Oasis School Science and Technology 5 New

cf]Pl;; klAns];g Oasis Publication (P) Ltd. Anamnagar, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 0977-01-4313205 Author Editor Subodh Kumar Upadhya Chinta Mani Panthee M.Sc., Ph.D. M.Sc., Ph.D. 5 Approved by Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), Sano Thimi, Bhaktapur

Publisher & Distributor: Oasis Publication (Pvt) Ltd. Anamnagar, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 0977-1-4313205 Author : Subodh Kumar Upadhya Edition : Eleventh : 2080 Copyright Author and Editor Price : Rs. 354 /– Print Quantity : 10,000 Computer Layout: Zeeta Computer Service Pvt. Ltd. Printed at : Nepal All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the author.

Preface Oasis School Science and Technology for Grade 5 is an attempt to make learning process a joyful experience. This textbook has been written in strict conformity with the latest syllabus prescribed by the Curriculum Development Centre, Sano Thimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal. This book has been designed to help students develop their conceptual thinking and scientific skills. I think this book is an excellent introduction to experimentation and practical application of Science. I hope it will greatly facilitate teaching learning process in an easy and enjoyable manner. The beauty of this textbook lies in having high resolution pictures, attractive layout, and clear illustrations with lucid language. It emphasizes concept building rather than merely focusing on providing and collecting information without critical thinking. I expect this book will assist students to make them eager and quizzical learners that reinforces their conceptual learning in the classroom. Besides the learning process of the students, this book will help in teaching process of the teachers. Each unit of this book presents subject matter in an interesting, understandable and enjoyable manner. The exercise at the end of each unit includes a variety of questions to facilitate the integration of various concepts taught. Above all, I sincerely believe that this book will be helpful in overall understanding of Science in an interesting manner. It is not a hidden fact that modern era is the era of science and technology. Science is a part of the world we live in and an avenue to the technology. A good textbook in science should assist the learners to realize different activities and events around us that encourages them for further discovery and innovation interestingly. I strongly believe that students should enjoy science and this book will be a means of enjoying and learning science in the modern era of science and technology. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Surendra Karki, Managing director of Oasis Publication Pvt. Ltd. for publishing this book. Similarly, thanks are due to Mr. Deepak Bahadur Bista, Mr. Ashim (Indra) Rijal, Mr. Deepak Banjade, Mr. Dilip Belbase, Mr. Srijan Pasachhe, Mr. Shree Ram Lamsal and Mr. Srijan Adhikari for their valuable help during the preparation and content editing of the book. Likewise, thanks are due to Mr. Jagadish Pokhrel for his praiseworthy language editing. In my opinion, the real judges of a book are the teachers concerned and the students for whom it is meant. Despite all my efforts, there might be textual as well as technical errors. Therefore, constructive suggestions for rectification and improvement of the book would be gratefully acknowledged and incorporated in further editions. Author Kathmandu, Nepal.

Contents Unit: 1 Scientific Learning 1 Unit: 1.1 Scientific Learning Skill 2 Unit: 1.2 Measurement 19 Unit: 2 Information Communications and Technology 38 Unit: 2.1 Sources of Information 39 Unit: 2.2 Paint Software, Typing Software and Word Processor 54 Unit: 3 Organisms and Environment 72 Unit: 3.1 Energy for the Organisms 73 Unit: 3.2 Sources of Energy in Environment 83 Unit: 4 Classifications of Living Beings 94 Unit: 4.1 Vertebrates 95 Unit: 4.2 Parts of a Flowering Plant and Their Function 104 Unit: 5 Life Process 121 Unit: 6 Matter 136 Unit: 6.1 States of Matter 137 Unit: 6.2 Effects of Heat on Matter 149 Unit: 6.3 Mixture 167 Unit: 7 Energy 180 Unit: 7.1 Light 181 Unit: 7.2 Sound 190 Unit: 7.3 Electricity 207 Unit: 8 The Earth and Space 218

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 1 1 SCIENTIFIC LEARNING UNIT It is amazing to see a beautiful fish in the river. They swim so fast and can live in the water. It is a natural thing for humans to wonder why they can live underwater or why they can swim so fast or why they do not feel cold. It is our curious nature that we want to learn more about any events that happen around us. let us observe the following pictures and discuss what is happening in the figures. Figure: 1 The curious child in the picture is viewing the parts of a flower through a hand lens. Observation is the first and the best way of collecting information. Figure: 2 In this picture, a child is measuring some apples with the help of digital balance. Measurement is a very important activity in scientific learning. Figure: 3 In this picture, a child is trying to separate mud from the water. He is learning by doing. It is called an experiment. Figure: 4 In this picture, a kid is raising his hand for asking question to his teacher. It is called an inquiry. Inquiry is an act of asking questions to get information. Figure: 5 A schematic diagram of a flower is shown in the fifth picture. It is a very simple and clear diagram of the flower.

2 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Key terms and terminologies 1 Observation : The process of closely monitoring something, some events or processes is called observation. 2. Experiment : The experiment is an activity that we do to test if our hypothesis is right or wrong. 3. Scientific inquiry: Scientific inquiry is an act of asking questions to get information. 4. Scientific learning processes: The observation, analysis, forming hypothesis, experimenting, analyzing results, concluding, writing the report, communication etc. are some scientific learning processes. UNIT 1.1 SCIENTIFIC LEARNING SKILL Estimated teaching periods Theory 4 Practical 1  Introduction to scientific learning process  General activities related to observation, experiment and inquiry  Importance of observation, experiment and inquiry in scientific learning  Identification and use of scientific apparatus  Sketching of schematic diagrams The Sequence of Curriculum Issued by CDC Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer. Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy in 1564 and died in 1642. Galileo invented telescope and the first pendulum clock. With the help of telescope, he discovered craters and mountains in the moon, phases of the Venus, Stars of Milky way galaxy, Jupiter’s moon and so on. Galileo Galilei is referred to as "the father of experimental science." About the Scientist Galileo Galilee

