Social Studies 4

Lesson Our Earth

5.3

Pre-reading Activities

You know that earth is our home. But, have you ever thought how might the
earth have come into existence? What do you think about the origin of earth?
What have you heard about it? Share your views with the class.

Reading

The Earth is our home. We build houses on it and we grow grains on it.
But the Earth on which we live today is billions of years old. The generally
accepted age of the Earth is about 4.6 to 5 billion years.

How did the Earth come to be? There are many different answers. Some
people believe that it came into existence out of a big bang. Some people
believe that over the
years, small bits of debris
combined up together to
create the Earth. Some
people believe that God
was the one who created it.
There are many different
opinions, but nobody knows for sure. According to science, when the
universe began, about 15 billion years ago, there was no Earth or Solar
System. There were only two gases: hydrogen and helium.

Over billions of years, these gases kept blending to form stars. Generations
of stars were born and died. Then, about 5 billion years ago, something
really important happened. A new star was born. That star is the sun. Then
over a period of time, the main body of the sun broke down into pieces.
The biggest piece of them remained the sun and other pieces became eight
planets. Earth is one of these planets. In the beginning, the Earth was very
hot. But slowly it cooled, then the hills and mountains were formed and
also rivers and oceans. Then after, life appeared.

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Solar System

The Solar System means the position and situation of
the sun and other planets around it. It is made up of all
the planets that revolve around the sun. In addition to
planets, the Solar System also includes moons, comets,
asteroids, minor planets, dust and gas.

Everything in the Solar System revolves around the sun.
There are eight planets in our Solar System. Beginning
with the planet closest to the sun, these planets are: Mercury, Venus, Earth,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Size and Shape of Earth

The early Earth was nothing like the Earth we know today. It was originally
a round ball. Over the years, the shape of the Earth changed into the shape
like that of an orange. Earth is little flat at the north and south poles. But
because the Earth is so big it looks flat to us.

Three Parts of Earth

Earth can be divided into three parts. Outer part,
middle part and central or inner part. The outer
part is where we live. It is called the crust. We
have plants, soil, animals and human beings on
the outer part. The layer below the crust, or the
middle part, is called the mantle. This part has
very hard rocks and iron. It is a thick part and
it cannot be broken easily. If we go deeper than
the middle part, then we reach the innermost part of the Earth. It is called
the core. It is too hot. There is only liquid. That liquid is boiling and when
volcano erupts this liquid comes out in the form of lava.

Free the Words

billion : 1,000,000,000; one arab in Nepali
big bang : explosion that created the universe
debris : small pieces

In-class Activities

Draw a picture of Earth in your exercise book and show it to your teacher.

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Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. The Earth is about .................................................. old.
b. Universe began about ............................................. ago.
c. The sun came into being about ......................................... .
d. The Solar System refers to ............................................ .
e. ......................... , ........................... , and ......................... are three
main parts of the earth.

2. Write whether the following statements are True or False.
a. Before the universe began there were only two
gases: hydrogen and helium.
b. The main star in the universe is the sun.
c. The Earth came into being when the sun broke
into several pieces.
d. The sun revolves around other planets in the
universe.
e. Originally, the Earth was round.

3. Answer these questions.
a. What was the Earth like in the beginning?
b. Why were there no plants and animals in the beginning?
c. What is the Solar System? How many planets are there in this
system?
d. What are the eight planets?
e. What are the three main parts of Earth?
f. What is found in the 'core' of the Earth?

4. Explain two popular opinions about the creation of Earth.

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Lesson Nepal and Her
Neighbours
5.4

Pre-reading Activities

Observe a globe, map of Asia or an atlas. Locate where Nepal is. Then, note
which countries border with Nepal. Write the names of those countries. See they
are our neighboring countries.

Reading

Nepal is a landlocked country. We call it landlocked because it is "locked
by land" all around. India lies to the south, east and west while China
borders it on the north. China and India are the immediate neighbours of
Nepal. In this lesson and the next, we will learn about China and India.

China
China's official name is the People's Republic of China. It is to the north of
our country. Situated in the eastern part of Asia, it is the largest country in
the continent. Beijing is China's capital city.

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Shape, size and population

China is the third largest country of the world after Russia and Canada.
The total area is estimated to be 9,758,801 square kilometers. China is
the most populated country in the world. The population of China is 1.4
billion (1,417,933,854 as of January 27, 2019). China has nearly 20% of the
world's population.

Physical features

China is divided

into three regions.

They are the Eastern

Plains, the North-

western Plateau and

the South-western

Plateau. There are

plains, like in Terai

of Nepal, in the

eastern side. The soil

is fertile and crops Gobi desert

grow abundantly.

The Western Plateau is surrounded by the Himalayas so the land is not

fertile. The Northern Regions have a desert called Gobi Desert. In the

south there are snow-covered areas. Tibet is the highest plateau in the

world. Hwang Ho (Yellow River), Yangtze, Mekong, etc. are the major

rivers of China.

Climate

ThoughChinahasadiverseclimate,itisusuallyacoolcountry. FromNovember
to January, the climate remains cold and from May heavy rain begins.

History

China is one of the world's oldest civilizations with nearly 4,000 years of
history. In the past, China had many emperors. Some famous dynasties
ruled China for hundreds of years. The first Chinese dynasty was Shang
(Yin). Then came Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC. Huang called himself the
"First Emperor." Other dynasties are Qing Dynasty and Ming Dynasty.
The Modern People's Republic of China (PRC) was established in 1949.

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Administrative divisions

China is made up of 23 provinces. Five autonomous regions and
four municipalities are under the direct administration of the Central
Government. Hong Kong and Macao are special administrative regions.
The 23 provinces are Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou,
Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,
Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan,
Zhejiang. The five autonomous regions are Guangxi, Inner Mongolia,
Ningxia, Xinjiang, and Tibet. The four municipalities are Beijing,
Chongqing, Shanghai and Tianjin. Beijing, Shanghai, Hongkong,
Guangzhou, Tianjin, etc. are the major cities of
China.

Political system Xi Jinping

China follows the political system of a single-
party. State power is exercised through the
Communist Party of China, the Central People's
Government. The head of the state is the
President. The Prime Minister is appointed by the
President. The President deals with international
affairs. The Prime Minister deals with national
affairs. Now the President of China is Xi Jinping.

