Applied Grammar 6

Read the following conversation

What is an adverb, Sonu? The words that add
something to the meaning of
How many kinds of a verb is known as adverb.
adverbs are there?
There are eight kinds of
adverbs.

Please tell me their names. They are as follows:
1. Adverb of time
Kinds of Adverbs 2. Adverb of place
3. Adverb of number
4. Adverb of quantity
5. Adverb of manner
6. Adverb of certainty
7. Interrogative adverb
8. Relative adverb

1. Adverb of Time: It shows the time of an action. It answers the question:
'When'. Examples:

Sentence Adverb

I will go tomorrow. tomorrow

She writes today. today

I have already eaten. already

Since, early, now, tomorrow, ago, today, then, daily, yet, already, late,
before etc. are adverbs of time.

2. Adverb of Place: It shows the place of action. It answers the question:

'Where'. Examples:

Sentence Adverb

I met him there. there

Dont' go outside. outside

The sunlight is everywhere. everywhere

Please go up. up

The words here, up, below, down, outside, there, above, everywhere,
away, near etc. are adverbs of place.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 51

3. Adverb of Number: It shows the frequency of an action. It answers the
question: 'how often'. Examples:

Sentence Adverb

Use the medicine twice a day. twice

Never smoke Munu. never

He often watches TV. often

I always go to school. always

Always, often, never, twice, again, occasionally, once, sometimes etc. are

simple adverbs of number or frequency.

4. Adverb of Quantity: It shows the quantity of an action. It answers the
question: 'in what degree' or 'how much'. Examples:

Sentence Adverb

I made a great mistake. I am very sorry. very

The bottle is nearly half. nearly

You're quite right. quite

The words quite, nearly, very, fully, almost extremely, enough, fairly
etc. are adverbs of quantity or degree or extent.

5. Adverb of Manner: It shows the manner of an action. It answers the
question: 'how' or 'in what manner'. Examples:

Sentence Adverb

Ram was beaten badly. badly

I speak softly. softly

Please walk slowly. slowly

He came happily. happily

The words happily, slowly, softly, badly, fast, quickly, neatly, bravely

etc. are adverb of manner.

6. Adverb of Certainty: It shows the certainty of an action. It answers yes
or no type of question in affirmative or negative. Examples:

Sentence Adverb

You will certainly go. certainly

52 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

I will surely play. surely

The words surely, certainly, definitely, obviously etc. are simple adverbs
of certainty.

7. Interrogative Adverb: An interrogative adverb is used to ask a question.
For example:
 When did the bell ring?
 Where are you today?
 Where did you place the tray?
 Why are you angry?

8. Relative Adverb: The word that modifies the verb, adverb or another
adverb as well as joins the antecedent sentence is known as relative
adverb.

Sentence Adverb

I don't know when I was born. (when- time)
This is the place where I live. (where- place)

That is the reason why she wept. (why - reason)

The words why, where, when are the relative adverbs because they join
with their antecedents.

Exercise

1. Put each of the adverbs below into the right column.

seldom usually most when thrice after

slowly again now well outside today
strongly often thus wholly
twice never too why wise where clearly
in here up once
late there yet easily down

out so

near badly

rather enough very

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 53

Adverb of:

Time Place Number Degree Question Manner

............... ............... ............... .............. ............... .................

............... ............... ............... .............. ............... .................

............... ............... ............... .............. ............... .................

............... ............... ............... .............. ............... .................

............... ............... ............... .............. ............... .................

2. Match the following adverbs.

a. Adverb of time • boldly
b. Adverb of place • very
c. Adverb of number • there
d. Adverb of quantity • surely
e. Adverb of manner • tomorrow
f. Adverb of certainty • why
g. Interrogative adverb • twice

3. Change these adjectives into adverbs.

slow .........s.l.o..w...l.y............ happy .............................

magical ............................. clear .............................

strong ............................. aimless .............................

natural ............................. safe .............................

dangerous ............................. careful .............................

light ............................. rich .............................

sweet ............................. proud .............................

4. Circle the adverbs in the following sentences.
a. Walk slowly or withdraw your name.
b. When did you get the book?
c. I speak English well.
d. He didn't meet her anywhere.
e. Speak gently with your friends.

54 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

f. I met your brother yesterday.
g. They have quarreled twice in school.

h. He was working inside.

i. Mr. Samson is quite intelligent.

j. Her bag was lying there.

k. He was late again.

5. Find out and write whether the highlighted words are used as
adverbs or adjectives.

a. You have slow movement. slow- adjective

b. You are a kind man. .................................

c. It can be done simply. .................................

d. The wall is beautifully painted. .................................
e. She put on simple dress. .................................
f. I straight went home. .................................
g. The car was running very fast. .................................

h. He telephoned me late. .................................

i. She spoke in a loud voice. .................................

j. He goes for a walk daily. .................................

k. He is still working. .................................
1. She talks very loudly. .................................
m. I'm passing my life happily. .................................

6. Read the sentences given below and write in the boxes
whether the underlined adverbs are adverb of time, place, manner,
frequency, degree or interrogative adverb.

a. She always reaches office in time.

b. The milkman brings milk regularly.

c. Do not throw rubbish everywhere.

d. Why did you let him go?

e. It is raining outside.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 55

f. I shall come back soon.

g. The police searched for the thief everywhere.

h. Why is the child crying?

i. Move forward.

j. I shall do it gladly.

k. When did you visit Pokhara?

l. The boy was not found anywhere.

m. Work carefully.

n. You arrived late.

o. Bina runs quickly.

7. Fill in the blanks with suitable adverb.
a. She recites poetry very .......................... (fast, fastly)
b. This train .......................... goes to Delhi. (direct, directly)
c. He guessed the answer .......................... (right, rithtly)
d. I have seen him .......................... (late, lately)
e. Open your mouth .......................... (wide, widely)
f. Hold your head .......................... (high, highly)
g. It is .......................... hot today. (too, very)

8. Use an adverb in the remarks as shown below.

a. He is a good teacher. He teaches well.

b. She is a wonderful speaker. .............................................

c. My brother is a gentle worker. .............................................

d. He was a skillful builder. .............................................

56 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

7Lesson Case:
Its Kinds

Preview

Give examples of subject, direct object, indirect object and possessive.

Read the conversation.

What is case?

The word which shows the
relation in which a noun or a
pronoun stands to some other
word in a sentence is called

the case.

Type of Case

There are five types of cases: They are:

1. Nominative (Subjective)

2. Accusative (Objective)

3. Possessive (Genitive)

4. Dative (Indirect object)

5. Vocative (Nominative of an address)

1. Nominative case
It is also called subjective case. When a noun or pronoun is used as the

subject of a verb, it is said to be in the nominative case.

Example : Sandhya plays chess.

Mahendra eats fish.

In the above sentences, Sandhya and Mahendra are used as subjects. So, they
are said to be in nominative case.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 57

2. Accusative case
It is also called objective case. When a noun or pronoun is used as the

object of a verb, it is said to be in the accusative case.