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 3 5. Scientific learning: The way of learning facts using a set of scientific learning processes is called scientific learning. 6. Scientific apparatuses: The tools that are used in scientific experiment are called scientific apparatuses. 7. Schematic diagram: A simple graphical representation of a plan, device or scientific tool is called a schematic diagram. Observation To know about any object, event or process, we must observe them. The process of closely monitoring something, some events or processes is called observation. We have our sense organs to collect information from the surrounding. The eyes help to collect visual information such as colour and shape. The ears help to listen. The skin can feel pressure, touch, warmth etc. The tongue and nose can taste and smell respectively. We can use these sense organs to observe objects, events and processes. The information collected will be sent to the brain, where it is processed, analyzed and recorded. Smell Sight Touch Hearing Taste Fig: The sense organs are responsible to collect different informations Properties that can and cannot be known from observation The physical properties of the objects such as colour, shape, general size, state, texture, mass, density, strength, volume etc. can be observed. In case we are observing organisms we can observe their behaviour, food, shelter, body structure etc. Among these colour, shape, general size, state etc. can be observed easily. However, physical properties such as mass, volume, density Fact File Scientific tools make observation easier, faster and more convenient.

4 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 and strength should be measured using measuring tools. The chemical properties can only be known after experiments. Reasonable Facts Why do we have sense organs in our bodies? We have sense organs in our body so that we can observe our surroundings and learn to survive in it. Activity 1 Observe any flower in your surrounding . List what parts you see in a flower. For example, you can note the flower is made up of numbers of colourful leaves and so on. Devices used by scientists for observation As mentioned above, we must measure certain physical quantities to know about them. Various tools help to measure them. In fact, measurement is one of the major skills of scientific learning. The physical balance, digital balance, pan balance etc. can be used to measure the mass of the objects. A Laboratory thermometer, clinical thermometer or radiation thermometer can be used to measure the temperature of the object. The volume of regular objects is measured indirectly by using formulas. The volume of irregular objects is measured by dipping them in a liquid in a measuring cylinder. The stethoscope is used to observe heartbeat, condition of lungs etc. Physical balance Clinical thermometer Conical flask Fig: Measuring tools

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 5 Experiment As we discussed above, observation is necessary to collect information on certain objects, events and processes. The information can be used to form a hypothesis. We need to test if the hypothesis is true or false. So, we need to organize an experiment. The experiment is an activity that we do to test if our hypothesis is right or wrong. The result from the experiment is analyzed to make conclusions. Fig: Various experiments Reasonable Facts Why is an experiment important? The experiment is important because it helps to test and verify the predictions or hypothesis. Activity 2 Is experiment safe? Discuss with your friends to find out if experiments are safe or not? What should we do or should not do in a laboratory to avoid accidents? Discuss. Importance of experiment The experiment is the best way to learn. We can learn by doing it ourselves. It is interesting and fun. It generates curiosity among students. The result of the experiment is reliable. Anyone can replicate the experiment anytime. Fact File Scientists run experiments multiple times before verifying the results.

6 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Inquiry An experiment brings results. It may support or reject the hypothesis. However, the result obtained may not be enough to understand the objects, events or processes. So, the scientists carefully make the research questions. They use evidence from observation and investigation to answer the questions related to science. Scientific inquiry is an act of asking questions to get information. Continuous effort, research, experiments etc. leads to the discovery of new facts. It can be used to improve the current technologies or create a new ones. Importance of inquiry in scientific learning The scientific inquiry helps to collect more information on objects, events or processes. It makes research more reliable and trustworthy. It is used to prove or disprove the theory. It is also used to create a logical explanation to answer science-related questions. Scientific learning process There are various skills related to learning things scientifically. The observation, analysis, forming hypothesis, experimenting, analyzing results, concluding, writing the report, communication etc. are some scientific learning processes. The set of skills used in scientific learning is called scientific learning processes. We can use these skills systematically to understand laws, working mechanisms, principal, behaviours etc. of the test subjects. The way of learning objects, events and processes using a set of scientific learning processes is called scientific learning. Fact File Communication of the findings is an important aspects of scientific learning process as it makes other scientists and public known about the discovery.

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 7 Reasonable Facts Why is scientific learning process important? The scientific learning process is important because it helps to learn new reliable knowledge. Activity 3 Observe the feeding habit of a domestic or pet animal in your surrounding. Conduct your own research to find the answer why the particular animal eat particular foods. Importance of scientific learning Scientific learning is the better way to learn facts. It is the most reliable learning technique. It helps to remove superstitions, conspiracies and myths. It provides facts that can be retested by anyone. The best thing about scientific learning is the information can be corrected, modified or rejected based on the result of new research and new knowledge. It helps in the improvement of current technologies on the earth. Many scientists or companies are developing newer technologies. They are also developing advanced medicine, food and other products too. It is all thanks to scientific learning. Common Examples of scientific learning The process of cooking, baking and preparing food is applied science. We need to observe, learn, practice, experiment and repeat cooking many times to be good at cooking. Continuous efforts, multiple observations, multiple cooking experiments, lots of experiences, and knowledge of ingredients are necessary to be good at cooking. So it is an example of scientific learning. Scientific apparatus To learn efficiently practical works are necessary. It can be done in the Fact File Chemicals are stored in glass bottles because glass bottles do not react with those chemicals.

8 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 science laboratory. It can also be done outside the laboratory in places such as homes, grounds, forests, rivers etc. To do practical works of science, various tools are used. The tools for measurement and observations are mostly used in the school laboratories. The tools that are used for observation and measurement during science practical work are called scientific apparatuses. Fig: Some scientific apparatuses Reasonable Facts Most scientific apparatuses are small. Most scientific apparatuses are small because they are designed to do sample tests only. Activity 4 What might be the reasons for using glass apparatuses in a laboratory? Discuss any three reasons.

