ancient Hindu religions values based on
birth and death. Festivals like Dashain,
Tihar, Gaijatra, Ghodejatra, Indrajatra,
Gathemangal, etc. were also started to
observe.
Status of Women
Women were highly respected in this
period. Deval Devi the Queen of Hari Cultural Jatra of Newars
Singh Dev of Simroungadh, left a positive
impression on the Kathmandu valley. She was highly respected.
Economic Condition
Medieval Nepal had very strong economic condition. Trade relations maintained
with Tibet, India and China was strong. Many cottage industries were established.
This made rapid economic growth in Medieval Nepal. Jayasthiti Malla introduced
measuring system and scale to maintain uniformity. He also divided into land
on the basis of its productivity land was divided into Abbal, Doyam, Sim and
Chahar. Revenue was also fixed according to its productivity. Hand was used to
measure the land. Still in some parts of the country same trend is practiced.
King Mahedra Malla minted the silver coin to ease the trade named as Mahendra
Malli. Ram Shah introduced mana, Pathi, Dharni as Mahendra Malla, Ram shah
introduced.
10 Muthi = 1 Mana 8 Mana = 1 Pathi
20 Pathi = 1 Muri 10 Lal = 1 Masa
10 Mase = 1 Tola 27 Tola = 1 Bodi
4 Bodi = 1 Bisauli 2 Bisauli = 1 Dharni
Ram Shah directed that while giving Birta (a revenue free land) someone had to
get the recommendation of high officials specify the four directions area and keep
some royal family members as witness. The landowners were called as Talsing
and the tenants were called Mohi. The Medieval Period gained lots of benefits
from the trade and business.
Key Words
Chandravanshi : lineage of moon
Suryavanshi : lineage of sun
151 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Observe the culture of your community and find out the list of
remarriage and widow remarriage. Collect the date and present
Activity it in your class.
Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. There was ________ family system in the Medieval Period.
2. Malla rulers were_________ whereas _______ rulers were Chandravansi.
3. The division of caste system began is _____________ period.
4. The _______ was kept according to the occupation and place.
5. Jayasthiti Malla adopted his surname as per the ____ system.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. How did the Medieval Period start?
2. Explain the social condition of Medieval Period.
3. Hoe was the economic condition of this period?
4. What is Dolaji system? Explain with examples.
5. Who introduced measuring system for first time in Medieval Nepal?
Explain.
Community Work
Observe the measuring system practiced in your community. Compare it with the
Medieval Period. Prepare a report and submit it to your teacher.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 152
Lesson Art and culture of Medieval Nepal
6.4
Between 1347 AD and 1350 AD a mysterious disease
FACTS known as the 'Black Death' killed some 20 million people
to Understand in Europe, which is about 30 percent of the continent's
population.
Nepali art and culture were highly flourished during Medieval Period. Very fond
of art literature and architecture, common beliefs, hopes, customs, tradition and
values were developed from art and culture. Many temples and idols of gods and
goddesses were built in this age. Therefore, it is popularly said that the Medieval
Period was the age of temple more than house and duties more than people. Many
festivals like Dashain, Tihar, etc. started to celebrate, Jatras were observed with
full excitement, bull-fighting was the source of entertainment of this period.
Jaya Prakash Malla playing pasa with Goddess Taleju Bhawani
The temples, palaces, houses, Chautaras, Dabali, stone taps, inns, etc. were
decorated with arts and crafts. Wooden carved work and stone-carved work
were the excellent examples of Medieval art and architectures. There was a good
relation between the Hindus and Buddhist people. The Hindu people visited the
th
Buddhist stupas and worship Lord Buddha as the 9 incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
Similarly, Buddhists visited temples and worship specially Lord Shiva as Pancha
Buddha. In this way religious tolerance was practised from the Medieval Period.
153 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
The Medieval Period was famous for clothes, ornaments, food items and hospitality.
People used to show great hospitality to their guest. Guest was considered as a
god (Atithi Devo Bhawa). This practiced is still prevalent in Nepalese society.
Key Words
architecture : design of building
hospitality : friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guest
tolerance : able to accept
Prepare a collage by collecting materials of the Malla period and
Activity present it to your teacher.
Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. Nepali art and culture was highly flourished during________.
2. _________ period was the age of more temples than______.
3. The temples, palaces, houses, etc. were decorated with ___________
and crafts.
4. The Hindus used to visit _________ to worship Gautam Buddha as
________ of Lord Vishnu.
5. The Medieval Period was____________ in art and ______.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What type of family system was there in the Medieval Period?
2. "Art and architecture reflect the contemporary lifestyle." Justify the
statement.
3. Explain the art and architect of the Medieval Nepal.
4. How did art and architecture flourish in Nepal? Explain.
5. How should we protect our art and culture? Suggest any four ways.
Community Work
Make a list of Jatras that have been observed in your locality. Write its importance
and present it to your teacher.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 154
Lesson The Hwang-Ho Valley Civilization
6.5
"During the civilization and development process of
FACTS more than 5000 years the Chinese nation has made an
to Understand indelible contribution to the civilization and advancement
of mankind."
Xi Jinping
The human civilization was developed on the bank of a river. There were many
civilizations developed on the river bank because the basic requirement of human
beings are food and water which are easily available nearby the river bank. In
the same way the Hwang-Ho valley also developed nearly the Hwang-Ho river of
China. It is also known as the Yellow River or Sorrow of China because flood in
the yellow river take property and life of human beings.
Hwang-Ho Valley Civilization
The river Hwang-Ho has historical importance in China. The Chinese civilization
developed in the valley of the Hwang-Ho. The cities situated nearby this river are
Langhou, Baotou, Zhenqzhou and Jinan. Many ethnic groups and cultures began
in this period of China. Later they learnt the farming and animal rearing. Slowly,
they developed cities, religions, system of writing and even government to govern
the state.
There was Monarchial system. Shang dynasty is considered as the first dynasty
to begin the civilization. People used to select king who is powerful enough to
protect the citizens. Gradually, the king started choosing his own heir as per their
lineage. The king used to be the superior. There were nobles businessmen and
farmers lived under the control of king. War prisoners were made either slaves or
the king killed them.
155 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Many different dynasties ruled in China. They were Shang, Chous, Chin, Han, Sui,
Ming, etc. in about 1500 years, when it was divided into a number of kingdoms.
The word 'China' comes from Qin or Chin Dynasty. The king of Qin succeeded
over all other 6 kingdoms then took the title of Qin Shi Huangdi which means 'the
first emperor' by 221 B.C. The Qin Shi Huangdi made the great Wall of China to
protect the northern borders of Chinese Empire. It was built in 5 B.C. and rebuilt
th
and maintained in the 16 century. The construction had been continued during
the Ming Dynasty. Its length is twelve thousand li (6000 km). So, the Chinese
people have named the wall as 'Ten thousand li wall.' There are watch towers two
storeys high in every 100 m on the Great Wall which were named after the Kings
of all Qin dynasty. The view of surroundings could be seen from the upper story
of each water tower. These watch towers were built to see the activities of the
enemy. Great Wall of China is the only man-made structure that could be seen
from the moon and enlisted in the UNESCO world Heritage sites.