Example : Sandhya plays chess.

Mahendra eats fish.

In the above examples, chess and fish are used as objects. So, they are in
objective case.

3. Possessive case
It is also called genitive case. It mainly denotes ownership, relationship

or possession.

Example : This is Ram's bike.(= the bike belongs to Ram)

I want Niru's notebook.(= the notebook belongs to Niru)

In the above examples, the nouns Ram's and Niru's are said to be in
possessive case.

4. Dative case
The noun or a person or a personal pronoun used as indirect object in

sentence is said to be in dative case.
Example : Suman gave Sumit a T-shirt.
In this sentence, 'sumit' is an indirect object. So it is said to be in dative

case.

5. Vocative case

The noun which is used to name a person or thing addressed is said to
be in the vocative case.

Example : Come here, Narayan.

Listen to me, Laxmi.

Aviyan, let's watch cricket.

In the above sentences, Narayan, Laxmi and Aviyan are addressed and are
therefore in the Vocative case.

58 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

Exercise

1. Underline each personal pronoun found in these sentences. Next,
write N above the pronoun if it is a nominative case pronoun and
O if it is an objective case pronoun.
a. He handed the keys to me.
b. I watched them on the playground.
c. She will let me watch television.
d. Have you seen the mural painted by us?
e. They listened to him sing.
f. She is the new librarian.
g. They returned it to the store.
h. The best swimmers are there.
i. He sent me to the corner store.
j. She walked with Marty and me.

2. Indicate the case of each highlighted noun (N for nominative, A for
Accusative, and P for Possessive) on the blanks.
a. Every year, wild and domestic animals kill about
200 men.

b. Most people fear bears a great deal more than
they fear deer.

c. However, the bear's reputation as a killer is not
real.

d. Bears in America kill an average of one person a
year.

e. Even goats cause more deaths than that.

f. Poisonous snakes and mad dogs are certainly big
threats.

g. Sighting a shark gives most swimmers a fright.

h. Stepping on a jellyfish's stinging tentacles is not a
good idea.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 59

i. Desert hikers should know that a scorpion's sting
can be fatal.

j. Rattlesnakes also have nasty reputation.

k. Mosquitoes occasionally do causes fatal diseases.
1. He went there by a horse.

3. An object pronoun is used in place of a person or thing that is
acted upon or receives the action of the verb in a sentence.

Person Object Pronouns- Object Pronouns-

Singular Plural

1st (speaking) Me Us

2nd (being spoken to) You You

3rd (being spoken about) Him/Her/It Them

4. Complete each sentence with the appropriate pronoun.

a. Joe, Scott, and Bob The waiter brought out three plates of food
for ............................ .

b. (My Aunty Jane) My brother and I wrote thank you letters to
...................... .

c. (Nick and I) The science teacher gave a bottle rocket
to..................... .

d. (The neighbour's car) The mechanic from the garage went to work
on ........................ .

e. Jenny and Fatima) My parents bought £ 25 gift certificates for
......................... .

f. (The little old lady) I carried in the bags of groceries to help
...................... .

g. (Adam's grandfather) Adam carefully painted a special portrait of
........................... .

h. (The blue notebook) Samantha quickly wrote down all her notes
in ........................... .

i. (The pens and pencils) I bought a new zippered pouch at the store
for ........................ .

j. (Your Uncle Peter) Sally expertly danced her tap dance routine
for ............................ .

k. (Amanda Sanderson) Andrew went shopping and bought a ring
for .......................... .

60 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

l. (The boy wearing red) The soccer goalie kicked the soccer ball to
m. (The small girl) .......................... .
n. (Your parents)
o. (The green apple) The waitress handed the ice-cream cone to
p. (The sweet oranges) .............................. .
q. (Sally and Jeff)
r. (You and I) You couldn't wait to show the report card
s. (Timothy Johnson) to ............................ .

The kitchen store sells a special tool to cut
......................... .

I learned to make a delicious recipe that
uses.................. .

Before we go to the movies, I should call
..................

Peter and Jason will cook dinner tonight for
..................... .

Sylvia put on an apron and baked cookies
for .......................... .

5. Replace each of the highlighted words or groups of words with a
pronoun to complete each sentence. Write the pronoun on the line.

a. My mother baked the cake. ....................................

b. I wrote a letter to John. ....................................

c. Dad bought the boys a pizza. ....................................

d. Ray and Charlie have much in common. ....................................

e. The runners in the race will be Joe and he. ....................................

f. The baby smiled at Melanie. ....................................

g. Mom wondered if Uncle Tom would call. ....................................

h. The only person left in the pool was Mary. ....................................

i. I went to the movies with Joshua and Ethan. ....................................

j. He sent his sister a ticket to the play. ....................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 61

8Lesson Relative Clauses

Preview

Fill in the blanks with who, whom, which, that, as':
• This is the house ....................... Jack built.
• He ....................... is contented is happy.
• He is the man ....................... you can trust.
• This is the woman ....................... I respected.
• He ....................... is not with me, is against me.
• The moment ....................... is lost is forever gone.
• Such men ....................... are virtuous are respected.
• The man ....................... is honest succeeds in his life.

Relative clauses

There are two types of relative clauses: non-defining relative clause and
defining relative clauses.

Non-defining relative clause
Non-defining relative clause provides extra information which is not essential
to understand the meaning of the sentence.
For example: Mr. Roka, who is our principal, writes English books.
Subasna, whose son failed in SLC, is my aunt.
Note : Commas(,) are used with non-defining relative clause.

62 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

Defining relative clause

Defining relative clause is essential in understanding the meaning of a

sentence. If we take it away, the sentence has a different meaning or sometimes

no meaning at all.

For example: This is the teacher who teaches us Maths.

He is the man who helps us in many ways.

Note: Commas(,) mustn't be used with defining relative clauses.

Relative pronouns as connectives

Relative pronouns are used as connectives:

Relative Uses Some examples
Who
Which Subject or object pronoun He beats a boy who is his son.
Whose for people
Whom
That Subject or object pronoun She gave me a pen which was

for things or animals good.

Possession for people, He's the man whose car was

animals or things stolen last night.

Object pronoun for people That's the boy whom I invited
to the party.

Subject or object pronoun Sanjita has broken a knife that
for people, animals and was blunt.
things (who/which can also
be used)

Relative adverbs as connection

Relative adverbs are used as connectives:

Relative adverb Uses Some examples
When For time expression
This is the season when it
Where For place snows.

Why For reason It is the village where I met
education minister.

That was the reason why I
scolded you.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 63

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks by using who, which, whose, where and when.
Example: Shyam is the boy ....................... rides the blue bike.
Shyam is the boy who rides the blue bike.
a. He is the driver ....................... had an accident.
b. This is the place ....................... I was born.
c. I bought a motorbike ....................... is truly modern.
d. Rosy is the girl ....................... I met on Saturday.
e. I arrived at the gate ....................... I heard the bell.
f. I haven't seen Mohan, ....................... brother is sick, for a long time.
g. This is the school ....................... my daughter studies.
h. The robber stole the car ................... the lady parked in front of
the supermarket.
i. This is the man ....................... house is on fire.
j. They came at ten ....................... there was load shedding.
k. Can I talk to the girl ....................... is sitting on the bench?
1. The book ....................... you gave me is great.
m. That is the village ....................... our film was shot.
n. She likes hamburgers ....................... are hot.