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 9 Importance of apparatus in science laboratory The scientific apparatuses are similar to kitchen utensils. We need apparatus to boil water, to separate mixture, to set fire, to hold hot substances, to hold liquids and acids etc. The utensils used in the kitchen are usually larger. The apparatuses used in the laboratory are relatively smaller because we perform sample tests only in the laboratory. The scientific apparatuses are very useful to carry out experiments. The specific tools make experiments easier, faster and more accurate. It helps to reduce errors and avoid accidents. We should use scientific apparatuses carefully. Some scientific apparatuses used in science laboratories and their uses SN Scientific apparatus Figure Uses 1 Funnel To direct liquid into the container 2 Beaker Pouring and collecting chemicals, filtrates, etc. 3 Watch glass To hold solids while measuring masses, to observe crystals through it 4 Test tube holder To hold test tubes 5 Spatula To move objects, scarps materials from beakers, collect salt from container 6 Wash bottle To store distilled water, ethanol etc.

10 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 7 Woulfe’s bottle To be used while preparing gases in the laboratory 8 Wire gauge To diffuse heat evenly 9 Tripod stand To support flasks and beakers 10 Spirit lamp To provide heat energy Schematic diagram A simple graphical representation of a plan, device or scientific tools is called a schematic diagram. The schematic diagram is made using simple lines and icons. Features of schematic diagram It is designed to explain how the device works. It is very simple but informative. It is an open shape. It is not coloured or shaded. It is a two-dimensional picture. Reasonable Facts The scientific reports contain schematic diagrams. The scientific reports contain schematic diagrams because such diagrams are easy to draw and easy to understand. Fact File Bunsen burner Icons of various parts of a machine are used in the schematic diagram so that we can know the position of those parts easily.

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 11 Activity 5 Draw the schematic diagram of a floor of your home. Importance of schematic diagram It can clearly explain basic structure and function of the devices. It is easy to draw and easy to understand. Uses of schematic diagram i. To show electrical circuits. ii. To show basic design of apparatuses. iii. To show domestic wiring circuits. iv. To make blueprints of buildings etc. Some basic ways to draw a schematic diagram and related precautions i. We should use a sharp pencil to avoid thick lines. ii. The diagram must be open shape to prevent a 3D appearance. iii. The diagram should not be coloured or shaded because it blocks an important part of apparatus. iv. Various parts of the tool should be proportional. Let’s observe some laboratory apparatus and their schematic diagrams Laboratory apparatuses Schematic diagram The figure of funnel Schematic diagram of funnel The figure of beaker Schematic diagram of beaker

12 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 The figure of tripod stand Schematic diagram of tripod stand The figure of clinical thermometer Schematic diagram of clinical thermometer The figure of compound microscope Schematic diagram of compound microscope The figure of gas jar Schematic diagram of gas jar The figure of wash bottle Schematic diagram of wash bottle

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 13 The figure of conical flask Schematic diagram of conical flask The figure of round bottom flask Schematic diagram of round bottom flask The figure of measuring cylinder Schematic diagram of measuring cylinder The figure of test tube Schematic diagram of test tube The figure of pan balance Schematic diagram of pan balance

14 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Reasonable Thinking Skill Reasonable Thinking Skill R T S 1. What is the use of spatula? i. to direct liquid into the container ii. to diffuse heat evenly iii. to hold test tubes iv. to handle granules, powders and other solids Ans: The use of spatula is to handle granules, powders and other solids. 2. Why should we handle apparatuses carefully? i. to get desired result of experiment ii. to avoid dropping and breaking because it is made of glass. iii. to avoid getting scolded iv. to avoid being caught in CC camera. Ans: we handle apparatuses carefully to avoid dropping and breaking because it is made of glass. 3. Are cooking food, driving and farming scientific learning? Yes, cooking food, driving and farming are a scientific learning because these skills can be learnt by following scientific learning processes. 4. What is used to draw conclusion? The information collected from experiment is used to draw the conclusion. 5. Why should we repeat experiment? We should repeat experiment because: i. It helps to find errors in previous experiment. ii. The result will be reliable. 6. Differentiate between observation and inquiry. The differences between observation and inquiry are: SN Observation SN Inquiry 1 The process of closely monitoring something, some events or processes is called observation. 1 Scientific inquiry is defined as research and study that scientists do to find answers to the questions related to science.

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 15 2 It helps to collect information on the topic. 2 It helps to produce answer to the question by thinking logically. 7. Learning by doing is the best way to learn. Explain. Students can learn a lot by doing various activities by themselves. If students make models of objects, processes and events, they will learn from it. If students replicate the experiment, they can connect to the topic. It develops life long interest in science among students. They will understand the concept of laws and principles better. Experiments also help to increase concentration. It increases thinking ability, analyzing ability and concluding ability. Therefore learning by doing is the best way to learn. Exercises 1. Select the best answer from the given alternatives. a. What is the process of closely monitoring something called? i. Experiment ii. Monitoring iii. Observation iv. Research b. What is the way of learning facts using a set of scientific learning processes called? i. Observation ii. Graduation iii. Research iv. Scientific learning c. Why are scientific apparatuses small? i. They are suitable to manufacture chemicals. ii. They are suitable to run test reactions. iii. They are suitable to prepare chemicals on an industrial scale iv. Smaller apparatuses will be cheaper.