Economic life

Like Nepal, China is also an agricultural country. It produces crops like
rice, wheat, sugarcane, tobacco, etc. Chinese silk is famous all over the
world. China has many mines. It has coal, iron, tin and aluminum mines.
China has large industries. These industries produce textile (cloth),
cement, steel, tobacco, cigarettes, etc.

China produces a large range of consumer goods such as clothes, TV
sets, DVDs, toys, shoes, sports materials and many other things. China
exports its goods to many countries in the world including the U.S. In
Nepal, Chinese goods are very popular.

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Social life

China is a communist country. It has no state religion, but most people
follow Confucianism. Large number of people also follow Taoism. Some
Chinese follow their religions like
Buddhism, Christianity and Islam.
They speak Chinese. They eat rice,
vegetables and sea food. Chinese
food is famous all over the world.

Nepal-China relation

China and Nepal are close
neighbours. They have a long history
of friendly relation. It is said that more than two thousand years ago,
Manjushree came from China to Nepal. He cut open a mountain with a
sword and created the Kathmandu Valley.

Songtsen Gampo, King of the Tubo Kingdom in the Tang Dynasty,
married Nepalese princess Bhrikuti. During the Malla period, Nepali
artist Araniko went to China and a White Pagoda was built in Beijing
under his supervision. It shows that Nepal and China have had good
relations since ancient times. Nepal built diplomatic relation with China
in 1955. In 1993, Nepal-China Society was established. The Society works
towards developing friendly relation between China and Nepal. China
has helped Nepal in many development projects.

Free the Words

immediate : important
abundantly : in great amount, enough
dynasty : rulers belonging to the same family
autonomous : having the power or right to govern itself
supervision : the act of watching or directing
diplomatic : involving in maintaining good relations between

different nations

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In-class Activities

Here is a blank map of China. Show the following places in it.
Beijing, Tibet, Gobi Desert, Hongkong, Macao, shanghai

Exercise

1. Choose the correct alternative in the following.

a. China has the area of ............................. .

i. 9,326,410 sq.km ii. 270,550 sq. km. iii. 9,758,801 sq.km

b. As of 2019, China's population is :

i. 1.4 billion ii. 2 billion iii. 3 billion

c. China has ...................... of history.

i. 400 years ii. 4000 years iii. 45000 years

d. The People's Republic of China was established in ........................ .

i. 1949 ii. 1947 iii. 221 B.C.

e. Head of the state in China is :

i. President ii. Prime Minister iii. Deputy Prime Minister

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2. Write whether the following statements are True or False.

a. China is perhaps the fourth largest country in the
world.

b. In terms of population, it is the largest country in the
world.

c. China has a long history of communist rule.

d. China doesn't follow one religion strictly.

e. Nepal-China relation started from 1955.

3. Fill in the blanks.

a. China can broadly be divided into ........................... regions.
b. The famous desert of China is ............................................ .
c. China has ............................................................. provinces.
d. Manjushree came to Nepal ............................................ ago.
e. Nepal-China Society was established in ............................. .

4. Answer these questions.

a. What are the three geographical divisions of China?
b. Name some famous dynasties that ruled China.
c. How many administrative units does China have?
d. Write about the system of government in China.
e. What did Araniko do to make Nepal-China relation better?

5. Complete the following table about China.

Country : China Language :

Area : Currency :

boundary : Population :

capital city : Religion :

major cities : Occupation :
major rivers :

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Lesson India

5.5

Pre-reading Activities

Observe the map of India below. Read the names of the states. Find any place
names that you already knew.

Reading

India is the closest neighbour
of our country. It is much
bigger than Nepal. It is the
seventh-largest country in
the world. India surrounds
Nepal in the east, west and
south.

Shape, size and population

India looks triangular in shape. Its land covers 3,287,263 square kilometers.
It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the south, east and west. It shares
borders with Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China
and Nepal to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. It
is about 22 times bigger than Nepal. It is also the second most populous
country in the world with 1.21 billion people.

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Physical features

India is a vast country with varied landforms. It has all major physical
features of the earth. It has mountains, plains, deserts, plateaus and
islands. It has mountains in the north. Fertile valleys are also found here.
The central part has a plateau called Deccan Plateau. The western part of
India has deserts. India has famous rivers like Narmada, Kaveri, Ganga,
Indus and Brahmaputra. The physical features of India can be grouped
under six headings: The Himalayan Mountains, The Northern Plains, The
Peninsular Plateau, The Indian Desert, The Coastal Plains and The Islands.

History

India is one of the oldest civilizations in the world.
The Indus Valley civilization is famous all over the
world. There used to be great rulers in India. Some
of them are King Ashoka, Harshavardhana, Akabar
and Shaha Jahan. From 1858 to 1947 AD the British
ruled India. On 15 August 1947, India became an
independent country.

Politics

India is a democratic country. It
has 29 States and seven Union
Territories. The capital city
of India is New Delhi. Other
famous cities of India are
Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata and
Bangalore. The largest state of
India is Uttar Pradesh (UP) in
the north of the country.

Each state has its own
government, but there is central
government as well. The head of state of India is the President. There is
also the post of Vice-president. The head of the government is the Prime
Minister. At present, the Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi .

There are two Houses in the parliament of India. They are called Lok
Sabha or House of the People and Rajya Sabha or council of states. Lok

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Sabha can have as many as 552 members. Currently, it has 545 members.
Lok Sabha is Lower House. Upper House is called Rajya Sabha. It can
have as many as 250 members. Currently it has 245 members.

Climate

In the northern region, the climate is cold. But in the southern region it is
warm. Some cities and states like Delhi, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh are very
hot during the summer. It rains in summer throughout the country. On
the whole, India has a hot climate.

Social life

India is a secular state.Asecular
state is a country where there
is no state religion. People can
follow any religion according
to their choice. Though the
majority of people in India
are Hindus, many follow
other religions like Islam,
Buddhism and Christianity.
They celebrate festivals like
Deepawali, Durga Puja,
Ganesh Puja, Holi, Eid, Christmas, etc.