2. Complete each sentence using the suitable relative pronouns who,
whose, whom, which and that.
a. The teacher would like the boy ........... threw the eraser to stand up.
b. The car crashed into a vehicle .............. was approaching very fast
from the opposite direction.
c. I know an old man ..................... can play the guitar very well.
d. This is the shop .............. sells the CD that you are looking for.
e. The police have arrested the man ..................... is suspected of murder.
f. She is the author ..................... I have heard so much about.

64 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

g. We bought a big bag of plums ..................... were not ripe.
h. May's brother plays in the soccer team ............. has won this year's
match again.
i. The bus ............ leaves at 4.00 pm is the one I like most.
j. The teacher was angry with the boy ................. threw stones at the

dog..................... had been barking at him.

3. Complete each of the sentences with the most likely clause from
the box.

whose mother often works late whose branches were thick and leafy

whose sister is in our netball team whose book won a national award

whose face was recognized by witness whose father often buys her books

whose hands were covered in flour whose parents were very rich

whose father is a good pianist whose shirt was torn

a. The woman .................................................................................................
had been baking for the party.
b. The boy ........................................................................................................
had been climbing trees.
c. The children ................................................................................................
had a lot of expensive toys.
d. The girl .......................................................................................................
takes good care of herself and her younger brother.
e. The girl ........................................................................................................
loves reading and is good at it.
f. The man ......................................................................................................
has been captured by the police.
g. The author .................................................................................................
is now writing another book for children.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 65

h. The tree, ......................................................................................................
stood in the field for many years.
1. Tom, .............................................................................................................
is a very good musician too.
j. Sally, ...........................................................................................................,
doesn't like sport at all.
4. Use the relative pronouns whom, who, which or that to give more
information about the objects of these sentences.
a. The policeman questioned the man .........................................................
b. Janet immediately liked the new girl .......................................................
c. My friend told me about his teacher .......................................................
d. The crew disliked the captain .................................................................
e. Alice chose an expensive watch ..............................................................
f. You can catch the bus ................................................................................
g. The search party found the little boy .......................................................
h. The mother bear cried pitifully for her cub ............................................
i. The farmer trapped the rabbit ................................................................
j. She put on the red dress ..........................................................................

66 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

9Lesson Transformations

Preview

Conversation practice.
A : Who is that person? He looks new

here.

B : He's Suman, our neighbour Mr.
Pandey's nephew. He has been
staying at his uncle's home for a
few days.

A : What does he do?

B : He's a football player. He plays for
a local club. He's a good player. I
like his game.

Read the conversation above and write a sentence for each of them:

• Wh-question:.......................................................................................................

• Statement: :..........................................................................................................

Transformation

Look at the following examples:

I had a bath this morning. (Affirmative)

I didn't have a bath this morning. (Negative)

Did I have a bath this morning? (Yes/No)

I have to work hard. (Affirmative)

I don't have to work hard. (Negative)

Do I have to work hard? (Yes/No)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 67

Let's go for a picnic. (Affirmative)
Let's not go for a picnic. (Negative)
Let her be happy. (Affirmative)
Don't let her be happy. (Negative)
You'd better go there. (Affirmative)
You'd better not go there. (Negative)
He'd rather take rest. (Affirmative)
He'd rather not take rest. (Negative)
Niru has to work hard. (Affirmative)
Niru doesn't have to work hard. (Negative)
Does Niru have to work hard? (Yes/No)
I have a car. (Affirmative)
I don't have a car. (Negative)
Do I have a car? (Yes/No)
Some of my friends are funny. (Affirmative)
None of my friends are funny. (Negative)
Are any of your friends funny? (Yes/No)

Read and learn. Chinese
Chinese.
I am Chinese.
are not old.
Positive You, we , they is not old.
am not old.
He, she, it are late?
is late?
I I late?
you, we, they
Negative You, we, they he, she, it

He, she, it

Am

Yes/No Are

Is

68 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

Patterns and examples:

• Affirmative sentences: • Negative sentences:

S + aux + verb + .... S + aux + not + V + .....

 He is playing football.  Rita is not playing the piano.

S+verb + .....

 She does her homework.

• Interrogative sentences (Yes/No question)

Aux +sub+ verb+ ........?

 Is he doing his work?

Do/ Does/ Did + Sub + Vl + ..........?

 Do they like coffee?

How to transform affirmative sentences into negatives?

• If there is an auxiliary verb, we need to add 'not' after the auxiliary verb
to make the sentence negative:

Example:

Ramesh had done his homework. (Affirmative)

Ramesh hasn't done his homework. (Negative)

• If there is a main verb (Vl + V5/ V2), we need to follow the following
process to make negative:

Affirmative Negative

Vl don't+ Vl

V2 didn't+ Vl

V5 doesn't+ Vl

Ram works hard. (Affirmative) Ram doesn't work hard. (Negative)

She finished her task. (Affirmative) She didn't finish her task.
(Negative)

They love going shopping. They don't love going shopping.

(Affirmative) (Negative)

A boy calls me. (Affirmative) A boy doesn't call me. (Negative)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 69

How to transform statements into Yes/No questions?

If there is an auxiliary verb, we need to keep it before the subject to make a
sentence interrogative.

Examples: Sita is eating rice. (Statement)

Is Sita eating rice? (Interrogative)

If there is not an auxiliary verb and only the main verb is given, we need to
follow the following process to make interrogative:

Statement Interrogative
Vl Do + sub + Vl + ....?
V2 Did + sub + Vl + .... ?
V­ Does + sub + Vl + .... ?
Examples:

Statements Yes/No question

She works in a bank. (Statement) Does she work in a bank?
(Interrogative)

He did his work. (Statement) Did he do his work? (Interrogative)

They love going shopping. Do they love going shopping?

(Statement) (Interrogative)

While changing into negative from affirmative, some words change as below:

Affirmative Negative
always never
must need not
some/every no/any
sometimes/usually/often seldom
either .... or neither ... nor
any of/ some of/ most of I all of none of
already yet
too either
frequently hardly/rarely

70 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

Most important sentence types for transformation

A. Affirmative sentences
• S + aux + verb + ..................
He is playing football.
• S + verb+ ..................
She does her homework.

B. Negative sentences
• S + aux + not + verb+ ..................
Rita is not playing the piano.
• S + do/does/did + not + V +..................
Sarita doesn't forget her duty.

C. Interrogative sentences
• Aux + sub + verb+ .................. ?
Is he doing his work?
• Do/Does/Did + sub + V +.................. ?
Do they like coffee?

How to transform sentences into negative?