16 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 d. Which one is the schematic diagram of the test tube? i. ii. iii. iv. e. Why is schematic diagram not coloured? i. It is difficult to colour the diagram. ii. It is too easy to colour the diagram. iii. Colour blocks the important part of the diagram. iv. Colour can highlight the important part of the diagram. 2. Write True for the correct and False for the incorrect statements. a. The tongue and nose can taste and smell respectively. b. Physical properties such as mass, volume, density, etc. can be measured using measuring tools. c. Experiment is not necessary for scientific learning. d. Continuous effort, research, experiments etc. leads to the discovery of new facts. e. The set of skills used in scientific learning is defined as scientific learning processes. 3. Fill in the blanks using a suitable word. [distilled water, chemicals, regular objects, experiment, schematic diagram] a. The volume of ………… is measured indirectly by using formulas. b. The activity that we do to test if our hypothesis is right or wrong is called ………… c. Wash bottle is used to store …………

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 17 d. The laboratory apparatuses are made of glasses because it is not eroded by ………… e. The simple diagram to explain how machine works is called … 4. Answer the following questions in very short. a. Give examples of any two scientific tools. b. List scientific learning processes. c. What is a laboratory? d. Write the name of scientific apparatus shown below. e. What is a simple diagram made from lines called? 5. Give reasons. a. We must learn to observe the events. b. We have sense organs in our body. c. Experiment is an important skill in scientific learning. d. Experiment is very important. e. Scientific learning is very important for human civilization. h. Scientific apparatuses are usually made from glass. f. Most scientific apparatuses are small. g. Beakers are placed on a wire gauge while heating. h. Schematic diagrams are used in scientific learning. i. We should not colour schematic diagrams. j. We should not close the shapes while drawing a schematic diagram of scientific apparatuses. 6. Differentiate between the following : a. Observation and experiment b. Observation and inquiry

18 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 c. Scientific apparatus and schematic diagram d. Experiment and inquiry 7. Answer the following questions in short. a. Define scientific learning. b. Define observation. c. What is an experiment? d. What is an inquiry in science? e. What is scientific learning process? f. What are scientific apparatuses? Give a few examples. g. Define schematic diagram. h. Draw the schematic diagram of a beaker and a Bunsen burner. 8. Answer the following questions. a. What kind of properties can be obtained from simple observation and what properties can only be known by experiment? Make a list. b. Discuss the importance of use of scientific tools for observation. c. Make a list of advantages of experimenting. d. Learning by doing is best way to learn. Explain. e. Write down any three importance of scientific learning. f. Suggest any three reasons for using laboratory apparatuses during experiments. g. Enlist some general characteristics of schematic diagram. h. How is a schematic diagram drawn? What should we be aware of while drawing them? i. Make a list of any five scientific apparatuses and mention their uses.

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 19 UNIT 1.2 MEASUREMENT Estimated teaching periods Theory 4 Practical 1  Measurement of length, mass and time  Measurement of volume The Sequence of Curriculum Issued by CDC Giovanni Giorgi was an Italian Scientist. He born in 1871 and died on in 1950 in Italy. Giovanni Giorgi was a civil engineer, mathematician and university professor by profession. He proposed mechanical units of measurement for the first time. Giorgi International System of Measurement or MKSA (Meter, Kilogram, Second and Ampere) was later endorsed by international system of measurement as SI units. About the Scientist Giovanni Giorgi Key terms and terminologies 1. Measurement : The comparison of an unknown quantity with a known standard quantity of the same kind is called measurement. 2. Length : The distance between any two points is called length. 3. Matter : he objects that have mass, as well as volume, are called matter. 4. Mass : The total amount of matter present in a body is called its mass. 5. Volume : The total space occupied by an object is called volume. 6. Irregular solid : The solid objects which do not have fixed geometrical shapes are called irregular solids. 7. Regular solid : The solid objects with fixed geometrical shapes are called regular objects.

20 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 8. Time : The measurable duration between two events is called time. 9. One mean solar day: The duration in which the earth rotates once around its axis is called one mean solar day. Introduction Measurement is a very important activity in our daily life. We need to measure the quantity of food when buying it. We should buy clothes of correct measurement so that they will be comfortable for us. We should know exact value of chemicals while making food and medicine. Scientists, engineers and astronomers need to take correct measures of things to conduct their experiments. Measurement is essential to know the actual value of any physical quantity. It is a very important scientific learning skill. Without measurement experiment, research, manufacture etc. will be difficult and inaccurate. Process of measurement The comparison of an unknown quantity with a known and standard quantity of the same kind is called measurement. The substance whose exact magnitude is not known is called unknown substance. The substances such as a ruler, standard mass, meter tape, measuring cylinder, etc. are called standard known substances. They can be used to know the values of unknown substances. Fact File Measurement has two parts a number and a unit. Without unit, measurement has no meaning.

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 21 Reasonable Facts Measurement is very important in our daily life. Measurement is very important in our daily life because it helps in trade and business, preparation of medicines, experiments, research, etc. Activity 1 Discuss the importance of measurement in our daily life. Devices used for measurement Measurement can be performed efficiently with the help of the correct tools. For example, vernier callipers can be used to measure small lengths. A ruler, measuring tape, meter rod etc. are also used to measure distance. Standard masses and physical balance can measure mass of the substances. Measuring cylinder measures volume of liquid and gas. The clocks can measure time. Spring balance can measure weight. Spring balance Measuring cylinder Goldsmith's balance Fig: Some measuring tools Measurement of length There is always a certain distance between two points. Length is the measurement of that distance. The distance between any two points is called length. For example, let us draw a line in the paper. Write A

22 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 in the first end and B in the second end. Then use a ruler to find the magnitude of the distance between these two points. That distance between points A and B is the length of that line. Use of measuring tools As mentioned above, ruler is used to measure the short lengths. The measuring tape is used by tailors to measure our body to stitch clothes. The engineers use a vernier calliper to measure small lengths. Odometers are devices that measure the length covered by vehicles. Vernier callipers Infrared Thermometer Odometer Fig: Some measuring tools Reasonable Facts Why do engineers and scientists use measuring tools? Engineers and scientists use measuring tools to get precise measurements so that they can make perfect machines or buildings. Activity 2 Make a list of measuring tools that you see in your everyday life. How to measure length? Let us practise measuring the length. First of all, we should be familiar with the measuring tools. Let us take a common ruler of our geometry box. On one side of the length, there is a scale from 0 to 15 centimetres. On another side of the length, there is a scale from 0 to 6 inches. Let us use centimetres for now. There is a 0-mark at one end, followed by Fact File It is necessary to use tools for measurement because tools make measurement reliable and accurate.

