Nepali Vyakaran 4

lar/f ¤ w]/} lbgb]lv la/fdL k/]sf ;'bgsf xh'/afafn] t lxhf] lha|f] 6f]s]5g\ lg .


hfb'u/n] b]vfPsf] crDdsf] hfb' b]v]/ d t tLg5s k/]F .

olt hfaf] sfd ug{ g;Sg] ltdLn] t 8f8'df kfgL ttfP/ d/] klg eof] .

xfd|f afafn] lxhf]b]lv gofF 3/ agfpg] sfdsf] >Lu0f]z ug'{eof] .


xfdLn] s] s'/f u5f}{F eg]/ ;'l:dtf 7f8f] sfg nufP/ ;'Gb} 5] .


tnsf 6'Ssfx¿ k9 M

>Lu0f]z ug'{ -yfngL ug'{_

sfgdf t]n xfNg' -;'g]sf] g;'Go} ug'{_


lha|f] 6f]Sg' -dg'{_

tfn'df cfn' kmNg' -w]/} pknlAw x'g'_

df6f] vfg' -dg'{_


tLg5s kg'{ -crDd kg'{_

x'?Ss x'g' -dl/d]6\g'_

7f8f] sfg nufpg' -Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg'_

8f8'df kfgL ttfP/ dg'{ -nf5L x'g'_

gfs sf6\g' -OHht kmfNg'_


k]6 kf]Ng' -kL/ nfUg'_




















;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $ 151

cEof;



!= hf]8f ldnfpm M


6fpsf] vfg' /fd|f] nfUg'


8fF8f] sf6\g' c;kmn x'g'


cfn' vfg' efUg'

d'v 5f8\g' s'/f a'ˆg'


3}F6fdf 3fd nfUg' cl3 a9\g glbg'


ynf kg'{ srsr ug'{

v'§f tfGg' la/fdL x'g'


lrQ a'ˆg' ufnL ug'{


gfs sf6\g' bf]if nfpg'


aft nfUg' OHht hfg'


@= tnsf pvfg / ltgsf cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M


b]Vg]sf] cfFvf km'6] ;'Gg]sf] ;xL ;a} sfd glbg] dfq


gdlRrg] lkªsf] ;o ¹8\sf cfÇgf] Ifdtfcg';f/ sfd ug'{

hlt hf]uL cfP klg sfg} lr/]sf kl/>d ug]{n] kmn kfpF5


3fF6L x]/L xf8 lgNg' b]Vg]eGbf ;'Gg] af7f] x'g'


cfk"m enf] t hut\ enf] ghfGg]n] a9L km'tL{ u5{ .

h;n] dx sf9\5 p;n] xft rf6\5 cfk"m 7Ls ePkl5 ;a} 7Ls x'G5




152 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $

#= tnsf pvfgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

===================================================
d gdlRrg] lkªsf] ;o ¹8\sf ˜

=============================================================================================


===============================================
d hlt hf]uL cfP klg sfg} lr/]sf ˜

=============================================================================================

=============================================================
d cfP cf“k uP ¹6f/f] ˜

=============================================================================================


==================================================
d d'vdf /fd/fd aunLdf 5'/f ˜

=============================================================================================

=======================================================
d x'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft ˜

=============================================================================================




$= tnsf 6'Ssfx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

================================================================
tLg5s kg'{ ˜

================================================================
7f8f] sfg nufpg' ˜

================================================================
gfs sf6\g' ˜

================================================================
cfn' vfg' ˜

================================================================
8fF8f] sf6\g' ˜











;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $ 153

l;h{gfTds n]vg






lr7L n]vg



syf n]vg



lgaGw n]vg



;+jfb n]vg

































154 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $

@) lr7L n]vg






cfk"meGbf 6f9f /x]sf cfÇgf gft]bf/ tyf ;fyLx¿nfO{ cfÇgf] af/]df s]xL eGg tyf
pgLx¿sf] af/]df ;f]Wg lr7L n]lvG5 . clxn] OG6/g]6, Od]n, kmf]g cflbsf sf/0f
lr7L n]Vg] rng s]xL 36]sf] eP klg lr7L n]Vg hfGg' cfjZos 5 . lr7L n]Vbf lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg
lbg'k5{ .
sfkLsf] ;a}eGbf dfly bfofFlt/ 7]ufgf n]Vg'k5{ . 7]ufgfsf] 7Ls d'lg ldlt n]Vg'k5{ .