1. If there is an auxiliary verb, we need to add 'not' after the auxiliary verb
to make negative:

Ramesh has done his home work. (Affirmative)

Ramesh hasn't done his home work. (Negative)

2. If there is only a main verb (V¹ / V5 / V²), we need to follow the following
process to make negative:

Affirmative Negative

V don't + V

V didn't + V

V5 doesn't + V

Ram works hard. (Affirmative)

She finished her task. (Affirmative)

Ram doesn't work hard. (Negative)

She didn't finish her task. (Negative)

They love going shopping.(Affirmative)

They don't love going shopping. (Negative)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 71

3. While changing affirmative into negative, some words change as shown
below:

He lost everything. (Affirmative)
He lost nothing. (Negative)
He didn't lose anything.(Negative)
He must respect her.(Affirmative)
He needn't respect her.(Negative)
I am happy too.(Affirmative)
I am not happy either.(Negative)
I sometimes drink beer.(Affirmative)
I seldom drink beer.(Negative)
Either Sita or Rita is talented. (Affirmative)
Neither Sita nor Rita is talented. (Negative)

How to for transform sentences into interrogatives?
1. If there is an auxiliary verb, we need to follow the following process to

make interrogative:
 Sita is eating rice. (Affirmative)
 Is Sita eating rice? (Interrogative)
1. If there is a main verb, we need to follow the following process to make

interrogative:
V → Do + sub + V1 + ........ ?
V → Did + sub + V1 + ........ ?
V5 → Does + sub + V¹ +........ ?
She works in a bank.(Affirmative)
Does she work in a bank? (Interrogative)
He did his work.(Affirmative)
Did he do his work?(Interrogative)
Note that sometimes auxiliaries may function like main verbs as in:
I had my breakfast this morning. (had as a main verb to mean took or ate)

She had a bath out there. (had as a main verb to mean took)
The sentences change into negative/interrogative as shown below:
I did not have my breakfast this morning.
Did I have my breakfast this morning?
She did not have a bath out there.
Did she have a bath out there?

72 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

Some more rules:
Look at the following examples.

a. I had a bath this morning.
Negative → I didn't have a bath this morning.
Interrogative → Did you have a bath this morning?
b. I have to work hard.
Negative → I don't have to work hard.
Interrogative → Do you have to work-hard?
c. Let's go to picnic.
Negative → Let's not go to picnic.
d. Let her be happy.
Negative → Don't let her be happy.
e. You'd better go there.
Negative → You'd better not go there.
f. He'd rather take rest.
Negative → He'd rather not take rest.
g. Niru has to work hard.
Negative → Niru doesn't have to work hard.
Interrogative → Does Niru have to work-hard?
h. I have a car.
Negative → I don't have a car. Or, I haven't a car.
Interrogative → Do you have a car?
i. Some of my friends are funny.
Negative → None of my friends are funny.
Interrogative → Are any of your friends funny?

Transforming sentences containing ‘too’:
The old man was too tired to walk.
The old man was so tired that he could not walk.

Changing an imperative sentence into an interrogative sentence
Stop talking.(Imperative)
Will you stop talking? (Interrogative)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 73

Shut the door. (Imperative)
Will you shut the door? (Interrogative)
Please, get me a glass of water.(Imperative)
Will you please get me a glass of water?
Get out of here.(Imperative)
Will you get out of here or not?(Interrogative)
Changing an exclamatory sentence into an assertive sentence
What a wonderful opportunity!(Exclamatory)
It is a wonderful opportunity. (Assertive)
O that I were young again! (Exclamatory)
I wish I were young again.(Assertive)
How kind of you to help him like that! (Exclamatory)
It is very kind of you to help him like that. (Assertive)
How noble he is! (Exclamatory)
He is truly noble.(Assertive)
What a great pleasure it is! (Exclamatory)
This is indeed a great pleasure.(Assertive)

74 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

Exercise

1. Change the following sentences into negative.
a. They had bought some pens.
b. Abishek is buying apples
c. He will praise my work.
d. She visits Pokhara.
e. Students should complain about ill treatment.
f. They are playing outside.
g. Nabin worked hard.
h. You have finished your work.
i. They have completed their exam.
j. He is telling the truth.

2. Change the following sentences into interrogative.
a. He would perform the play.
b. The man is shouting.
c. They are walking fast.
d. Badri will order meat.
e. Mian has obeyed our system.
f. Bimal has read it well.
g. They can inquire about his fault.

3. Change the following sentences into negative:
a. He listens to everyone.
b. It rains in the rainy season.
c. Bala Ram was a poor boy.
d. Some people love their country.
e. The dog barks at the strangers.

4. Change the sentences according to instructions in brackets:
a. I care about what he says. (negative)
b. He mopped his forehead with a handkerchief. (interrogative)
c. They know my brother Rahul. (negative)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 75

d. Goma does some housework. (negative)

e. They will have arrived home by now. (negative)

f. Rekha gave me her old book. (interrogative)

g. Jyoti wanted to take the bus to Pokhara. (interrogative)

h. Did Arun ask you to do it? (affirmative)

i. Sandip didn't touch that wire. (affirmative)

j. Anisha met Rekha yesterday. (negative)

k. Anila looked pretty in that dress. (interrogative)

5. Encircle the correct alternatives.

a. The 'why' question of 'He went to bank to get money' is:

i. Why he went to bank? ii. Why we go to bank?

iii. Why go he bank? iv. Why did he go to bank?

b. "They learned it.' The 'what' question of this statement is:

i. What did they do? ii. What they learned?

iii. What do they do? iv. What does they do?

c. The negative of 'He is still reading' is:

i. He isn't still reading. ii. He isn't reading any longer.

iii. He is no longer still reading. iv. He is not reading still longer.

d. 'They had meal late last night.' The Yes/No question of this statement is:

i. Had they meal late last night?

ii. Did they have meal late last night?

iii. Do they had meal late last night?

iv. Did they had meal late last night?

e. The 'whose' question of 'This book is his' is.

i. Whose book is it? ii. Whose is book this?

iii. Whose book is this? iv. Whose is this book?

6. Tick ()the best answer.
a. "She doesn't like it either." has affirmative sentence ........................
1. She likes it either.
ii. She likes it too.
iii. She does like it too.

76 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

b. "Did you never speak to him?" has the affirmative questions ...............
i. Did you speak to him?
ii. Do you always speak to him?
iii. Did you ever speak to him?
iv. Did you always speak to him?
c. The negative statement of 'Something is missing" is ...............
i. Something is not missing.
ii. Anything is not missing.
iii. Nothing is missing.
d. 'He drank a lot of beer." has yes/no question.......
i. Did he drink a lot of beer?
ii. Did he drink many beer.
iii. Did he drink much beer?
e. "We do our work honestly." has 'How' question ........................
i. How do we do our work?
ii. How do we our work?
iii. How do we do our work honestly?
f. "He lost his watch" has 'What' question ........................
i. What did he lost?
ii. What did he lose?
iii. What do he lose?
g. "He lost his watch yesterday?" has 'When' question ........................
i. When did he lost his watch?
ii. When did he lose his watch?
iii. When do he lost his watch?
h. "She couldn't attend her class because of her illness" has 'Why'

question
i. Why could he not attend her class?
ii. Why could he not attend her class because of her illness?
iii. Why could he attend her class?
i. "Manohar went to London." has 'Where' question ........................
i. Where did Manohar went?
ii. Where did Manohar go?
iii. Where went Manohar?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 77

j. "He came here at 5 o'clock" has 'When' question ........................
i. When did he come here?
ii. When did he came here?
iii. When he came here?
k. "Her village is 10 km far from here" has 'How far' question .....................
i. How far her village from here?
ii. How far is her village from here?
iii. How far her village is from here?
l. "Gita broke the chair" has 'Who' question ........................
i. Who did break the chair?
ii. Who broke the chair?
iii. Who break the chair?
m. "Ram is five feet tall" has 'How' question ........................
i. How tall is Ram?
ii. How is Ram tall?
iii. How tall Ram is?

7. Encircle the correct alternatives:
a. The negative of 'He learns fast' is:
i. He doesn't learn fast.
ii. He learns not fast.
iii. He doesn't learn fast.
iv. He didn't learn fast.
b. The yes/no question of 'Somebody helped me' is:
i. Didn't anybody help me?
ii. Do anybody help me?
iii. Did anybody help me?
iv. Don't anybody help me?
c. The yes/no question of "No one is right" is:
i. Is no one right?
ii. Isn't anyone right?
iii. Is someone right?
iv. Isn't some one right?

78 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

d. The 'wh' question of 'He went to school' is:
i. Who did he go to school?
ii. Who did go to school?
iii. Who go to school?
iv. Who went to school?
e. The 'how' question of 'It costs Rs. 50' is:
i. How do it cost?
ii. How much does it cost?
iii. How does it cost?
iv. How it costs?

8. Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative.
a. They will have arrived home by now.
b. Riya can ride a bicycle.
c. They work after dinner.
d. The boys have won the match.
e. Kiran and Mona were sick.
f. The girls have already completed the work.
g. They are afraid of spiders.
h. They were hanging out at the mall.
i. He has already left the place.
j. The boys have won the match.

9. Change the sentences as indicated in brackets.
a. Rita studies in Delhi. (into where question)
b. She went to market to buy a pen. (into why question)
c. Prem had to ride on his cycle. (into who question)
d. Reena has to buy a pen. (into what question)
e. They were walking in the street. (into where question)
f. She will complete her study next year. (into when question)
g. They go to market on foot. (into how question)
h. Sarita is going to buy Ram's house. (into whose question)
i. Ram can help Sita. (into whom question)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 79

j. The plane landed slowly. (into how question)
k. They came to me last week. (into when question)
1. He met her in Janakpur. (into what question)
m. He bought something last week. (into what question)
n. She was cooking. (into what question)
o. Children are playing now. (into who question)

10. Change the following sentences into negative.
a. I like to read science fiction.
b. My brother earns two hundred dollars a week.
c. Shyam passed the test.
d. She cut her finger.
e. He has a lot of land in the Terai.
f. She threw a tantrum when she was told that she wouldn’t go.
g. John has fallen ill.
h. The roof was blown off in the storm.
i. Priyanka had to do it.
j. I lost something yesterday.

11. Change the following sentences into positive/affirmative.
a. My mom doesn’t like bitter-gourd and neither do I.
b. He does n’t live in London and I don’t either.
c. Uma didn’t have to go to work everyday.
d. Gopi chandra doesn’t like any fruits.
e. The river was so deep that we couldn’t cross.
f. No sooner had I come out than the fire caught the room.
g. None of the leaders could solve the problem.
h. I don’t like to watch horror movie, either.
j. I don't have any friend in town.
k. Don’t disturb me.

12. Change the following into Yes / No - question.
a. Nancy has been working all night long.
b. He hates basketball.
c. They did their home work.
d. Joseal ways remembers Joan’s birthday.

80 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

e. She has too many pencils.
f. The new computers work well.
g. Everyone had a great time at the party.
h. Open the door.
i. He found something in the room.
j. There’s some news today.
13. Change the following into wh-questions.
a. She looks beautiful. (How question)
b. I have tea at 6:00 in the morning. (What-question)
c. Hari used to go to school on foot. (How-question)
d. Shanti got a job at school. (Where-question)
e. The book was written by Devkota. (Who-question)
f. Students go to school to read. (Why-question)
g. Her pen costs forty-rupees. (How much-question)
h. He finished the work yesterday. (When-question)
i. I like the red-house, not the blue one. (Which-question)
j. She talked to her for an hour. (How long-question)
14. Change the following interrogative sentences into assertive
sentences.
a. Did you hurt yourself?
b. Does he owe any money?
c. Were you frightened by the noise?
d. Does he have to solve any problem?
e. Did he help you yesterday?
f. Does it have any sense?
g. Did you complete your task?
h. Did you read the novel?
i. Hasn’t he done the work yet?
j. Did your father get the present I had sent?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 81

L1ess0on Prepositions:
Their Uses

Preview

Choose the appropriate preposition out of the alternatives given in the
brackets.

• He was born ..................... June. (in/on/at)
• I saw a parrot ..................... the cage. (in/into/at)
• Water boils ..................... 100 degree Celsius. (in/on/at)
• I met him ..................... front of the Pashupatinath temple. (in/on/at)
• She came here ..................... Baglung. (to/form/within)
• I came here ..................... bus. (by/in/on)
• The fan is ..................... my bed. (on/over/below)
• He came ..................... the tunnel. (by/along/ through)
• He put the pen ..................... his pocket. (in/to/into)
• I wrote a letter ..................... a pen. (by/with/from)

Prepositions

A preposition is a word or a part of speech that is usually used before a noun
or pronoun to show the relation to another part of a sentence or a clause.
There are many prepositions in English. In this lesson, we will discuss only
some important prepositions. They are at, in, on, to, for, from, over, under,
below, above, between, among, etc.

82 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

Uses of prepositions

1. At
'At' is generally used with:
• a small place: I live at Suryavinayak.
• around a place: Rita was waiting for me at the airport.
• the time shown by a clock: My son gets up at 6 o'clock.
• parts of a day: We take rest at night.
• festivals: People wear beautiful clothes at Dashain.
2. In
'In' is generally used with:
• a large place: My friend has a big trade house in Kathmandu.
• names of month, year, season: Sahara came here in January.
Reega was born in 1990. We feel lazy in winter.
3. Out of
'Out of' is used with:
• a motion from inside to outside: A boy came out of the house.
4. Into
'Into' is used with:
• a motion from outside to inside: The sunlight came into the room.
A boy ran into the classroom.
• changing the state: Water changes into ice, while freezing.
5. In front of
'In front of' is used with:
• a position that is further forward or before: I mostly spend days sitting

in front of my computer set.
A car stopped in front of my shop.
Please don't do it in front of students.
6. Behind
'Behind' is used with:
• a position that is backward in position.
He is sitting behind me.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 83

7. On
'On' is used with:
• position to show something on the surface of something else: My books

are on the table.
• something stuck on wall: The photograph of my father is hanging on the

wall.
• the names of days and occasions: Students of our school were awarded

on the National Children's Day.
• dates: Ann leaves Nepal on 12th of next month.
• means of transportation: Some boys come to school on bicycles.
The rich traveled on horses in the past.
• topic: The chief guest spoke on 'Wildlife Conservation'.

8. From
'From' is used with:
• starting place: I came here from Baglung.
We will write a new series of books from Grade one.
• starting time: Renuka knew me from her birth.
The programme continued from 2 p.m.
• cause/reason: I am suffering from cold.

9. Since
'Since' is used with:
• point of time to show an action: Sunita has been working here since 2063

B.S.
• continued from past up to the present: I have known her since my birth.

10. For
'For' is used with:
• continued from past up to the present: We have been living here for a

decade.
• period of time to show an action: We have lived here for a decade.

11. Over
'Over' is used with:
• the position that is vertically above: There was a ceiling fan over the

table.

84 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

• placing something partly or completely covering:
She put a blanket over the sleeping child.
She put her hands over her face.
• from one side of something to the other or across something:
The bridge over the Hanumante river is very narrow.
• on the far or opposite side: He lives over the road.
• all or most parts of something: They have tralleved all over Nepal.
• more than a particular time, amount or cost:
My parents have been over eighty.
We sold over 1000 copies of this book.
It took me over a month to complete the work.

12. Under
'Under' is used with:
• the position that is vertically below:
Tables are set under the bright lights.
• the meaning of less than or younger than:
His yearly income is under 1,00,000 rupees.
My children are under fifteen.
• the meaning of controls or manages:
Everybody should be under strict discipline.
The commander has 500 soldiers under him.

13. Above
'Above' is used with:
• a higher place or position than:
My house is just above the hill.
• more, greater in number, level or age than:
The market price has gone above by 100%.
The children above five do not have free entrance in the zoo.

14. Below
'Below' is used with:
• a lower place or position than:
Our village is situated below the mountain.
• lower in number, rank or age than:

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 85

The participants in the rally were below 500.
Our living standard is below Indians.
The children below 10 are not allowed to go to the cinema.

15. Between
'Between' is used with:
• Space separating two points, objects, people, time, amount, distance:
Bunu is sitting between her father and mother.
The poet stood between the wood and the lake.
'B' comes between 'A and 'C'.
I won't be at home between 10 and 4.
Children must attend school between 5 and 16 in the UK.
The distance from Kathmandu to Nuwakot is between 60 to 70 kilometers.
• sharing by two people:
We took a plate of MoMo between us.
This is just between you and me.
16. Among
'Among' is used with:
• Surrounded by, in the middle of dividing in three or more than:
The temple is among the trees.
I'll be a little late. Now I'm among my friends.
The money was divided among Ritu, Priya, Mona and Dipu.
17. To
'To' is used with:
• direction of motion:
He was going to school.
• person that receives:
I left the letter to your wife.
• effect of an action:
What have you done to your car?
• connection:
Connect this wire to the TV set.
• relationship: He was married to Monika.
This is a key to the front door.

86 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with prepositions given below:

at on for since to between among

a. This is ........................... you and me.
b. It has been raining ........................... Tuesday.
c. I met him ........................... the railway station.
d. They are sitting ........................... the railway station.
e. She was born ............................................. Lalitpur district.
f. He had been looking for you ........................... an hour.
g. Pritam Singh divided the property ........................... his three sons.
h. There is a book ................... the table.
i. Stay ................the house, its raining outside.
j. He is going ...............school.

2. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from
the brackets.
a. He cut a tree ........................... an axe. (by, from, with)
b. Some boys of our class gave ........................... smoking. (in, up, away)
c. The sunlight came into the room.... the window. (from, with, through)
d. A tree gave us shelter ........................... the rain. (on, of, from)
e. Examinations began ........................... 30th July. (in, at, from)
f. He's ..................... this committee. (in, on, at)
g. Ram got his appointment letter ............... 11th May, 2002. (in, to, on)
h. She always works ........................... the field. (on, in, at)
i. She is standing ........................... the door. (in, at, on)
j. The cat jumped .... the room through the window. (out of, into, in)
k. Our school closes ........................... four o'clock. (on, at, in)
l. She is not writing anything ........................... (on, in, at) present.
m. He was born ........................... (on, in, at) 21th March, 1990.
n. Sisters worship brothers ........................... (on, in, at) Bhaitika.
o. Nepalese are independent ................... (on, for, in) hydroelectricity.
p. He cut the meat ........................... (in, into, out) pieces.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 87

3. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from
the brackets:
a. Shyarn is good ........................... Science. (for, at, in)
b. He went to India ........................... 24th March. (in, on, of)
c. I will come ........................... Saturday morning. (at, in, on, of)
d. Purna is standing ........... the corner of the road. (at, in, into, nothing)
e. Can we go ........................... you? (with, by, in, along)
f. The cat is ........................... the table. (in, under, for)
g. Hari will have finished it .................... next Sunday. (by, for, at, from)
h. The dog is running ........................... the rabbit. (after, at, into)
i. I am rather poor ........................... Maths. (in, at, with, on)
j. The mountain was covered ..................... thick clouds. (on, with from)
k. Shanta has been ................... bed for the last three days. (on, in, at)
l. He's been ill........................... last Monday. (to, in, since)
m. While I was in Pokhara, he was ........................... Dharan. (in, at, on)
n. I'll see you ........................... Sunday. (to, on, at, in)
o. She waited ................... four o'clock and went home. (in, until, after)
p. Be careful ........................ what I say. (about, to, of)

4. Choose the right word. Then write each sentence.
a. The postman appeared (at/in) the door.
..................................................................................................... .
b. Put these books (at/on) the table.
..................................................................................................... .
c. The show starts (in/at) half-past eight.
..................................................................................................... .
d. The old man is begging (by/for) the roadside.
..................................................................................................... .
e. They are going (to / for) a theatre.
..................................................................................................... .

88 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

f. The workers are resting (on/under) a shady tree.
..................................................................................................... .
g. Can you swim (across/on) the river?
..................................................................................................... .
h. Stop and look (after/before) you cross the road.
..................................................................................................... .
i. The car stopped (by/at) the traffic lights.
..................................................................................................... .
j. A burglar broke (into/across) the house last night.
..................................................................................................... .
k. Breakfast is taken (before/after) lunch.
..................................................................................................... .
l. Deposit your money (on/in) the bank.
..................................................................................................... .
m. The snake is hiding (in/at) a hole.
..................................................................................................... .
n. The cat jumped (over/under) the drain.
..................................................................................................... .
o. Can you finish the work (by/for) two o'clock.
..................................................................................................... .
5. Complete the story. Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

into up across in out at beside along

One day, I went 1. ......................... for a walk. I was walking 2. .........................
Temple Street when I saw an old man begging 3. ......................... the
temple. A small boy was sitting 4. ......................... him. he was holding
a big bowl. Many people threw money 5. ......................... the bowl. The
beggar looked happy. Suddenly, a policeman appeared. The beggar and
the boy quickly got 6. ....................... and ran 7. ............... the road. They
were soon lost 8. .................. the crowd.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 89

6. Choose the correct answer from the bracket.
a. We didn't go........holiday last year. (on, in, for)
b. I was shocked........what I saw.(by, with, of)
c. He got married........17.(at,on,in)
d. I'm fed up........the same food.(by, with, of)
e. My parents break......horses.(in, out, down)
f. Attendance at my class has fallen........considerably.(down, into, off)
g. Harke Sahu deals........clothes. (in, with, by)
h. The standard of cooking has fallen ........ recently(down, into, off)
i. He has lived there........his fifth birthday.(for, since, ago)
j. Is Anjana........this photograph? I can't find her.(in, at, on)
k. The poem, Barsha composed was full........humour.(with, of, by)
l. Is there anything interesting ........the paper today? I have no time to
look at. (in, at, on)
m. I'm tired........doing the samething everyday.(with, of, by)
n. A minister of the country went to him........his chariot.(in, on, by)
o. Pour some water........the pot. (into,over, onto)

7. Choose the correct answer from the brackets.
a. I'm really grateful ........your kind help. (to, at, for)
b. She is quite fond........Chinese dishes.(on, of, to)
c. I will have finished my duty .........tomorrow.(on, by, at)
d. People enjoy a lot.........the auspicious occasion.(in, at, on)
e. Our school is situated........the south of children park. (by, in, to)
f. Our city looks beautiful ........Dipawali. (on,in,at)
g. The coat is hanging............ the wall. (on,into,in)
h. The girl.......a pearl necklace is my sister.(in,on,at)
i. Put........your shoes out side to enter the house.(on, off, out)
j. My mother lets me stay up........9 o'clock. (to, at, till)
k. This book belongs ......my sister.(to,of,with)
l. A thief entered my room......the window. (into, from, through)
m. My friend hasn't returned........Sunday.(on, from, since)
n. How much did you pay ........it? (for, from, since)
o. Parkash will have completed it........tomorrow.(by, on, at)

90 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

L1es1son Articles

Preview

Fill in the gaps with appropriate articles.
Yesterday, I saw .................. man. .................. man
had .................. umbrella.
.................. umbrella was black. He had ..................
horse .................. horse was black too. .................. man
was crossing .................. river. .................. river was
Sunkosi .................. Sunkosi is .................. big river.
I had to cross .................. river. .................. horseman
helped me. I thanked .................. man for his help.

1. Articles

English words are grouped under two major types: Grammatical words and
content words. Articles are grammatical words as their form is unchangeable
or constant. There are two kinds of articles:

Kinds of article

1. Indefinite articles: 'a' and 'an'
2. Definite article: 'the'
1. Indefinite Article
Use of 'a' and 'an':
Both 'a' and 'an' are used before a countable singular noun.
Examples:
• Hema had a new idea to resolve the economic crisis in the factory.
• Wait for me for an hour.
• Wait for me for a couple of minutes.
• Morn gave me an apple.
'A' is used before a noun that begins with a consonant sound.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 91

Examples:
• Prem is a genius student.
• It's a unique place.
• I saw a ewe on the way to school.
• He comes from a village.
• Come and have a seat.
• I am in search of a flat.

An' is used before a noun that begins with a vowel sound. Vowel letters like
'a, e, i, o, u' represent vowel sounds with a few exceptions.

Examples:
• He had an air of authority in his talk.
• I met an author today.
• Pemba is an honest girl. (exception)
• Peter is also an heir to this property. (exception)
Name of meals when they are preceded by an adjective or when they are
celebrated on special occasion take 'a'.
Examples:
• He had a good breakfast today. (adj.)
• He had x breakfast at 7:30. (an ordinary meal)
• I was invited to a dinner to take with the newly married couple.
• I didn't have x dinner yesterday.
• He asked me for a lunch on his birthday.
We use a/an in certain expressions of quantity.

Examples:
• a lot of, a couple of, a great amount of money, a dozen, a great deal of,
a kilo, a meter, half an hour, a half holiday, etc.
Expressions of price, speed, ratio, etc. also take a/an.
Examples:

• The speed of this car is 80 km an hour.
• Rice sells at 20 rupees a kilo.
• He travels to our place once a week.
• They offered us a great amount of money.
• Are you in a hurry?

92 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

A/An is also used in exclamations before singular countable nouns:
Examples:
• What a hell!
• I had not seen such a long queue before.

Occupation
Examples:
• My father is a doctor.
• Morn is an engineer.
• Prety is a nurse
• Raju is a social worker.
• Tej is a politician.
• Kalu is an architect.

Caste
Examples:
• I'm a Magar.
• Sushila married with a Gurung.
• Sujata is a Newar.

Religion
Examples:
• Mr. Khan is a Muslim.
• Peter is a Christian.
• We met a Buddhist today.

Nationality (singular)
Examples:
• I'm a Nepali; I live as a Nepali and die as a Nepali.
• My sister married with an American.
• An Irish delegation is shortly visiting Nepal.
• Tom is a European.
• An Australian came to our school yesterday.

Indefinite singular objects/persons/animals, etc.
Examples:
• I am in need of a grammar book.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 93

• There is an old house of 19th century in our village.
• Cow is an animal.

2. Definite Articles

Use of 'The'
Superlatives

Examples:
• Who is the best cricketer in the world?
• Lokendra is the least intelligent millionaire in Kollywood.
• Follow me, it's the shortest route.
• Mt. Everest is the highest peak in the world.

The class of animals or things
Examples:
• The tiger is in danger of extinction.
• The panda is found in China.

The class of persons
Examples:
• The government is planning to help the poor and unemployed.
• The old are neglected in their family.
• The blind are unfortunate.

Certain names of seas, rivers, lakes
Examples:
The Atlantic
The Kali Gandaki
The Nile
The Alps
The Themes
The Rara
The Fewa, etc.

Plural names of countries, deserts, regions, group of islands
Examples:

94 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

The Sahara The Netherlands the U.A.E.
the Crimea the Maldives the U.S.S.R.
the Central Region the U.S.A. the U.K.

Certain names
Examples:
The city, the Mall, the Hague, the Strand, the Yemen

Names consisting of noun + of+ noun
Examples:
• The name of my city is Pokhara.

Name of highways/musical instruments/Himalayan peaks/ jails/ scientific
inventions or electric machines:

Examples:
• The Mahendra Highway is about 1000 krn.
• The Prithivi Highway runs from Pokhara to Naubise.
• Neha can play the flute.
• Nabin plays the guitar very well.
• Ganesh Man Singh was kept in the Nakhkhu Jail.
• Who invented the radio/TV/telephone/telescope?
• Switch off the TV.
• I've kept the meat in the freezer.

Name of rooms
Examples:
• Where's mom?
- She's in the kitchen/bathroom/dining room, etc.

Some nouns
Examples:
• He joined the army in 2055 B.S.
• James is the heir to the throne.
Names of books, buildings, high-ranked posts
Examples:
• The Mahabharat is a holy book of the Hindus.
• Devkota wrote the 'Muna Madan'.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 95

• The Crown Prince arrived yesterday.
• The P.M. left for India.
• The Royal Massacre took place in the Royal Palace.
• The President of the U.S.A. lives in the White House.

A unique object
Examples:
• The earth goes round the sun.
• The moon is the satellite of the earth.

A noun being mentioned a second time
Examples:
• I met a one-eyed man last month.
The man died today. ('man'repeated')
A noun followed by a phrase or clause
Examples:
• The girl in blue sari is a nurse.
• The water in this bottle is dirty.

2. No Article

No article is used in the following situations.
1. Proper noun
For examples: Person: X Ram, X Mr John, X Sharmila, etc.
Place: X Palpa, X Beni, X Syangja, X New York, etc. Country: X NepaC X

India, X China, etc.
2. Relations
For examples: X father, X sister, X maternal uncle, X nephew, etc.
3. school, campus, market, temple, hospital, church, prison, bed when they

are used for general purpose
4. Languages, games, days and months
English/ Newari I Sanskrit languages
X volleyball/ basketball/ tennis
X Sunday, X JanuarYt X December, X Frida)'t etc.
5. Seasons
For examples:Heavy rain falls in X rainy season.

96 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

6. Possessive adjective followed by a noun
For examples: X his pants, X her basket
7. Subject
For examples: X Physics, X Mathematics, X Science
8. Meals
For examples: I have X dinner /lunch /breakfast
'a', 'an', or 'the' can be used to show the specific meal or if an adjective

comes before the meal.
I have a light breakfast in the morning.
9. Colours
For examples: X red, X black, X blue, etc.
10. Abstract nouns
For examples: X happiness, X sorrow, X love

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks using 'a' or 'an'.
a. I have seen ..............big temple in this village.
b. I have brought .............. umbrella.
c. This is .............. interesting story.
d. Have you seen .............. owl these days?
e. This is .............. difficult story to remember.
f. I am writing with ................... red pen.
g. There is ................ frog near your cycle.
h. .............. cow has four legs.
i. There are many seats in .............. bus.
j. I saw ............... beautiful dog.
k. ............ant is a busy insect.
l. He is sitting on ..............chair.
m. Can you bring me ................ glass of water?
n. He is ............... Englishman.
o. There is ...............river beside the town.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 97

p. This camera has ..............powerful lens.
q. He said that he had visited............... temple yesterday morning.
r. This is .............. easy question for me.
s. Give me ................ bag and I will bring you mangoes.
t. I like to eat ...............apple everyday.
2. Fill in the blanks using a / an / the in the following sentences.
a. ........................... ball that my brother passed is mine.
b. ........................... moon is shining in the sky.
c. We made him ......................minister.
d. The man came to ........................... temple for prayer.
e. The ship came from ........................... Dead sea.
f. It is ........................... interesting film.
g. I saw ........................... fat boy.
h. My sister worked in ........................... Bagmati province.
i. ........................... lady in red sari is my sister.
j. He is ........................... honourable member of our community.
k. ........................... earth is round in shape.
l. They were amazed to find ........................... unique object.
m. The bus came from ........................... east.
n. The priest preaches in ........................... temple.
o. The water tank is at the ........................... top of the building.
p. He read ........................... book written by B.P. Koirala.
q. I welcomed ........................... L.D.O.
r. The book was written in ........................... Renaissance period.
s. It is ........................... BBC report.
3. Fill in the blanks using a/an/the, where necessary.
a. Who is ........................... best student in class nine?
b. My father is ........................... engineer.
c. ........................... silver used to make my ring is bright.
d. My residence is on ........................... third floor.

98 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6

e. He read ........................... useful information.
f. Did you read ........................... Mahabharata.
g. ........................... water in the bottle is white.
h. ........................... silver is bright.
i. He bought ........................... huge building.
j. I can play ........................... madal.
k. ........................... sun sets in ........................... west.
l. I like to live in ........................... open air.
m. We started late in ........................... afternoon.
n. Draw a map of ........................... Nepal.
o. Columbus was ........................... great traveller.
p. Have you ever seen ........................... elephant?
q. What ........................... beautiful scene this is!
r. Where did you buy ........................... umbrella?
s. The teacher says he is ........................... best student of class III.
t. When the sun rises ........................... fog disappears.

u. A friend in need is ........................... friend indeed.

4. Choose the correct answer from the brackets.
a. Would you like to be ....... actor? (a, an, the)
b. The sun is......star.(a,an, the)
c. Let's sit in ....... garden. (a,an, the)
d. Your father always hates....... poor. (a, an, the)
e. Puran is......one-legged peon in our office.(a,an,the)
f. She asked her doctors when he would go to ....hospital.(a,an, the)
g. Mrs. Sushila is.......F.R.C.S. doctor.(a,an,the)
h. This is........only cinema in town.(a,an, the)
i. A: Have you ever talked to .... MP? B: Yes,I've talked to many. (a, an,
the)
j. Scientists have discovered the possibility of life in......Mars.(a, the,
nothing)
k. .......dogs you keep are very well behaved.(A, An, The)
l. He died of.......cancer.(a,the, nothing)
m. We had dinner in.......most expensive restaurant in town. (a, an, the)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-6 99

n. We had dinner in....... very nice restaurant. (a, an, the)
o. ......gold is a very precious metal.(A, The, Nothing)

5. Choose the correct answer from the brackets.
a. She is........M.Sc.(a,an, the)
b. We are busy with. ..... urgent work.(a, an, the)
c. She has given me.......useful book. (a, an, the)
d. Students are preparing for......SEE examination. (a, an, the)
e. My friend goes to......church for painting.(a, an, the)
f. I have given him half .....hour to finish it. (a, an, the)
g. He wanted ...... book,which you're reading.(a, an, the)
h. They were watching.......cricket on the television.(a, an, the)
i. Mr. John Brown was born in......United States of America.(a, an, the)
j. My uncle went to ......school to pay my tuition fee.(a, the, nothing)
k. Mr. Karl is .......Christian.(a, the, nothing)
l. Kailas is....... eye specialist.(a,an,the)
m. ‘‘What is ....... use of it?’’ She asked me. (a, an, the)
n. My sister is.......S.P.(a,an,the)
o. I bought ....... guitar from the market.(a, an, the)

Pronunciation practice

Vowel sound practice /i:/

he peak deep
she peach tea
key fees meal

each bean beach
tree knee free

Read the sentence aloud and underline the vowel sound /i :/.

 He is a doctor.

 She is a nurse.

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