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 23 1, 2 up to 15. A long line is present below each number. The length between any two long lines is called 1 cm. 9 smaller lines divide a cm into ten fragments. Each fragment is 1 mm long. Therefore 10 mm equals 1 cm. To measure the length of an unknown body, we need to compare it with a ruler. The 0-mark is kept at one end of the body. The ruler is kept parallel to the body. Now we observe to find which number is seen at another end of the body. Then we know the length of that unknown body. What does it mean by 3 m in length? If the length of the body is 3 times the length of a meter rod, it is called a 3-meter length. Activity 3 Take out your ruler and try to measure the length of the science textbook. How long is your science textbook? What does your friend say? Did you get the correct measurement? Precautions while measuring length i. We cannot measure the length of a curved shape by a ruler. ii. We need to use a straight ruler. A soft flexible rubber ruler may not give correct measurement. iii. We should make sure a zeromark is put at the first end of the unknown body. iv. The ruler should be kept straight to the unknown body. Fact File The height of a person means the length from the lowest part of foot to the top of head.

24 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Reasonable Facts Why should we not use a rubber ruler for measurement? We should not use a rubber ruler for measurement because it bends and does not give a correct measurement. Activity 4 Draw S-shaped line on the paper. Take a thread and put it exactly over the s-shape. Take out the thread. Now measure the length of the thread. That will be the length of that curved path. Units of length Various units are used for length. The SI unit of length is a meter. Centimeter and feet are also popular units of length. Units such as haat and bitta are local units of length. Multiples and sub multiples of unit of length The smaller units of length are centimetre, millimetre, decimetre etc. They are submultiples of a meter. The bigger unit of length is a kilometre. It is multiple of SI unit of length. Besides these, there are some other popular units of length. They are yard, foot and mile. 10 mm = 1cm 100 cm = 1 m 1000 m = 1 km 1 m = 39.4 inch = 1.09 yard (gaj) 1 yard = 92 cm = 3 feet 1 inch = 2.4 cm 1 mile = 1760 yard Measurement of mass Atoms make everything. Atoms have mass and volume. Therefore, any object made of atoms must have mass and volume. The objects

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 25 that have mass, as well as volume, are called matter. The stable forms of atoms are molecules. The molecules are bound together by intermolecular force. The objects with powerful intermolecular force pull more molecules inwards. So, such objects have more mass even if it is small in size. However, objects with weaker intermolecular forces cannot keep molecules closer. So, they occupy a larger volume. They have less mass even if they are big. The total amount of matter present in a body is called its mass. The mass is directly proportional to the number of molecules or atoms present in the object. The object with a greater number of molecules will have more mass. Stone Iron Nail Milk Fig: Objects that have mass Reasonable Facts Why is a 5 kg sugar heavier than 1 kg sugar? 5 kg sugar is heavier than 1 kg sugar because 5 kg sugar has more molecules in it than 1 kg sugar. Activity 5 Take a standard iodized salt packet with logo of children in it. Measure its mass on two different groceries. Is it same in both places? Should it be same or shall it change according to the place? Discuss. Fact File According to the law of conservation of mass, ‘’mass can neither be created nor destroyed but can be transformed.’’

26 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Devices to measure the mass The mass of the object cannot be known with a simple observation. We must measure the mass of the objects using standardized measuring devices. The mass of 1 litre of pure water is equal to a 1-kilogram mass. The mass of the objects can be measured using a physical balance or pan balance. Digital balances are growing popular to measure mass in shops and groceries. 1 Kg 5 Kg 1 kg standard mass 5 kg standard mass Digital Balance Fig: Some mass measuring tools How can we measure mass? We can measure the mass of any substance by comparing it with standard weights. Standard weights are available as 500-gram, 1 kilogram, 5 kilograms etc. We need to put a pan balance in an equilibrium position. We can put the substance in one of the pans. We have to put standard mass in another pan. Then we can compare it to know the mass. In groceries, we can put objects in digital balance and their mass will be displayed on the screen. Precaution while measuring mass i. Both pans should be at equilibrium. ii. The container of the substance must have as less mass as possible. iii. The display reading of digital balance should be at zero. Beam balance in equilibrium Zeroed digital balance

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 27 Units of mass The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg). Gram and pound are also standard units of mass. The local units of mass are pau and dharni. Multiple and submultiple of unit of masses The units smaller than kilogram are gram, decigram etc. The units bigger than kilogram are quintal and tonne. Measurement of volume The total space occupied by an object is called volume. It means the three-dimensional space occupied by the object. Matters have volume. Let us blow air into the balloon. Does it grow bigger? Yes, it does! It means the air also has volume. The solid and liquid objects have fixed volumes. However, gases do not have fixed volumes. Water bottle House Balloon filled with air Fig: Objects having volume Reasonable Facts Why do balloons get bigger when we blow air into them? The balloons grow bigger when we blow air into them because the gas occupies space. Gas has volume. Activity 6 Do objects with equal mass occupy equal volume? Verify experimentally. Fact File The volume of gas is always equal to the size of the container.

