Oasis School Science and Technology -5 47 ii. Processing devices in computer The CPU is the processing part of the computer. It processes the information received in the computer and manipulates the same. iii. Output devices in computer After manipulation of the data by the CPU, we can get the output on the monitor. Similarly, we can copy, record or print the data seen on the monitor. To print the data or photos, we need to connect external printing devices to the computer. iv. Storage devices Computers have memory disks to store information. We can store our word documents, digital paintings, photos, songs,
48 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 videos, etc. on the computer. This data is stored in a device called a Solid-State Drive (SSD) or Hard Disk Drive (HDD). Some portable devices, such as pen drives and compact disks, can be used to store information. The devices in which data are stored are called storage devices. Similarities between human and computer Parts of computer and human body perform similar tasks. The table below shows some similar parts of computer and human performing the same task. Tasks Computer Human Input of information and data Mouse, Keyboard, Touch pad, Camera Eye, Nose, Skin, Ear, Tongue Processing information and data CPU Nervous system Output of results Printer, Screen, Webcam, Loudspeaker Mouth, Eyes, Nose, Skin, Storing data/ information for long term Hard disk drives Brain Audio and sounds related tasks Sounbox, Earplugs Ear
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 49 Images and videos related tasks Monitor, Webcam Eyes Signal receiver Receiver Skin, Eyes, Nose, Ears, Tongue Differences between human and computer However, computer cannot replace humans as computers are ony the devices developed by human. Some major differences between the computer and human are listed below. Features Human Computer Nature Living organisms Non-living man made device Decision making Can make their own decision Needs command from human to make decision Feelings Have feelings of happiness, sadness, love etc. No any feelings Accuracy Can make mistakes Never make mistakes when instructed correctly Multitasking Find difficulties in multitasking Performs multi- tasking Speed of work Depends upon person to person Uniform and fast speed for particular work Calculations Takes time for calculation Takes no time for calculations Creativity Performs creative works like composing music, arts, poems, stories etc. Zero creative, only performs that tasks assigned Activity 2 Collect any two devices of two-way communication. Discuss the working mechanism of those devices in your class.
50 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Reasonable Thinking Skill Reasonable Thinking Skill R T S 1. Which of the following is a means of two way communication? i. Television ii. Radio iii. Newspaper iv. Telephone Answer: Telephone is a mean of two way communication. 2. What are the two examples of periodicals. Newspaper and journal are the two examples of periodicals. 3. Define communication. Communication is the process of transferring information from the source to the receiver. 4. Why is E-book an electronic material? E-book is an electronic material because it needs electronic devices to be stored, transmitted, edited and read. 5. List any two differences between one-way communication and two-way communication. Two differences between one-way communication and two-way communication are tabulated below. One-way communication Two-way communication i. Information flows in a straight line from one party to another. i. Information is shared back and forth between two parties. ii. Examples of means of one way-communication are radio, television, newspaper, etc. ii. Examples of means of twoway communication are telephone, mobile phone, chatting etc. 6. Why do you think smart-phones are popular than the computers and telephones? List any three statements to support your answer.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 51 Smart-phones are popular than the computers and telephones because of the following reasons. i. Smart-phones are wireless and portable device. ii. Smart-phones can handle many of the tasks a computer does. iii. Smart-phones are cheaper than the computers. Exercises 1. Select the best one from the given alternatives. a. Which of the following is not a periodical? i. Annual School Magazine iii. Science Textbook ii. Newspaper iv. Journal b. Which type of communication means is television? i. Mass Communication iii. Two way ii. Inter-personal iv. Intra-personal c. Which one of the following is the advanced tool for communication? i. Television ii. Newspaper iii. Telephone iv. Mobile phone d. Which is the latest name for multi-functioning mobile phone? i. Cell phone ii. Hand phone iii. Smart-phone iv. None 2. Tick (√ ) the true statement and cross (x) the false one. a. Books, newspapers, etc. are the sources of information. b. Radio, mobile phone, etc. are the examples of periodicals. c. References are the sources of information from which we collect information to publish a book. d. The communication within the same person is called intrapersonal communication. e. Telephone and mobile are the means of two-way communication.
52 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 f. Mass communication is a two-way communication. 3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. a. The system of exchanging information among the people is called.... b. A book is a general ............. of different information. c. The communication between or among the people is ..... d. Radio and .... are the examples of ..... communication. e. ... and .... are the means of two-way communication. f. The communication with our friends by writing message or speaking is called .... g. The keyboard is used to ... data in the computer. 4. Answer the following questions in very short. a. Which is better means of communication between a smartphone and telephone? b. List two examples of means of mass communication. c. What are the four major parts of computer? d. Write the names of two periodicals you are familiar with. e. What type of communication does our sense organs show? f. Name two means of communication that should be used for public awareness? 5. Give reasons. a. A phone conversation is an interpersonal communication. b. Radio is a means of mass communication. c. Journals are electronic materials. d. Computer is a tool for two-way communication. 6. Differentiate between: a. Book and periodicals
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 53 b. Telephone and mobile phone c. Interpersonal and intra-personal communication d. Press materials and electronic materials e. Chatting and video-conference 7. Answer the following questions in short. a. Define information. b. What is communication? c. List any two examples of each of press materials and electronic materials. d. What do you mean by mass communication? e. Define periodicals with examples. f. What types of information does a book contain? 8. Write down the major application of the following devices. a. b. c. 9. Answer the following questions. a. What are the sources of information? Give any three examples. b. Which source of communication do you think the best? List at least two statements for your choice. c. Periodicals are also important source of information and communication. Justify. d. How does computer work as a means of information and communication? Describe in brief. e. List down any two merits and two demerits of smarphones.