ldltsf] d'lg Ps x/km 5f]8]/ afofFlt/ s;nfO{ n]Vg] xf] p;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . -cfb/0fLo, Kof/f] cflb _
;Daf]wgsf] d'lg ;fb/ k|0ffd, Gofgf] ;D¹gf cflb n]Vg'k5{ . o;sf] 7Ls d'lgaf6 ;Grf]la;Grf] ;f]Wg'k5{ .
To;kl5 cfÇgf s'/fx¿ n]Vg'k5{ . lr7L n]v]kl5 cGTodf tkfO{+sf] Kof/f] ===, ltd|f] Kof/f]=== cflb n]v]/
6'ª\Uofpg'k5{ . cGTodf vfdsf] gd'gf klg agfpg'k5{ x} .







tnsf] lr7L Wofg lbP/ k9 M

rfalxn, sf7df8f}F


ldlt M @)&%÷%÷ @% ut]

Kof/L 5f]/L ;f]efgf,

z'e cfzLjf{b ¤

d ;Gr} 5' . cfzf 5, ltdLx¿ ;a} cf/fd} 5f} xf]nf . d ;s'zn sf7df8f}F cfOk'u]F . 5f]/L ¤

ltdLn] lxF8\g] j]nfdf sf7df8f}F k'u]/ ToxfFsf k|l;4 7fpFx¿sf] af/]df n]Vg" eg]sL lyof} .
jf:tjdf sf7df8f}F t xfd|f] 7fpFeGbf w]/} km/s /x]5 . b]zsf] /fhwfgL eP/ xf]nf, oxfF

w]/} dflg;x¿ x'Fbf /x]5g\ . d}n] cfPkl5 w]/} 7fpF t 3'Dg EofPsf] 5}g . t/ 3'd] hlt

7fpFx¿sf af/]df d lr7Ldf n]Vb} 5' .

5f]/L ¤ oxfFsf] rlr{t kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/ lgs} eJo /x]5 . rf/} lbzfdf ;]tf;]tf rfFbLsf
9f]sf / lz/df kx]Fnf] ;'gsf] uh'/n] of] dlGb/ ;'zf]let /x]5 . To;}u/L :joDe"gfysf]

dlGb/ klg oxfFsf] csf]{ x]g{ nfos 7fpF /x]5 . cUnf] 7fpFdf /x]sf] o; dlGb/df y'k|}


;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $ 155

a'4sf d'lt{x¿ /x]5g\ . To;}u/L gf/fo0flx6L b/af/ ;ª\u|fxno klg sf7df8f}Fsf] csf]{

bz{gLo :yn /x]5 . oxfF /fhf jL/]Gb|sf kl/jf/sf t:jL/x¿ / pgLx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf

;fdfgx¿nfO{ ;hfP/ /flvPsf] /x]5 .

d}n] clxn];Dd log} 7fpFx¿ dfq} 3'Dg EofPF . c¿ lbg sfof{no hfg'k5{ . csf]{ zlgaf/
sf7df8f}Fsf cGo b/af/ :Sjfo/x¿, dlGb/x¿ tyf /dfOnf 7fpFx¿ 3'd]kl5 tL

7fpFx¿sf] af/]df n]Vg] g} 5' . ltdLn] cfÇgf] k9fOdf Wofg lbg" n . cfdfnfO{ w]/} g;tfpg" .
b;}F ltxf/sf] labfdf d ltdLx¿nfO{ klg sf7df8f}F 3'Dg Nofpg] 5' . cfhnfO{ olt g} n .


pxL ltdLnfO{ dfof ug]{ afaf

l8NnL/fh kf}8]n


vfdsf] gd'gf





l6s6


k7fpg], kfpg],
l8NnL/fh kf}8]n ;f]egf kf}8]n
3/ g+= !*, ldqkfs{ sf7df8f}F uf=lj=;= af}3f u'Dxf, 5]n'{ª
j8f g+=# jfudtL c~rn, lhNnf= kfNkf, c~rn n'lDagL
g]kfn g]kfn




























156 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $

lgj]bgsf] gd'gf




ldlt M @)&%÷ !!÷!@

>Ldfg\ k|wfgfWofks,

OGb|/fHonIdL pRr df=lj=
nfdfrf}/,kf]v/f .



ljifo M ufog k|ltof]lutfdf efu lng kfpmF eGg] af/] .


dxf]bo,

pko'{Qm ;DaGwdf d sIff rf/df cWoog/t lgoldt 5fq x'F . ljBfnodf x'g] u/]sf

ljleGg cltl/Qm lj|mofsnfkdWo] cfufdL z'j|mjf/ x'g uO/x]sf] ufog k|ltof]lutfdf d
klg ;xefuL x'g rfxG5' .


pQm k|ltof]lutfdf efu lng kfPF eg] d}n] /fd|f];Fu cfÇgf] uLt k|:t't ug]{ 5' . ctM dnfO{
;f] sfo{j|mddf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{xf]nf eGb} dxf]bo ;dIf of] lgj]bg k]; u/]sf]

5' .

lgj]bs
;ª\ud nfld5fg]

sIff $

j|mdfË !*


cEof;



!= cfk"m a:g] 7fpFsf] af/]df j0f{g ub}{ sf7df8f}F a:g] cfÇgf] ;fyLnfO{ lr7L n]v .