28 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Devices to measure the volume The objects without height do not have volume. Only three-dimensional objects have volume. We can measure the volume of matter in many ways. The volume of regular solids can be measured with the help of a formula. The volume of gases and liquids is measured by measuring cylinder. Beaker and burette can be used to measure volume of liquids. Beaker Measuring cylinder Pathi Fig: Some devices to measure volume Unit of volume The SI unit of volume is m3 (cubic meter). It is also expressed in a cubic centimetre. The woods are sold in cubic feet. The volume of liquid is litre and millilitre. Measurement of volume of regular solid The solid objects with fixed geometrical shapes are called regular objects. Since they have fixed shapes, their volume can be measured with the help of a formula. Ice cube Football Pyramid of Giza Fig: Regular objects Some shapes and formula to calculate their volume 1. Cuboid = length × breadth × height 2. Cone = 1 3pr2 h where 'r' is the radius of the base and 'h' is the

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 29 height of the cone. 3. Sphere = 4 3 pr3 where r is the radius of the sphere 4. Cube = l 3 where l is the length of one of the sides Measurement of volume of liquid The volume of liquid is expressed in litres. So, we need a measuring cylinder to measure the volume of liquid. The measuring cylinder can measure volume in millilitres. 1 millilitre equals 1 cm3 . The volume of water that fills a box of the volume of 1000cm3 is equal to 1 litre. A measuring cylinder is made on this relation. We can pour the liquid into a measuring cylinder to measure its volume. The liquid reaches a certain height in the measuring cylinder. Then we can read the volume of liquid. Precaution while taking a reading of volume in measuring cylinder i. We should keep the measuring cylinder on a plain surface. ii. We should not read volume from top or bottom of the liquid level. Measurement of volume of irregular solids The solid objects which do not have fixed geometrical shapes are called irregular solids. Since they do not have a fixed shape, their volume cannot be measured by using formula. We need to measure its volume indirectly by liquid displacement method. Fig: Measuring volume of liquids Fact File The volume of an object changes with change in temperature and pressure.

30 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Sandstone Broken glass Kidney stones Fig: Irregular objects First of all, we need to fill the water in a measuring cylinder up to a certain height. Let’s say up to 20 ml for example. Then we should drop the irregular solid into the measuring cylinder. Then the water level will rise in the measuring cylinder. Let’s say the new level is 30 ml. Why do you think the water level is rising? It is because the irregular solid is pushing the water upward. Let’s calculate the difference between final volume and initial volume. Which is 30 ml – 20 ml = 10 ml. Therefore, the volume of that irregular solid is 10 ml. If the irregular solid does not fit in the measuring cylinder, we can fill a beaker with water and drop that solid in it. The water will spill into the bowl below. Then we can collect the spilt water and measure its volume. The volume of the spilt liquid is equal to the volume of an irregular solid. Reasonable Facts Why cannot we measure volume of irregular solid with the help of formula? We cannot measure the volume of irregular solids with the help of a formula because they do not have any fixed geometrical shapes.

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 31 Activity 7 Do you have an used eraser? Used erasers donot have regular shapes. Find the volume of that eraser by displacing water in a measuring cylinder. Measurement of time The measurable duration between two events is called time. Lots of events happen around us. Let us suppose a bell just rang and the science period started. It is the first action. Then later the bell will ring again to end the science period. It is second action. There is a measurable duration between these two actions. Let’s say it was 40 minutes long. This duration between two actions is called time. Watch for measuring time Stages in human life due to change in time One mean solar day The duration in which the earth rotates once around its axis is called one mean solar day. It is a duration between two sun rises. Devices to measure time Ancient people measured time with the help of an hourglass. We can also tell the time of a day by observing the location of the sun, moon and stars. Advanced devices such as atomic clocks can measure very small fragments of time. The quartz clock is very popular as a wristwatch. Most mobile devices and computers have a digital clock in them to measure time. Fact File The smallest measure of time is Planck time.

32 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Pendulum clock Stopwatch Sundial Fig: Devices to measure time Reasonable Facts Why do scientists use an atomic clock to measure time? Scientists use an atomic clock to measure time because it can measure very small fragments of time accurately.. Activity 8 Make a working model of an hourglass. Take help from the teacher. How to measure time? To measure time, we can use a stopwatch, timer, and hourglass. The stopwatch can measure the time between two actions. We should start a stopwatch at the first action and stop at the second action. The timer can also measure time. First, we can set the time and start a count down. The alarm clock uses a timer to set off. When the alarm clock is set off it makes a loud sound. Units of time The SI unit of time is second. Multiple and submultiple of units of time The units of time smaller than the Countdown in Timer Fact File Atomic clock measures the time with high accuracy.

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 33 second are millisecond, microsecond etc. The units of time bigger than the second are minute and hour. Reasonable Facts Why should we learn about the hands of the clocks? We should learn about the hands of the clocks because each hand has a different meaning. Knowledge of the needles helps to tell time easily. Activity 9 Remember your date of birth and try to count your age (years, months and days). How to see the time on the clock? The clock has 3 hands. The long and thick hand is a minute hand. The long and thin hand is second-hand. The short and thick hand is the hour hand. There are 12 numbers ranging from 1 to 12 in the clock. When the hour clock moves from the number 12 to the number 1, 1 hour is passed. If the minute clock moves from the number 12 to 1, 5 minutes has passed. If the second hand moves from 12 to 1, 5 seconds have passed. Reasonable Thinking Skill Reasonable Thinking Skill R T S 1. What is the length between two adjacent short lines in a ruler? i. 1 cm ii. 1 mm iii. 0.1 mm iv. 1 yard Ans: The length between two adjacent short lines in a ruler is 1mm. 2. Why are haat and bitta not used anymore as unit of length? i. It is scientific. ii. It is easily convertible. iii. It is inconvenient and not scientific.