54 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Key terms and terminologies 1. Paint software : The software that helps us to draw, colour or paint the diagram is called paint software. 2. Digital painting : The pictures drawn and coloured in a paint software is called a digital painting. 3. Microsoft Paint : Microsoft Paint is a powerful painting software included in every Microsoft Windows. 4. Typing software : The software which is programmed to help us in typing is called typing software. 5. Keys : The keys are buttons on the keyboard which can input particular letters, numbers or symbols. 6. Number keys : The keys which contain numbers in them are called number keys. 7. Letter keys : The keys that contain letters in them are called UNIT 2.2 PAINT SOFTWARE, TYPING SOFTWARE AND WORD PROCESSOR Estimated teaching periods Theory 10 Practical 5 Word processor MS paint Typing software The Sequence of Curriculum Issued by CDC Charles Babbage, was an English mathematician and inventor of first automatic digital computer. He was born in 1791 and died in 1871 in England. He invented difference engine and analytical engine for complex mathematical calculations and analysis which lead to the development of automatic digital computer. So, he is also known as the father of computer. About the Scientist Charles Babbage,
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 55 letter keys. 8. Home row : The middle row of the letter keys is called home row. 9. Top row : The row just above home row is called top row. 10. Bottom row : The row just below home row is called bottom row. 11. Navigation keys : The keys that help to move a pointer around the screen are called navigation keys. 12. Function keys : The unique keys that gives direct command to the operating system are called function keys. 13. Special keys : The keys with special functions are called special keys. 14. Soft copies : The documents created on the computer in a such way that can be stored, edited, read and print using electronic device are called electronic copies or soft copies. 15. Word processors : The software that helps to create, edit, save, store and print text files are called word processors. 16. Microsoft word : The word processor developed by Microsoft is called microsoft word. Paint software The software is a set of instructions for a special task. The software that helps us to draw, colour or paint the diagram is called paint software. The paint software is one of the most popular software on the computer. It is also available on smart-phones. Tux Paint, Paint Tool SAI, MS paint, ArtRage etc. are some common paint software. The children love to draw pictures in it. We can use fill tools to use colour. To draw colourful lines we use various tools. That is why paint software is popular among kids. It is also used by graphic designers and artists to create symbols. It can be used to make logos of groups, companies etc. We can sketch pictures and colour them in paint software. The picture Fact File The first paint software built was PC Paint. It was developed by Jhon Bridges and Doug Wolfgram.
56 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 drawn and coloured in a paint software is called a digital painting. Paint software is usually cost-free. Since it does not use paper, pen, colours and inks. It does not pollute the environment. Microsoft Paint is an example of paint software. Fig: Oil painting Fig: Digital paintings Reasonable Facts Digital paintings are eco-friendly. Digital paintings are eco-friendly paintings because they do not produce waste such as oil, acrylic, paper and other harmful chemicals. Activity 1 Open MS paint and try to draw sunrise and colour it. Microsoft paint Microsoft Paint is a powerful painting software included in every Microsoft Windows. It is a very simple graphic editor. It provides a white canvas to us. We can use pen or brushes to create pictures on the canvas. We can even colour it. Various ready-made shapes are also available in it. We can save files in different formats. The most popular one is JPEG format. We can make colour pictures as well as black and white pictures in it. Fig: Icon of MS Paint
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 57 Uses of Microsoft paint Microsoft paint is widely used by artists to draw pictures. Kids use this software to practise drawing. Graphic designer can use this software to decrease the file size of the picture because a smaller size is necessary to fill online forms. It can be used to edit photos too. We can add text to the photos. Students can make pictures for project work in MS paint. How to launch Microsoft paint? Microsoft Paint can be launched in the following ways: Start > All programs or All Apps > MS paint Or Start > Type MS paint in search bar > MS paint or Paint Home page of MS paint MS paint contains various tools. The file tab allows us to create a new file, open old files, save files etc. The home tab has a cut, copy and paste tool. The crop tool, resize tool etc. are also present. Fig: Home page of MS Paint
58 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Drawing and filling colour There is a pencil tool and an eraser tool. It helps us to draw pictures. We can select the pencil tool by pressing left click on the pencil icon and drag it on canvas to draw lines. An eraser tool can be used to erase lines if needed. The fill tool allows us to fill colour to our drawings. The colours are available in the colour tool on the right-hand side of the home page. The size of the brush, eraser and pencil can be controlled freely with the help of size command. The eraser tool can make part of the picture transparent or match the background. Its colour is the same as the background. Reasonable Facts Why is there a tool called size tool in MS Paint? There is a ‘size tool’ in MS paint to allow us to enlarge or diminish the size of a pencil, brush or eraser. It makes us easy to draw a picture. Activity 2 Draw the picture of a parrot in MS paint and colour it. Creating a shape and filling colour We can freely make shapes in MS paint. We can also use shape tool to insert shapes. Various shapes are available in it. We can select the Fact File MS paint includes many features such as a pencil, brush, airbrush, eraser, magnifier and colour fill tool. It also can add text, lines and shapes. Fig: Line tool in MS Paint screen
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 59 desired shape, left-click and drag mouse on the canvas to draw that shape. The colours can be selected in the colour tab. The fill tool helps to fill colour in the inserted shapes. The ‘outline fill’ changes the colour of border whereas ‘shape fill’ tool is used to colour the picture. Adding text and filling colour Labelling the picture is important. We can insert text in the picture with the help of text tool. When text tool is selected a new dialogue box appears. We can change font and font size there. We can also write in bold, italic and underline it. We can type in any colour available in colour tool. To colour the shape, there is a tool called Fill with colour. To use fill with colour tool, we need to select the colour first and then click on the icon of the tool. Then we should move the cursor to the canvas where we need to colour and click. Fill with colour tool fills the colour within the boundary of the shape. If the boundary is not closed it fills colour outside of the shape and even to the whole space. Fig: Colouring a shape in MS paint Fig: Drawing a shape in MS paint