Tang Dynasty was the most successful dynasty to make China most civilized
nation in the world. It was called the Golden Age of China. The streets of city were
crowded with many foreigners, such as Persians, Arabians, Syrians; Koreans, etc.
China became the most powerful and prosperous country. The economy, culture,
politics and military strength reached a very high level. People knew how to read
and write. They started using metal tools.
The rulers were regarded as the wise sage. Among important the Chinese kings,
King Yao was a virtuous ruler who brought bringing harmony to society, King
Shun, who started regulating four seasons, weight, measure and units of time
King Yu who rescued China from raging floods of the Yellow River.
Society
King had the supremacy of all power. The Chinese believed in supernatural
powers that they cloud talk to the Gods and receive help when needed.
Family used to be very important in Chinese culture. There was patriarchal
society in which father got all the decision making power and management of
family but mother occupied the subordinate position. They were not able to own
property. All the rituals were performed by the males.
Many Chinese people were learned and philosophers. Paper and printing was
developed, people were advanced in science technology, art and architecture. The
Zhan literature was very important.
Economy
The major occupation of the Hwang-Ho valley civilization was agriculture. Silk
Road was made to do trade and business. Cattle rearing was also practiced.
Chinese people used to rear pigs, sheep, chickens, elephants and horses. Chinese
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 156
developed weaving arts. They were good at weaving clothes of different designs
and produced silk for the first time in the human history. They used to make clay
pots, vessels and artistic designs, used bronze pots, vessels and utensils. They
made inventions of paper printing press, tea, umbrella, ink, sandal, silk, develop
skill to read and write, etc. In this way Hwang-Ho civilization contributed a lot to
the world civilization.
Key Words
supernatural : mysterious; does not exist in this world
utensils : tools usually used for eating and cooking
Discuss the contribution of the Great Wall of China in promotion
Activity of tourism in China.
Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. China is developed from_____ civilization.
2. _________ is the largest rivers of China.
3. The Hwang-Ho River is also known as ______ River.
4. ______ the first emperor of China.
5. The Chinese people practiced _________ as their main occupation.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. How did Chinese civilization develop? Explain.
2. Which was the first ruling dynasty of China?
3. Who was the wise rulers of China?
4. Mention the inventions and discoveries of China?
5. Explain the socio-Economic condition of the Hwang-Ho Valley Civilization.
Community Work
Find out the things used in your community that was developed first in China during
the Hwang-Ho valley civilization. Make a list and present in your classroom.
157 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Lesson Mesopotamian Civilization
6.6
Books are the carriers of civilization. Without books
FACTS history is blind, literature dumb, sciences crippled,
to Understand thought and speculation at a standstill. Without books the
development of civilization would have been impossible.
They are engines of change windows on the world. They
are companies, teachers, magicians and bankers of the
treasure of the mind. Books are humanity in print.
Babara W. Tuchman
Mesopotamian Civilization
Mesopotamia lies in the Middle East at present. The Mesopotamian Civilization
developed in the land between two rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates in 4000
BCE. The word 'Mesotamia' is composed of two words 'Meso means the land and
in middle and 'Potomus' means the rivers. Hence Mesopotamia means the land
between two rivers. The modern Iraq is developed from Mesopotamia. The four
different civilization, developed in different periods under this civilization. They
were Sumerian, Babylonian Assyrian and Chaldean.
The Sumerian Civilization remained from 4000 BCE - 2000 BCE priest used to
be the supreme authority they used to be the ruler. Their main functions were
to collect revenue, run day-to-day administrative works. The Sumerian tribes
were skilled craftsmen and maintained trade relations with Egypt and India.
The priest kings used to build canals, public monuments and construct Ziggurats.
Ziggurat is a rectangular stepped tower in ancient Mesopatamia surrounded by
temples where markets, schools, banks, courts, industries, food granary, etc. were
available. The Sumerians used to live in mud houses and developed a kind of
writing.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 158
Lifestyle of Mesopotamian Civilization
In about 2500 BCE Sargon I from the worth invaded and captured Mesopotamia.
He unified smaller city states and made a single nation. In 1760 BCE, Hammurabi a
ruler of Syria came and occupied Mesopotamia and made his capital in Babylonia.
The written code of law was introduced for the first time based on the principle
of tit for tat. After the death of Hammurabi Hitties captured Mesopotamia. They
were mountain tribes. The weapons and tools used by Hitties were made up of
iron, this marked the beginning of the Iron Age. They ruled for only 1200 BCE
After the end of this regime one of the small kingdom was ruled by Phonecians.
Phonecians were the nomads of desert. They were highly skillful. They used letters
and signs to represent sound to develop alphabets. They made alphabets using
22 consonant symbols. The Greek introduced vowel sound. Then after alphabets
developed with the combination of vowel and consonants.
A small state of Mesopotamia was Palestine which was ruled by the Hebrews.
Hebrew ruler Moses gave the Jews the "'Ten Commandments' which Hebrew god
Jhovah revealed to him on Mt Sinai.
Soloman was a great Hebrew king ruled from 997 to 937 BCE. In Jerusalem, he
built a temple. Foreign trade was highly flourished in his period. After his death
the Jews kingdom was divided into two states Israel and Judah. This division
made them weak; Hebrews developed a religion called Judaism. From Judaism,
Islam and Christianity were developed. Later in 722 BCE, Assyrians conquered
Israel and Judah was captured by the Chaldeans in 586 BCE.
The Chaldeans were highly skilled and advanced. They contributed a lot to the
modern world. They developed astronomy by studying the position of the sun,
the moon and the plants. The movement of the heavenly bodies were calculated
by using mathematics. They named the days of the week after the name of the
heavenly bodies.
159 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Agriculture in Mesopotamian Civilization
Emperor Nebuchadnezzar was a great king of the Chaldean dynasty. He built a
th
beautiful garden in balcony and on the 6 century BCE. A canal was constructed
to irrigate the flowers of that garden. The palace was about 300 feet high whose
balconies were full of various kinds of flowers fruits trees and creepers. The garden
seemed to be hanging in the sky from the distance. Due to its uniqueness the
Hanging Garden of Babylonia was enlisted in one of the ancient Seven Wonders
of the World. It does not exist at present.
Key Words
monuments : buildings
tit for tat : blow or injury, etc. given return for one receive
commandments : command from god
revealed : make previously unknown or secret information known
Make a collage of Ancient Wonders of the world and paste it on
Activity a display board.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 160
Exercise
I. Match the column A with the column B.
Column A Column B
Mesopotamia Priest king
Ziggurat alphabets
Soloman Assyrian
Phonecian Hebrew king
Israel Iran
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the derived meaning of Mesopotamia?