34 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 iv. It is known by people all over the world. Answer: The haat and bitta are not used anymore as unit of length because it is inconvenient and not scientific. 3. How much litre of water can be stored in a jar of 1000 cubic centimeter jar? 1 litre of water can be stored in a jar of 1000 cubic centimeter. 4. What is the measurable duration between two events called? The measurable duration between two events is called time. 5. Differentiate between centimeter and meter. The differences between centimeter and meter are: SN Centimeter SN Meter 1. It is sub-multiple of meter. 1. It is SI unit of length. 2. It is a sub-multiple of meter and usually used for smaller measurement. Examples: length of book, height of a pen etc. 2. It is used for large measurements like length of room, height of a tree etc. 6. What measuring tools are used in laboratory to measure the volume of liquid? What precautions should we follow to read the volume of liquid correctly? Beaker and burette are used to measure the volume of the liquid in laboratory. The precautions we should follow to read the volume of the liquid correctly are: i. Liquid should be at rest. ii. There should be no effervescence, foam or lather at top. iii. Measuring cylinder or beaker should be kept in flat surface. iv. We should look horizontally to the liquid surface. Do not observe from top or bottom.

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 35 Exercises 1. Select the best answer from the given alternatives. a. What is the SI unit of distance between any two points? i. Second ii. Litre iii. Meter iv. Foot b. How many centimeters are equal to 1 mile? i. 100 cm ii. 10 cm ii. 160934 cm iv. 1000 cm c. Which one of the following has highest number of molecules? i. 1 Kg iron ii. 2 kg iron iii. 0.5 kg iron iv. 1.5 kg iron d. Which unit is used while feeding cough syrup to the children? i. Millilitre ii. Milligram ii. Millimeter iv. Millisecond e. Why is it difficult to measure the volume of the gases? i. Gases do not have fixed shape. ii. Gases do not have fixed colour. iii. Gases do not have fixed volume. iv. Gases do not have fixed mass. 2. Write True for the correct and False for the incorrect statements. a. Spring balance can measure the weight. b. Measuring cylinder is used to measure the height of the water. c. Strong molecular force pulls the molecules closer. d. The mass of 1 litre of pure water is equal to a 1 kilogram mass. e. The solids and gases have fixed volumes. 3. Fill in the blanks using a suitable word. [time, volume, one mean solar day, stopwatch, cubic meter] a. The total space occupied by an object is called ………… b. The SI unit of volume is …………

36 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 c. The measurable duration between two actions is called ………… d. The duration in which the earth rotates once around its axis is called ………… e. The ………… can measure the time between two actions. 4. Answer the following questions in very short. a. What is the objective of measurement? b. What do you mean by measuring tools? c. Which device is used to measure very small lengths? d. How many millimeters are there in 2.5 centimeters? e. How many millimeters are there in 1 litre of water? 5. Give reasons. a. Measurement is very important in our daily life. b. Measurement is necessary for scientific learning. c. Various measuring tools are available in science laboratory. d. Engineers use measuring tools. e. We must not forget zero-mark on ruler while measuring length. f. We should not use rubber ruler for measurement. g. More people are using SI unit of length than local units. h. An elephant is heavier than a cow. i. LPG cylinder is lighter when gas in it is finished. j. Digital balances are growing popular to measure mass in shops and groceries. k. Physical balance must be stable and at equilibrium before measuring mass. l. Balloon inflates when air is blown in it. m. We can easily calculate volume of text book by using formula. n. We cannot calculate the volume of a mango by using formula.

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 37 6. Differentiate between the following : a. Length and mass b. Mass and volume c. Meter and liter d. Volume and time e. Regular solid and irregular solid 7. Answer the following questions in short. a. Define measurement. b. Write any two importance of measurement. c. What does it mean by 2 meter length? d. What is SI unit of length and volume? e. Define mass. What is its SI unit? f. What is a measuring cylinder? g. What is time? Write its SI unit. h. The ocean is 10 kilometers deep. How many meters is it? 8. Answer the following questions. a. How is measurement useful for scientific learning? b. Discuss the technique and precautions of measuring length. c. Explain the techniques to measure mass using pan balance in brief. Enlist precautions. d. Define volume. How can volume of irregular solid be measured? Explain with a diagram. e. If we are going to measure volume of salt solution in a beaker, what things should we be careful about? f. The school started at 9:15 am in the morning and end at 4:00 pm. How long did you stay in the school? Convert it into seconds. g. Measure your mass. Then convert it into grams.

38 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 2 INFORMATION COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY UNIT

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 39 UNIT 2.1 SOURCES OF INFORMATION Estimated teaching periods Theory 10 Practical 5  Examples of sources of information  Collection of information from difference sources  Use of mobile phone in learning  Intra-personal communication  Inter-personal communication  Mass communication  Similarities and differences between human and computer The Sequence of Curriculum Issued by CDC Johannes Gutenberg was a German craftsman born in 14th century and died in 1468. He invented printing press. Invention of printing press help manufacturing large number of books, magazines and newspapers at very little cost. Low cost of published books and magazines made it easily accessible to readers. The credit for information revolution in the Europe goes to Johannes Gutenberg. About the Scientist Johannes Gutenberg Key terms and terminologies 1. Information : The collection of facts and data of any subject or event is called information 2. Communication : Communication is the system of exchanging information between or among the people by various means. 3. Periodicals : The collection and compilation of information to publish in regular intervals are called periodicals. 4. Electronic materials: Materials that are stored, transmitted, edited

40 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 and read in electronic devices are called electronic materials. 5. Intra-personal communication: Communication which occurs within a body is called intra-personal communication. 6. Inter-personal communication: Communication that occurs between and among the people is called interpersonal communication. 6. Mass communication: The communication used to broadcast information to a large number of people across the country or worldwide is called mass communication. Introduction Collected knowledge and data about any subject is information. Communication is the system of exchanging information between or among the people by various means. We use books, newspapers, electronic media, etc. to collect and transmit information. The sources from which we collect information are called the sources of information. For example, to collect information about a particular event at a particular time, we use the information published in that particular time. Collected information can be broadcast through radio and television or transmitted via telephone, internet, etc. Similarly, we can publish collected information in the newspapers. We can circulate the information through seminars, meetings, conferences, etc. Sources of Information i. Books and Periodicals ii. References and General Collection iii. Press and Electronic Materials i. Books and Periodicals Written information can be divided into two categories: Books and Periodicals. Book is a collection and compilation of information from different time periods. It does not have pre-defined time for publication. It