60 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Save the picture We can save the picture file by left clicking on the file menu and clicking on the save button. It opens the dialog box to enter filename and select file format. We can also select the destination for the file and click Ok to save it. Short cut key Ctrl + S also be used for saving the file. Reasonable Facts Why should we frequently press Ctrl + S while working with MS Paint? We should frequently press Ctrl + S while working with MS paint because it saves the document frequently. As a result, we won’t lose the change we made in the document. Activity 3 Save the diagram from above activities on the desktop. Typing Software Various software helps us to do our work. MS paint helps to create a digital painting, Windows player plays audiovideo files, MS PowerPoints creates files etc. Similarly, there are certain softwares that help us to practise typing. The software which is programmed to help us in typing is called typing software. Typing software is available in multiple languages. We can practise typing in English or Nepali or any other language. Importance of typing software The typing software is very important for beginners. It teaches us how to start and practise typing. It will visually show where to put Fact File MS paint has a ‘Save as’ option in File tab. It allows us to save the current file as a new file in a new place. Rapid Typing Tutor Typing Master Fig: Typing software
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 61 our fingers while typing. It tells us which fingers are more efficient to type particular letters etc. We can increase our typing speed with the help of typing software. However, we need to practise a lot for maintaining our typing speed. Skill of typing Typing is one of the important skills needed to work in computer. Typing skill can be mastered with sufficient practice. There is a bump on keys of the letters F and J. It is where we should put our fingers in a QWERTY format keyboard. The commonly used letters such as vowels are placed in easily accessible regions. Other fingers will fit in letters nearby. Thumb is used to press the space bar. The space bar is long so that it can be pressed by any thumb. We should use all ten fingers of both hands to type. Reasonable Facts Why are there bumps in letter keys F and J? There are bumps in letter keys F and J because it will be easy to find those keys in poor lighting and keep our fingers properly on the keyboard. Activity 4 Study the above paragraph and type in a word processor. Type it three times and record the time spent typing it each time. Compare the typing speed. Fig: Position of fingers on a keyboard Fact File Most of the keyboard contains 101 keys.
62 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Introduction to keyboard FIg: Different types of keys in a keyboard The keyboard is an input device. It is connected to the computer with a USB cable. It sends information to the computers such as letters, numbers and symbols. It also provides special commands to the computer. So, a keyboard contains various categories of keys. The keys are buttons on the keyboard which can input particular characters (letters, numbers or symbols) and command. Number keys, Functions keys, navigation keys, typing keys and numeric keys are different types of keys available on the keyboard. Number keys Keys with number in them are number keys. They help to type numbers in the document. It is also used to do calculations in the calculator application. The row of number keys are located just below the function key. Some keyboards also contain numeric keypad at the right end of the keyboard. The numeric keypad also contains number keys and mathematical symbol keys. Numeric keypad is mostly used to make calculations and entering numbers in system easily and fast. Letter keys The Letter keys are those that contain letters in them. They help to type letters. It is useful while filling out forms or making text documents.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 63 The middle row of the letter keys is called home row. It is where we usually put our fingers. The row just above it is called top row and the row just below it is called bottom row. Navigation keys The navigation keys are found on the left side of the letter keys. They are used to navigate to various places of text files or applications. It contains keys such as Print screen, scroll, page up, page down, end and four arrows. The keys that help to move a pointer around the screen are called navigation keys. The arrow keys are used to move a cursor in the text. It also helps to navigate the monitor. It is also used in computer games. The Home key takes us to the first page in the read mode of word document. The End key takes us to the last page of the word document. The Page Up and Page Down keys are used to navigate one page up and down in the document. Function keys The function keys are not just regular keys. They are not used for typing, navigating or playing games. They are used to give commands to the operating system. The unique keys that give direct command to operating system are function keys. It can be used for refreshing computers (F5), starting search feature (F3), renaming files and folders (F2), shutting down computers (Alt + F4), accessing help features of applications (F1) etc. F7 can be used to check for spelling in the MS word file. Navigation keys of a key board Fact File Most of the keyboards now have a Window Key. Pressing window key opens the menu of applications.
64 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Reasonable Facts Why should we frequently press F5 on the desktop? We should frequently use F5 on the desktop because it helps to refresh the computer and web page in the internet. Activity 5 Open the computers and press each function key and learn what they do. Special keys Some keys in the keyboard have special functions. For example, Tab key moves between items or moves 5 characters in word processors. Num lock key activates the numeric keypad. Caps lock allows us to type in Capital letters. Control (Ctrl.) key along with other keys has a special task. For example, Ctrl + A selects all text or all files. The backspace key deletes one letter from the left-hand side. The keys in the keyboard with special functions are called special keys. Some simple use of special keys Ctrl + S = Save the document Ctrl + C = Copy the document Ctrl + V = Paste the document Ctrl + X = Cut the document Ctrl + Z = Undo the document Ctrl + Y = Redo the document Enter = Drop the cursor one line below along with the following text or entering inside the program Reasonable Facts Why are control keys and shift keys kept on both hand side of the keyboard? Control key and shift key are frequently used for short cuts in combination with other letter keys. So, to access them easily by another hand while one hand is pressing letters they are placed on both sides of the keyboard. Fact File Control key and shift key are kept on both hand sides of the keyboard.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 65 Activity 6 Observe different types of keys available on the keyboard. Word Processer We use various text documents in our daily life. Textbooks, newspapers, flyers, pamphlets, etc. are a few examples of documents which contain texts. Such documents are prepared by typing the texts in certain application software on the computers. Some application software that helps to type are MS word, Google docs, Notepad, PowerPoint, Libre Office writer etc. Such software helps us to create a text, edit the text, save and store the text. The documents created on the computer in word processors are called electronic copies or soft copies. We can even print it to make a hard copy of the document. Such software that helps to create, edit, save, store and print text files are called word processors. MS Word Power point Libre office writer Fig: Word processors Microsoft word Microsoft word is an application software. It is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was introduced in 1983. We can easily MS Word Icon Fact File The word processors can contain tools to make good text. It can add pictures, check spelling and grammar, count words, read aloud the text etc.