Economic life

India is emerging as one of the largest economies in Asia. It is mainly
an agricultural country. It produces rice, wheat, jute, tobacco, coffee, tea,
oil, fertilizers, etc. It has many industries also. The industries produce
clothes and electronic goods. India is connected with the seaport. Kolkata,
Mumbai and Chennai are its major seaports. India has vast railways and
roads. It exports its agricultural and industrial products to other parts of
the world as well.

Nepal-India relation

Nepal and India are close and friendly nations. Nepal and India share
many cultural and linguistic features. After the 1950 Indo-Nepal
Treaty of Peace and Friendship, the relation between Nepal and India

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has become very vital. Every year
thousands of Indian people come
to visit Nepal and to worship Lord
Pashupatinath. They come to Lumbini
and Janakpur. Similarly, Nepali
people go on pilgrimage to Haridwar,
Badrinath, Kedarnath, Ayodhya,
Brindavan, Baishnodevi, Venaras, etc.
Nepal exports medicinal herbs, ghee
and noodles to India and imports machineries from there.

Free the Words

triangular : like a triangle in shape
bounded : surrounded, closed
plateau : a large flat part at the top of hill
civilization : development of culture, society, etc.
parliament : a body of people's representatives
secular : liberal about religion, beliefs
economy : system of trade, supply of money, etc.
linguistic : relating to language
pilgrimage : a travel or tour to a holy place

In-class Activities

In the map of India below, show the following:
New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkota, Bihar, Banglore, Brahmaputra River

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Exercise

1. Choose the correct alternative in the following sentences.

a. India is .................. in area.

i. 3,287,263 km2 ii. 3,287,262 km2 iii. 3,287,300 km2

b. India has been an independent country since:

i. 1947 ii. 1858 iii. 1701

c. India has ............... federal states.

i. 29 ii. 7 iii. 26

d. Lok Sabha can have .................. members.

i. 552 ii. 250 iii. 545

e. Nepal's diplomatic relation with India began in:

i. 1947 AD ii. 1950 AD iii. 1958 AD

2. Write whether the following statements are True or False.

a. India is the second largest country in the world in
terms of population.

b. Broadly, India has four physical features.

c. India has central government that oversees the
functions of state governments.

d. Nepal and India do not share much of culture, religion
and language.

e. Indian pilgrims come to Nepal to worship Lord
Pashupatinath.

3. Answer these questions.

a. How big is India compared to Nepal?
b. How many houses are there is Indian parliament? Which is the

larger house?
c. What is a secular state? How is India a secular state?
d. How has India helped Nepal?

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4. Write about India under the following subtitles.

Area : Population :

Boundaries : Rivers :

Capital city : Festivals :

Currency : Religions :

Languages :

Projects for Unit Five

1. Draw different pictures that show the creation of the earth.
2. Draw flags of India and China and colour them .
3. Write a short description of any one district of Nepal.

In this unit, we have learned that—

• our country is divided into 7 provinces and 77 districts; they
are administrative units.

• each district of Nepal is unique in physical features, life-style,
and culture.

• a map is a drawing that shows important information such as
rivers, lakes, mountains, and main landmarks about a place.

• we use special symbols to indicate information in a map.
• Earth came into existence billions of years ago; there are many

ideas about the origin of earth.
• Earth is a planet located in the Solar System.
• Earth can be viewed as having three main parts: outer surface

(crust), middle (mantle) and centre (core).
• Nepal is surrounded by two big neighbouring countries: China

and India; as a result she is a landlocked country.
• China is in the north of Nepal, situated in the eastern part of Asia.
• India is Nepal’s closest neighbour; it is a vast country with

varied landforms and climate pattern.
• Nepal and India share a close friendship based on similar

culture, tradition, and religion.

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Test Your Knowledge

1. Make an informative picture of your district.

M..a..jo..r...p..r.o..b..l.e..m...s H..e..a..d...q..u...a..r.t.e..r..s .......A...r..e..a........
Ne.i.g.h..b..o.u..r.i.n.g...d.i.s.t.r.i.cts
.....C..l.i.m...a..t.e....... My district
.......................

Major groups of people H.i.s..t.o..r.i.c..a..l..p..l.a..c.e. s
..M...a..j.o..r..c..r.o..p..s...
..........................
Ma.j.o..r..c..i.t.i.e..s./..t.o..w...ns

2. What would happen if the earth were flat? Discuss in
the class.

3. Answer these questions.
a. What is an atlas?

b. Why were there no plants and animals on earth in the begin-
ning?

c. Why does heat increase as we go from outer part of the earth
to the inner part?

d. Which are our closest neighboring nations?

e. In the given figure, show the peak, plain and sea.

4. Nepal lies in between two large countries: China and India.
List out three things Nepal should learn from these nations.

a ...................................................................................................................... .

b ...................................................................................................................... .

c ...................................................................................................................... .
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Unit

6 Our Past

In this unit, we will learn to:

• explore the history and background of the place we live in.
• show timeline of events.
• examine the history and culture of our community.
• trace the origin of the word “Nepal” and what it means.
• affirm the religious, linguistic, and ethnic origin of the word “Nepal”.
• emulate the lives of martyrs; be able to find information about them.
• be inspired from the lives of martyrs.

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Lesson

6.1 Kathmandu in the Past

Pre-reading Activities

Every place has a history. Have you ever thought about the history of the place you
live in? Think of the following questions and then share your ideas with the class.
• What is the name of the place you live in?
• What might be the meaning of the name?
• Are there any historical monuments/ events related to the place?
In the lesson below, you will learn about the history of Kathmandu Valley.

Reading

Thousands of years ago, Kathmandu
was a big lake. It was called
Nagdaha, pond of the serpent. Then,
in ancient times, a certain Bipaswi
Buddha came to witness the lake.
May be he was God. He wanted
to make this place fit for people to
live. So, he planted a seed of a lotus
in the middle of the pond. After six
months, a beautiful lotus bloomed
in that place. From that flower, a flame would burn. Many people from
other parts of the country came to see this strange flower. One of them was
Bodhisatwa Manjushree. He had come to see that strange flame and the
flower. When he saw the lake, he thought, "How nice it would be if all the
water was drained, and people found space to live!" Then, with his sword,
he cut Chobhar Hill and drained all the water out. After all the water was
gone, Kathmandu became a beautiful valley. Then, people began to settle
in Kathmandu.