@= lbbLsf] lax]df ;xefuL x'g'k/]sfn] b'O{ lbg;Dd ljBfno cfpg gkfpg] s'/f

pNn]v ub}{ cfk"m k9\g] ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lgj]bg n]v .





;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $ 157

@! lgaGw n]vg













s'g} Ps ljifodf s]lGb|t eP/ n]lvg] n]vnfO{ lgaGw elgG5 . lgaGw ;'?b]lv cGTo;Dd Pp6} ljifodf

n]lvG5 . lgaGw n]Vbf ;a}eGbf klxnf s]sf] af/]df n]Vg] xf], ;f]sf] kl/ro lbOG5 . To;kl5 To;sf] dxŒj,
kmfObf÷a]kmfObf cflb n]lvG5 . efOalxgLx¿ ¤ ltdLn] g]kfnL lstfa k9\bf lgaGwsf] af/]df w]/} s'/f yfxf
kfpF5f} . of] kf7df klg lgaGwsf] gd'gf lbOPsf 5g\ . Wofg lbP/ k9 / ltdL klg lgaGw n]Vg] k|of; u/ M











cfdf

cfdf eGgfn] cfk"mnfO{ hGd lbg] JolQm eGg] a'l¹G5 . cfdf zAbsf] p:t} a'¹fpg] zAbsf

¿kdf dftf, hggL / d'dfnfO{ lnOG5 .

cfdfn] cfÇgf] aRrfnfO{ gf} dlxgf;Dd ue{df /flV5g\ / p;nfO{ hGdfpFl5g\ . cfdfn]

cfÇgf] lzz'nfO{ cd[th:tf] b"w lkofP/ x'sf{pFl5g\ . ljleGg b'Mv, si6 ;x]/ klg cfdfn]
cfÇgf] aRrfnfO{ ;'v lblG5g\ . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ Gofgf] dfof lbg kfpFbf cfdf xif{n] ubub

x'lG5g\ . cfÇgf] aRrfnfO{ x'sf{pg, k9fpg, a9fpg / 7"nf] dfG5] agfpg pgL w]/} kl/>d
ul5{g\ . cfdfn] g} cfÇgf] ;Gtfgsf kL/Joyf / ;d:ofx¿nfO{ a'ˆg ;lS5g\ . cfdfsf] Gofgf]

:kz{ gkfOsg ;Gtfgx¿ ;lhn} x'ls{Fb}gg\ . cfdfsf] zLtn 5xf/L k|To]s 5f]/f5f]/Lsf
nflu cd"No ;fyL aGb5 . cfdfn] sf]j|mf] xNnfPsf], a'Odf r9fpFb} jgkfvf 8'nfPsf] s'/f

s'g} klg ;Gtfgn] lal;{g ;Sb}gg\ . cfdfsf] sfvdf lgw{Ssn] lgbfpg kfpFbf / cfdfsf]

kml/ofsf] km]/ ;dft]/ lxF8\bf ;Gtfgx¿ cfk"mnfO{ ;+;f/s} efUodfgL ;D¹G5g\ .

cfdfsf lglDt ;Gtfgx¿ hlt hgf eP klg ;a} a/fa/L x'G5g\ . cfdfn] cfÇgf ;Gtfgx¿dWo]



158 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $

s;}nfO{ sfvf s;}nfO{ kfvf ulb{gg\ . cfÇgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ lzIffbLIff lbg / ltgnfO{

kfngkf]if0f ug{ kfpFbf k|To]s cfdfx¿sf] v';Lsf] ;Ldf x'Fb}g . cfÇgf ;Gtfgx¿sf] k|ultdf

/dfpg] cfdfx¿ wtL{s} cgdf]n uxgf x'g\ . cfÇgf] cfFvfdf cfF;' el/P klg 5f]/f5f]/Lsf
cfFvf / cg'xf/df xfF;f] b]Vg rfxg] cfdfsf] u'gufg ufP/ slxNo} ;lsFb}g . 5f]/f5f]/Lsf

nflu cfdf ePsf] 3/ :ju{;/x aGb5 . x/]s 5f]/f5f]/Ln] cfdfsf] dxŒj slxNo} e'Ng'x'Fb}g .


g]kfnsf gbLx¿

g]kfndf w]/} gbLx¿ 5g\ . w]/}h;f] gbLx¿ lxdfnaf6 au]/ kxf8 x'Fb} t/fO{lt/ hfG5g\ .