66 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 create a document in it. Various formats for letters, cards, applications, resumes etc. are available. We can edit, save and print the word file. It can be sent in emails as well. How to launch Microsoft word? We can start Microsoft word in many ways. First option Go to the Start tab in the taskbar. Press all programs or type MS word in the search box. Left click Microsoft word. Second option Press Windows key + R. Type WinWord. Press new blank document. Third option Right-click on the desktop. Put mouse icon on ‘New’. Another dialogue box appears. Left click on Microsoft Word Document. Reasonable Facts Why is MS word the most popular word processor? MS Word is the most popular word processor because of the following reasons. 1. It is easily available 2. It is easy to use 3. It contains very useful and user friendly tools 4. It runs on every common computer. Home tab tools When we have a new blank document, we can type the desired text. The home tab has various tools. The font group helps to edit the text. Multiple fonts are available in MS Word. We can select the one we want from ‘font’ tool. We can change the size of the font from ‘font size’ tool. Shift + arrow key selects the text in particular directions. We can use tools such as ‘Bold’, ‘italic’ and ‘underline’ to type in bold, italic and underline respectively. The paragraph tool Fact File Ctrl + B is short cut key for Bold. Ctrl + I for italic text and Ctrl + U for underlining the text.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 67 helps in numbering, bulleting, alignment and spacing. Fig: Home page of MS Word Activity 7 Write a short paragraph about your village or city in a word processor. Then press Shift + arrow keys. Now try out every tool present in font group and paragraph group at the home tab. Reasonable Thinking Skill Reasonable Thinking Skill R T S 1. What is the colour of the eraser tool in MS paint? i. Pink ii. White iii. Similar to the colour of background iv. Transparent Answer: The colour of eraser too is pink. 2. What is the printed document of electronic copy called? i. Book ii. Newspaper iii. Soft copies iv. Hard copies Answer: The printed document of electronic copy is called hard copy.
68 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 3. Which special key is used to remove a letter from the right side of the cursor? The special key that is used to remove a letter from the right-hand side of the cursor is the delete key. 4. In which row of keyboard do we initially keep our finger? We initially keep our fingers on home row of the keyboard. 5. Differentiate between paint software and typing software. The differences between paint software and typing software are: SN Paint software SN Typing software a. The software that helps us to draw, colour or paint the diagram is called paint software. a. The software which is programmed to help us in typing is called typing software. b. The paint software is used to create art, paintings, logos etc. b. The typing software is used to create books, newspapers, resumes etc. 6. Why is space bar made longer? The space bar is made longer so that we can press it by thumb from any hand. It increases the typing speed. 7. Discuss the use of navigation keys in a word processor. The navigation key of the keyboard has a very important role in word processors as well. There are multiple navigation keys with a particular function. Page up key takes us to one page above the current one whereas Page down key takes us one page down the current page. Home key brings the cursor at the beginning of the text whereas the End key brings the cursor at the end of the text. The four arrow keys help to move cursors around the grid in the document. The navigation keys make it easy to move around the document in ‘read mode’.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 69 Exercises 1. Select the best answer from the given alternatives. a. Which shapes are used to make the diagram shown below? i. Rectangle and line ii. Square ii. Line and box iv. Triangle and line b. Write the name of the icon shown below. i. Fill tool ii. Eraser tool ii. Text tool iv. Rectangle tool c. What is the output of the command ‘Shift + a’? i. Select all ii. a iii. Launch AVG antivirus iv. A d. Which row of the letter key has bumps on F an J? Why? i. Top row because we can put hands there before typing. ii. Home row because it helps to navigate keyboard during poor lighting. iii. Bottom row because they are easily accessible. iv. None of above e. Which one of the following is not a word processor? i. Microsoft word ii. PowerPoint iii. Typing tutor iv. Google.docs
70 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 2. Write True for the correct and False for the incorrect statements. a. The special key Ctrl + P will paste the cut or copied document. b. The function key F7 helps to open the search feature. c. The backspace key helps to type a letter in the background of the document. d. The tab tool helps to align the text in word files. e. The printed document of the electronic copy is called a digital copy. 3. Fill in the blanks using a suitable word. Text Print Paste Image Home a. Ctrl + P is a command to ………… the document. b. The row just below the top row of the letter keys is called …………… row. c. The shortcut key Ctrl + V is a command to ………… the copied text or files. d. MS paint is not a word processor but we can insert text from ………… tool. e. The picture can be cropped, flipped, resized from ………… tools in MS Paint. 4. Answer the following questions in very short. a. Which tool can change the size of the eraser, pencil and brush? b. What are the keys where our fingers rest when we start typing or take a break? c. What is the function of shift + up arrow? d. What is the difference between shift key + letter or caps key? e. Which program is launched when we type ‘winword, and press enter in the run dialogue box?