Kathmandu was not always a developed city like it is now. A hundred
years ago, there were no motor roads in Kathmandu. There was no
electricity. People worked in the field. There were only a few houses. Few

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people had shops to sell clothes, salt and oil. People were not educated.
They lived in joint families. The oldest member would be the head of the
family. There were different castes, but mainly there were four castes:
Brahmin, Kshetri, Vaisya and Shudra. While talking about the caste
system, we can not forget King Jayasthiti Malla. He was the King of Nepal
from1382-95 (1438 BS to 1452 BS). He was a good king. He did many good
things for the country. He made many
temples in Kathmandu. He made
Ram Mandir in Pashupatinath. He
made Kumbeshwar temple of Patan.
He divided the society into four
castes: Brahmin, Kshetri, Vaishya and
Shudra. The Newar community was
also divided. Bajracharya and Vaidya
were so called high caste people. Pode,
Chyame, etc. were so called low caste people.

Today Kathmandu is well developed. There are houses and buildings
everywhere. There are roads and vehicles. There are a lot of shops. But
there is little open space left. People work in offices and factories these
days but Kathmandu was completely different in the past.

Free the Words

serpent : a large snake
witness : a person who sees something
bloom : to produce flowers
strange : not known or seen before
flow away
drain : a plain area of land surrounded by hills
valley :

In-class Activities

Write a short history of your birthplace. Ask your parents/ grandparents
about its history and other details.
I was born in ..................... . My grandfather says, long ago, ................ was
...............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................

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Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with right words from the lesson.

a. Thousands of years ago, Kathmandu was called .................... .
b. .................... planted lotus seed in the middle of the pond.
c. .................... cut Chobhar Hill with his sword.
d. Until .................... Kathmandu was not a developed city.
e. .................... divided society into four castes.

2. Write whether the following statements are True or False.

a. Long ago, Kathmandu Valley was called Nagdaha.

b. Manjushree had come to see the strange flower.

c. The early society of Kathmandu valley was patriarchal.

d. Manjushree divided the society into four castes.

e. King Jayasthiti Malla was against the caste system.

3. Answer these questions.

a. What did Bipaswi Buddha do?
b. What was strange about the lotus flower?
c. What was Kathmandu like in the past?
d. Write about some of the works of Jayasthiti Malla.
e. How is Kathmandu valley now?

4. There might be some historical places nearby your community.
Ask your parents and write about any one of them.

a. Name and location of the historical place
b. Major objects of the place
c. Who and when was the place made
d. Present condition of the place
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Lesson

6.2 Ne, Nippa, Nepar, Nepal

Pre-reading Activities

We know Nepal is a very ancient country. It has a very long history. But, have
you ever thought what the word “Nepal” means? How did Nepal get her name?
Think about these questions and tell us what you think.

Reading

In the previous lesson, you read about the history of Kathmandu Valley.
In this lesson, you will learn about the origin of the name of our country.
There are many stories behind the origin of the word "Nepal".
Religious story: After Manjushree drained out water from the valley, he
made a man named Dharmakar the king and people began to live there.
But during the Dwaparyuga, a demon, Danasur blocked the water outlet.
Then, Kathmandu got submerged in water. Knowing this, Lord Krishna
came and killed Danasur.

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Along with Krishna, Gopalas (cowherds) had also come. They began
to live raising cattle. There was one special cow. That cow didn’t give
milk to the herders, but she offered all her milk to Pashupatinath. The
cowherds wanted to see where the cow gave her milk. They followed
the cow. At the buried shrine of Pashupatinath, she offered her milk.
The cowherds became very curious. They dug the surface but a burning
flame emerged and killed them. Hearing this, a sage went to that place.
He recognized that it was a shrine of God and began worshipping it. His
name was Ne. Ne made the son of the dead cowherd the king. Therefore,
this land also began to be called ‘Nepal’. It is also said that Gopalas were
called ‘Nippa’. Their home was called Alaya. From Nippa and Alaya,
came Nepal.

According to Swayambhu Puran, Manjushree Bodhisatwa was Chinese.
With him other Chinese had also come. They called the pond ‘Nipolo’
in Chinese. And Nepal came from Nipolo.

Language story: Nepal is made from two words: 'Ne' and 'Pal'. In Tibetan
language, "Ne" means home and "Pal" means wool. Together it means
the home of wool. In ancient times, a lot of wool used to be produced
in Nepal by sheep herding. So this country was called Nepal. In Limbu
language, "Nepal" means plain land. As Kathmandu valley is plain, the
country may have been called Nepal.

Race story: A class of Newars called ‘Nepar’ were the early settlers of
Kathmandu. And from ‘Nepar’ came the word ‘Nepal.’

One thing is very interesting about Nepal. Now, Nepal covers territories
from Mechi to Mahakali. But in the past, ‘Nepal’ meant only Kathmandu
Valley. Traditionally, it was called Nepalmandala. Even today some
people think of ‘Nepal’ as the valley.

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Free the Words

outlet : place from which water passes out
submerge : to be below water
herder : one who raises cattles
emerge : come out
recognize : know
shrine : a holy place

In-class Activities

Divide the class into four groups: H (Hindu), B (Buddha), L (Language),
E (Ethnicity). Then, each group explains the meaning of the word “Nepal”
as per their group designation. For example, H group explains the meaning
in terms of Hindu religious stories. Each group writes the explanation on a
blank page and displays in the class.

Exercise

1. Match the following:

Ne • early Newar settlers of Kathmandu
Nepar • Kathmandu
Nipolo • Gopals
Ne, Pal • Chinese word for 'Nepal'
Cowherds • home of wool
Nepalmandala • sage

2. Fill in the blanks.

a. Manjushree made ................. the king of Kathmandu valley.

b. During Dwaparyuga, ................. blocked the water outlets of
Kathmandu.

c. 'Alaya' was the home of ............................ .

d. The Chinese called Nepal Nipolo according to ........................... .

e. Traditionally, Kathmandu valley was known as .......................... .
Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4 123

3. Write whether the following statements are True or False.

a. According to a religious story, the word 'Nepal' has
to do a lot with cowherds.

b. Manjushree Bodhisatwa was Chinese.
c. According to language story, Nepal got this name

because it used to produce a lot of wool.
d. Some people still call Kathmandu Valley as ‘Nepal’.

