Oasis School Science and Technology -5 97 ii. Amphibia The vertebrates which can live both on land as well as in water are grouped in the class Amphibia. Amphibians spend some part of their life in water and some part on land. The body of amphibians can be divided into head and trunk. Neck is absent. Their body is covered with smooth or rough skin. The skin is moist and rich in glands. Their hind limbs are longer than fore limbs. So, they can jump easily. They have a long tongue which is used for catching insects. Amphibians breathe through lungs on land and through skin in water. At younger stage, they breathe through gills. They lay eggs in water. They are coldblooded animals. Examples: Frog, Toad, Salamander, etc. Frog Toad Salamander Fig: Some Amphibians iii. Reptilia The class Reptilia includes crawling cold-blooded vertebrates. Most of the reptiles live on land but some live in water. Their body can be divided into head, neck, trunk and tail. They have two pairs of limbs for locomotion except in snakes. Reptiles are also called creepers. Their body is covered with the hard, dry and horny scales. Fact File Amphibians need both water and land to complete their lie cycle. Usually, they live in water in younger stage and on land at adult stage.
98 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Reptiles breathe through lungs. They lay eggs and their eggs have leathery shells. Examples: Snake, Lizard, Tortoise, Crocodile, Alligator, etc. Snake Garden lizard Tortoise Alligator Fig: Some Reptiles iv. Aves Various types of birds are grouped in the class Aves. They are the vertebrates having feathers and wings. They can fly in air. Their feathers are of various colours. Their wings help them in flight, whereas the feathers keep their body warm. The body of birds can be divided into head, neck, trunk and tail. They have very light bones. They have toothless beak, well developed lungs and air sacs. Birds lay eggs. They are warm-blooded animals. Examples: Parrot, Eagle, Lophophorus, Pigeon, Duck, Kingfisher, Crow, etc. Parrot Eagle Lophophorus Pigeon Duck Kingfisher Crow Fig: Some Birds v. Mammalia The class Mammalia includes warm-blooded vertebrates which directly give birth to their young ones. These animals are commonly called mammals. They are the only animals which produce milk for their young ones. They have mammary glands or breasts which produce milk. The body of mammals is covered with hair. They have a pair of external ears and teeth. Their body can be
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 99 divided into head, neck and trunk. Most of the mammals have tail. Mammals have well developed brain. Most of the mammals are terrestrial while few are aquatic. They breathe through lungs. In dolphin and whale, fore limbs are modified into swimming paddles. So, they can swim in water. Bat is a flying mammal. Human being is the most advanced mammal. Examples: Dolphin, Whale, Bat, Horse, Dog, Rhinoceros, Cow, Rat, Tiger, Monkey, etc. Dolphin Whale Bat Horse Dog Rhinoceros Cow Rat Tiger Monkey Fig: Some Mammals Activity 1 • Observe various types of vertebrates in your surroundings. Arrange them into various classes on the basis of their features. • Draw well labeled diagrams of each and show them to your teacher. Activity 2 • Visit a nearby river or pond and collect some fishes and frogs. • Catch their eggs and tadpoles. Draw their neat diagrams and write down their characteristics.
100 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Reasonable Thinking Skill Reasonable Thinking Skill R T S 1. Define vertebrates. Animals having backbone in their body are called vertebrates. 2. List two characteristic features of Class Pisces. Two characteristic features of Class Pisces are: a. They have boat shaped body. b. They are aquatic vertebrates. 3. State which of the following statement is true. a. All vertebrates give direct birth to young ones. b. Hairs or furs are present all over the body of mammals. c. All reptiles are aquatic. d. Bat is an animal under Class Aves. Ans: Hairs or furs are present all over the body of mammals. 4. Identify the classes of vertebrates with the following features. a. They need both water and land to complete their life cycle. Answer: Class Amphibia b. They are adapted for crawling mode of life. Answer: Class Reptilia c. Female animals of this class have mammary gland to produce milk for their babies. Answer: Class Mammalia 5. Why are humans placed in class Mammalia? Humans are placed in class Mammalia because they give direct birth to young ones and their females have mammary gland to produce milk for young ones. 6. Observe the pictures carefully, name the animals and illustrate one contrasting features with the class it belongs? a. b.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 101 Figure 'a' is a bat. It gives direct birth to young ones. It belongs to class Mammalia. Figure 'b' is a frog. It lives both in water and on land during its life cycle. It belongs to class Amphibia. 7. Differentiate between pigeon and bat. Differences between pigeon and bat are tabulated below : Pigeon Bat a. It lays eggs and hatch its young ones. a. It gives direct birth to young ones. b. It has beak but no teeth. b. It has jaw and sharp teeth. c. It does not produce milk to young ones. c. It produces milk to young ones. d. It belongs to class Aves. d. It belongs to class Mammalia Exercises 1. Select the best answer form the given alternatives: a. Fishes breathe through ....................... i. lungs ii. skin iii. gills iv. body surface b. The body of a frog is covered with smooth ....................... i. skin ii. scales iii. cuticle iv. none of the above c. Neck is absent in ....................... i. amphibians ii. birds iii. reptiles iv. mammals d. Which is a flying mammal? i. dolphin ii. toad iii. bat iv. sea horse e. Which of the following is a warm-blooded animal? i. lizard ii. carp iii. salamander iv. rhinoceros
102 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. a. In fishes, locomotion takes place with the help of ............. b. Frog can live both on ................. and in water. c. Snake belongs to the class ................. d. Birds have ...................... bones and ...................... beak. e. Mammals breathe through ............... f. Bat and dolphin belong to the class ................ 3. Tick (√ ) the true statements and cross ( x ) the false ones. a. Sea horse is a warm-blooded animal. (..........) b. Frog can breathe through lungs. (..........) c. Reptiles are also called creepers. (..........) d. Parrot is a cold-blooded animal. (..........) e. Dolphin is an aquatic mammal. (..........) 4. Match the following: A B i. Fish ( ) Crawling animal ii. Crow ( ) Can live on land and in water iii. Snake ( ) Gives birth directly iv. Frog ( ) Flying vertebrate v. Cow ( ) Does not have backbone ( ) Breathes through gills 5. Give very short answer to the following questions. a. Which class of vertebrates live both in land and water during its life cycle? b. What prevents the body of living fishes from decaying in water? c. Which is cold blooded animal; snake or bat? d. Which among birds and mammals shows more parental care to young ones? e. What is the name of the gland in female of animals that produce milk to their young ones?