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 71 5. Give reasons. a. We should introduce paint software to the children. b. We should frequently use short-cut key, Ctrl + S. c. Why do people use typing software? d. There is a bump in the letters F and J of the home row. e. Even though there are already number keys above the letter keys, a numeric keypad is installed on the right-hand side of the keyboard. f. QWERTY format is used on the keyboard instead of keeping alphabets serially. g. There are navigation keys on the keyboard. h. ‘Space key’ is longer and ‘enter key’ is bigger. i. Word processor makes our documents better. 6. Differentiate between the following. a. Paint software and word processor b. Microsoft word and typing tutor c. Alphanumeric keys and function keys d. Navigation keys and special keys e. Home row and top row
72 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 3 ORGANISMS AND ENVIRONMENT UNIT Introduction An environment is everything that surrounds us. It contains both living things (biotic components) and nonliving things (abiotic components). Soil, water, and air are examples of non-living substances. Animals and plants are both living things. Living things need non-living substances for their life. Sunlight, air, water, minerals, soil etc. are major non-living substances. Organisms get all these substances in their environment. Plants and animals require various types of energy to survive on Earth, such as heat energy and light energy. These energies come from their surroundings. There is a close relationship between living and non-living things. Plants and animals cannot exist without the presence of nonliving substances in their environment. Continuous interaction between the living beings and their environment is needed for life. Fig: Interaction of organisms with their environment
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 73 Key terms and terminologies 1. Abiotic components : The non-living things present in the environment are called abiotic components. 2. Biotic components : The living things present in the environment are called biotic components. 3. Energy : The capacity to do work is called energy. 4. Environment : An Environment is everything that is present around us. 5. Heat Energy : It is a form of energy that gives sensation of warmth. 6. Light Energy : It is a form of energy that gives us sensation of vision. 7. Photosynthesis : The process of making food by green plants. UNIT 3.1 ENERGY FOR THE ORGANISMS Estimated teaching periods Theory 4 Practical 1 Importance of energy for living beings The Sequence of Curriculum Issued by CDC Edmond Becquerel was a French physicist born in 1820 and died in 1891. He studied the solar spectrum, magnetism, electricity and optics. He is credited with the discovery of the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic effect is a process that produces electrical energy when exposed to sunlight. This effect operates the solar cells in the solar panel which we are using today. About the Scientist Edmond Becquerel
74 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Introduction Heat and Light for organisms Plants need sunlight to make their food. For proper growth and development, plants need heat and light. Animals also need heat to stay warm and keep their body temperature steady. Not only that, but we also need heat and light in our everyday lives. We need the sunlight to dry our clothes and food items. Also, we get vitamin D from the Sun. Because of the sunlight, we can see the objects clearly. It also helps create a place where animals can live easily by keeping the temperature stable. We can transform solar energy into electricity. Due to the heat of the Sun, the water cycle happens, which is the main reason why there is life on Earth. Reasonable Facts Why plants grown in dry places do not bear fruit well? Plants grown in dry places do not bear fruit well because heat can dry out soil and scorch plants. Photosynthesis Drying of clothes Fig: Water cycle
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 75 Heat and Light from the Sun The sun is the largest and brightest thing in the sky during the day. It lets us see and keep warm. All parts of earth are warmed by the solar heat. It also makes the ocean, land, and air warmer. Living things stay alive because of the heat from the sun. Sunlight is the light that comes from the sun. Plants use this energy from the sun to get their food ready so they can grow. There would be no plants on the earth if the sun does not shine. Many animals eat plants to get the food they need. During the day, the sun also helps many animals to see around. Activity 1 Objective: to observe the effect of sunlight on the development of the plant Material Required: Pot, Soil, Fertilizer, Water, Mug, Seed Procedure Put the same amount of soil and fertilizer in two pots that have the same size. Take some seeds of any kind of legumes. Put the same number of seeds in both pots. First, put the seeds in the pots in the same place where there is no sunlight and pour the same amount of water into both of them. Watch how seeds grow each day. After the seed sprouts, put one pot outside in the sun and the other one in a dark room where there is no sunlight. Pour water often. Fill in the table with your friends after each week of observing. Changes in mature plants Dark room plant Sunny plant The color of the plant First Week Second Week Third Week Plant Height First Week Second Week Third Week
76 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Conclusion: The color and height of the plant that grow in sunny place were ________ while those in dark place were _________. The food that is stored in seeds helps plants to grow. The chlorophyll in green plants helps them use sunlight to make their food. The plants will grow better with the right food. When plants don't get enough sunlight, they turn yellow. Heat and Light for Animals Animals cannot live without heat and light. Sunlight is the major source of heat and light. Animals need heat energy to do many things, like hatch a baby from an egg, grow and develop physically, keep their bodies warm, and so on. Animals like frog, snake, etc. cannot make their body warm in winter. So they hide in burrows below the ground for deep sleep to make them warm. In the same way, light helps animals and humans to see things, find food and shelter, stay away from traps, and so on. Fact File Sun is the ultimate source of energy because all other forms of energy available in the earth are derived from the sun.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 77 Activity 2 What kind of land do you live on? What plants grow in the winter and when it rains there? Fill in the table below by looking around, asking an older person, or looking on the internet. Where do you live: ________ Type of land: ________ S.No Tree Fruits Vegetables Winter Rainy Winter Rainy 1 2 3 Growth of plants in different places of the earth Plants in every place are different because of the size and type of plants, the amount of water fall on the land, how long the sun shines, and other factors. Nepal is made up of mountains, hills, and plains. Because the mountains, hills, and plains are all at different heights and have different climates, so are the plants that live there. There are pine, walnut, fir, rhododendron, and other kinds of trees in the hilly part of Nepal. In the Himalayas, there are plants with needle-like leaves, like spruce and juniper. As it snows in the high Himalayan region of Nepal, grassy plants can only be found there in the summer. Effects of climate on plants