2. What other civilizations came under the Mesopotamian civilization?
3. Who were Phoenicians? Write their contributions.
4. How did Christianity develop? Describe.
5. Explain the importance of the Hanging Garden of Babylonia.
Community Work
Do the research on the history of Khas people and present the report to your subject
teacher.
161 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Review Questions
1. How was the family structure of Medieval Period? Explain.
2. Name the Jatras observed during Medieval Nepal.
3. Describe the social and economic structure of the Medieval Period.
4. Prepare a dialogue on Political Condition of the Medieval Period of Nepal.
5. How was the economy of the medieval Nepal? What were the economic activities
highly practiced during the period?
6. Name the coin minted by King Mahendra Malla. Which metal was used?
7. Who introduced measuring system and for what purpose?
8. On what basis was land divided during Malla Period? Explain.
9. How did the Hwang-Ho Valley Civilization contribute to the today's world? Explain.
10. Why is the Hwang-Ho river called the Sorrow of China?
11. How did China get its name? Write in details.
12. Explain the socio-economic condition of the Hwang-Ho Valley Civilization.
13. What do you understand by the term 'Mesopotamia'? Where is it situated at
present?
14. How did Phonecians contribute to the Mesopotamian Civilization?
15. Who was Nebuchandnezzar? Why did he build the Hanging Garden of Babylonia?
Explain in detail.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 162
Unit
7 OUR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Learning Outcomes of the Unit
The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
the unit are to enable students to:
UNIT CONTENTS
7.1 Natural Resources of Nepal describe about the natural resources of Nepal
and Their Uses 164 Understand the present condition of land, water,
7.2 Industrial Activities 169 forest and minerals in Nepal
7.3 Interrelationship between find out the present condition of industries in Nepal
Agriculture and Industry 173 learn the types of Nepalese industries and industrial
7.4 Trade Activities 177 activities
Review Questions 180 show the interrelationship between Agriculture and
Industry
know the trade activities
163 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Lesson Natural Resources of Nepal and
7.1
Their Uses
Minerals like copper are found in Bandipur, Gorkha,
FACTS Chisapani, Taplejung, Ilam, Baitadi. Iron is found in
to Understand Ramechhap, Pyuthan, Kulekhani, Phulchoki, etc. Mica
is found in Bhojpur, Chainpur, Lamjung, Dhankuta,
Nuwakot, etc. and limestone is found in Chobhar,
Kathmandu, Makawanpur and Udaypur.
Natural resources are the gift of the nature. These resources are free gifts to
human beings.
The resources like land, water, soil, forest, minerals, etc. are called natural
resources. These are utilized for the human benefits and to develop the country.
If the resources are utilized wisely and properly then the over-all development of
the country is possible.
Nepal is rich in natural resources but they are not utilized properly. There are
many reasons for not utilizing these resources. They are
(i) Illiteracy
(ii) Unskilled manpower
(iii) Lack of advanced technology
(iv) Brain drain
(v) Poverty, etc.
These problems and causes are created obstacles in proper utilization of the
resources which affected the rapid economic growth of the country. For the
progressive development of the country the available resources need to be utilized.
A brief introduction of some of these natural resources is given below:
Land
Land is one of the most important resources of Nepal. Land is used in many ways,
such as cultivation of different crops, human settlement, construct highways,
industries, etc. We get minerals, forest, mountains, hills, water, etc. from the
land. Physically, Nepal is divided into three land features: the Himalayan region,
the hilly region and the Terai region.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 164
The land in Himalayan region
is not fertile. So, crops cannot
be grown but herbal plantation,
bee-keeping (apiculture),
horticulture can be profitable.
Yarsagumba (Cordyceps) is the
herbal plant through which
people in mountains earn
money. The land in mountains
and hills are not utilized
properly because of the lack
of knowledge, skill, capital
and advanced technology. The
cultivable land is very limited
to Nepal. Only 17% of land is mountain land
good for cultivation in the Terai
and 1% fertile land is available in hills which is not sufficient for the rapidly
growing population of Nepal.
The soil is categorized into the following types:
1. Sandy Soil
It is found in the foothills of mountains. It is not suitable for agriculture.
2. Lacustrine Soil
It is found in the valleys and bottom of the lakes. It is very fertile and
suitable for cultivation of crops and vegetables. The Kathmandu valley and
the Pokhara Valley have such soil.
3. Alluvial Soil
It is mostly found in the Terai. It is fertile and suitable for growing all kinds
of crops.
4. Rocky Soil
It is found in the hilly region. It is suitable for growing maize, millet, fruits
and tea.
5. Glacial Soil
It is found in high altitude of mountains. It is not much fertile but potato,
barley, millet, buckwheat can be grown in this type of soil.
Water
Water is an indispensable resource for living beings. Nepal is the second
richest country in water resources. The naturally flowing rivers, rivulets, lakes,
underground water, etc. are the sources of water. About 6000 big and small rivers
are flowing in Nepal. Some are perennial and some are seasonal. Perennial rivers do
165 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
not decrease their volume.
So, they can be utilized
for drinking, irrigation,
hydroelectricity and water
transportation. The Koshi,
the Gandaki and the
Karnali are the perennial
rivers in Nepal. Tourism
can be developed due to the
availability of water such as
boating, rafting, canoeing,
etc. The great Himalayas
in the north have gifted
us many perennial rivers.
These rivers flow from the river water
high Himalayas with a
great speed. Some rivers originate from the Mahabharat range. The volume of
water in these rivers increases in the rainy season and decreases in the winter.
The rivers originating from the Chure range, during rainy season can be utilized.
Forest
Forest is another important natural resource. There is diversity in the geographical
features of Nepal. This causes diversity in forest. The evergreen tropical forest
is found in the Terai,
deciduous forest in the hilly
region and coniferous forest
in the Southern part of the
Himalayan region, Alpine
and Tundra vegetation
is found in the northern
part up to 5000 m of the
Himalayan region.
The subtropical evergreen
forest is found in the Terai
region, the inner Terai
and the Chure hills. Tall
hardwood trees like sal, forest
sisau, simal, khayar, etc.
are the examples of such forest. The trees found in deciduous forest are simal
oak, rhododendron, chilaune, uttish, etc. Similarly, pieve, fir, spreuce, deodar, etc.
are found in coniferous forest. Moses and lichens are the vegetation found in the
Tundra region.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 166
Forests give shelter to many wild animals like tigers, rhinos, deer, leopards,
ghorals, monkeys, musk, deer, golden langur, red pandas, wild boars, snakes,
etc. It helps in bringing rain and provide timbers, fodder, fuel as firewood and
medicinal herbs. It is also the source of tourist attraction. In the past, there was
greenery everywhere, the saying was very popular as 'Nepal Ko Dhan Hariyo
Ban'. But due to rampant use of forest resources it has decreased and limited
up to 29% land area of Nepal (Source: imnepal.com).Therefore, it is essential to
protect the forest.
Minerals
Minerals are very important natural resources to develop industries. There are
various types of minerals available in Nepal. Copper, Iron, Mica, coal, limestone,
petroleum, natural gas, lead, etc. found in Nepal. It is said that iron, copper,
glass, etc. found in Nepal are far better quality than that of utilization. Still they
cannot be benefited. The reasons are lack of capital, advanced technology, good
infrastructures and skilled manpower.
Nature has given us plenty of resources but it cannot be utilized as per our needs
and necessities. So, the time has come to think seriously about the uses of natural
resources for the benefit of people.
Key Words
perennial : lasting or doing something for a very long time
rampant : flourishing or spreading in an uncontrolled way
indispensable : inseparable
167 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Draw any two pictures of natural resources available in your
Activity surroundings and paste it in your surrounding.
Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. Natural resource are the _________ of the natural.
2. The land in ____ region is not fertile.
3. The soil found in Nepal is categorized into ________ types.
4. __________ is an indispensable resource.
5. The _____ found in Nepal has better quality than of Europe and India.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Give an introduction to the natural resources found in Nepal.
2. Why are natural resources very important? Write in brief.
3. Name the vegetation found in different regions in Nepal.
4. What are the reasons behind improper utilization of water reasons?
5. What are the various uses of forest in Nepal?
Community Work
Visit your community and prepare a report on the utilization of natural resources.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 168
Lesson Industrial Activities
7.2
The first large scale industry Jute mill was set up in
FACTS Biratnagar in BS 1993 (1936 AD) during the premiership
to Understand of Juddha Shumsher.
The word 'industry' refers to the process of manufacturing goods in a factory by
using the raw materials. The raw materials are transformed into the fine products
by using a machine in factories. It is the age of industry. Our day begins with the
industrial products. It also helps in developing the economy of a country with
increasing employment and in creating different kinds of services. The process
of developing industries in a country in a wide scale is industrialization. The
industrial development helps to maintain balance in trade between countries and
promote trade in national and international levels.
Famous Tourism center, Namche Bazar
There are mainly three kinds of industries. They are large scale industries,
medium scale industries and small scale and cottage industries.
169 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
The industries established in local level using the money with limited manpower
is called cottage and small scale industries. It is defined as those industries having
fixed capital up to Rs.3 crore. Some of the products of cottage and small scale
industries are bamboo basket, woollen carpets, jute rope, pickles, incense sticks
(agarbatti) ,oil processing, dying, etc.
Medium Scale Industries
The industries need a huge machine, large amount of capital, more manpower,
more raw materials and sufficient infrastructures to operate is called Medium
Scale Industries. These industries are established with the fixed capital of 3
crore-10 crore. The industrial products are metal pots, carpets, soap, noodles,
confectionery, etc.
Large Scale Industries
These industries also need huge machines, sufficient space or area, large amount
of capital, more manpower, more amounts of raw materials and adequate
infrastructures. These industries are established with the fixed capital of above
10 crore. Show of the products of large scale industries are sugar, textile, cement,
tea, cigarette, shoe and leather, bricks and tiles, jute, etc.
Tourism Industry
Tourist in mountain trekking
The industries which do not produce any goods but provide good services to
the tourists is known as tourism industry. The World Tourism Organization
(WTO) states that a person who stays at a place for a minimum of one night
for leisure, holidays, recreation, medical treatment, study or business is called a
tourist. Tourism Industry has high possibility to develop in Nepal. It is a service-
oriented industry. It has helped to increase the living standard of the people, give
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 170
employments and help to earn foreign currencies.
Industrial Estates of Nepal
Some of the industrial estates of Nepal are Kathmandu, Jhapa, Ilam, Biratnagar,
Pokhara, Janakpur, Nepalgunj, Dhangadi, Sunsari, Pokhara, Nepalgunj,
Hetauda, Butwal, etc.
Mostly agro-based industries are established in Nepal. The raw materials are
supplied from agriculture. The pace of development of industries is very slow in
Nepal.
Problems of Industry
The industries are not well developed in Nepal because of the following reasons:
1. Urban centred industries
2. Lack of capital
3. Lack of skilled technology
4. Lack of advanced technology
5. Less diversification in production
6. Difficult topography
7. Lack of good market
8. Insecurity due to political instability and frequent band and strikes
Measures to solve the industrial problems
1. Good banking system to provide loan in low interest
2. Proper training centre should be established to produced skilled manpower.
3. Good network of transportation and communication
4. Effective industrial policy
5. Modernization in agriculture
6. Extension of markets
7. Political stability and good industrial policy
Key Words
textile : clothes
agro-based : based on agriculture
capital : money
171 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Make a list of industrial products you have used collect some
pictures of those products or draw them and paste on a display
Activity board of your classroom.
Exercise
I. State whether the following statements are true or false:
1. Industry is one of the major economic activities of the nation.
2. There are five types industries in Nepal.
3. Tourism industry services to tourists.
4. Industry is not well developed in Nepal.
5. Good network of road and communication support in development of
industries in Nepal.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by industry?
2. What are the industrial activities done in Nepal? Explain.
3. Define tourism industry.
4. What is the importance of industries?
5. Explain the problems seen in industries and write their effective
solutions too.
Community Work
Name the industry established in your community and mention its products.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 172
Lesson Interrelationship between
7.3
Agriculture and Industry
Industry is the largest source of employment. The
FACTS industrial revolution was another of those extraordinary
to Understand jumps forward in the story of civilization.
industry
Nepal is an agricultural country. The dependency on agriculture is still 67%
in Nepal. According to the Economic Survey Report 2017, agriculture has
contributed about 28.9% to the nation's economy. Mostly agro based industries are
established in Nepal. Agriculture is the major source of raw materials supplied
to the industries. Therefore, there is close relationship maintained between
agriculture and industries. The agricultural production is the primary source of
industrial goods. They are transformed into the secondary and tertiary sources.
Such as sugar is produced from sugarcane and sweets are produced from sugar.
Here sugarcane is primary production, sugar is secondary and sweets are tertiary
production. In this way, the industries in Nepal are mostly depend on agriculture
173 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
for their raw materials and cash-crops are mostly cultivated for industrial uses.
The production made by industries with the raw materials they uses are given
below:
Sl.No. Agriculture Industries Production
production
1 sugarcane sugar sugar
2 cotton textile clothes
3 jute jute rope, bags, sacks,
clothes
4 food grains flour biscuits, noodles
5 oil seeds oil oil
6 tea leaves tea tea
7 tobacco cigarette cigarette
8 grass hay straw paper paper
9 animal skin leather tanning leather items like bag
belts, jackets, shoes, etc.
10 fruits fruit processing juice
industries
Agriculture in Nepal
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 174
We know that agriculture is very important for industries to run but in the same
way, without industries agriculture production cannot be good. Industries produce
many agricultural tools like sickles, axles, ploughs, spades, shovel and tractors,
thrashers, pump sets, generators, etc. These tools are very essential to complete
farming in faster, easier and in a comfortable way. Moreover, these tools help
for the better yielding. The insecticides and pesticides help to control diseases in
crops and chemical fertilizers improve the production. The improved production
encourages farmers to grow productively and sell in the market. It helps to earn
good income and the economy of farmers can be enhanced. Therefore, there is
interrelationship between agriculture and industry.
Key Words
tertiary : third level
insecticides : substance for destroying insects
pesticides : a kind of poison to destroy pests
Prepare a model of agricultural tools used by farmers in Nepal.
Activity
Exercise
I. Match the column A with column B.
Column A Column B
1 sugarcane textile
2 cotton cigarette
3 fruits tea
4 tea leaves juice
5 tobacco sugar
175 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Show the interrelationship between agriculture and industry with
reference to the given figure.
agriculture
industries
2. There is huge economic gap between the farmers and the industrialists.
Mention any three measures to reduce the gap.
3. How is agriculture depended on industries?
4. Industrial sector is not well developed in Nepal. Justify the statement.
5. List out the major ways of utilization of agricultural products.
Community Work
Visit nearly shops and find out the industrial products which are produced in agro
based industries. Also check their manufacturing date, expiry date and present in
your class.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 176
Lesson Trade Activities
7.4
Dubai's world class physical infrastructure has already
FACTS established it as a major player in terms of trade, tourism
to Understand and as the leading conference and exhibition venue in
this part of the world.
Abdul Azil Al Ghurair
In the previous lesson you have learn about agriculture and industrial activities
which are the basic needs for trade activities. If agriculture and industries are
good but trade and business are limited then the economy of a nation cannot be
enhanced. Therefore, trade is another important economic activity which helps to
grow the nation's economy.
A process of buying and selling of goods and services between and among the
people or the nation is called trade. It is based on demand and supply. Trade plays
an important role in the economic development of a country. It is the exchange of
goods and services with the aim of earning profit. A country imports the necessary
materials which are not produced in the country and exports the surplus products.
For example, Nepal imports salt, medicine, machinery items, electrical appliances,
etc. and exports herbs, tea, raw, materials, etc. To do trading of various goods with
two or more countries is called trade diversification. It is very essential to get the
quality products in affordable rate. Trade is mainly catagorized into two parts.
i. Internal Trade
ii. External Trade
i. Internal Trade
It is also called domestic trade. The trading activities done within the
country is called internal trade, for example, selling of apples of Jumla in the
Terai and selling rice from the Terai to mountainous region or the hilly region is
called internal trade.
ii. External Trade
The import and export of goods between two countries is called external
trade. It is also known as international trade. For example, buying machinery
items from Japan or exporting carpets to Germany from Nepal.
177 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Trade Activities in Nepal
Nepal is a developing country. Although it is rich in natural resources it could
not utilize property. The trading of Nepal is mostly limited to the neighbouring
countries, mainly with India due to its open border from three sides. Nepal imports
goods from China too but comparatively it is less than India. Due to high import
and low export Nepal is facing trade deficit every year. The following data shows
the status of trade of Nepal with other SAARC countries.
Countries Import Export Surplus/Deficit
Afghanistan 88,610 206,033 117,,423
Bangladesh 4,016,618 497,222 3,519,439
Bhutan 463,454 142,432 321,022
India 480,897,395 38,080,443 442,816,352
The Maldives 350 50 300
Pakistan 267,274 43,490 223,784
Sri Lanka 203,582 3,343 200,784
(Amount is Rs. Thousand)
Source: Department of Customs 2015-16
The above data shows the trade deficit with India is very high in comparison to
the other SAARC member nations. In the last fiscal year, Nepal has trade deficit
worth Rs. 87,804.90 million as it imported goods worth Rs. 93,541.80 million
against exports of Rs. 15,736.90 million. Trade deficit with only India stood at
Rs. 491 billion in 2016-17.
Although, the government of Nepal has adopted open trade policy. It has ratified
the SAFTA and the SAFTA as a founding nation of the SAARC. Its main objective
is to promote international trade agreement with many countries and maintain
the trade relations. Moreover, to collect the revenue there are establishment of
customs offices at the main entry and exit points, borders and TIA. The custom
offices keep the records of imports and exports and collect the revenue.
Key Words
deficit : loss
surplus : profit
ratified : formally accepted, signed
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 178
Make a list of nation's products and foreign products you use in
Activity your daily life.
Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. Trade is based on ………… and …………………..
2. Internal trade is also called ……………. trade.
3. Nepal is facing trade …………… every year.
4. Trading is limited mostly with ………………..
5. The ………….. office keeps the records of ……………. and exports and
collect revenue.
B. Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by trade? What are the types of trade? Name them.
2. Write the importance of trade.
3. What is trade diversification? Describe.
4. Explain the trade activities in Nepal.
5. Mention the efforts of government to improve trade in Nepal.
6. What is trade deficit?
Community Work
Prepare a separate chart of domestic and foreign goods. Visit a shop in your
community and fill the chart that is prepared.
179 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Review Questions
1. What do you mean by natural resources? Explain.
2. What are the types of natural resources? Also mention their importance.
3. Name the minerals found in Nepal.
4. What is the total percentage of forest available in Nepal?
5. 'Nepal Ko dhan, Hariyo ban', Justify this statement.
6. Define the term industry.
7. Name the different types of industries. Explain them briefly.
8. In what ways are agriculture and industries related to each other?
9. Industry is the backbone of nation's economy. Explain.
10. Why is the industrial development very slow in Nepal?
11. What kinds of measures can be adopted for rapid progress of industry in Nepal?
12. Draw the different agricultural tools used by farmers while doing cultivation.
13. What do you mean by trade? Explain the trade activities in Nepal.
14. What is trade diversification? Write the importance of trade diversification.
15. Make a list of goods that are imported and exported by Nepal.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 180
Unit
8 INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND
COOPERATION
Learning Outcomes of the Unit
The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
the unit are to enable students to:
UNIT CONTENTS
8.1 SAARC and Its Activities 182 get the general information about SAARC
8.2 Role of Nepal in SAARC 188 understand the role of Nepal in SAARC and its
8.3 Landlocked Countries: Their contributions
Problems and Solutions 191 known the major activities of SAARC.
8.4 Contemporary Activities describe the landlocked countries.
of the world 195 explain the problems of landlocked countries and find
Review Questions 199 out their solutions.
known the major activities of the world and their
importance.
181 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Lesson SAARC and Its Activities
8.1
The idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was
FACTS mooted by the then president of Bangladesh Ziaur
to Understand Rahman in 1980. The association provides a platform for
the people of south Asia to work together in a spirit of
friendship, trust and understanding.
The SAARC is the Regional Organization of South Asian Countries. Its full form
is South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Let's read in details about
the SAARC. It was established on 8 December 1985 AD in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
th
There are altogether eight member nations in the SAARC. They are Nepal, India,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Maldives, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Sri-Lanka. In the
beginning it was founded by seven south Asian countries. They were Nepal, India,
Bangladesh, Bhutan Pakistan Maldives and Sri Lanka. Afghanistan joined this
organization in 2005 AD and became a formal member of SAARC in 2007 AD.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 182
The charter is the main law or constitution of SAARC. There are 10 Articles in the
charter. It provides the promotion of economic, social and cultural development
within the member nations in other developing countries.
The major principles of SAARC are as follows:
Mutual benefits
Equal priority
Territorial, integrity
Sovereign equality
Extend feeling of brotherhood objectives
To promote the welfare of the people of Asia and to promote economic growth
as well as quality life
To strengthen collective self-reliance
To accelerate social progress and cultural development in the member
nations
To develop mutual trust, understanding and sharing of information among
the SAARC countries
To strengthen the collective self-reliance
To maintain peace in the region
Organs of the SAARC
This organization has members to perform many tasks
SUMMIT
COUNCIL OF
MINISTERS
ACTION
SAARC COMMITTEE
STANDING
COMMITTEE
TECHNICAL
COMMITTEE
183 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
The SAARC Summit
The head of the state or
government meet once in
two years to discuss the
welfare of member nations,
the SAARC summit is held
to strengthen the bond of
friendship, mutual trust
and understanding among
the member nations. Since
th
establishment, 18 SAARC
Summit have been conducted. 18 SAARC Summit
th
th
The 18 SAARC summit was
th
held in Kathmandu on 26-27
November, 2014 AD. Late Prime Minister Sushil Koirala was the chairman of the
th
summit. The 19 Summit was supposed to be held in Pakistan in 2016 but was
due to halted some issues.
Secretariat
The SAARC secretariats
The SAARC secretariat was established on 16 January 1987 in Kathmandu.
th
It is the office of the Secretary General. To make arrangement of the meeting
of the SAARC to coordinate and supervise the SAARC related activities, to
act as a medium of communication between the SAARC and an international
organization and keep all the documents safely, dispatch and receive the SAARC-
related documents are some of the major functions of the secretariat. It consists of
one secretary general and eight directors one each from the member nations and
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 184
other office assistants. The general secretary is appointed as per the consent of
the member nations alphabetically for three years.
Finance
The SAARC has managed its financial sources from various ways. The following
are expense borne by the member countries in percentage for various purposes.
Countries Share of Expenses in percent
India 30.32
Pakistan 22.52
Bangladesh 10.72
Nepal 10.72
Sri Lanka 1072
Afghanistan 5.00
Bhutan 5.00
The Maldives 5.00
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The contributions are announced in the meeting of the standing committee.
Besides the amount borne by the member countries, the organization is supported
by other many countries and organizations. For example, Japan Economic and
Social Council for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), European Union (EU), the United
Nations Development Programmes (UNDP), etc. This assistance is used to promote
socio-economic development of Nepal as well as the SAARC member nations.
Council of Ministers
The Council of Minister consists of the foreign ministers of the member countries.
It formulates policy of the organization, take decisions on new areas of cooperation
establish additional mechanism, etc. Its decisions are endorsed by the summit.
Standing Committee
It comprises foreign secretaries of the member nations. It monitors and coordinate
the programmes of cooperation, approves the projects and programmes mobilizes
the available resources and identify the new area of cooperation.
Technical Committee
It comprises technical experts for the member nations. It is responsible for
implementation, cooperation and monitoring the programmes in their respective
area. It works in the area of agriculture, education, communication, health,
environment, meteorology.
185 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
18 SAARC Summit
th
th
The two days 18 South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
Summit held in Kathmandu, Nepal with adoption of the 36-point Kathmandu
Declaration on the theme 'Deeper Integration for Peace and Prosperity'.
18 Summit of SAARC
th
th
The 18 Summit of SAARC took place after an interval of 3 years. The then Prime
Minister Late Sushil Koirala was the chairman of the summit. The member nations
determined to deepen regional integration for peace and prosperity by promoting
mutual cooperation. In the summit China, Japan, European Union, etc. observed
status in the SAARC. It was also decided that Pakistan in Islamabad would host
th
the 19 SAARC summit in November 2016. It has been postponed.
Key Words
charter : a written statement of the principle and aims of an
organization
declaration : an official or formal statement
dispatch : send
determined : deliberate
endorse : support approve
Draw the national flags of member countries of the SAARC.
Activity
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 186
Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. Afghanistan joined the SAARC at the _____ SAARC Summit.
2. There are ________ articles in the SAARC charter.
3. SAARC was established on________.
4. The present secretary general of the SAARC is __________.
5. The first SAARC summit was held in ________.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. When did the SAARC establish? Write the full form of SAARC.
2. Draw a logo of the SAARC and explain it
3. What are the main organs of SAARC? Explain briefly.
4. For what reason the 19 SAARC Summit was postponed? Give suitable
th
reasons.
5. Make a list of member nations and their capitals.
Community Work
Visit your community and try to find out if the community needs any assistance
from the SAARC. Write a letter to the secretary General of the SAARC requesting
him/her for necessary help and support.
For more details visit www.souththasia.com/saarc
187 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Lesson Role of Nepal in SAARC
8.2
The 19th SAARC summit was scheduled to be held in
FACTS Islamabad, Pakistan on 15-16 November, 2016 but due
to Understand to rising diplomatic tension after the Uri terrorist attack,
India announced its boycott of the 19th SAARC Summit.
Later Bangladesh Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan
also pulled out of Summit.
Jhijhile, Jhapa
th
3 November, 2016
Dear Bipaswi,
Yesterday only I got your letter. I hope you are doing well. I am very pleased to
know that you have started learning very nicely. I appreciate your inquisitiveness
you asked me the role of Nepal in the SAARC, don't worry I will explain everything.
Now listen!
Nepal is a founding member of the SAARC. Late king Birendra Bir Bikram shah
played a very important role in its establishment. Later, Bangladesh president
Ziaur Rahaman developed the concept of SAARC in 1980. So, Nepal has been an
important part of the SAARC since its establishment.
The SAARC was formally established after sanging the charter of the SAARC
th
in Dhaka Bangladesh on 8 December, 1985. The vision of Nepal for regional
peace, stability and prosperity become the objectives of the SAARC. Nepal has
been actively collaborating with other SAARC member nations in dealing various
issues like terrorism, human trafficking, drug abuse, etc. Nepal's vision of peace
stability and collective prosperity is in tune with that of SAARC.
Now, I am going to write about the major contributions of Nepal in point. So that
it will be easy for you to remember.
1. The SAARC Secretariat is established at Tri Devi Marg, Thamel, Kathmandu
and the SAARC Tuberculosis Centre in Bhaktapur.
2. The secretariat of SAARC Information Centre is also situated in Kathmandu.
3. Nepal hosted the third eleventh and eighteenth SAARC summit in 1987,
2002 and 2014 respectively.
4. Nepal took the initiative to increase mutual cooperation in various sectors
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 188
like agriculture, health, family planning, climate, transportation, postal
services.
5. Nepal passed agreement on poverty alleviation, women and child
development, controlling girl trafficking, smuggling of drugs, assistance
against terrorism, crime control, establishment of a food security store, etc.
6. Nepal hosted the first and the eight South Asian Games,
7. Two Nepali diplomats Mr Yadav Kanta Silwal and Mr Arjun Bahadur Thapa
served as General Secretary of SAARC in different periods.
In this way being a founder member of the SAARC. Nepal has given its best
effort to serve the SAARC. Dear Bipaswi, the contributions of Nepal are more
to the SAARC. It has been contributing in many ways to maintaining peace and
prosperity of the South Asian countries.
I hope this information will be beneficial to you about the SAARC and contribution
of Nepal in the SAARC. If you need any help from me, then write me in your next
letter. Convey my Namaskar to uncle and Aunty.
Your loving friend
Saina Maskey
Do You
Know The logo of the SAARC
was designed by Sailendra
Maharjan, a Nepal citizen.
Key Words
inquisitive : having desire to know or learn more
collaborate : to work with another person or group to achieve something
summit : a meeting between the leaders of two or more government
terrorism : the use of violent action
Collect at least five pictures of different SAARC summits and
Activity prepare a collage.
189 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Exercise
I. Match the column 'A' with the column 'B'.
Column A Column B
1. SAARC November 26-27, 2014 AD
2. Concept of SAARC Ziaur Rahaman
3. 18 SAARC Summit Bhaktapur
th
4. Tuberculosis Centre Kathmandu
5. SAARC Secretariat 8 December 1985 AD
th
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Explain the role of Nepal in the establishment of SAARC.
2. When and where was the SAARC secretariat established?
3. Write any five contributions of Nepal to the SAARC.
4. What are the common problems of SAARC member nations? Explain.
th
5. What is Kathmandu Declaration? What was the theme of 18 SAARC
Summit?
Community Work
Find any organization of your community and write its contribution to various
sectors. Present the report to your teacher.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 190
Lesson Landlocked Countries:
8.3
Their Problems and Solutions
The majority of landlocked countries are struggling from
FACTS poverty. But European landlocked countries are mostly
to Understand developed because of short distances to the sea through
well-developed transient Countries.
Map of our landlocked country, Nepal
The country which is surrounded by landforms from all sides is called landlocked
country. Such a country is not bordered by any seas and the oceans. Nepal is also
a landlocked country. It is surrounded by India from east, west and south and
China from the North. The nearest sea is the Bay of Bengal which is about 500
km from the border.
There are many landlocked countries in the world. The name of such countries
are given below:
Asia: 10
1. Nepal 2. Laos 3. Mangolia
4. Bhutan 5. Afghanistan 6. Kazakhstan
191 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
7. Uzbekistan 8. Turkmenistan 9. Tajikistan
10. Kyrgyzstan
Europe 17
1. Switzerland 2. Austria 3. Hungary
4. Luxembourg 5. Serbia 6. Macedonia
7. Moldova 8. Armenia 9. Azerbaijan
10. Czech-Republic 11. Belarus 12. Andorra
13. Vatican city 14. Lichtenstein 15. San Marino
16. Kosovo 17. Slovakia
Africa 16
1. Mali 2. Uganda 3. Swaziland 4. Chad
5. Botswana 6. Burundi 7. Rwanda 8. Zaire
9. Zambia 10. Niger 11. Burkina Faso 12. Lesotho
13. Zimbabwe 14. Central African Republic
15. Ethiopia 16. Malawi
South America 2
1. Bolivia and
2. Paraguay
Among these Kazakhstan is the biggest one and the Vatican City is the smallest
landlocked countries in the world. The countries having no landlockedness are
North America and Australia.
Being a landlocked country, there are many problems. Some of them are given
below:
Landlocked countries have to depend on neighbouring countries to get the
permission to use their sea route.
These countries are deprived of using sea transport which is cheaper than
the road transport. So, the goods of imports and exports are very expansive.
The international trade is not well developed and very limited. Nepal has
maintained very limited trade relations with Germany, the UK, Japan,
France and America.
Expensive border security and higher probability of border disputes.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 192
Deprived of using sea resources like, petrol, pearl coral, etc. It could give
great economic growth to the landlocked countries.
Possibility of economic blockade if the relationship with neighbouring
countries becomes cold.
The places of entry and exit points between Nepal and India are Kakarvitta,
Bhadrapur, Biratnagar, Janakpur, Birgunj, Rajbiraj, Bhairahawa, Taulihawa,
Mahendranagar, etc. Similarly, entry and exit points between Nepal and China
are Mustang, Kimathanka, Tatopani, etc.
Solutions to the Problems
The following measures can be helped to the landlocked countries. Some of them
are discussed below:
Develop friendly relations with neighbouring countries and make provisions
to import and export goods smoothly
Landlocked countries have to be ever conscious of maintaining good bilateral
relationship with neighbouring countries.
Transits between the neighbouring countries should be made systematic.
Any kind of illegal trade and smuggling of goods must be controlled.
Develop railways, ropeways as the cheapest means of transport.
Internet resource must be utilized wisely, increase skilled manpower and
technologies to utilize the resource effectively for the economic growth.
Nepal is a landlocked country but the mind of the Nepalese is not locked. So,
Nepalese people can deal very nicely with the neighbouring countries. During
Madhesi movement India imposed undeclared blockade but Nepalese people did
not lose their patience and courage and survived and struggled. Switzerland is
also a landlocked country but because of its citizens and their hardworking nature
with the proper utilization of natural resources including tourism it is highly
developed. So, we also have to be hardworking, loyal, sincere, disciplined and
patriotic to develop our country.
Key Words
adequate : enough in quantity
blockade : stopping good from entering
193 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Make a list of import items with their names that are used in your
Activity home.
Exercise
I. State the following statements whether true or false.
1. Landlocked countries can easily access to the sea and oceans.
2. There are altogether 45 landlocked countries in the world.
3. Border security is very expensive in landlocked countries.
4. Landlocked countries do not use water resource.
5. Good relationship with neighbours is required for smooth access of
goods in the landlocked countries.
II. Answer the following questions.
1. What do you mean by landlocked country?
2. How many landlocked countries are there in the world altogether?
3. Nepal is a landlocked country but not mind-locked. Justify?
4. What are the problems of landlocked countries?
5. Write the possible solutions of the problems faced by landlocked
countries.
Community Work
Ask the people about their survival during undeclared blockade imposed by India
showing security purpose in border areas of Nepal. Prepare a report and submit it to
your teacher.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 194
Lesson Contemporary Activities of the world
8.4
Indo-Nepal Joint Military exercised Surya-Karin X commenced
FACTS on 31 October 2016 at army Battle School Saljandi Nepal.
to Understand The exercise was concluded on 13 November 2016. The
th
exercises are being conducted annually alternatively in
Nepal and India. The aspects of Disaster Management have
also been included in the exercise.
The word 'contemporary' refer to the current or belonging to the same period.
Many things happen around the world because people are doing something
regularly. Some are doing political activities some economic and some socio-
cultural activities.
This lesson is related to such contemporary activities performed around the world.
1. Zika virus-26 January, 2016-11-12
2. It has been reported that the mosquito-borne Zika Virus was first identified
on Uganda is 1947 in a forest called Zika. Thenafter slowly it spread in
many south American and central American countries including Brazil.
It is spread by day time active mosquitoes called Aedes. Some important
information about Zika Virus is as flows:
Zika can be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus. Infection
during pregnancy can cause certain birth defects.
There is no vaccine or medicine for Zika.
It is spread mostly by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito
195 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Sophia, a Humanoid Robot visited Nepal
Sophia, a humanoid robot was granted.
Citizenship by the kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
arrived Nepal on March 20, 2018 to take part in
a Conference organized by UND on Technology
for public Services.
Sophia was built by the Hongkong based
Company Hanson Robotics in 2015. She
used Voice and face recognition technology
combined with artificial intelligence to carry Humanoid Robot, Sophia
on conversations with humans .
Nepal Elect KP Sharma Oli as New Prime Minister of
Nepal
KP Sharma Oli, President of Communist Party of Nepal was
st
Sworn in on February 15, 2018 as country’s 41 Prime minister
concluding the long delayed democratic transition.
Source: Al Jazeera News K.P Sharma Oli
Elections in Nepal
There are three types of elections in Nepal under the Federal Government. They
are Federal Parliament, elections to the State Assemblies and elections to the
Local Government.
th
st
Local level election was held in Nepal in three phases on 31 Baishakh, 14
nd
Ashad and 2 Asoj, 2074 in 6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub metropolitan cities, 293
municipalities and 460 rural municipalities. It was the first local level election to
be held since the promulgation of the constitutions of Nepal 2072.
Similarly, Provincial Assembly elections were held in Nepal on Mangshir 10
and Mangshir 21, 2074 along with the legislative elections. 330 seats in the
seven newly created Provincial Assemblies were elected by FPTP and 220 by
Proportional Representation. The election was part of Nepal transformation to a
Federal Republic.
Source: Wikipedia
Lured by Jobs in Afghanistan, Nepalese face Risks and
death June 28, 2016,
A Taliban Suicide bomber killed 15 men, 13 Nepalese and two Indian contractors
who helped to secure the Canadian Embassy. It was one of the deadliest attacks
on foreign workers. About 150 Nepalese guards worked for Sabre in Afghanistan
before the bombing. After this terrorist attack Government of Nepal banned the
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 196
Nepalese citizens to work in Afghanistan. Other countries like Libya, Iran, Iraq
and Syria were also banned for Nepalese citizens for security purpose but later
on again government took back its decision and permission granted to Nepalese
citizens to work in these countries.
G 20, 2016 China
The 2016 G 20 Hangzhou Summit was the eleventh meeting of the group of
twenty. It was held on 4-5 September 2016 in the city of Hangzhou, Zhejiang. It
was the first ever G20 summit to be hosted in China. And the summit was hosted
in South Korea. List of leaders took part in the 2016 G20 Hangzhou summit were.
Representative Post Country
Mauricio Macri President Argentina
Malcolm Turnbull Prime minister Australia
Michel Tener President Brazil
Justin Trudeau President China(host), etc.
Xi Jeinping President China
G 20 Summit, China
The main themes of summit were
Favour international trade and investment and opposition to protectionism.
Combating populist attacks against globalization.
Strengthen support for refugees.
197 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Key Words
protectionism : an advocate of government economic protection for
domestic producers through restriction
combating : active fighting especially in a war
embassy : the building where an ambassador lives and works
Collect any ten national affairs and write in A4 size paper.
Activity
Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The word 'contemporary' means___________
2. Zika virus can be passed from a pregnant woman to her_________.
3. There is no vaccine or medicine for __________.
4. Nepal banned to send Nepali workers in Libya _______ Syria and
_______________.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What is contemporary activity? What is the importance to know the
contemporary activities?
2. Explain about the Zika Virus.
3. When did K.P Sharma Oli became the prime minister of Nepal?
4. Write any five contemporary activities of Nepal on socio-economic and
political field.
5. What is G8 summit? Explain.
Community Work
Visit your community and collect the major information about the community
people. Prepare a report and present it to your teacher.
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 198
Review Questions
1. Define a landlocked country.
2. Why is Nepal called a landlocked country? Name the countries border with
Nepal.
3. How many landlocked countries are there in the world?
4. Mention the problems of landlocked countries and also write their solution.
5. Name the biggest and the smallest landlocked country.
6. Which is the cheapest means of transport? Why?
7. When was the SAARC established?
8. Write the full form of SAARC. Also draw its logo and explain.
9. How many SAARC summits has been held till now? Where is the next summit
going to be held?
10. When did Afghanistan become the member of the SAARC.
11. Describe the Role of Nepal in the SAARC.
12. What do you mean by contemporary activities?
13. What are the current activities of your community? Write any five activities.
14. What are the impacts of conflict in the developing countries?
15. In what ways can terrorism be controlled? Mention the ways of conflict
management.
199 Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII
Unit
9 POPULATION EDUCATION AND
DEMOGRAPHIC STATUS
Learning Outcomes of the Unit
UNIT CONTENTS
9.1 Introduction to Population The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
Education 201 the unit are to enable students to:
9.2 Scopes of Population Education
and Family Life Education 204 introduce population education with its importance
9.3 Sources of Population Data 208 tell the scope of population education
9.4 Population Change and mention the causes of population change
Factors Affecting It 211 explain about family life education with its
9.5 The Trend of Population importance
Growth Rate in Nepal 216 learn about sources of population data
9.6 Population Composition by say the condition of population growth in Nepal
Language, Caste explain about population composition on the basis of
and Occupation 219 language, caste,ethnicity, etc.
9.7 Population Distribution justify about population distribution by geographical
of Nepal 222
Review Questions 225 region
Dynamic Social Studies and Population Education - Book VII 200
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