To:tf gbLx¿nfO{ lxdgbL elgG5 . gbLx¿ w]/} ePsfn] g]kfn hn;|f]tsf] wgL b]z eg]/

lrlgPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf k|d'v gbLx¿df u08sL, sf];L, s0ff{nL nufotsf kb{5g\ . To;}u/L
d]rL, /f];L, jfudtL, e]/L, ef]6]sf];L, tfdfsf];L, ;]tL, tdf]/ cflb oxfFsf cGo gbLx¿

x'g\ .

g]kfnsf gbLx¿n] :jb]znfO{ wgL jf ;d[4 agfpg ;S5g\ . tL gbLx¿af6 lah'nL lgsfn]/
g]kfnnfO{ l¹lnldnL agfpg ;lsG5 . xfdLsxfF pTkfbg ePsf] lah'nL c¿ b]zdf a]r]/

ljb]zL k};f leœofpg klg ;lsG5 . lah'nL pTkfbg w]/} ug{ ;lsof] eg] To;af6 pBf]u

snsf/vfgfx¿ ;~rfng u/]/ klg cfly{s nfe p7fpg ;lsG5 . gbLx¿af6 lng
;lsg] csf]{ nfe eg]sf] l;FrfO xf] . xfd|f] b]zdf w]/} hUufhldgx¿ 5g\ . gbLlsgf/sf

hUufhldgdf gbLx¿af6 s'nf]dfkm{t kfgL NofO{ l;FrfO ug{ ;lsG5 . h;af6 xfdLn] w]/}
cGg pTkfbg ug{ ;S5f}F . :jb]zdf g} wfg, ds}, ux'F, bfn cflb cGg pTkfbg ug{ ;s]df

xfdLn] c¿sf] e/df afFRg'kb}{g .

g]kfnsf gbLx¿af6 lng ;lsg] csf]{ kmfObf eg]sf] ko{6g Joj;fo xf] . b]zljb]zsf

dflg;x¿ xfd|f] b]zdf cfP/ gbLx¿df ¥oflÇ6ª, aGhLhDk v]N5g\ . nfdf] ;do;Dd
pgLx¿ oxLF a:5g\ . h;af6 ljb]zL d'b|f g]kfn lelqG5 . o;/L g]kfnsf] k"j{b]lv

klZrd;Dd lg/Gt/ aUg] gbLx¿ xfd|f nflu cfocfh{g / ;'Gb/tfsf vfgL ag]sf 5g\ . oL
gbLx¿ xfdLn] kmf]xf]/ ug'{x'Fb}g . logsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u u/]/ nfe lng ;s] xfdL ;d'Ggltsf]

lbzftkm{ cufl8 a9\g ;S5f}F .








;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $ 159

cEof;







!_ lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf] cfwf/df lgaGw n]v M


s_ cg'zf;gsf] dxŒj

cg'zf;gsf] cy{ lgoddf afFlwg' jf lgoddf a:g',

cg'zf;g dflg;df dfq} geO{ k|s[ltdf klg x'g],


3fd, h'g, xfjfkfgL, Ct' cflbn] slxNo} cg'zf;gsf] dxŒjnfO{ ge'n]sf,

ljBfyL{ hLjgdf cg'zf;gsf] w]/} dxŒj,

cg'zfl;t JolQmnfO{ ;a}n] dg k/fpg],

3/, ljBfno ;a} 7fpFdf cg'zf;g rflxg],


laxfg ;a]/} p7\g', cfÇgf] u[xsfo{ ;dodf ug'{, 7"nfnfO{ dfg / ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug'{,
c¿n] cx«fPsf] sfd v'?Ss dfGg' cflb ;a} cg'zf;gsf s'/f,

sIffdf lgoldt pkl:yt /xg', s;}nfO{ g/fd|f] geGg', u'? cfpFbf p7\g', ;fyLefO;Fu

¹u8f gug'{ cflb ;a} cg'zf;g,

cg'zf;gn] ;a}nfO{ c;n agfpg], xfdL c;n JolQm aGg cg'zf;gsf] kfngf

ug'{kg]{ .


v_ nfnLu'/f“;

nfnLu'/fF; xfd|f] /fli6«o k"mn


nfnLu'/fF;sf] /ª /ftf] x'g]

o;sf] jl/kl/ ePsf ;nSs k/]sf xl/of kftx¿n] o;sf] zf]ef c¹} a9fpg]

of] /ª w]/}n] dg k/fpg]

nfnLu'/fF; kxf8L e]udf dfq} kfOg]