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 103 6. Give short answer to the following questions. a. Define vertebrates with two examples. b. Name the classes of vertebrates with two examples of animals from each class. c. Write any three characteristics of Pisces. c. What are amphibians? Give any two features. d. List any two salient features of reptiles. e. Write any three features of aves. f. State three major characteristics of mammals. 7. Give reasons: a. Shark is grouped in the class Pisces. b. Fish is a cold-blooded animal. c. Frog is called an amphibian. d. Dolphin is called a mammal. e. Bat belongs to class Mammalia. 7. Differentiate between: a. Invertebrates and Vertebrates b. Fish and Frog c. Amphibians and Reptiles d. Sea horse and Horse e. Bat and Bird 8. Name the class of the following animals with two salient features of each: a. b. c. d. e.
104 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 UNIT 4.2 PARTS OF A FLOWERING PLANT AND THEIR FUNCTION Estimated teaching periods Theory 8 Practical 2 Parts of plants (root, leaf, stem, flower and fruit) and their functions Cotyledons, root, leaf and stem in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant The Sequence of Curriculum Issued by CDC Nehemiah Grew was an English plant anatomist and physiologist, known as the "Father of Plant Anatomy". He was born in 1641 and died in 1712. By training he was a medical doctor and while working on animal anatomy he was interested about anatomy of plants. He has published his work on anatomy of flowers and most popularly presented Stamen with its pollen as male sex organ and pistil as female sex organ in a flower. About the Scientist Nehemiah Grew Key terms and terminologies 1. Root System : The part of a plant below the soil is called root system. 2. Shoot System : The part of the plant above the soil is called shoot system. 3. Node : Point on the stem from where branches and leaves sprout are called nodes. 4. Internode : The portion of the stem between two nodes is called an internode. 5. Venation : The arrangement of veins and veinlets in a leaf is called venation. 6. Calyx : The outermost whorl of a flower containing sepals is called calyx. 7. Corolla : The second whorl of a flower (next to the calyx) containing petals is called corolla.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 105 7. Androecium : The male reproductive part of a flower (third whorl) is called androecium. 8. Gynoecium : The female reproductive part of a flower (innermost whorl) is called gynoecium. 9. Cotyledon : The part of seed from which the first leaf or leaves grow upon germination is called cotyledon. 10. Taproot : The main root of a plant that grows straight downwards and produces smaller side roots is called tap root. 11. Fibrous root : The bunch of thin roots of similar shape and size all arising from the base of stem is called fibrous root. Introduction A variety of flowering plants are found around us. Rose, mustard, mango, pea, apple, lotus, marigold, etc. are some flowering plants. These plants have various parts like roots, stem, leaves, buds, flowers, fruits, etc. These parts perform their own functions. The entire body of a flowering plant can be divided into two parts, i.e. root and shoot. When you pull out a pea plant or any other flowering plant, you can see that a part of the plant is found under the soil and the rest of it is found above the soil. The part of a plant below the soil is called root system, whereas the part of the plant above the soil is called shoot system. The shoot system includes stem, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. Such plants reproduce by means of their seeds. Fig: Mustard Plant
106 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 The roots of flowering plants are generally white or brown. Their leaves appear green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Flowering plants produce flowers of various colours such as red, white, pink, blue, purple, orange, yellow, etc. Activity 1 • Uproot a mustard plant or pea plant or any other flowering plant. • Observe it carefully and identify its various parts. • Draw a neat figure and label it. Root System Root system is the underground part of a plant. Some plants like mustard, pea, orange, apple, mango, etc. have a main root called primary root. It grows straight down and has many branches and subbranches. These branches and sub-branches are called secondary and tertiary roots respectively. This type of root system is called tap root system. Plants like mustard, pea, bean, orange, gram, etc. have tap root system. Some flowering plants like onion, maize, sugarcane, grass, paddy, wheat, etc. contain a cluster of roots of the same size and thickness. These roots grow from the base of the stem. This type of root system is called fibrous root system. These roots spread in all directions. Functions of Roots i. Roots fix the plant firmly to the ground. ii. Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil. Fig: Tap root system Fig: Fibrous root system
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 107 Shoot System The part of the plant which is found above the ground is called shoot system. It consists of stem and its branches, leaves, buds, flowers and fruits. Stem Stem is the part of a flowering plant which grows upwards from the soil. It forms the main axis of the shoot system. Most of the small plants have green and soft stem without branches. Trees and bushes have hard and woody stem. Many branches and subbranches sprout from the stem. These branches and sub-branches have leaves, buds, flowers, fruits, thorns, etc. Some plants have weak stem. So, they cannot stand erect on their own. Some stems do not contain branches. Branches and leaves sprout from certain points on the stem. These points in the stem are called nodes. The portion of the stem between two nodes is called an internode. The stem is thick in its base and it tapers gradually towards its tip. Functions of Stem i. Stem keeps a plant upright or erect. ii. It transports water and minerals from roots to the leaves for photosynthesis. iii. It transports prepared food from leaves to different parts of the plant. iv. The stem bears and supports branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. Shoot system Root system Fig: Structure of a flowering plant