78 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 In the summer, the days are long, and in the winter, days are short. During the summer, plants receive sunlight for long time which provides them heat and light. This makes the plants grow faster and help the flower bloom. Flowers of most of the plants blooms during the day time. However, the flowers Paarijat, Jasmine, Night Queen, etc. bloom at night. As the days are shorter in the winter than they are in the summer, plants do not get as much sunlight and heat. Plants grow less in the winter because there is less heat and light for them from the sun. So, to increase the temperature and make plants warm, plastic tunnels are used to cultivate vegetables in winter. Have you seen a green house? What kinds of vegetables are gown there. Can you list some of them? Reasonable Thinking Skill Reasonable Thinking Skill R T S 1. Which of the following is the correct statement for necessary of heat energy? a. Continuing water cycle b. Making body warm c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b Answer: Continuing water cycle and making body warm, heat energy is necessary. 2. Define environment and organisms. An environment is everything that is present around us. The things having life on them are called organisms. 3. What happens to the colour of plants which receive poor sunlight? The colour of the plants which receive poor sunlight from the sun changes to yellow. 5. What do you mean by biotic components of environment? Also give two examples. The living things present in the environment are called biotic components. Examples are plants and animals.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 79 6 Differentiate between biotic and abiotic environment. S.N. Biotic components Abiotic Components 1 It includes the living things of the environment. It includes non-living things of the environment. 2 Examples are plants, animals, fungi, bacteria etc. Examples are sunlight, water, minerals, air etc. 7. How are organisms related to environment? Organisms interact and use available resources such as light, heat, water, food etc. from the environment. They interact in a specific way that are limited by and can be benefit for other organisms. Exercises 1. Select the best answer from the given alternatives. a. Which of the following is the main source of heat? i. Fire ii. Gas iii. Electric light iv. Sun b. Which of the following is the main reason for the withering of plants in winter? i. Lack of sunlight ii. Loss of heat iii. Lack of water iv. Lack of air c. Which of the following is the main function of the tunnel made for vegetable cultivation? i. To raise the temperature inside the tunnel ii. To prevent light from entering the tunnel iii. Do not allow the air inside the tunnel to escape iv. Protect plants from water and insects
80 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 c. Which of the following is a green pigment found in plants? i. Chlorophyll ii. Stem iii. Flower iv. Fruit d. What does the plant use to make its food? i. Heat, Light, Chlorophyll and Oxygen ii. Sunlight, Chlorophyll and Carbon dioxide iii. Heat, Chlorophyll and Carbon dioxide iv. Energy, Light, Chlorophyll and Oxygen 2. Write True for the correct and False for the incorrect statements. a. Chicken need light to hatch. b. Plants grow faster in places where the sunlight lasts for a long time. c. The leaves of the plants found in Himalayan region are long and pointed like a needle. d. Energy such as heat and light are abiotic factors of the environment. e. The tunnel supports the plants inside by blocking sunlight from penetrating through the plastics. 3. Fill in the blanks using suitable word. [ living, sunlight, sun, summer, far, winter, electricity ] a. _______ is the major source of energy on the earth. b. _______ climate is considered suitable for farming. c. Animals move _______ from their habitat in adverse weather. d. Green plants utilize __________ to make food. e. Green plants are ________components of the environment. 4. Write very short answer to the following questions. a. Which energy from sun helps us to see? b. Which energy from the sun causes water cycle to happen?
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 81 c. What is the colour of a baby plant exposed to adequate sunlight? d. What is the name of the green colour pigment that helps plants prepare its food? e. Name any two abiotic components of the environment. 5. Give reasons. a. Plants grown in dry places do not bear fruit. b. Animals like frog, snakes, lizards etc. are less visible in winter season. c. Animals also migrate from one place to another. d. Plastic tunnel is used to grow vegetables in winter season. e. Grasses are found in higher Himalayan region of Nepal only in summer. 6. Study the given diagram and answer the following questions: i. What is shown in the given figure? ii. From where the process get energy to run?
82 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 7. Differentiate between the following. (a) Heat energy and light energy (b) Abiotic and biotic components 8. Give short answers to the following questions. a. List any two sources of each heat and light. b. For what purpose animals need heat from the sun? List any two. c. List any four plants which grow in hilly reason of Nepal. 9. Answer the following questions. a. What would happen if there was no sunlight? Explain on the basis of vision in animals and food production in plants. b. Is there any relation between the sun and the climate of the earth. Suggest your view. c. Explain an experiment to show the effects of sunlight in plants.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 83 UNIT 3.2 SOURCES OF ENERGY IN ENVIRONMENT Estimated teaching periods Theory 4 Practical 1 Identification of sources of energy Environment impacts of excessive use of energy and its mitigation measures The Sequence of Curriculum Issued by CDC James Watt was a Scottish instrument maker and inventor. He was born in 1736 and died in 1819 in England. He invented steam engine. Steam engine is the device that uses the power of steam and converts it into mechanical energy (work related to the movement of machine parts). Steam engine contributed substantially to the industrial revolution all over the world. About the Scientist James Watt Key terms and terminologies 1. Fossil fuel : Fuel obtained from decomposed plants and animals buried in the earth millions years ago is called fossil fuel 2. Non-Renewable energy: The source of energy which cannot be replenished or created within short span of time is called non-renewable energy. 3. Renewable energy : The source of energy that can be replenished regularly from the nature is called renewable energy. 4. Heat energy : Energy that gives us the sensation of warmth is called heat energy. 5. Light energy : Energy that gives the sensation of vision is called light energy. 6. Energy crisis : Lack of essential sources of energy for use is called energy crisis.
84 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Introduction Energy is a capacity to do work. Whatever work we do, we need energy. Without energy, no work can be done. Fossil fuel is used to power cars and trucks. Food is cooked with bio-gas. The energy does not loss but it changes into other forms and remain in the environment. Source of energy Places or objects from where we get energy are called the sources of energy. Firewood, fossil fuels, sunlight, wind, water, etc. are some examples of sources of energy. Broadly, there are two types of sources of energy. They are: 1. Non-renewable sources of energy 2. Renewable sources of energy. 1. Non-renewable sources of energy Some sources of energy cannot be regenerated in a short period of time. We cannot use them over and over again. The examples of non-renewable sources of energy are coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc. They can only be used once and then cannot be used again for millions of years. Thus, the sources of energy that cannot be replenished or created within short period of time are called nonrenewable sources of energy. 2. Renewable sources of energy Some kind of energy sources get replenished naturally in a short period of time. Sunlight, wind, flowing water, fuel wood etc. are some examples of such sources of energy. The sources of energy that get replenished regularly from the nature are called renewable sources of energy. Such sources of energy can be used over and over, as nature has supplied them continuously. However, these sources should also be used wisely.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 85 Heat energy The source of energy that makes us feel warm is called heat energy. Sun is the major source of heat energy in the earth. It reaches in the earth surface in the form of wave. Heat energy is also called thermal energy. Light energy The energy that gives sensation of vision to our eyes is called light energy. The sun is the major source of light energy in the earth. The light energy reaches in the earth surface in the form of wave. Activity 1 Write down the names of energy sources that you use in your daily life. Where do these energy sources come from? Write down the uses of these sources of energy in the table below: S.N. Energy Source Use 1. Wood Forest Cooking food All kinds of activities require energy All living beings need energy for doing their daily activities. Breathing needs energy, walking needs energy, speaking needs energy, eating needs energy, moving objects need energy and so on. Do you know from where energy for these activities come from? Of course, the food gives the energy for living beings. But where does the food come from? All kinds of foods depend upon sunlight Plants synthesize food by using mineral and sunlight. Some of
86 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 the food energy is transferred to herbivores when they eat plants. Similarly, energy get transferred to omnivores and carnivores when they eat others. Decomposers get food by breaking dead and decayed plants and animals and release the mineral to the soil and water from which plants uptake them. In this way, energy from the sun cycles in our food. Solar heat is required for water cycle and hydroelectricity The heat from the Sun warms the Earth. The Solar heat causes the water on the earth's surface to heat up and evaporate. Evaporated water rises up in the atmosphere and becomes cold that forms clouds. Cloud burst to form rain. Rain water flows from higher mountains to lower plains giving rise to spring and streams. Dams collect the moving water to produce hydroelectricity. Hydroelectricity is the major source of energy in our country. Yes, this is the way, how solar energy gets converted into electrical energy. Fossil fuels Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), petrol, diesel, coal, etc. are fossil fuels. This is because they are obtained from the dead and decayed parts of plants and animals. They are used as sources of energy. They are also economical than alternative sources of energy. However, fossil fuels are the major energy sources for degrading environment. Activity 2 Discuss among yourself and with your teacher how solar energy might have converted into fossil fuels. Fact File The sources of energy that are used to replace the use of fossil fuels are called alternative sources of energy.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 87 Reasonable Facts The use of electric vehicles reduces pollution, why? Electric vehicles emit no carbon dioxide while driving, so they reduce pollution. Environmental impact of excessive use of energy We are using energy sources more excessively. The use of energy sources more than the required is called overuse of energy. Overuse of sources of energy like fuel-woods, fossil fuels and minerals can cause environmental degradation. Forests are being destroyed for fire-woods. It disturbs the balance in the environment. Burning of fuels for energy releases smoke and dusts in the environment. It affects the health of plants and animals including humans. Due to environmental pollution, the cases of cancer and other smoke related diseases are increasing in humans. Energy crisis and their mitigation measures As we know that, renewable energy have fixed deposit and their depletion can cause energy crisis. Lack of usable energy is called energy crisis. There are different measures to avoid or to delay energy crisis. We can follow some of them in our day to day activities. 1. Stop wasting energy. Like switching off the electrical appliances when not in use. 2. Using alternative sources of energy like solar energy, bio-gas, etc. can reduce energy crisis. 3. The use of improved cooking stoves reduces the use of fire-woods. 4. Avoid riding vehicles for a short walk. 5. Use of smart home appliances like LED bulb, pressure cooker, etc. reduces energy crisis. 5. Use public vehicles rather than private vehicles.
88 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Activity 3 Different figures related to use of energy are shown in the figure above. Identify the pictures. How do their use minimize the use of energy and reduce impact in environment? Briefly explain as given in the table. Objects in the figure Positive impact in environment Project Work On the occasion of World Environment Day, June 5, organize and display a painting competition on the subject matter reflecting the measures to reduce the impact of excessive use of energy on the environment. Organize a public awareness program in your school premises with play cards on how to reduce the impact of excessive use of energy on the environment.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 89 Reasonable Thinking Skill Reasonable Thinking Skill R T S 1. Which of the following is the clean source of energy? a. Hydro-electricity b. Fuel-wood c. Fossil Fuels d. All of them Answer: Hydro-electricity is the clean source of energy. 2. Which type of energy source is firewood? Firewood is a renewable source of energy. 3. Define energy crisis. The shortage of essential energy on the earth is called energy crisis. 4. What do you mean by sources of energy? Write its types. Places or objects that give us energy (heat, light, electricity etc.) to us are called sources of energy. There are two types of energy sources. They are renewable sources and non-renewable sources of energy. 5. Fossil fuels are called non-renewable source of energy. Why? Fossil fuels are called non- renewable source of energy because they are found in limited stock and cannot be regenerated in a short period of time. 6. Differentiate between renewable and non- renewable source of energy. S.N. Renewable sources of energy Non-renewable sources of energy 1. They are in unlimited stock. They are in limited stock. 2. They replenish naturally within few days to some years. They take millions of years for replenished naturally.
90 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 7. Suggest two renewable sources of energy in the context of rural areas of Nepal. Support your suggestions. Solar energy and bio-gas would be two best alternative sources of energy in rural areas of Nepal. Solar energy is produced from the sunlight by using solar panels. These are cheaper, portable and easy to install and can provide electricity where there is no hydropower yet. Bio-gas is suitable for the people living in village area. Animal dung and agriculture wastes are the raw materials for bio-gas. They are easily available in the village. 8. Study the given figure and answer the following questions. i. Name the given figure. The given figure is animal dung briquettes (guitha). ii. How is it made? In the village area, farmers press animal dung by their hand and let that dry in the sun to make it. 9. Firewood is not considered as good fuel. State two reasons for it. Fire-woods is not considered as a good fuel because of the following reasons: i. It produces lot of smoke on burning. ii. It leaves lot of residue after burning
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 91 Exercises 1. Choose the best alternatives: a. Which of the following is used as a source of energy? i. Iron ii. Wood iii. Soil iv. Rocks b. Air pollution is caused by : i. Diesel ii. Electricity iii. Solar iv. Cow dung gas c. The main source of energy is : i. Moon ii. Star iii. Sun iv. Planet d. Which of the following does not cause pollution? i. Diesel ii. Hydroelectricity iii. Wood iv. Coal e. Which of the following is a method to prevent unnecessary use of energy? i. Using dekchi in a traditional oven ii. Using less electricity than required iii. Using a pressure cooker on an improves stove iv. Use multiple power bulbs for lightening. 2. Tick the correct statements and cross the false ones: a. Use of electric vehicles causes pollution. b. Unnecessary and overuse of energy cause negative impact on the environment. c. Coal is abundant in nature. d. Keeping a light in an unoccupied room is an example of unnecessary use of energy. e. Briquettes (guitha) is a non-renewable source of energy.
92 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 3. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words given. [overuse, hydroelectricity, sun, pollute, energy, less] a. Sources of energy that are used more than required on a daily basis is called ______of energy. b. __________ use of energy leads to depletion of naturally occurring fuels. c. Solar energy does not _________ the environment. d. The major source of energy on the earth is ______. e. ___________ is the alternative source of energy. 4. Match the following : a. Coal i. Less pollution b. Sun ii. Alternative source of energy c. Solar energy iii. Non-renewable d. Electric vehicles iv. Ultimate source of energy 5. Differentiate between the following : a. Renewable sources of energy and non-renewable sources of energy b. Fossil fuel and solar power c. LPG and Bio-gas. 6. Give reasons. a. Biomass is a renewable source of energy. b. Hydroelectricity is suitable source of energy in the context of Nepal c. Diesel is a non- renewable source of energy. d. Alternative source of energy reduces pollution. e. The use of electric vehicles reduces air pollution. 7. Answer the following questions in one word. a. Which is the ultimate source of energy on the earth? b. What is the largest source of energy on the earth? c. Name one renewable source of energy. d. Name the process that converts wood into coal. e. Give an example of alternative source of energy.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 93 8. Study the given figure and answer the following questions. i. Which energy source is shown in the figure. ii. Write its two advantages. iii. What are the two demerits of this system. 9. Answer the following questions: i. Make a list of things that are used as the source of energy in our daily life. ii. Write two ways you have used or seen in your home or community to save energy. iii. Is it better to use cow dung as a source of heat than using firewood? Write any two reasons to justify your answer. iv. Which one is better to use: diesel or electric vehicle? Write with reasons. v. Suggest two alternative sources of energy in the context of rural areas of Nepal. Support your suggestions. vi. The use of dry woods as domestic fuel is not considered good. State two reasons for it. Project Work Prepare a report on the impact of excessive use of energy resources on the environment in your area and present it in the class.
94 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 4 CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING BEINGS UNIT
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 95 UNIT 4.1 VERTEBRATES Estimated teaching periods Theory 7 Practical 3 Features of vertebrates (pisces, amphibians, reptiles, aves and mammals) The Sequence of Curriculum Issued by CDC Carolus Linnaeus, was a Swedish botanist and explorer. He was born in 1707 and died in 1778. He was the first person to classify the living organisms in scientific way. He developed principles for defining genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them. His naming of organisms using genus and species is known as binomial nomenclature. About the Scientist Carolus Linnaeus Key terms and terminologies 1. Vertebrates : Animals having backbone in their body are called vertebrates. 2. Endoskeleton : Hard internal supporting structure of the animals body is called endoskeleton. 3. Pisces : The class of fishes is called pisces. 4. Amphibians : The vertebrates which can live both on land as well as in water are called amphibians. 5. Mammals : Animals giving direct birth to young ones and their females having mammary gland to produce milk for young ones are called mammals 6. Spinal Cord : A column of nerve tissue that runs from the base of the skull down the center of the back. 7. Trunk : The part of the body without limbs and head is called trunk.
96 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Introduction Different types of animals are found around us. Among them, some have backbone while the others do not. The animals having backbone are called vertebrates. The backbone of the vertebrates is also called vertebral column. It is made up of a number of bones. Human beings, snake, fish, tiger, cow, dog, bird, frog, elephant, etc. are some examples of vertebrates. Some vertebrates are found in water and the rest are found on land. Vertebrates have endoskeleton which forms the internal framework of their body. They have a well developed blood circulatory system. They have a complex nervous system which consists of brain and spinal cord. Vertebrates may be cold-blooded or warm- blooded. On the basis of structure and development, vertebrates are divided into five classes. i. Pisces ii. Amphibia iii. Reptilia iv. Aves v. Mammalia i. Pisces The class Pisces includes various types of fishes. They are aquatic vertebrates. Their body is boat-shaped. Their body is covered with smooth and water-proof scales. Some fishes are very small and some are very big. They breathe through gills in water. Their body can be divided into head, trunk and tail. In fishes, locomotion takes place with the help of fins. Fishes are cold-blooded vertebrates. They lay eggs in water. Examples: Sea horse, Shark, Carp, Ray fish, etc. Sea horse Shark Carp Ray fish Fig: Some Fishes