160 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $

of] k"mn j;Gt Ct'sf] ;do r}t j}Zffvdf k'mNg],


kxf8lt/ uf]7fnfx¿n] nfnLu'/fF;sf] k"mn l6k]/ Nofpg],

of] k"mn k'mn]sf] b[Zon] hª\un /ft}/ftf] eP/ lgs} ;'Gb/ b]lvg],


nfnLu'/fF;sf] k"mn ;'s]kl5 klg cf}ifwLsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg],

df5f vfFbf 3fF6Ldf sfF8f c8\lsFbf u'/fF;sf] k"mn vfPdf 7Ls x'g],

nfnLu'/fF;n] xfd|f] b]zsf] zf]ef a9fPsf]


nfnLu'/fF; kfOg] b]z ePsfn] o;n] b]zsf] gfdnfO{ klg 5'§} klxrfg lbPsf]

nfnLu'/fF; xfd|f] uf}/j .






@_ !%) zAb;Ddsf] lgaGw n]v M

s_ d]/f] ljBfno

v_ dnfO{ dgkg]{ 7fpF


u_ d]/L cfdf































;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $ 161

@@ syf n]vg










xfd|f j/k/ ljleGg 36gfx¿ 36\5g\ . xfdLn] sltko s'/fx¿ ;'g]sf x'G5f}F . sltko
36gfx¿ b]v]sf x'G5f}F . To:tf ;'g]sf, k9]sf tyf b]v]sf 36gfsf] l;nl;nf ldnfP/
syf agfpg ;lsG5 . syfdf ljleGg kfqx¿ x'G5g\ . tL kfqx¿n] af]N5g\, af]n]sf] s'/f h:tfsf] t:t}
/fVg ;lsG5 . vf; :yfg, jftfj/0f cflbsf] aofg ug{ ;lsG5 . o; kf7df syfsf gd'gfx¿ /flvPsf
5g\ . ltdLx¿sf] cEof;sf nflu a'Fbf lbOPsf 5g\ . lbOPsf a'“bfx¿sf] cfwf/df syf n]Vg l;sfpg' of]
kf7sf] p2]]Zo xf] . oxf“ lbOPsf syfsf] gd'gf k9 clg lbOPsf a'Fbfsf] cfwf/df syf n]Vg] cEof; u/ .




d"v{tf

/fh'n] cfÇgf] s's'/nfO{ w]/} dfof uYof]{ . laxfg 8'nfpg n}hfGYof] . :s'naf6 cfP/ s's'/n]

s] vfof] vfPg egL /fh' x]Yof]{ . s's'/n] klg /fh'nfO{ w]/} dfof uYof]{ . Ps lbg s's'/ s;}n]

yfxf gkfpg] u/L 3/aflx/ lg:Sof] . otfptf efUbfefUbf p;n] cfÇgf] 3/ lal;{P5 .

s's'/sf] v'a vf]hL eof] . s's'/ sxLF klg km]nf k/]g . /fh' t s's'/ ge]l6Pkl5 lgs} /f]of] .
s's'/s} lrGtfn] pm la/fdL klg eof] . ptf 3/ 5f]8]/ lxF8]sf] s's'/n] klg lgs} b'Mv kfof] .

uNnLsf e':ofxf s's'/x¿n] 6f]s]/ p;sf] z/L/el/ 3fp g} 3fp kfl/lbP . slt vf]Hbf
klg p;n] cfk"mnfO{ kfn]sf] 3/ e]§fpg ;s]g . cflv/ Tof] s's'/ klg uNnLsf e':ofxf

s's'/x¿n] h:t}u/L a:g yfNof] . /fh'sf] 3/df a:bf Tolt 1fgL s's'/ 3/aflx/ a:g

yfn]kl5 lgs} d"v{ / abdf; x'g yfNof] . c¿ s's'/x¿;Fu n8\g], dflg;x¿nfO{ 6f]Sg],
af6fdf e]l6Psf kmf]xf]/ rLh klg vfg] p;sf] :jefj aGg yfNof] .

Ps lbg Tof] s's'/ vfg gkfP/ v'a ef}Ftfl/Psf] lyof] . pm vfgfs} vf]hLdf csf]{ ufpFlt/

uof] . ToxfF p;n] Pp6f df;'sf] 6'j|mf km]nf kf¥of] . Tof] df;'sf] 6'j|mfnfO{ l6k]/ pm cfÇgf]
ufpFlt/ kmSof]{ . af6fdf Pp6f vf]nf] lyof] . vf]nfdfly ;fF3' lyof] . s's'/ ;fF3'af6 vf]nf

tb}{ ubf{ vf]nfsf] ;ª\nf] kfgLdf p;n] cfÇgf] 5fof b]Vof] . s's'/n] Tof] 5fofnfO{ csf]{ s's'/

eG7fg]/ l/;n] e'Sg vf]Hof] . e'Sg vf]Hbf p;sf] d'vaf6 df;'sf] 6'j|mf vf]nfdf v:of] .