4. Answer these questions.

a. What did Danasur do? What happened then?
b. What happened when the cowherds dug the ground?
c. Who was Ne? What did he do?
d. What does Nepal mean in Tibetan language?
e. Who were Nepars?
f. How was Nepal named according to religious story?
g. What is Nepalmandala?

5. There might be some other stories behind the origin of the
word 'Nepal'. Present it in the class.

6. Draw a map of Nepal and show Kathmandu valley in it.
7. Write the name of your village or city. How was it named?

Ask your elders and share with your friends.

124 Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4

Lesson Our Martyrs

6.3

Pre-reading Activities

You must have heard the word “martyr” a lot. Who do you think are martyrs? What
should one do to be a martyr? Why would someone sacrifice his or her life? Think
of these questions and tell the class what you think.

Reading

Nepal has scores of martyrs. A martyr is a person who chooses to suffer
death rather than discard the idea of changing the country. Those who
die in accident do not count as martyrs. Martyrs die for the good of the
country and the people. Many people have been killed in Nepal by the
rulers because those people were fighting for democracy, rule of law and a
better social system. In this lesson, we will read about some of the martyrs
of our country.

Sukraraj Shastri

Sukraraj Shastri is an eminent martyr. He was born
as Sukraraj Joshi in Kathmandu. When he got the
academic title of Shastri, he came to be known as
Sukraraj Shastri. He spoke against the cruel Rana
regime, or Rana Sashan. Shastri was a founding
member of the Rastriya Praja Parishad. Praja
Parishad was a political party supported by the
then King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah Dev of Nepal.
Shastri worked to develop the Nepali language.
He wrote the first grammar book in Nepali called
Nepalbhasa Byakaran. In January 1941 AD, (1997 BS) he gave a powerful
speech against the Rana rule. He was then arrested and hanged at Teku,
in Pachali, Kathmandu on January 24, 1941 (Magh 11, 1997). Round his
neck they hung a placard that read "Such will be the state of men who try
to speak against the government."

Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4 125

Dasharath Chand

Dasharath Chand was born in 1903 AD (1960 BS). He was
also one of the founding members of the Rastriya Praja
Parishad. He was shot dead on 27 January, 1941 (Magh
14, 1997 BS). Like Shastri he was also against the Rana
rule.

Dharma Bhakta Mathema

He was born in 1909AD (1963 BS) toAdi Bhakta Mathema.
He is one of the most famous martyrs of Nepal. He was
also a founding member of the Praja Parishad. He was
a really strong man. He used to work as a medium
between King Tribhuwan and Nepali freedom fighters.
Later he was caught and was hanged in a temple beside
Shova Bhagwati on January 24, 1941 (Magh 11, 1997).

Ganga Lal Shrestha

Ganga Lal Shrestha was born in 1918 to Bhakta Lal
Shrestha. He was the youngest among the four martyrs.
He was also one of the founding members of the Praja
Parishad. He was arrested by the order of Rana Prime
Minister, Juddha Shumsher. He was told that he would
not be harmed if he asked for kshyama, forgiveness.
However, he did not comply. Then, he was shot dead
on the bank of Bishnumati River, near the temple of Shova Bhagwati on
27 January, 1941 (Magh 14, 1997).

There are many other martyrs like Shastri, Mathema, Chand and Shrestha
but very little is known about them. For example, during the movement for
democracyin1990(2046BS)manypeoplewerekilled.Oneofthemwas Sagar
Singh of Lalitpur. Likewise, during the movement for democracy in 2006
(2062-63BS), about twenty five people were killed. One of them was
Bhimsen Dahal of Pokhara. Similarly, during the Madhesh Movement of
2007 (2064 BS), a number of people lost their lives.

All the people killed in these movements are martyrs. We should respect
them and work to fulfill their dreams. On December 24, 2008 (Poush
9, 2065BS), the Government of Nepal declared 8,500 people as martyrs.

126 Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4

People who died during the Maoist Revolution, Movement of 2006 and
Madhesh Movement were included in this list. We remember all the
martyrs on Magh 16, which is celebrated as Martyrs' Day in Nepal.

Free the Words

score : number of
discard : reject
democracy : a government by the people
rule of law : a country ruled according to law
eminent : famous and respected
founding : from the start, establishment
comply : to do what you have been asked to do

In-class Activities

Choose the martyr you like the best. Then, prepare a brief profile of the
martyr. Use photographs if possible. In the profile, mention:
• Name of the martyr
• Date of birth and death
• Other interesting details about the person’s life

• Main contribution of the person

Exercise

1. Choose the correct alternative in the following:

a. ..................wrote first grammar book in Nepali language.

i. Dasharath Chand ii. Dharma Bhakta Mathema

iii. Sukraraj Shastri

b. ................... was told that he would be spared if he asked for
forgiveness.

i. Ganga Lal Shrestha ii. Shukraraj Shastri

iii. Dharma Bhakta Mathema

c. During the movement for democracy in 2006 about ............... people
were killed.

i. 25 ii. 50 iii. 15

Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4 127

d. ................... was a party supported by King Tribhuvan.
i. Rastriya Praja Parishad
ii. Nepali Congress
iii. CPN-UML

2. Match the dates in column A with events in column B.

January 1941 AD • anti-Panchyat movement
1903 AD
2046 AD • 8500 people declared martyrs
2062/063 BS
• Dashrath Chand was born
2065 BS
• Four anti-Rana revolutionaries were
killed by the Rana regime

• Second movement for democracy and
republic

3. Answer these questions.

a. Who is a martyr? Why did martyrs sacrifice their life for the nation?
b. What was Shukraraj Shastri's original name? Why was he called

Shastri?
c. What did the placard hung round Shastri's neck say?
d. Which of the four martyrs worked as a link between King Tribhuwan

and Nepali freedom fighters?
e. What is our duty towards martyrs?

4. Ask your teacher or community leader about a person killed for
political conviction. Prepare a report on him or her.

5. Write down different movements or revolutions that took place in
Nepal in different periods.

6. Collect the pictures of different martyrs and paste them on a chart
paper. Display it in the classroom.

128 Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4

Projects for Unit Five

1 Identify the pictures of four martyrs below. If possible, visit Shahidgate of
Kathmandu where their statues stand. And write about the contribution
each martyr made for the change.