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 41 depends upon the author when to publish. Periodicals are the collection and compilation of information to be published in regular interval. Newspapers, magazines, journals, etc. are its examples. They may be daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annual etc. For example, The Himalayan Times, Kantipur Daily, Kantipur Saptahik, Yuwamanch, School's annual magazine etc. We need these sources to get information on current state of affairs in different fields. ii. References and General Collection To write a book, we collect information from various sources. These sources of information are called references. We use various sources to collect such information. For example, newspapers, journals, etc. are some sources of information. The reference materials are the sources of information for general collection. In a book, we collect lots of information from different sources. Therefore, a book is a general collection of different types of information. Books

42 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 iii. Press and Electronic Materials Books, newspapers, journals, etc. are the press materials. These materials are published from press. Database, e-book, e-journal or the information in the internet are electronic materials. These materials are helpful to collect information fast and easily. Press and electronic materials are used on the basis of our need and choice. Google search engine for searching electronic materials Types of Communication We talk to each other to exchange information, feelings, etc. We can circulate information to many people at a time. For this purpose, we use radio, television, newspapers, etc. The ways we transmit information are different as there are different modes of communication. The forms of communication can be non-verbal, verbal, written and audio-Vidal. a. Non-verbalcommunication: Greetings by gestures like namaste, handshake, smiley face etc. are non-verbal communication. Here, the communication takes place without speaking a word. b. Verbal communication: Verbal communication refers to the conversation by speaking. c. Audiovisual communication: Audiovisual communication

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 43 means communicating through videos chatting, video-calls, etc. d. Written communication: Written communication occurs in the form of letters, emails, reports etc. in the form of writing. Based on the nature of the involved party, there are three types of communication. which are as follows: i. Intra-personal Communication ii. Inter-personal Communication iii. Mass Communication i. Intra-personal Communication We think something and we develop some ideas to solve some problems. In this mode, there is a communication within our body. The communication which occurs within a body is called intra-personal communication. In this process of communication, communication occurs between our sense organs and brain. For example, you have seen a peacock and an owl. One may ask you to choose the more beautiful bird out of two birds. You will choose one. In this process, there is communication between your eye and brain. In intra-personal communication, the sender and the recipient of information is the same person. ii. Inter-personal Communication If you need money, you ask your parent for it. Your parent responds to it. However, they may or may not give you money. In this case, there is communication between you and your parent. The communication between or among the people is called interpersonal communication. For example, Intrapersonal communication Interpersonal communication

44 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 talking on mobile phone with your friend, talking facing each other, interview, teaching-learning process, etc. Usually both parties are familiar in interpersonal communication. However, this type of communication may occur with or between unknown parties. So, interpersonal communication is the two-sided or twoway communication. iii. Mass Communication We listen to the radio or watch television. The radio and television are used to broadcast information to a large number of people across the country or worldwide. This type of communication is called mass communication. It is one-sided or one- way mode of communication. Fig: Means of mass communication Activity 1 Name any four periodicals and collect any two information from each. Means of Two-way Communication There are various means for two way communication. The most common are letters, telephone, mobile phone and computer. i. Telephone We transmit and receive message with the help of telephone. It is an electronic device which is Telephone

Oasis School Science and Technology -5 45 widely used as a means of two-way communication. People can communicate easily by means of telephone when they remain far from one another. In the field of information technology, telephone is a popular household device for two-way communication. ii. Mobile Phone The mobile phone is a small and portable electronic device for communication. It is also known as cell phone or hand phone. It is the most popular means for twoway communication. Previously, its wireless and portable nature differed it from telephone. Application of Mobile Phone Nowadays, mobile phones have been developed to smart-phones. Besides talking and sending and receiving text messages it can be used for doing numerous task. Sending voice and video messages, playing games, taking photos and recording videos, tuning radios, playing music and movies, accessing internet, navigating, doing calculations, edit documents and photos etc. are some common task of the smart-phone. Other various applications can be installed in smart-phones to carry out more complex tasks as in computer. So, smart-phones can be considered as one of the version of pocket computers. Do you remember how did you learn during COVID19 crisis? Most of you have used smart-phones for learning. Google classroom, Zoom, Microsoft teams etc. are learning platforms for students and teachers. These can be installed in smart-phones for learning in which you can interact online with your friends and teachers. Other applications like Mobile phones Fact File Smart-phones are easily accessible and powerful device that can perform numerous of daily and special tasks of human need.

46 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Midas E-class, BYJU's, Vedantu, Toppr, Unacademy, etc. can be installed and used for learning the whole subject or the topic you are interested. Recording important lectures, taking photos of the objects of your interest for classroom discussion etc. are other uses of smart-phones. We can also learn to play music, dance, create arts and crafts, cook etc. using Internet on smart-phones. Sometimes, we need smart-phones to complete our home assignments also. iii. Computer Computer is a major means of modern information technology. The use and importance of computer has been increasing day by day. We use computer for different purposes as a means of communication. Similarly, we use it for Internet phone, e-mails, chatting, video conference, creating and publishing documents, editing music and videos, controlling other devices and instruments remotely, monitoring of any events or activities etc. Nowadays, computers are used in almost all of the service sectors like office, hospital, security, school, supermarket, factory, printing press, transportation, research and development. We input data in the computer and it gives output after manipulating the data. Parts of computer There are various parts of a compute. But, the major parts of a computer are: CPU (Central Processing Unit), Monitor, Keyboard and Mouse. i. Input devices in computer We use keyboard and mouse to input data in the computer. Computer