162 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $

lar/f] s's'/ lx:; k¥of] . kfgLleq s's'/ s;/L x'g;S5 eGg] ljrf/} gu/L ¹D6g vf]Hbf

s's'/sf] cfÇg} gf]S;fg eof] .



st{Jo

Psfb]zdf Pp6f 7"nf] hª\un lyof] . hª\undf w]/} kz'kG5L / hLj hgfj/x¿ a:g] uy]{
. ToxfFFsf r/fr'?ª\uLx¿n] ToxL hª\unsf kmnk"mnx¿ vfP/ cfÇgf] k|f0f arfpg] uy]{ .

7"nf7"nf hgfj/x¿ ToxL hª\undf l;sf/ u/]/ hLljsf rnfpg] u/]sf lyP .

Ps df; r}t j}zfv dlxgfdf nfdf] ;do;Dd kfgL k/]g . kfgL gkbf{ ToxfFsf ¿vx¿

;'s] . xl/ofnL eGg] s'/f b]lvg 5f8\of] . udL{n] 56kl6Psf hgfj/ / r/fr'?ª\uLsf]
larNnL eof] . sltn] t hª\un} 5f]8] . Ps lbg hª\undf cfunfuL eof] . cfunfuLn]

w]/} hgfj/ / kG5Lx¿sf] 3/af/} :jfxf kfl/lbof] . slt hgfj/x¿ kG5Lx¿ ToxL
cfuf]df hn]/ d/] . l56f] bf}l8g / p8\g ;Sg]x¿ glhs}sf] gbL lsgf/lt/ Hofg arfpg

bf}l8P . To; hª\undf a:g] xfQL, 3f]8f, af3, efn', b'D;L, v/fof], d[u h:tf hgfj/
tyf sfu, sf]OnL, h'/]nL 9's'/ h:tf r/fr'?ª\uLn] cfk"mnfO{ cf>o lbPsf] ;'Gb/ hª\un

jf;:yfg hn]/ v/fgL ePsf] b'MvnfUbf] b[Zo 6'n'6'n' x]/]/ al;/x] .

ToxL hª\undf a:g] Pp6f lkm:6f]n] gbLsf] lsgf/af6 cfÇgf] ;fgf] r'Rrfdf kfgL NofpFb}

cfunfuLdf v;fNb} ug{ yfNof] . lkm:6f]sf] Tof] c;Dej k|of; b]v]/ ;a} hgfn] p;nfO{
d"v{ ;lD¹g yfn] . o;} j|mddf ToxLF al;/x]sf] Pp6f hgfj/n] eGof] ‘ P ¤ d"v{ lkm:6f],

ltd|f] r'Rrfsf] kfgLn] hª\unsf] cfuf] lgEg ;S5 / ¤ lsg lg/y{ssf] k|of; ub}{ 5f} .’
lkm:6f]n] eGof], ‘xf], dnfO{ yfxf 5 . d}n] r'Rrfdf nu]sf] kfgLn] cfuf] lgEb}g t/ klg d]/f

afa'afh] a;f}{Fb]lv a:b} cfPsf] of] 7fpF hNb} ubf{ d sxfF r'k nfu]/ a:g ;S5' / ¤ d}n]

cfÇgf] st{Jo k"/f ug'{k5{ . d ToxL ub}{ 5' .’ lkm:6f]sf] s'/f ;'g]/ ToxfF /x]sf cGo hgfj/
/ r/fr'?ª\uLx¿n] cfÇgf] st{Jo k"/f ug{ g;s]sf]df pgLx¿sf] lz/ ¹'Sof] .
