In this unit, we have learned that:

• every place has a history and background; the place we live also has
a history.

• the Kathmandu valley once was a great lake; it came into existence
after the water was drained out.

• there are many explanations of the word “Nepal”; among them,
religious, linguistic, and ethnic explanations are very popular.

• people who sacrifice their lives for a cause or a nation are called
martyrs.

• the most recognized four martyrs of Nepal are: Sukraraj Shastri,
Dasharath Chand, Dharma Bhakta Mathema, and Ganga Lal Shrestha.

• these four martyrs sacrificed their lives to bring democracy in the
country.

• we celebrate Martyr’s Day to honour the sacrifice of these great
persons.
Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4 129

Test Your Knowledge

1. Alisha made a timeline of development activities of her
village in the following way.

prtiEhsmteaaErpbsrlytiiashmbhelaiarmsltyehhnstmcpehoofnostttolohfe
Wisreerleviscsemobile
drinPikipnelginweastferor
neaRreosatdttoowtnhe
Ehsitgahblsicshhomolent of

2062 2064 2066 2068 2070 2072

Now, make a timeline of the development activities of your
village in a similar way.

2. Go to a nearby historical place and collect information about
the place. Now write about it under the following titles.

a. Name and location b. Present condition

c. Historical importance d. Important landmarks

e. Suggestions to improve the condition

3. Make a list of world heritage sites in Nepal.

4. Answer these questions.
a. What do you mean by historical heritage?
b. How can we fully respect the martyrs?

c. Name the first martyr of Nepal.

d. List out the important dates in which major movements or
revolutions took place in Nepal.

5. Name the major events that took place in the following
dates.

a. Falgun 7, 2007 b. Chaitra 28, 2046

c. Magh 19, 2061 d. Chaitra 24,2062- Baisakh 11, 2063

6. What works should we do to fulfill the dreams of martyrs?
Discuss the points in class and write.

130 Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4

Unit Our Economic

7 Activities

In this unit, we will learn to:

• respect every work people do in the community.
• work besides reading, writing, and playing.
• gather information about jobs that people in our community do for a living.
• spend money wisely and economically.
• wear clothes suitable for the season and take care of them.
• use goods produced in our locality.
• make lists of goods produced in different regions.
• observe economic activities taking place in our community.

Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4 131

Lesson Work is Worship

7.1

Pre-reading Activities

What do your parents do at home? If one of your parents, father or mother, stopped
their work at home, what would happen? What happens if mother does not cook
meal for you? What if your father doesn't earn for your education and what if you
do not study? Share the answers with your classmates.

Reading

Can you live without working?
You may be thinking "Sure, I am
not working now but I am alive."
Though you are not working
(you are too small to work and
earn) your parents work for
your family, for your education,
and also for the community.
Therefore, work is important.

But it is not possible for a single person to do all kinds of works. So, different
people do different kinds of works. Some teach in schools and colleges.
They are teachers and professors. Some people stitch clothes. They are

tailors. Some people grow grains and vegetables.
They are farmers. Some are traders.

Different people do different works. But every work
is important. Do you remember the story from a
village of England from Grade Three? If we think of
only our profession, occupation, or work as being
important and other people's work less important,
that will not do any good to anybody.

132 Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4

Some people think that working in the field
is a dirty work. But if farmers stop growing
vegetables and grains,whatwillthebusinessmen,
teachers, and doctors eat? Similarly, if teachers
and doctors do not work, where will the farmers
and other people take their children for education
and health?

In our society, people do different works. In villages, they make doko,
thunche, nanglo from bamboo. Some also do pottery. They make clay
pots and pitchers. They make idols of metal and stone. They are called
sculptors. They also make Nepali paper. In towns and cities, some people
drive buses and other people keep shops. Masons
construct buildings.

Because we work in different areas, our society
gets benefits from all. Therefore, we should work.
Work makes us wealthy. If we earn, we become
rich. If we do not work, we may not even get
enough to eat.

At home, children should also do their work. For example, they should
help their parents in the kitchen and in washing clothes. Every work is
important and we should take work as part of our life.

Free the Words

pottery : the art of making objects out of clay
pitcher : a container or pot for holding water

In-class Activities

Write what your father, mother or other relatives do and how their work
helps the community.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................

Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4 133

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks.

a. It is .................... for a man to do all kinds of works.
b. The people who stitch clothes are .................... .
c. If .................... stop growing vegetables, other people will have

problems.
d. Those people who make idols of stones and metals are .................... .
e. Children can help their parents in .................... .

2. Write whether the following statements are True or False.

a. We can live without working.
b. It is possible for a person to do all kinds of work at

the same time.
c. The profession or occupation we take up is more

important than others’ work.
d. Working in the field is a dirty work.
e. Working in different areas benefits our society.

3. Answer these questions.

a. Why is work important?
b. Why is every work important?
c. What do farmers do?
d. What happens if farmers stop producing grains and vegetables?
e. What do sculptors do?
f. What makes us wealthy? How?
g. How can children work?

4. List out your daily tasks at home.
a. ............................................. b. ....................................................

c. ............................................. d. ....................................................

134 Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4

Lesson

7.2 Use Your Things Wisely

Pre-reading Activities

Make a list of things you usually spend money on and for which you demand
money from parents. Show your list to your friends, to the teacher and the
class. Are you following good habits? Enact the play in this lesson with your
teacher's help.

Reading

A man (father) is talking to his son and daughter.

Father : If I give you Rs. 2000 today what will you do, my son?

Son : Will you really give?

Father : Suppose I give.

Son : Well, first, I will go to the ice-cream parlour. I will
buy three cones of ice-cream and eat them. Then, I
will go to a toy shop; I will buy toy dogs, toy cats,
toy tigers. And then I will buy a new pair of shoes. I
will throw the old ones away. Why would I need old
ones when I get the new. If I still have some money
left, I will buy a new pair of pants. I do not want
to wear the old ones. (Hearing his son say so, father
becomes sad and he shows his dissatisfaction.)

Father : See my boy, I won't give you the money now.

(Father wants to check if his daughter is also like the son.
He calls his daughter and asks the same question.)

Father : Suppose that I give you Rs. 2000, what will you do
with that money, chhori?

Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4 135

Daughter : Daddy, I don’t need such
a big amount of money in
the first place. But since
you say so, I think I will
do a lot of things with
Rs. 2,000. First of all, I will
go to the stationery and
buy an English Dictionary
and Nepali Sabdakosh.
My teacher says they are
very important books for
students. I will not buy
new clothes. My clothes
are still good. As long as
I have my old clothes in
good condition, why should I buy new ones? Yes
my school shirt has become old and it has been torn
in one or two places. So I will buy a school shirt. If
I am still left with some money, I will keep it to buy
exercise books. (As the girl is saying this, the father
looks very happy; he gives his daughter a hug.)

Father : Thank you Chhori. You are right, we should not
spend money on unnecessary things.

Who is right? The son
or the daughter? You
will say-daughter. It is
true that we need many
things in life. But we can
buy only a few things.
Therefore, we should be
careful while spending
and using things. Most
of us want to wear new
clothes all the time. But as
long as our old clothes are
good we should not buy

136 Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4

new ones. If we use our clothes carefully, they do not wear out soon. To
keep our dress fine, we should do a few things.

If we take care of our clothes, uniform, shoes, school bag, they do not get
torn soon. For that we have to take care of our things by ourselves. For
example, we should change our dress as soon as we arrive home and
keep them in the wardrobe. When the clothes are dirty, we should wash
them. We should also iron them.

Free the Words

stationery : the shop that sells books, pencils, notebooks, etc.
unnecessary : not needed
wear out : to become thin, useless
wardrobe : place where clothes are stored

In-class Activities

Look at the pictures below and write how it is a good habit.

................................................ ................................................
............................................... ...............................................
............................................... ...............................................
............................................... ...............................................

Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4 137

Exercise

1. Write whether the following statements are True or False.

a. The son is careful about spending money and saving.
b. The son wants to spend all the money.
c. The daughter knows how to spend less.
d. We should always buy new clothes.
e. We have to take care of our things by ourselves.

2. Fill in the blanks.

a. We should be careful .................... home and family.
b. We should not buy new clothes as long as .................... .
c. We should .................... our clothes when they are dirty.
d. As soon as students arrive home from school, they should ............. .

3. Answer these questions.

a. What does the son want to buy with Rs. 2000?
b. What does the daughter want to do with Rs. 2000?
c. Who is right? Why?
d. What should we do to keep our dresses fine?
e. How should we spend the money?

4. What are the works that you do yourself at home? List them
out.

5. If you were given Rs. 2000, how would you use it ? Make a
list of items that you would spend on.

138 Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4

Lesson

7.3 Economic Activities

Pre-reading Activities

Think of small scale businesses that people conduct at home or in the community,
such as animal husbandry, vegetable farming, etc. Tell the class how such activities
are important.

Reading

Many people in Nepal are engaged in economically fruitful activities.
That means, they take up an occupation which helps them earn money.
An occupation is a job, profession, or the work that one does. For people to
succeed in their profession, they should develop skills by means of education
and training. They should also adopt new methods and technology.
In Nepal, many farmers are adopting new ways of farming. In Baundanda
village of Lamjung, they have started herbal farming. They grow herbs
such as chiraito, bojo and kutki. These herbs are very useful and can be sold
at good price in the market. Traders and businessmen buy these herbs
from the farmers and take them to Kathmandu.

Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4 139

Similarly, some youths of Bhaktapur
have started dairy farming. In an acre
of land, they have kept hundreds
of cows and buffaloes. This farm
supplies milk and dairy products to
Kathmandu and beyond.

In Kuntabesi of Kavre, farmers have
begun bee keeping. Bees produce
honey. Farmers sell honey in the market. And in a village of Rasuwa,
three educated youths have begun mushroom farming. Mushroom is

an expensive vegetable. So,
mushroom farming has become
very profitable.

In the hills, women knit
sweaters, gloves and do
embroidery. Some men make
doko, thunchhe, nanglo, etc. In
this way, economic activities in
our country are changing.

Free the Words

economically : related to money, profit
adopt : use
occupation : job, work
embroidery : art of decorating cloth with patterns

In-class Activities

Think of the main economic activities you have seen in your community.
Make a list of those activities and then write why each activity is
important for us.

140 Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks.

a. People in Nepal have started to do ..................... work.
b. For people to succeed economically, they should ................. and

training.
c. In Baundanda of ..................... farmers have started herbal farming.

d. Farmers of Kavre have begun .....................

2. Answer these questions.

a. What is an occupation? Why is it necessary?
b. Where do the businessmen and traders take herbs from Lamjung?
c. What does the dairy farm in Bhaktapur supply?
d. What is bee-keeping?
e. How is mushroom farming benefitting the educated youths of

Rasuwa?

3. Fill up the following with correct tasks or jobs.

a. Baundanda village of Lamjung ............................................................
b. Youths of Bhaktapur ...............................................................................
c. Kuntbesi of Kavre ....................................................................................
d. Educated youths of Rasuwa ..................................................................
e. Women of the hills ..................................................................................

f. Men of the hills .......................................................................................

4. Fill up the table below with information about major
economic activities in your neighbourhood.

Name of the person Occupation Place

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4 141

Lesson

7.4 Our Products, Our Pride

Pre-reading Activities

Consider these questions: Where was the furniture your family owns made? What brand
of TV set do you have? Make a list and share it with your teacher. How many things in
your list are made in Nepal? What do you think are the benefits of using goods produced
in our own country?

Reading

Some people say Nepal does not
produce anything. "Everything is
imported," they complain. But this is
not completely true. There are many
things produced in Nepal.

Take the Terai, for example. The Terai
produces rice, wheat and pulses. In
some districts, they have such an
abundant amount of food grains that they export to India. In villages
people produce mats, bamboo chairs, dokos, thunchhes, etc. These goods are
sold in towns and other areas. Also, in rural areas, people raise buffaloes
and cows to produce ghee, which is sold in the cities. Therefore, it is not
right to say that nothing is produced in Nepal.

Some places of Nepal are famous for
special products. For example, Ilam is
famous for tea. Tea of Ilam is liked in
Nepal, India and other countries. Ilam
exports tea to other countries. Bhojpur
is famous for khukuris, the Nepali
symbol of bravery. Many foreigners
who visit Nepal buy khukuris and take
them home as mementos.

142 Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4

High quality curd is produced in Bhaktapur. Palpa is famous for dhaka
fabric. Palpali dhaka topi is very popular all over the country and abroad.
Nepal produces a range of other goods such as ceramics and clothes. We
even produce electronic goods such as television. There are industries
that produce cement, bricks, and other consumer goods. To strengthen
our industries, we should prioritize using goods produced in Nepal over
those imported from other countries. If we buy foreign goods, our money
goes to the foreign country.

To encourage Nepali industry, former Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai
opted to use a Nepal-made vehicle, Mustang Max, for official purposes.
We should also use domestic products and promote domestic trade and
industry.

Free the Words

imported : brought from other countries
abundant : plenty, enough
export : to send to other countries
memento : a thing that one keeps or gives to others to remind

fabric them of a place or person
ceramic : cloth of knitted material
priority : pots or objects made of clay
opt : importance
promote : choose
: to help to make something better

In-class Activities

Make a list of goods produced in your community or district.

Food grains Clothes/Handicrafts Dairy products

Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4 143

Exercise

1. Match the products in A with places in B.

Rice, wheat, pulse Bhaktapur
Bamboo mats, chairs Palpa
Tea Bhojpur
Khukuris Terai
Curd Hill village
Dhaka topi Ilam

2. Fill in the blanks.
a. ..................... is famous for tea.
b. Khukuri is the ........................ of .................... .
c. We should use goods which are ........................ Nepal.
d. We can help develop our economy if we .......................... .

3. Write whether the following statements are True or False.
a. It is true that Nepal does not produce anything.
b. Terai produces maize, millet and buckwheat.
c. Villagers raise buffaloes and cows for milk.
d. Palpali Dhakatopi is famous across the country.

4. Answer these questions.
a. What does Terai produce?
b. Where is Ilam tea exported to?
c. Which place is famous for Khukuris? What do they stand for?
d. How does the country benefit when we buy Nepali goods?

144 Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4

5. What works do different members of your family do?
6. Suyabi visited her nearby neighbour and found the earning

of the neighbour in the following way.

Selling vegetables
Rs. 6000

Selling hens
Rs. 3000

Selling milk
Rs. 3000

Now, show the income of your family and your closest
neighbour in the same way.

Projects for Unit Seven
1. Visit three households in your neighbourhood and write about

the economic activities each household is pursuing. Also write
how their activities help the community.
2. Make a list of goods made in Nepal (kitchen appliances,
electrical goods, etc.) in use at your home. Write how using
goods made in our own country helps the economy.

In this unit, we learned that:
• different people are involved in different works.
• every work is equally important.
• we have to take proper care of our things.
• an occupation is a job, profession, or the work that one does.
• we should prioritize using goods produced in our own nation.

.
Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4 145

Test Your Knowledge

1. Sagar showed his total income from Selling RSesl.l1in5g,00m0ilk
different sources in the following form.

There might be some people in your community
who earn money in different ways. Find out these lentil 5,000
VResg.e1ta0b,0l0e0s
people and show their income in a pie-chart.

2. Urmila showed the 10 10
occupationofthepeople 9 8
of her community in 8
7 4 3
6
the following way. 5
4
3
2
1
0

Farming Trade Service Poultry

Now, show the occupation of the people in your community in the same way.

3. Match the given places with their famous products.

Gorkha • • oil seed

Illam • • coffee

Birgunj • • thaki

Chitlang • • khukuri

Udaypur • • tea

Bhaktapur • • tapke

Jumla • • cement

Palpa • • curd

Gulmi • • apple

Bajhang • • orange

Bhojpur • • dhaka

Chitwan • • radish

4. Answer these questions.

a. What does your father do?

b. How should we spend our money?

c. Write down the major works of your family members.

d. List out the major products of your locality.

146 Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4

Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4 147

1. Drawing

1.1 Sketch of a Sparrow

Sparrow is a very common bird in our surroundings. Have you ever ried
to draw its picture? Drawing also needs good observation. Observe a
sparrow closely to get an idea of its size, shape and colour. See the sketch
of the sparrow below done with a pencil.

Activity

Now, let's draw a picture of a sparrow.
First draw two ovals. One small, a bit round
for the head. Another bigger and slightly
longer for the body. Make sure that the
two ovals slightly overlap as in the picture
alongside.

Now, with a pencil, draw a beak, eye, legs
and tail. Use short repeated strokes to give
darker shades and light as shown in the
picture on the left. Now the sparrow is
ready and looks great!

Note to the teacher
Let students observe sparrows and encourage them to sketch again and
again showing the bird in different postures.
148 Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4

1.2 Shading

In Grade Three, you have learnt about gradation. Now you are going to
learn about smudging.

Smudging

Smudging is a simple technique of moving pigmentation on the drawing
surface. The simplest smudging tool is the finger. But we can also use
cotton balls, a piece of cloth or smudge sticks.

Step 1 Step 2

Gradation is obtained by decreasing A softer gradation is obtained by
the pressure on the pencil. merging.

• You can use the index finger or the thumb for smudging a small section.

• For smudging a bigger area of the picture, use a piece of cotton cloth by
making a small pouch.

• You can also wrap the cloth around your index finger for smudging a
larger area.

Step 1

Step 2 149
Note to the teacher
• Let students use index finger or thumb for a small section only.
• For a bigger section, ask them to use a piece of cotton cloth.

Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4

Activity

Shading with a difference – The use of stencils

• Draw the motif on a sheet of paper that is not too thin. Cut out the pattern
with the paper cutter to get the stencil.

• Scrape away lead powder from the pencil point.

• Hold the cloth pouch in your hand and move it in a circular motion in the
lead powder and then top off the excess powder.

• Hold the stencil firmly in position on the paper and gently move the
pouch in a circular motion or in a certain direction.

• Remove the stencil. See the interesting motifs created on the paper.

Following the method, you can create a delightful underwater scene. See
the picture below.

Stencil of waves Stencil of fish

Prepare the stencils of waves and fish. Use a cloth pouch dipped in
the lead powder for shading. And give a final touch to the fish with
a pencil.

Note to the teacher

Have your students draw other types of scenes as well.

150 Oasis Social Studies & Creative Arts-4