108 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Leaf Leaf is a flat and green part of a plant which sprouts from a node in the stem. Flowering plants have leaves of various shapes and sizes. A leaf mainly consists of three parts. They are leaf base, petiole and lamina. Leaf base is the portion of the stem from which a leaf grows. Petiole is a narrow, short stalk of a leaf which remains attached to the stem. Similarly, the flat and wide green portion of the leaf is called lamina. It is also called leaf blade. Plants prepare food in the lamina. So, it is the most important part of green plants. Leaf contains a green pigment called chlorophyll. It traps solar energy and helps plants in photosynthesis. The petiole extends into the lamina in the form of mid-rib. The mid rib-branches into lateral veins. These veins further develop veinlets and form a network in the leaf. The veins and veinlets distribute water and minerals to the lamina. They also transport the food prepared by the leaf. The arrangement of veins and veinlets in a leaf is called venation. The leaves of flowering plants have two types of venation, i.e. reticulate venation and parallel venation. In reticulate venation, the veins give off lateral veinlets which are distributed in all directions. Reticulate venation is found in leaves of mango, rose, orange, apple, etc. In parallel venation, veins are arranged parallel to each other towards the tip of the leaf. Parallel venation is found in leaves of grass, paddy, maize, sugarcane, bamboo, etc. Fig: Reticulate venation Fig: Parallel venation Veins Apex Lamina Midrib Petiole Fig: Leaf
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 109 Functions of Leaves i. Leaves prepare food by using water and carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight. This process is called photosynthesis. ii. They remove the excess water through stomata. Activity 2 • Visit a nearby garden and pluck some leaves of different flowering plants. Observe them carefully and study their various parts. • Separate the leaves having reticulate venation and leaves having parallel venation. • Draw a neat diagram of a leaf and label its various parts. Flower Flower is the most attractive part of a plant. Flowers are colourful. Many flowers have bright colours. They may be red, yellow, pink, white, purple, orange, etc. Flowers vary in their shape, size and colour. You can observe a variety of flowers in your garden. A flower contains four different parts. They are sepals, petals, stamen and pistil. Some flowers contain both the male and female reproductive parts. Such flowers are called bisexual or complete flowers. The other flowers contain either male or female reproductive parts. Such flowers are called unisexual flowers. Orange, apple, tomato, mustard, pea, etc. have bisexual flowers, whereas cucumber, pumpkin, etc. have unisexual flowers. Each flower is connected to the stem by a narrow stalk called pedicel. A flower has a swollen basal portion which is known as thalamus. Most of the flowers have four distinct whorls. They are calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium.
110 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Fig: Bisexual Flower Fig: Unisexual Flower Calyx The outermost whorl of a flower is called calyx. It consists of a number of leaf-like green sepals. Calyx protects a flower in the bud stage. Corolla The second whorl of a flower next to the calyx is called corolla. It consists of a number of brightly coloured petals. Petals surround and protect the reproductive parts of the flowers. Petals also attract insects, humans, etc. and help in pollinaition. Androecium Androecium forms the third inner whorl of a flower. It consists of a number of male reproductive organs called stamens. Each stamen is made up of two parts, i.e. anther and filament. Anther produces pollen grains and filament supports the anther. Pollen grains are powdery structures produced by anther. Gynoecium Gynoecium forms the fourth innermost whorl of a flower. It represents the female reproductive part, i.e. pistil. A pistil consists of three Pollen gr ain Stigma Anther Filament Receptacle Pedicel( stem) Style Petal (corolla) Ovary Ovule Sepal Fig: A complete flower
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 111 distinct parts. They are stigma, style and ovary. Stigma is the uppermost spreading part of the pistil, whereas style is the middle cylindrical stalk. Ovary is the lowermost swollen part of the pistil. Ovary consists of ovules inside it. The ovary develops into a fruit and ovules develop into seeds with maturity. Activity 3 • Collect some flowers from your school garden and observe their various parts like sepals, petals, stamens and pistil. • Draw a neat diagram that shows each part. Also, write down the major function of each of them. Fruit Fruit is a mature ovary of a flower. A fruit consists of two parts, i.e. pericarp and seed. Pericarp develops from the wall of the ovary, whereas seed develops from the ovule. The pericarp may be thin or thick. A pericarp can be divided into three parts. They are epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. Epicarp is the outer thin and leathery part of a fruit, whereas mesocarp is the sweet and fleshy middle portion. Similarly, endocarp is the innermost hard portion of a fruit which encloses the seed. Functions of a Fruit i. Fruit develops seeds and protects immature seeds. Fact File Flower is the reproductive part of the plant as it contains the parts for supporting reproduction in plants. Fig: Parts of a fruit Epicarp Mesocarp Endocarp Seed
112 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 ii. Fruit helps in scattering or dispersing the seeds to different places. iii. Fruit stores food materials. Activity 4 • Take a mango or an apple. Cut it with a knife from the middle portion. Observe the various parts like epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. Also, observe the position of seeds in it. Seed A seed is a mature ovule produced inside the fruit. Different flowering plants have the seeds of various shapes, sizes and colours. Some fruits may have only one seed like in mango, plum, peach, etc., whereas others have many seeds like in apple, tomato, papaya, pumpkin, etc. Ripe fruits contain mature seeds. When seeds get favourable conditions, they germinate into new plants. Seeds of plants like maize, rice, wheat, grass, etc. contain only one cotyledon whereas seeds of other plants like gram, pea, orange, mango, apple, etc. contain two cotyledons. On this basis, flowering plants can be divided into two groups. They are monocotyledonous plants and dicotyledonous plants. Fig: Monocot seeds Fig: Dicot seeds Fig: Some seeds Fact File Ovary develops into fruit and ovules develop into seeds after fertilization.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 113 Monocotyledonous Plants Sugarcane, bamboo, onion, paddy, wheat, maize, etc. are monocotyledonous plants. Their seeds contain only one cotyledon. Monocots have fibrous root system. They have elongated leaves having parallel venation. These plants have distinct nodes and internodes. The plants having only one cotyledon in their seeds are called monocots. Dicotyledonous Plants Mango, apple, mustard, pea, soyabean, peach, gram, orange, etc. are dicotyledonous plants. Seeds of these plants contain two cotyledons. Dicots have tap root system. They have broad leaves with reticulate venation. They do not have distinct nodes and internodes. The plants having two cotyledons in their seeds are called dicots. Differences between Monocots and Dicots Monocots Dicots 1. A seed contains only one cotyledon. 2. They have fibrous root system. 3. Leaves are elongated with parallel vention. 4. Stems have distinct nodes and internodes. 1. A seed contains two cotyledons. 2. They have tap root system. 3. Leaves are broad with reticulate venation. 4. Stems do not have distinct nodes and internodes. Fig: Sugarcane plant Fig: Pea plant
114 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Activity 5 • Collect some leaves of mango, bamboo, maize, wheat, onion, mustard, apple and grass. Observe the shape and venation in those leaves. Identify and separate the monocot leaves and dicot leaves. • Collect some seeds of maize, wheat, rice, soyabean, pea, groundnut and mango. Observe the cotyledons present in those seeds. Identify and separate dicot seeds and monocot seeds. Reasonable Thinking Skill Reasonable Thinking Skill R T S 1. Define stem. Where does it grow? The part of a plant that grows upward from the soil is called stem. 2. Write down the name of four major whorls of a flower. Four major whorls of a flower are calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. 3. List any two functions of flower. Two functions of flower are: a. It protects immature seeds from external environment. b. It stores food materials. 4. Identify the plants as monocots and dicots based on the features below. a. It has long leaves with parallel venation Ans: It is monocot. b. It has tap root system Ans: It is dicot. c. Two seed leaves sprout from this seed Ans: It is dicot. d. It has thin and fibrous root arising from the base of stem Ans: It is monocot.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 115 5. Compare the roots of dicots and monocots. Monocots have fibrous roots in them while dicots have tap root system. All the individual roots of monocots are thin and similar in shape and size while dicots have single tap root with branching from its sides. 6. Differentiate maize and mustard in three points. Maize Mustard a. It has only one cotyledon in its seed. a. It has two cotyledons in its seed. b. It has fibrous root system. b. It has tap root system. c. Its leaves are long and have parallel venation. c. Its leaves are short and have reticulate venation. 7. Flower is the reproductive part of the plant. Justify? A complete flower contains androecium and gynoecium. Androecium is the male reproductive part of the flower. It contains anther. Anther produces pollen grains. Gynoecium contains ovary in it. Ovary contains ovules inside it. Pollen grain fuses with ovules to form embryo. So, flower is known as the reproductive part of the plant. Exercises 1. Choose the best answer from the given alternatives. a. The underground part of a plant is called i. stem ii. leaf iii. root iv. bark b. The functions of the roots are i. to store food ii. to absorb water and minerals iii. to fix the plant iv. all of the above
116 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 c. The point on the stem from where a leaf grows is i. node ii. bud iii. internode iv. trunk d. The calyx consists of i. petals ii. anthers iii. sepals iv. buds e. The flower having either male part or female part is called i. unisexual flower ii. bisexual flower iii. asexual flower iv. none of the above f. The plant having two cotyledons in a seed is i. maize ii. rice iii. wheat iv. pea 2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. a. The branches of a primary root are called ............... roots. b. In sugarcane, ............... root system is found. c. The underground part of a plant is ............... d. Leaves of grass have ............... venation. e. ............... is the innermost whorl of a flower. f. The pericarp of a fruit consists of endocarp, ... and epicarp. g. Monocots have ...... root system. h. Dicot leaves have ....... venation. 3. State whether the following statements are true or false. a. Shoot is the underground part of a plant. (....) b. Tap root system is found in mustard plant. (....) c. Fibrous root consists of branches and sub-branches. (....)
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 117 d. Internode is the portion of the stem between two nodes. (....) e. Lamina is the flat and wide portion of a leaf. (....) f. Androecium is not found in a male flower. (....) g. Epicarp is found in a seed. (....) h. Soyabean is a dicotyledonous plant. (....) 4. Match the following: A B i. Fruit ( ) Male organ ii. Calyx ( ) Mature ovule iii. Corolla ( ) Female organ iv. Seed ( ) Outermost whorl v. Gynoecium ( ) Mature ovary vi. Androecium ( ) Colourful part ( ) Young fruit 5. Give very short answers to the following questions. a. What type of root system does monocots have? b. How many cotyledons are found in dicot plants? c. What is the green flat surface of the leaf called? d. Which part of plant prepares food for the plant? e. What is the name of the point in plant stem from where leaves sprout? f. Which is the male and female reproductive part in the flower?
118 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 g. What type of plant is pea; monocot or dicot? h. Which part of the gynoecium develops into fruit? 6. Give reasons. a. Leaf is the most important part of a plant. b. Petals are colourful and attractive. c. Mustard flower is called a bisexual flower. d. Maize is called a monocot plant. e. Flower is called the reproductive part of the plant. 7. Differentiate between: a. Root system and Shoot system b. Calyx and Corolla c. Androecium and Gynoecium d. Epicarp and Endocarp e. Monocots and Dicots f. Sugarcane and soyabean 8. Give short answers to the following questions. a. Define root system and shoot system. b. List three major functions of root. c. What is stem? State any two functions of it. d. Define nodes and internodes. e. What is venation? Name their types. f. What are seeds? List any two importance of seeds. g. What is a fruit? Give two importance of a fruit. h. Define monocots and dicots with two examples of each.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 119 9. Name the parts A, B, C and D shown in each of the given pictures. A A B B C C D D Figure (a) Figure (b) 10. Answer the following questions. a. Discuss the need of green leaves in a plant. b. List out the name of four major whorls of the flower and describe their roles. 11. Classify the following plants into monocots and dicots. apple, grass, pea, gram, onion, banana, wheat, sugarcane, orange, lemon, rice 12. Draw a labelled diagram of the following. a. Mustard plant b. Complete flower c. Leaf of a plant d. Fruit
120 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 LIFE PROCESSES
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 121 Key terms and terminologies 1. Life Processes : Those activities which are performed by living organisms for their survival are called life processes. 2. Nutrition : The process by which living beings obtain food and utilize the nutrients present in it is called nutrition. 3. Autotrophs : Organisms that produce their food by themselves are called autotrophs. 4. Heterotrophs : Organisms that depend upon other organisms for their food are called heterotrophs. 5. Respiration : The process of releasing energy by breaking down of digested food materials with the help of oxygen is called respiration. UNIT 5 LIFE PROCESSES Estimated teaching periods Theory 11 Practical 4 Life processes (nutrition, respiration, excretion, transport and reproduction) in plants and animals Differences of plants and animals based on their life processes The Sequence of Curriculum Issued by CDC Jan Ingenhousz was a Dutch born British physician and scientist. He was born in 1730 in Netherlands and died in 1799 in England. He was best known for his discovery of the process of photosynthesis in plants. He discovered that green plants in sunlight absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. This was a great milestone in understanding life process in plant. About the Scientist Jan Ingenhousz
122 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 6. Breathing : Inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide is called breathing. 7. Internal transport : Process of carrying various substances from one part of the body to another part is called internal transport 8. Xylem : Plant tissue that transports water and minerals from root to leaves for photosynthesis is called xylem. 9. Phloem : Plant tissue that transports food materials from leaves to other plant parts is called phloem. 10. Excretion : The removal of waste materials from the body of the living beings is called excretion. 11. Reproduction : The process by which living organisms produce their own kinds is called reproduction. 12. Food chain : The process of transfer of food energy from one feeding level to another is called food chain. Introduction Living organisms perform various activities for their survival. They take food. They respire. They transport various substances from one part of the body to another. They excrete. They reproduce their own kinds and so on. Those activities which are performed by living organisms for their survival are called life processes. Nutrition, growth, respiration, internal transport, excretion, reproduction, etc. are some life processes of organisms. In this unit, you will learn about general life processes performed by plants and animals. Nutrition All living organisms (both plants and animals) need food to survive. Food provides energy for their growth and for performing various activities. They also need air and water. Green plants can prepare their own food by using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight. But animals cannot prepare their own food. So, they depend on plants directly or indirectly for obtaining food.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 123 Fig: Living beings need food Food consists of a variety of nutrients like fat, carbohydrate, protein, minerals, etc. Nutrients are the chemical substances that a body needs to survive and grow. Various nutrients in food provide materials for growth, for repair of tissues and for the protection of the body against diseases. The process by which living beings obtain food and utilize the nutrients present in it is called nutrition. Modes of Nutrition Based on the feeding habits of living beings, there are two modes of nutrition. They are Autotrophic Nutrition and Heterotrophic Nutrition. 1. Autotrophic Nutrition Green plants can prepare their own food by photosynthesis. They use water and carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight. The process of making food by green plants by using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight is called photosynthesis. Green plants contain chlorophyll which traps solar energy. So, they can produce their own food. Since green plants can prepare their own food, they are called autotrophs and the mode of their nutrition is called autotrophic nutrition. i s Fig: Autotrophic nutrition
124 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 2. Heterotrophic Nutrition Animals and non-green plants cannot prepare their own food. The organisms which cannot prepare their own food are called heterotrophs and their mode of nutrition is called heterotrophic nutrition. Human, rat, rabbit, goat, cat, tiger, mushroom, etc. are some heterotrophs. Some animals like cow, deer, rabbit, goat, etc. feed only on green plants. Such animals are called herbivorous animals. Some animals like snake, vulture, tiger, lion, etc. feed on flesh of the other animals. Such animals are called carnivorous animals. Animals like human, bear, dog, crow, etc. feed on both plants and animals. Such animals are called omnivorous animals. Non-green plants like mushroom, mucor, yeast, etc. depend on the dead and decaying matter for their food. Such plants are called saprophytes. Animals like mosquito, louse, bedbug, roundworm, etc. depend on the other animals for their food. Such animals are called parasites. Heterotrophs may be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, saprophytes or parasites. Heterotrophs depend on green plants directly or indirectly for their food. Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Parasites Saprophytes Fig: Heterotrophs Respiration Living organisms need energy to grow, move and to perform various activities. This energy comes from burning (combustion) of digested food materials through respiration. This process needs oxygen. Our body gets oxygen through breathing. Respiration is the process in
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 125 which the digested food combines with oxygen to release energy. This energy is utilized by living beings to carry out their life processes. Animals and plants respire throughout the day and night in order to get energy. They take oxygen from atmosphere. This oxygen reaches every cell of an organism through internal transport system. Similarly, digested food is supplied to each and every cell through the transport system. The oxygen reacts with the food in mitochondria of a cell. In this process, digested food burns with oxygen and releases energy, carbon dioxide gas and water. Animals breathe out carbon dioxide and water vapour. However, plants utilize the carbon dioxide produced during respiration for photosynthesis. Green plants release oxygen during photosynthesis. This process balances the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Breathing is a part of respiration. In this process, oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide exhaled. Animals breathe through body surface, skin, gills or lungs. Similarly, plants breathe through stomata. Gills Stoma Fig: Breathing organs Internal Transport Living organisms carry various substances from one part of the body to another to survive. This process is called internal transport. Plants and animals transport food materials, water, oxygen and other useful substances from one part of the body to another. Similarly, they transport waste products to the respective sites for their removal from the body. In developed animals, blood circulatory system is responsible for transporting various substances from one part of body to another.
126 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Blood transports digested food, oxygen, water and various waste products. In unicellular organisms, cytoplasm helps in internal transport. Similarly, plants have vascular tissues to transport various substances from one part of the body to another. These tissues are called xylem and phloem. In developed plants, xylem transports water and minerals from roots to the leaves for photosynthesis. Similarly, phloem transports the prepared food from leaves to various parts of the plant. Excretion Living organisms produce various waste materials in their bodies while performing various life processes. These waste products may be poisonous or toxic to the organism if allowed to accumulate inside the body. Therefore, those materials should be removed from the body. The removal of waste materials from the body of the living beings is called excretion. Living beings excrete to get rid of waste materials which are not required for their bodies. The waste materials which are produced in the body of animals are carbon dioxide, urea and faeces. Animals discharge carbon dioxide through the nose while breathing out. They excrete urea, excessive water and sweat. Similarly, animals remove solid wastes, i.e. faeces through anus. Skin Kidneys Fig: Some excretory organs Developed animals have special organs for excretion. Kidney, lungs, skin, large intestine, etc. are excretory organs of vertebrates. Earthworms have nephridia for excretion. Unicellular animals remove their waste products through cell membrane.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 127 Plants remove waste materials like oxygen and water vapour through small pores called stomata. These waste materials are produced during photosynthesis. Some plants excrete useful substances for us like resin, gum, latex, etc. However, the excretion in plants cannot be observed like that in animals. Reproduction Every living organism has a limited life span on the earth after which it dies. So, living beings reproduce their own kinds to continue their species on the earth. The process by which living organisms produce their own kinds is called reproduction. Animals reproduce to give young animals. Similarly, plants reproduce to give young plants. Some animals like birds, insects, fishes, frogs, snakes, etc. lay eggs. Those eggs on hatching produce their young ones. Some animals like cow, cat, dog, tiger, sheep, buffalo, human, etc. directly give birth to their young ones. Some plants like potato, sugarcane, rose, etc. reproduce by means of their stem. Flowering plants produce seeds inside the fruit. When the seeds fall on the soil, they germinate into new plants in suitable climatic condition. Fig: Living beings excrete
128 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Fig: Living beings reproduce Difference in life process in plants and animals From the above text, we observed that the same life processes are found in plants and animals. However, they have different parts to carry out the different life processes. Let us look at the chart below to learn the differences in life processes among plants and animals. Life Processes Plants Animals Nutrition Prepare their own food by photosynthesis Eat plants and other animals for their food Respiration Part to support respiration is stomata Organs to support respiration are gills, lungs, moist skin, spiracles etc. Internal transport Xylem and phloem are major conducting tissues for internal transport Circulatory system (heart, blood capillaries, veins etc.) and lymphatic system (lymph nodes) are internal transport system Excretion Stomata, bark etc. excrete waste out Lungs, kidneys, skin etc. excrete waste out Reproduction Through seeds, spores, buds, stem, etc. both sexually and asexually Through laying eggs and hatching babies, mainly sexual reproduction
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 129 Interrelationship between plants and animals Plants and animals depend on each other for their survival. All animals depend on plant directly or indirectly for their food. For example, cow, deer, goat, sheep, etc. feed on grass. They depend on plants directly for their food. Similarly, tiger feeds on flesh of deer, goat, etc. The tiger does not feed on grass directly. But deer, goat, etc. cannot survive without grass or plants. Therefore, tiger indirectly depends on green plants for its food. Living organisms cannot survive for a long time without taking food. When animals die, they decay on soil. Decomposers like bacteria and fungi break down the dead organisms or their part in simpler forms. Those materials are mixed into the soil. The green plants absorb those materials through their roots to prepare food. In this way, plants and animals depend on each other to obtain their food. Fig: Feeding habits of animals Animals are heterotrophs. They cannot produce their own food like green plants. So, animals feed on plants. Various parts of plants store food. These parts of plants are eaten by animals. Herbivores like deer, rabbit, cow, sheep, buffalo and so on feed on grass, leaves of plants, etc. Similarly, human beings feed on various fruits, vegetables and cereals, etc. Carnivorous animals like tiger, snake, vulture, etc. feed on flesh of herbivorous animals. Omnivorous animals like bear, crow, dog, etc. feed on both plants and animals. When herbivorous animals feed on plants, energy is transferred from plants to herbivorous animals.
130 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Similarly, when carnivorous animals feed on herbivorous animals, energy is transferred from herbivores to carnivores. In this way, food is transferred from one feeding level to another. When energy is transferred from one feeding level to another, it forms a chain which is known as food chain. A food chain represents a sequential process of who eats whom. Fig: A food chain In the given diagram, grass is a producer. It prepares its own food by photosynthesis. Deer feeds on grass and obtains energy. Similarly, the deer is eaten by a tiger to get energy. When the deer and tiger die, they decay in soil. Their body is decomposed into soil. Such soil contains nutrients for plants. In this way, plants and animals depend on each other to obtain their food. Fig: The food chain of a grassland Animals need oxygen for respiration. This oxygen is supplied by green plants through photosynthesis. In this process, green plants use carbon dioxide given by animals and release oxygen in the environment. Human beings and other animals depend on plants for their food and shelter. Some animals like parrot, woodpecker, Fact File Process of transferring of food energy from one organism to other by eating or being eaten is called food chain.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 131 etc. live in the holes of big trees. The animals like monkey, baboon, etc. live on the trees. Birds make their nests on trees. Various types of medicines are prepared from different parts of plants. These medicines are used to cure various diseases of animals. It shows that plants and animals are closely related to each other for their existence. Activity 1 • Take a chart paper and draw a diagram of a food chain in the grassland. Also, colour the diagram. How are these organisms related to each other for food? Explain in brief. Interrelationship between living beings and environment Environment is the natural world around us in which plants and animals live. Plants, animals and micro-organisms depend on one another for their survival. They also depend on their physical environment like soil, air, sunlight, water, etc. For example, plants, animals and micro-organisms are interdependent for their food and other basic requirements like oxygen, carbon dioxide, sunlight, water, soil, etc. Without non-living things in the environment, plants cannot prepare their food and do not grow. If plants cannot prepare food, animals would also die. The leaves of green plants contain small pores called stomata. They take carbon dioxide from the environment. Similarly, roots of plants absorb water and minerals from the soil. The chlorophyll present in the leaves traps the solar energy. So, plants depend on carbon dioxide, water, minerals and sunlight to prepare their food. In this process, oxygen is produced as a by-products and released through stomata. Animals take this oxygen for respiration and they exhale carbon dioxide. In this way, plants and animals balance the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the environment. Animals discharge their waste products like urine, stool, etc. in the environment. When plants and animals die, they are mixed in the soil.
132 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, etc. act on the dead bodies and waste products. They convert their complex compounds into simple substances which are mixed in the soil. Living beings take air, water and other substances from the environment and again they dispose excess and unwanted materials in the environment. This phenomenon maintains a balance in the environment. All the plants and animals depend directly or indirectly on their environment. Similarly, plants and animals play a great role to maintain ecological balance. Reasonable Thinking Skill Reasonable Thinking Skill R T S 1. Define autotrophs with examples. Organisms that can prepare their food by themselves are called autotrophs. Examples are all green plants. 2. What do you mean by heterotrohic nutrition? The mode of obtaining food from other organisms is called heterotrophic nutrition. 3. Which of the following life process releases energy for living organisms. a. Reproduction b. Respiration c. Breathing d. Excretion Answer: Respiration releases energy. 4. Name two tissues for internal transport in plants. Two tissues for internal transport in plants are xylem and phloem. 5. Why are green plants known as autotrophs? Green plants are known as autotrophs because they can prepare food by themselves. 6. Write any two differences between respiration and breathing Two differences between respiration and breathing are tabulated below.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 133 Respiration Breathing a. It release energy by breaking down the digested food materials. a. It does not release energy as it involves inhaling and exhaling of gases b. It is internal process as it occurs in cell. b. It is external process as it occurs out of the cell. Exercises 1. Choose the the best answer from the given alternatives. a. Green plants prepare their own food by using ...................... i. carbon dioxide ii. water iii. sunlight iv. all of the above b. Which of the following is a carnivorous animal? i. sheep ii. tiger iii. human iv. dog c. The excretory organs of human beings are ...................... i. kidneys ii. stomach iii. mouth iv. heart d. Plants reproduce by means of ...................... i. eggs ii. fruits iii. stomata iv. seeds 2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. a. Living beings get .............. from food. b. .................. are the chemical substances that a body needs to survive. c. Green plants have ....................... nutrition. d. Plants take ..................... gas during photosynthesis. e. Animals release ........................ gas during respiration.
134 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 f. Carnivorous animals feed on .......................... g. There is a close relationship between living beings and ........... ....................... 3. State whether the following statements are True or False. a. Respiration is an example of life process. (....) b. Animals can prepare their own food. (....) c. Green plants are called autotrophs. (....) d. Bear is an omnivorous animal. (...) e. Plants release oxygen during respiration. (....) f. Xylem transports water and minerals. (...) g. Resin and latex are the waste products of plants. (...) h. Animals depend on plants for their food and shelter. (...) 4. Match the following: A B i. Bear ( ) Herbivore ii. Tiger ( ) Autotrophs iii. Rabbit ( ) Parasite iv. Green plants ( ) Saprophyte v. Mosquito ( ) Carnivore vi. Mushroom ( ) Omnivore ( ) Decomposer 5. Give very short answers to the following questions. a. What is the mode of nutrition in plants? b. What type of organisms depend upon other organisms for food? c. Give an example each of herbivore, carnivore and omnivore. d. Which gas combines with digested food materials during respiration?
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 135 e. Name any two excretory organs of human. f. Name two waste materials produced by our body? g. What is the name of the process of transferring of food energy from one organisms to other? 6. Give reasons: i. Green plants are called autotrophs. ii. Animals are called heterotrophs. iii. Tiger is called a carnivorous animal. iv. Animals cannot survive without plants. 7. Differentiate between: a. Nutrition and Nutrients b. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs c. Herbivores and Omnivores d. Respiration and breathing e. Internal transport and excretion 8. Give short answers to the following questions. a. Define life processes and name three such processes b. What is meant by nutrition? Write down its types. c. What are autotrophs? Give any two examples. d. What is meant by heterotrophic nutrition? e. Define herbivorous and omnivorous animals with two examples of each. f. State the meaning of respiration. Why do living beings respire? g. What is internal transport? Why is it essential? h. What is excretion? Why do animals excrete? i. Name any two waste materials produced in our body. j. What is reproduction? Why do living beings reproduce?
136 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 9. Howare livingbeings interrelatedinthegivenpicture?Describe. 10. Answer the following questions. a. What would happen of there were no autotrophs in our environment? Give your opinion. b. Briefly explain the importance of reproduction in animals and plants. c. How are plants and animals interrelated in food chain? Explain. 11. Explain food chain with a schematic diagram. 12. Observe the following figures, identify their names and name at least one life process they support. a. b. c.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 137 6 MATTER UNIT
138 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Key terms and terminologies 1. Matter : Any substance that occupies space and has weight is called matter. 2. Solids : The substances having a fixed shape and volume are called solids. 3. Liquids : The substances having a fixed volume but no fixed shape are called liquids. 4. Gases : The substances which neither have a fixed shape nor a fixed volume are called gases. 5. Squeeze : Firmly pressing something to get something out is squeeze. 6. Compress : To make something occupy smaller space or volume is compress. UNIT 6.1 STATES OF MATTER Estimated teaching periods Theory 8 Practical 2 Introduction to matter Physical properties of matter Comparison of physical properties of solids, liquids and gases The Sequence of Curriculum Issued by CDC Carl von Linde was a German engineer. He was born in 1842 and died in 1934 in Germany. He was the inventor of conversion of gases into liquids in large quantities more precisely and effectively than other technologies of his time. Based on his innovation, we are operating modern technology refrigeration system. About the Scientist Carl von Linde
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 139 Introduction If we look around us, we see a variety of things like table, chair, rock, soil, book, pen, water, television, etc. These materials have weight and they occupy space. Substances like air, water, stone, wood, brick, etc. occupy space. The space occupied by a body is called its volume. Any substance that occupies space and has weight is called matter. For example, air, water, wood, book, pen, plastic, etc. Fig: Matters Matter is made up of tiny particles. These small particles are called molecules. We cannot see molecules with our naked eyes. Matter has weight and it occupies space because it is made up of molecules. The molecules of different substances are different from each other. The molecules in a matter are always in movement. Various types of substances are found in our surroundings. Some of them are brick, table, bench, blackboard, kerosene, water, milk, ice, diesel, wood, soil, rock, petrol, plastic, cotton, etc. These substances are not identical. They differ in their shape, size, colour, etc. Similarly, they differ in their weight. Some substances are light while the others are heavy. Different objects have different weight. Air, wool, plastic, cotton, etc. are some examples of light objects. Similarly, stone, brick, iron, etc. are some examples of heavy objects. The objects having more weight are heavy and the objects having less weight are light. Activity 1 • Lift various substances found in your classroom or study room. Which substances are heavy and which are light? Make a list of heavy and light substances.
140 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Every matter occupies some space. Air is an invisible matter. But it also occupies space and has weight. Small objects occupy less space while big objects occupy more space. The space occupied by a body is called the volume of that object. Some substances like wood, stone, brick, book, etc. have their own shape. But substances like water, petrol, air, milk, etc. take the shape of the container in which they are kept. Activity 2 • Take two big balloons equal in size and inflate them. Tie the opening of each balloon with a thread. Tie those balloons to a thin stick with thread as shown in the figure. What can you observe? Do both balloons show the same weight? • Bring a needle and prick one of the balloons. What can you observe? Do both the balloons show the same weight? Which balloon goes upward and which downward? What can you conclude from this activity? • This activity shows that air has weight and it occupies space. It also shows that the balloon filled with air is heavier than the balloon without air. Activity 3 • Collect some substances like pen, book, inkpot, matchbox, brick, bag, nail, carton, desk, chair, table, blanket, etc.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 141 • Observe carefully which substance occupies more space and which less. • Arrange those materials in increasing order in terms of their volume. The space occupied by an object is called its volume. The object which has more volume occupies more space. States of Matter Generally, matter exists in three different forms in nature. These three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. Solid Substances like brick, stone, iron, wood, table, book, etc. are hard and rigid. These substances are solid. These substances have definite shape and volume. The substances having a fixed shape and volume are called solids. In solids, molecules are closely packed due to the strong force of attraction between them. The molecules of a solid cannot move about freely. Therefore, solids have a fixed shape and volume. Fig: Some solids Liquid Substances like water, milk, petrol, kerosene, oil, diesel, etc. are liquids. These substances occupy space. They have a fixed volume but do not have a fixed shape. The substances having a fixed volume
142 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 but no fixed shape are called liquids. In liquids, molecules do not pack closely so they can move about freely. In liquids, the intermolecular space is more than that in the solids. Fig: Some liquids Liquids can flow from one place to another. Similarly, liquids can be poured from one container to another. The force of attraction between the molecules of a liquid is not so strong. Therefore, liquids have no fixed shape. The shape of a liquid changes according to the shape of the vessel in which it has been kept. But the volume of a liquid does not change no matter what type of container we keep it in. Activity 4 • Take some water in a jug. Collect some containers like glass, beaker, bottle and bowl. • What is the shape of water in the jug? Observe carefully. • Now, pour it into a bowl. Does it take the shape of the bowl? • Similarly, pour the water into the beaker, glass and bottle one by one and observe the shape of the water in each of the given containers. • Measure the volume of water in each of the containers. Does the volume change? • What can you conclude from this activity? This activity proves that liquids have no fixed shape but they have a fixed volume.
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 143 Gas Air is a mixture of various gases like oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapour, etc. Gases neither have a fixed shape nor a fixed volume. The substances which neither have a fixed shape nor a fixed volume are called gases. The force of attraction between the molecules of a gas is very weak. So, the molecules in a gas are very far from each other. Air, smoke, water vapour, etc. are some examples of gases. Molecules of a gas can be squeezed into a small container or spread out in a big one. The molecules in a gas are loosely packed. So, molecules of a gas are free to move around all over the space. Gases take the shape of the container in which they are kept. Similarly, gases can be compressed inside a football, basket ball, tube of a vehicle, balloon, etc. Activity 5 • Take a big balloon and blow air into it. Inflate it with more air to make it a big balloon. What is the shape of the inflated balloon? What is there inside the balloon? • Now, take a needle and prick the balloon with it. What is the shape of the balloon after pricking it? Why? Activity 6 • Observe various substances that are found in your surroundings. • Classify them into solid, liquid and gas. Fig: Objects containing gases Fact File Solids matters have fixed shape and volume, liquids matter have fixed volume but no fixed shape and gases neither have fixed shape nor fixed volume.
144 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Activity 7 • Take a bottle of perfume and spray it in one corner of your room far from the entry door. • Close the room for about a minute and ask you friend or family member to enter the room. • Did your family member or friend smell perfume at the door while entering the room. • What can you conclude from this activity? This activity shows that gases spread quickly in all directions. Comparison of physical properties between solid, liquids and gas We are now aware of different properties of different matters. Now, let’s summarize them by comparing their features. Properties Solids Liquids Gases Shape Fixed Takes the shape of container up to its level Takes the shape of container Volume Fixed Fixed Not fixed Space between molecules Less space, most closely packed More space, less loosely packed Large space, very loosely packed Force between molecules Very high Less than solids Negligible Flowing ability Does not flow Flows from higher level to lower level Flows in any direction depends upon the pressure Rigidness Very rigid Less rigid Not rigid Compressing ability Cannot be compressed Cannot be compressed Highly compressed
Oasis School Science and Technology -5 145 Reasonable Thinking Skill Reasonable Thinking Skill R T S 1. Which of the following is an example of gas? a. Smoke b. Hygrogen c. Oxygen d. All of them Answer: All of them are examples of gas. 2. Which of the following statement is true? a. Gases have fixed shape and volume. b. Liquid find its own level. c. Solid have molecules loosely arranged in them. d. Strong force of attraction means no definite shape. Answer: Liquid find its own level 3. Define volume. The space occupied by a body is called its volume. 4. Why are solids harder than liquids? The molecules in solids are densely packed due to strong intermolecular force of attraction in comparison to liquids. So, solids are harder than liquids. 5. List any two differences between liquids and gases Two differences between liquids and gases are mentioned below. Liquids Gases a. Their molecules have stronger force of attraction in comparison to gases. a. Their molecules have weaker force of attraction in comparison to liquids. b. They have definite volume. b. They do not have definite volume.
146 Oasis School Science and Technology -5 Exercises 1. Choose the best alternatives. a. It has fixed shape and volume. i. Solid ii. Liquid iii. Gas iv. None b. It has no fixed shape but has fixed volume. i. Water ii. Brick iii. Candle iv. Smoke c. Intermolecular force of attraction in weakest in : i. Solid ii. Liquid iii. Gas iv. None d. Volume means : i. Space occupied by the body. ii. Total molecules in the body. iii. Heaviness of the body. iv. Lightness of the body. 2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. a. Matter is a substance that occupies ............ and has .............. b. .............. is made up of tiny particles called molecules. c. .............. is an invisible matter. d. The three states of matter are ........, ...... and gas. e. ............... have a fixed shape and fixed..............volume. f. Liquids have a fixed .............. but no fixed.............. g. Air, smoke, oxygen, etc. are some examples of ..............