;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $ 163

cEof;



tnsf a'Fbfx¿ k9]/ syf n]v M

3/emu8f

Psfb]zdf b'O{ hgf a"9fa"9L x'g',


Ps lbg a"9fnfO{ ;]n /f]6L vfg dg nfUg',

a"9Ln] ufpFaf6 kL7f] / l3p vf]h]/ Nofpg',

b'j} hgf ldn]/ ;]n /f]6L ksfpg',


hDdfhDdL ;]n /f]6L gf} j6f x'g',

b'j}n] % j6f cfk"mn] vfg vf]Hg',

b'j}df ¹u8f kg'{,

cGTodf laxfg rfF8} p7\g]n] $ j6f / l9nf p7\g]n] % j6f vfg] eGb} b'j} hgf ;'Tg',

laxfg b'j} hgf gp7\g',


lbgel/ klg gp7\bf l5d]sLx¿n] vf]hL ug'{,

lgbfO/x]sf a"9fa"9LnfO{ l5d]sLn] d/]sf] 7fg]/ hnfpg n}hfg',

cfuf] nufPkl5 b'j} hgf cfTyfcfTyf eGb} p7\g',


l5d]sLx¿ e"t p7\of] eGb} efUg',

a"9fa"9Ln] ;]n/f]6L cfwf cfwf ldnfP/ vfg] ;Nnfx ldnfP/ kms{g',

gldNbf cfkm}FnfO{ gf]S;fg x'g] ;Gb]z .




h/fof]sf] a'l4


Pp6f hª\undf Pp6f h/fof],

h/fof] kfgL vfg kf]v/Ldf hfg',



164 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $

p;n] kfgLsf] 5fofdf cfÇgf] ¿k b]Vg',


cfÇgf l;ªx¿n] ubf{ cfÇgf] ¿k ;'Gb/ ePsf] dx;'; ug'{,

clg cfÇgf dl;gf v'§fx¿lt/ x]g'{,

v'§fx¿ ;'Ov'§] ePsfn] cfÇgf] ¿k lauf/]sf] 7fGg',


tL v'§fsf] ;§f df]6fdf]6f ;nSs k/]sf v'§fx¿ eOlbPsf] eP cfk"m ¹g} ;'Gb/ x'g]
sNkgf ug'{,

ToxL j]nf Pp6f l;sf/L cfpg',


l;sf/Ln] jf0fn] xfGg nfu]sf] b]v]/ h/fof] bf}l8g',

cfÇgf ltg} ;'Ov'§] v'§fn] ubf{ l;sf/Laf6 efUg ;kmn x'g',

bf}8Fbfbf}8Fb} ¹f8L cfOk'Ug',

¹f8Ldf l5bf{ nfdfnfdf l;ªx¿n] cN¹fP/ efUg g;Sg',


l;sf/Ln] km]nf kfg'{,

h/fof]sf] Hofg hfg',

b]Vbf /fd|f] eGbf klg pkof]uL j:t'nfO{ dfof ug'{kg]{ ;Gb]z .
































;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $ 165

@# ;+jfb n]vg










;+jfb eg]sf] s'/fsfgL xf] . s'g} ljifodf b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L dflg;n] ug]{ 5nkmn
jf s'/fsfgLnfO{ ;+jfb elgG5 . ljBfyL{n] ;+jfb n]Vg hfGg'k5{ . To;sf] cEof;sf
nflu of] kf7df ;+jfbsf s]xL gd'gfx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ . lbOPsf] gd'gf ;+jfbx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 . To;kl5
cEof; u/]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .





cfTdlge{/tf

;[li6 / ;'/Iff ldNg] ;fyL x'g\ . pgLx¿ b'j} hgf sIff rf/df k9\5g\ . pgLx¿sf] 3/

l5d]sdf 5 . ;'/Iffn] cfÇgf] u[xsfo{ ;s]kl5 ;[li6sf] 3/df cfpFl5g\ .

;'/Iff M ;[li6 s] ul//x]sL <

;[li6 M oL x]/ g d}n] t cfÇgf] u[xsfo{ ;s]kl5 . 3/sf] sfd ub}{ 5' . cfdfn] t/sf/L

s]nfpg' eg]/ hfg'ePsf] lyof] .

;'/Iff M Åof ¤ 3/sf] sfd t cfdfafafn] kf] ug]{ xf] . dnfO{ t dgkb}{g o:tf] ug{ .

;[li6 M n, ;'/Iff ltdLn] klg s:tf] s'/f u/]sf], xfdLn] t ;fg}b]lv 3/sf sfddf

cfdfafafnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ eg]/ cl:t u'?cfdfn] eGg'ePsf] xf]Og .

;'/Iff M eGg t eGg'ePsf] lyof] t/ dnfO{ t o:tf 3/sf sfdx¿ ug{ t ;fx|} lbSs

nfU5 .

;[li6 M x]/ ;'/Iff, xfdLn] ;fg}b]lv 3/sf cfk"mn] ;Sg] ;fgfltgf sfddf cfdfafafnfO{
;3fpg'k5{ . To;f] u/]df pxfFx¿nfO{ klg ;xof]u x'G5 eg] xfdLx¿nfO{

;fg}b]lv cfTdlge{/ aGg] afgL a;fNg ;lhnf] x'G5 .

