
8. Name some local and national organizations and their contributions for
maintaining society free from problems.
9. School is the symbol of social civilization. Justify the statement.
10. Define conflict.
11. In what ways can conflict be managed?
12. How is social conflict caused? Give reasons.
13. Differentiate peace and conflict.
14. What do you understand by conflict management? Mention the ways of conflict
management.
15. 'Peace is inevitable for the development of a nation'. Justify the statement.
85 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Unit
4 CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS
Learning Outcomes of the Unit
The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
the unit are to enable students to:
UNIT CONTENTS
4.1 Fundamental Elements of explain the basic elements of a state
a State 87 tell about the fundamental rights guaranteed by the
4.2 Fundamental Rights 90 constitution
4.3 Child Rights 95 differentiate between fundamental rights and human
4.4 Efforts to Protect rights
Child Rights 98 find out the ways to protect child rights
4.5 Democratic Culture 101 understand the meaning of democratic culture
4.6 Equal Behaviour 104 know the importance of equal behaviour
4.7 Social Norms and Values 106 explain the social norms and values of society
Review Questions 109
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 86
Lesson Fundamental Elements of a State
4.1
The most obvious essential feature of a state is its
FACTS people'. States where the people share general political
to Understand and social consensus about basic beliefs, have the
most stable government.
A state is an organized political unit under one government. It is also called
a nation or territory. According to the Constitution of Nepal 2072, a state is a
combination of various castes, genders or communities of various castes, creeds,
genders or commutation. It means a state or nation is formed by the people having
different castes and creeds, male and female having in the same territory. It has
major four elements: population, territory, government and sovereignty. They are
discussed below:
1. Population
Population is one of the fundamental elements of a state. It is defined as all
the inhabitants living within the territory or a country. It is an organization in
which people of diverse community live together with common interest. Without
population; there is no identity of a state. If people are active, wise and creative
then a state is developed. So, population has great importance in the state. It
may consist of population of many nationalities and they may be heterogeneous
in culture, language or race but they can have the same interest for their nation.
Population can vary from one state to another, according to the total land area,
climate, fertility of the soil and available facilities. China is the largest country by
population size. Similarly, Nauru and Monaco have very less population.
Quality of people is very important for using resources in territory, to form
government and exercise sovereignty. If population of a state are educated,
honest, patriotic, sincere, disciplined and hard-working, the state will acquire
rapid economic development. Quality population is, therefore, very essential for
the sustainable development of a state.
2. Territory
An area of a particular state is called territory. It is the most essential
component of a state. No state can exist without territory. All the activities of a
state is performed within the territory. It is a geographical area that is controlled
87 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
or owned by a single government of a state to exercise sovereignty. A state does not
have fixed territory. On the basis of territory or land area countries are categorized
into big and small. Russia is the biggest country and Vatican City is the smallest
country. Countries' territory are fixed either by man-made boundaries like Junge
pillar or by natural boundaries like Mountain range or rivers. Nepal is bordered
India by East, West and South and China from north. It has natural boundaries
in East, the Mechi River, west the Mahakali River and North Mountain ranges
whereas there are man-made boundaries too. They are Junge pillar created in
southern boundaries. A country is identified by its territory; therefore, it is a very
important component of a nation.
3. Government
Another most important element of a state is government. It is the executive
organ to govern the state. In a nation there is a single government to rule the
country. The system by which a state is governed or controlled is known as the
government. Without government, a state becomes incomplete like children without
parents. There is no fixed system of ruling the country. The government is very
important because it maintains peace and security, controls misunderstanding,
violence or conflict, utilizes available means and resources and carries out day to
day administrative activities for the welfare of the people.
The government carries out different functions such as border security, army
development, maintains foreign affairs, makes laws and orders, protects the
sovereignty of the state and so on.
4. Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the supreme power of a state. The Constitution of Nepal, 2072
states that as 'the sovereignty and the state authority of Nepal are vested in the
Nepalese people. It shall be exercised in accordance with the provisions set forth
in this constitution(Part 1, Article 2). According to Merriam Webster dictionary,
sovereignty is a country's independent authority and the right to govern itself.
A country must be sovereign to maintain its dignity. A state is well recognized
and respected when it is sovereign. A sovereign state is independent and does
not come under the control of any other state. When a nation is individual and
permanent, it is called a sovereign state.
5. Constitution
Constitution is the supreme law of the country. All other laws, Acts,
Charter, rules and regulations are prepared according to the constitution. In case
of country, the provision in the constitution will be decisive. So, the constitution
is also the important element of the country. The present constitution of Nepal
rd
is ''The Constitution of Nepal-2072'' promulgated on 3 Ashoj, 2072 by the first
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 88
president of Nepal, Dr. Ram Baran Yadav.
Key Words
component : part, constituent
vested : inherent with
Make a list of elements that are required to form a school. Also
Activity discuss the importances of such elements.
Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
a. A state is an __________ political unit under _________.
b. If population is active, then a state is _________.
c. Population is very essential for the _________.
d. A ___________ do not have fixed territory.
e. A country must be _________ to maintain its dignity.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What are the elements of a state?
2. Write short notes on:
a. Population b. Territory
c. Government d. Sovereignty
3. What are the functions of a government?
4. Explain the importance of population for the formation of a state.
5. Why is territory required? Mention the territory of Nepal.
Community Work
Visit your ward office and find out the total population and territory of your
community. Also draw a rough sketch of your community.
89 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Lesson Fundamental Rights
4.2
The Constitution of Nepal 2072 guaranteed altogether
FACTS 31 Fundamental Rights. 10 more rights have been
to Understand added than before. The Interim Constitution of Nepal
2063 guaranteed only 21 Fundamental Rights.
Fundamental Rights are those basic rights guaranteed by the constitution for
the welfare, honour, well-being and development of a person. It is very essential
for all round development of an individual. The Constitution of Nepal 2072 was
rd
promulgated on 3 Asoj 2072 by majority consensus. The constitution is fully
democratic and addresses the people's will and interest. It guarantees altogether
31 Fundamental Rights. Some of these rights are given below:
Do You The fundamental rights are guaranteed in
Know
Part 3 Article 16 to 46 of the constitution
of Nepal, 2072.
1. Right to live with dignity (Article 16)
Rights to live with dignity, no capital punishment
2. Right to freedom (Article 17)
Freedom of Expression, peaceful assembly movement, from association
and occupation.
3. Rights to Equality (Article 18)
Equal protection of all forms of laws, no discrimination among people
on the basis of caste, creed, sex, language and religion.
4. Rights to Communication (Article 19)
No restriction of transmission and publication of matters excluding
those against the interest of the state.
5. Rights to Justice (Article 20)
Fair treatment of the accused, compensation if mistreated.
6. Right of Victim of Crime (Article 21)
Right to be informed about the investigation and compensation for the
Victim of Crime.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 90
child washing utensils rally against child labour
7. Rights against Preventive Detention (Article 22)
No torture during investigation upon offence
8. Right against Preventive Detention (Article 23)
No detention without clear proof of serious act against the national
interest, due compensation if any
9. Right against Untouchability and Discrimination (Article 24)
No discrimination on the basis of caste, access of all to public places
and facilities
10. Right to property (Article 25)
Earning through legal sources and utilization as one wishes
11. Right to Religious freedom(Article 26)
Free religious practices, forceful conversion is restricted.
12. Right to information (Article 27)
Access to information of public importance
13. Right to Privacy (Article 28)
Secrecy or privacy of private things such as property and documents,
statistics and correspondence
14. Right against Exploitation (Article 29)
Prohibition of human trafficking, slavery, child labour, etc.
15. Right to Education (Article 30)
Right to live in clear and healthy environment
16. Right to Education (Article 31)
Primary education in mother tongue, privileges to special children
91 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
17. Right to Language and Culture (Article 32)
Right to use preserve and promote language, culture and other heritage
and culture.
18. Right to Employment (Article 33)
Right to employment or unemployment allowances as defined by
federal law
19. Right to Labour (Article 34)
Freedom of work of choice, trade and union and perform collective
bargaining
20. Right to Health care (Article 35)
Equal and basis health care service with the access to clean water and
proper hygiene.
21. Right to Food (Article 36)
Soverignty to have right food to all by preventing starvation.
22. Rights to Housing (Article 37)
Appropriate housing without any encroachment
23. Rights of women (Article 38)
No discrimination, right to reproductive health, equal right to parental
property and wages
24. Child Right (Article 39)
Right to identify, protection, care and participation
25. Right to Dalit (Article 40)
Free access to dalits in all opportunities, posts and public service
26. Right of Senior Citizens (Article 41)
Special Protection and social security by the state
27. Right to social Justice (Article 42)
Democratic and proportional participation of all in state mechanism.
28. Right to Social Security (Article 43)
Provision for social security to underprivileged, economically backward
and endangered ethic or tribal groups
29. Consumers Right (Article 44)
Right to equality for food styles and services
30. Right against Exile (Article 45)
Restriction of civil banishment or exile from the country whatever the
crime he/she does
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 92
31. Right to Constitutional Remedy (Article 46)
Legal procedure for the restoration of Fundamental Rights in case of
violation.
Fundamental Duties (Article 48)
Rights without duties are incomplete. Therefore some basic responsibilities and
duties are given to the citizens while enjoying rights. They are as follows:
a. Protect nationality, sovereignty and integrity of Nepal by pledging
allegiance to the nation.
b. Abide by the constitution and law.
c. Compulsory enlist when the state needs the service
d. To protect and conserve public property
Key Words
restriction : limitation, constraint
compensation : payment, return
banishment : exile, expulsion
Discuss the new fundamental rights added by the present
Activity constitution of Nepal.
Exercise
I. Write very short answer to the following questions:
1. What is Fundamental right?
2. When was the present constitution of Nepal promulgated?
3. How many fundamental rights were guaranteed by the constitution of
Nepal, BS 2072?
4. What right is mentioned in Article 18?
5. What is fundamental duty?
93 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Write a letter to the concerned authority if your child right is violated.
Also mention the duties that you have performed while enjoying child
rights.
2. Explain right to freedom and right to equality.
3. Suppose one of your friends is exploited very badly by any means. How
do you protect him/her from exploitation? Explain in details.
4. What is right to Constitutional Remedy?
5. Which right you feel is most important? Make a list of any 5 rights on
priority basis.
Community Work
Visit your community and find out the condition of poor children, orphans (if any).
Prepare a report on the basis of their living style, education and other basic needs
that are given to the poor children. Prepare a report on it and present it to your
teacher.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 94
Lesson Child Rights
4.3
Childhood shows the man as morning shows the day.
FACTS
to Understand
The rights provided to the children for the overall development is called Child
Rights. Children are tender and small and dependent on the elders. They should
grow and develop physically, mentally, emotionally and socially. For this, proper
care and facilities should be provided to the children. They need food, clothing,
shelter, health, facilities, education, protection, entertainment and the most
important is freedom. All facilities are secured by child right.
Children need special rights because of their unique needs. So, the children rights
refer to the rights of special protection and care given to the minors.
Child Rights in Nepal
According to Child Right Act of Nepal BS 2048 (1992 AD), below the age of 16
years are called children. According to population education there are two kinds
of population, i.e. active population and dependent. Children upto 14 years and
man above 60 years are dependent and people between 15-59 years are active
population. So, children in Nepal are dependent to the parents and guardians.
They should be given proper care, love and safe environment. They can grow and
develop well physically, mentally, emotionally and socially.
students rally for child rights
95 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Nepal has signed the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child on November 20,
1989.
Some of the important rights given to the children are as follows:
Right to name and identity
Right to shelter
Right to basic health
Right to safety and Security
Right to education
Right against exploitation physically and mentally
Right against child labour
Right to play and entertainment
Right to protection
Right to participation
Children are compared with raw clay, they should be well protected and supported
by the family members, community, society, schools, etc. to get the fixed shape.
About 35 percent of the total population of Nepal are children. Once they get the
fixed shape, they build the nation according to their desire. So, they are considered
as the pillar of a nation. They are the bases of future of a country. They grow and
become administrators, teachers, politicians, social workers, engineers, lawyers,
scientists, etc. They need proper care and protection and enough opportunities
should be given to make their future as their desire.
Do You
Know Child labour in Nepal:
38 percent of children are attending school while
working and 4 percent are working only remaining
children are idle.
Source: www.ilo.org
Key Words
dependent : needing someone or something else for support.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 96
Exercise
I. State whether the following statements are true or false:
1. Child right is not essential.
2. In Nepal a human below 14 years is considered as a child.
3. A population between 15-59 years is an active population.
4. About 45 percent of the total population are children in Nepal.
5. Right to name and identity is not a child right.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What is a child right?
2. Why is child right essential? Write its importance.
3. When did UN pass the Convention on Right of Children?
4. Why are children compared with raw clay? Explain.
5. Children are the pillar of a nation. Justify the statement.
Community Work
Many children have become orphan and homeless after the massive earthquake in
Nepal, 2072. Make a survey and collect the data of such children of your region.
What kind of support do you want to give them? Explain with suggestions and
planning and submit it to your teacher.
97 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Lesson Efforts to Protect Child Rights
4.4
Under the new plan, the government of Nepal's goal is
FACTS to eliminate the worst forms of child labour by 2016 and
to Understand eliminate all forms of child labour by 2020.
Source: Nepal Child Labour Report
Children are tender they need equal protection and care. They have right to
grow with their full potentiality. The today's children are the responsible citizens
of tomorrow. Peace progress and prosperity of a nation depends on its citizen.
Therefore, protection of child right is very essential to make a prosperous nation.
There are many efforts done in our country for the conservation of child rights.
According to the Constitution of Nepal 2072
1. Each child shall have the right to his/her identity with the family name and
birth registration.
2. Every child shall have the rights to formative child development and child
participation.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 98
3. Every child shall have the right to get education, health care maturing,
appropriate upbringing, sports, recreation and overall personality
development from family and the state.
4. No child shall be employed in any risky job, mines, or in factories.
5. No, child shall be subjected to child marriage, illegal trafficking, kidnapping
or being held hostage.
Efforts to Protect Child Rights
a. Nepal has signed the UN convention on the rights of the child in 1989. In
2006 it has passed a bill on child rights.
b. Nepal, being a founder member of SAARC, observed SAARC Girls Year,
1990, the decade 1991-2000 as Girls Decade and 2000-2010 as Decade of
Child Rights. Many programmes were performed to protect child rights.
c. There are many child centres, child home and Child Reformation Centres
give proper care and attention to the children.
d. Nepal Children's Organization, UNICEF and Save Our Soul (SOS), Save
the Children, Underprivileged Children's Education Project (UCEP) Child
Workers in Nepal (CWIN), etc. are working for the protection of Child Rights.
Despite these efforts child right has not been protected completely in Nepal. Some
of the problems seen in this sector are:
Poverty
Lack of awareness
Illiteracy
Ignorance
Lack of proper formulation and implementation of law
Political instability, etc.
The policy makers and authorized people must be concerned about the protection
of child rights. The implementation and enforcement system must be effective
and result oriented. All the problems should be addressed in time for smooth
implementation and protection of child rights.
Key Words
risky : dangerous
enforcement : implement
99 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Discuss about the organizations which are working for the
Activity promotion and protection of child rights.
Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. Children need proper _____________ and _______.
2. Protection of ________ is very essential.
3. Nepal has signed________ in AD 1989.
4. _________ Year was observed as Girls SAARC Year.
5. Children should not be involved in any _________ jobs.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What are the child rights guaranteed by the Constitution of Nepal
2072?
2. Explain the importance of child rights.
3. What are the efforts given by the various organizations to protect child
rights? Make a list and explain.
4. Draw a logo of CWIN.
5. What are the problems seen while implementing child rights? Make a
list with appropriate reasons.
Community Work
In your community, there may be many children who are orphans, destitute,
physically challenged or street children. Find out whether the child rights are
protected or not. Prepare a report on the basis of your research.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 100
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