;'/Iff M s] xf] Tof] cfTdlge{/ eg]sf] <





166 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $

;[li6 M xfdLn] cfÇgf] sfd cfkm}F u/]/ cfÇgf] v'§fdf cfkm}F pleg ;Sg' g} cfTdlge{/

x'g' xf] . xfdLx¿n] ;fg}b]lv 3/sf ;fgfltgf sfdx¿ cfkm} ug]{ afgL a;fNof}F

eg] kl5 ;d:of kb}{g . k9fOsf ;fy;fy} cGo sfd klg ug{ ;s]df 7"nf]
ePkl5 c¿sf] ;xf/f lng' klg kb}{g . o;}nfO{ cfTdlge{/ elgG5 .

;'/Iff M cf]xf] ¤ ;[li6 cfh t d}n] ltdLaf6 w]/} /fd|f s'/fx¿ l;s]F . d klg 3/df uP/

cfdfnfO{ sfddf ;3fpF5' x} . dnfO{ gofF s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbPsf]df ltdLnfO{
wGojfb .


;[li6 M n, hfpm, hfpm ltdL klg cfdfnfO{ ;3fpm x} . ltdLnfO{ z'esfdgf .






v]ns'bsf] dxŒj

-ljBfnodf v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf eO/x]sf] 5 . ljj]s / lj1 ljBfno glhs}sf] ¿vsf]
5xf/Ldf a;]/ v]ns'b x]l//x]sf 5g\ ._

lj1 M of] ljBfnon] s] tdf;f u/]sf] xf]nf < k9fpg n]vfpg 5f]8]/ xKtfel/ v]ns'b

/] .

ljj]s M cf]xf] ¤ lj1 ltdLn] klg s] To:tf] s'/f u/]sf], v]ns'b t dflg;sf nflu geO{

gx'g] s'/f xf] lg .

lj1 M vf]O, d t s]xL a'ˆg} ;lSbgF . k9\g] xf] ls v]Ng] xf] <

ljj]s M xfd|f] nflu k9fOsf ;fy;fy} v]ns'bsf] klg plQs} dxŒj 5 lg .


lj1 M lsg ljj]s, v]ns'bn] s] kmfObf x'G5 / <

ljj]s M v]ns'bn] xfdLnfO{ x[i6k'i6 / tGb'?:t agfpg d2t u5{ .

lj1 M c¿ s] kmfObf x'G5 <

ljj]s M xfdLn] v]ns'bdf ;xefuL eP/ lgoldt yf]/}yf]/} ;do v]ln/xFbf zf/Ll/s /

dfgl;s ¿kdf :j:y x'g ;S5f}F .

lj1 M Tof] eg]sf] s] lg <




;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $ 167

ljj]s M s] eg] lg v]Ng] dflg;n] vfPsf] vfgf /fd|/L kRb5 . vfgf /fd|/L kRof] eg]

xfdL :j:y jf lg/f]uL aGg ;S5f}F .

lj1 M ltdLnfO{ t w]/} s'/f yfxf /x]5 . c¿ klg 5g\ v]ns'bsf kmfObfx¿ <


ljj]s M 5g\ lg . x]/ t v]ns'baf6 gfd sdfPsf dflg;x¿ /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf
slt k|l;4 5g\ . To;}n] v]ns'bn] dflg;nfO{ rlr{t agfpg jf gfd sdfpg

klg t dbt u5{ lg .

lj1 M n, cfh d}n] ltdLaf6 w]/} s'/f l;s]F . jf:tjdf d}n] klg v]ns'bnfO{ g/fd|f]
7fGg] t k6Ss} xf]Og . ef]ln jSt[Tjsnfdf d}n] v]ns'bsf] dxŒj zLif{sdf

af]Ng' lyof] . To;}n] ltdLaf6 yk s'/f yfxf kfpg d}n] ltdL;Fu o:tf s'/fx¿

u/]sf], wGojfb 5 x} ltdLnfO{ .

ljj]s M cf] s'/f To;f] kf], n x} ltdLnfO{ jSt[Tjsnfsf nflu clu|d z'esfdgf .

lj1 M wGojfb, wGojfb ¤

-b'j} hgf sIff sf]7flt/ k|j]z u5{g\ ._







cEof;



!= ‘6]lnlehgsf] dxŒj’ zLif{sdf ;'dgf / ;lGbksf aLrsf] ;+jfb tof/ kf/ .



@= ‘ko{6gsf] dxŒj’ zLif{sdf lblnk / dlGb/fsf aLrsf] s'/fsfgL tof/ kf/ .




















168 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff $