151 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 Deleting from Slide Sorter View Steps (1) Go to the Slide Sorter view. (2) Right click on the slide to be deleted and select delete. Alternately, you can select the slide and press the delete button on your key board. Rearranging Slides Rearranging slides is important when it comes to organising the overall presentation flow. You can rearrange slides from two views in PowerPoint - Normal View and Slide Sorter View. Given below are the steps to rearrange slides from different views. Normal View Steps (1) Select the slide to be moved. (2) Left click on the slide and drag it to the position in the sequence where you want to place it. PowerPoint will indicate the insert position with a line in-between existing slides. (3) When you get to the right position release the left click button to insert the slide.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 152 Alternately you can also cut the selected slide and paste it back in the sequence as shown below. Lab Work- 1 Apply the suitable themes and background on the slides and make them more attractive.
153 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 Setting Backgrounds As PowerPoint is a design based programme, backgrounds are effective ways to decorate slide. The Themes in PowerPoint help select the backgrounds by default, so every time you change the theme, the default background is set automatically. Theme, however, includes more than just backgrounds - so you can retain other aspects of the theme while changing the default background. Given below are the steps to apply backgrounds in PowerPoint. Steps (1) In the Design ribbon, under the Background group click on the Background Styles command. (2) Select one of the background styles that suits your requirements. (3) To edit the background for a specific slide, right click on the desired background slide and select “Apply to Selected Slides”. (4) Selected slide(s) now have the new background.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 154 The graphics in the slide background can distract you from the actual content. In such cases you can hide the graphics and retain a plain background till you finish working on the content. To do this, select the slide and check the “Hide Background Graphics” checkbox. Add Pictures to Slide PowerPoint supports multiple content types including images or pictures. With regard to pictures PowerPoint classifies them into two categories: • Picture: Images and photos that are available on your computer or hard drive. • Clip Art: Online picture collection that you can search from the clip art sidebar. Although their sources are different, both these types can be added and edited in similar fashion. Given below are the steps to add picture to a slide. Steps (1) Go to Images group in the Insert ribbon . (2) Click on Picture to open the Insert Picture dialog and add a picture to the slide. (3) In this dialog, you have three sections: in the left most you can
155 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 browse the folders, the centre section shows the subfolders and files in the selected folder and the right most section shows a preview of the selected image. (4) Select the image you want and click Open to add the picture to the slide. (5) To add online pictures, click on Clip Art and search for keywords in the Clip Art sidebar. (6) Once you have the clipart you want to use, double click on the image to add it to the slide. Add and Preview Animations PowerPoint offers animation supports which can be used effectively add some motion in a monotonous presentation and make it more interesting. Animation can be applied to any object on the slide and the motions can the automated, timed or trigger. Given below are the steps to add and preview animations in the slide. Steps (1) Go to the Animation ribbon and click on Animation Pane to display the animation sidebar. (2) Select one of the objects in the slide and click on Add Animation menu option. (3) Choose from one of the Animation options. • Entrance will cause the object to appear in the screen.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 156 • Emphasis will cause the object to emphasizes without appearing or leaving the screen. • Exit will cause the object to disappear from the screen. (4) Once you add the animation for an object, it would show up in the Animation pane.
157 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 (5) By default, all the animations are initiated by a click, but you can change this. To change the trigger, right click on the animation object on the pane and choose an alternate trigger. • Start On Click will cause the animation to start when you click the mouse. • Start With Previous will cause the animation to begin with the previous animation; if this is the first object, it will begin as soon as you reach the slide during the slide show. • Start After Previous will cause the animation to begin after the previous animation ends. (6) From the timing section, you can also manipulate the animation timings. (7) To preview the animation settings, just click Play on the animation pane. Add and Preview Transitions PowerPoint supports slide transition feature which allows you to specify how should be the slides transition, during the slide show. Given below are the steps to add and preview slide transitions. Steps (1) Select the slide to which you want to apply the transition (2) Go to Transition Scheme under Transitions ribbon
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 158 (3) Select one of the transition schemes from the list available. PowerPoint will instantly show you a preview of the scheme. If you are not satisfied, you can pick an alternate scheme. The last selected scheme will apply to the slide. (4) You can change the effects on the selected transition scheme from the Effect Options menu. Every scheme has a unique set of effect options. (5) You can also modify the transition timing settings from the Timing section. (6) To preview the slide transition click on Preview.
159 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 Printing Presentation It is necessary that you share your slides with your audience in printed format before you begin presenting them so they can take notes. To print slides you must go to the Backstage view under File tab and click on Print menu. Steps (1) The table below describes various printing options available in PowerPoint. Lab Work- 3 Apply the Animation and Slide Transition on slides and view them.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 160 Main Settings Options Description Printing Slides Print All Slides Print all the slides in the presentation Print Selection Print just the selected objects Print Current Slide Print just the selected slide Custom Range Define the slides you want printed Slides This is same as Custom Range Print Layout Full Page Slides One slide per page Notes Page Slide and notes for every slide printed one below another - one slide per page Outline Print Slide outline Handouts Print 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 6 or 9 slides per page - aligned vertically or horizontally. When you print handouts with 3 slides, you get the slide and the notes printed next to each other Collation Collating Options Print slides in sequence or print multiple copies of each slide one after another Printing Color Color Select colour, greyscale or black & white printing options. Although you can select any colour settings, the output would depend on the kind of printer you use. A non-colour printer cannot print colour slides. Key Points • PowerPoint is full featured presentation programme that is used to design presentation for various purposes. • The PowerPoint Window has toolbars and panes to help you quickly create presentations. • Standard Toolbar contains shortcut buttons for the most popular commands. • Task Pane is located on the right side of the computer screen. This pane allows you to select tasks in different categories and allows you to quickly enhance your slides in a few steps. • PowerPoint offers Design Templates to make it easy to create an attractive presentation. • The default font or text type is Arial in PowerPoint.
161 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 Exercise 1 Answer the following questions: a. What is PowerPoint programme? b. What are the features of PowerPoint? c. Write any five applications of PowerPoint. d. Mention the parts of the PowerPoint Windows. e. How do you prepare a presentation? f. List the type of views. 2. Fill in the blanks: a. PowerPoint is a full featured …………..programme. b. There are three ways to create a presentation programme they are……………, ……………., and …………. c. We can use CTRL+O shortcut to …………..presentation programme. d. We can arrange all side using slide ................ view. e. Use …………menu to print the presentation. 3. State whether the following statements are True or False. a. PowerPoint is a system software. b. We can use PowerPoint for attractive presentation. c. Title bar displays the document name followed by a programme name. d. Status bar and standard tool bar are used for same function.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 162 e. We can close PowerPoint windows by clicking on edit menu. f. We cannot delete unwanted slide from the PowerPoint. 4. Write down the steps to perform the following task. a. To save a PowerPoint programme b. To choose a slide layout c. To insert a new slide d. To set background of slide e. To apply slide transition f. To apply animation g. To use design presentation h To print the presentation 5. Project work a. Prepare at least ten slides about your school and show your teacher. b. Prepare a slide about your family and apply – Background – Slide transition – Custom animation
163 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 ICT and Its Uses 11 Chapter 8 Issues of ICT 8 Applications of ICT 8 Components of ICT
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 164 Introduction Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an organised set of electronic equipment for working on information and communication technology. ICT is defined as the set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, create, store and manage information. It includes all forms of computer and communication equipment and software like computers, the internet, radio and television, telephony, etc. Today all types of activities of the people and offices are associated with ICT. Applications of ICT Today ICT has become an important part of daily life. Most human activities now take place with the aid of ICT. The reason for that is ICT gives effective and speedy solutions to the real life problems. ICT has the capability to satisfy the life of people in an effective manner. We can discuss the major uses of ICT in the following areas. Education Learning and teaching process gets easy and interesting with the use of the Information Technology. Now there are online methods of teaching as well as learning for students. Computer Assisted School Administration involves use of ICT to automate activities of keeping records of students, results etc. Banking ICT is used to change the manual accounting systems into computerised form. The ATM (Automated Teller Machines) is used in the banking industry which has changed the banking process. Some new concepts like Telebanking, online banking, SMS banking have been possible due to the use of advanced Information Technology. ICT and Its Uses 11 Chapter
165 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 Transportation Railways and aeroplanes use Information Technology for reserving seats, checking luggage, maintaining time tables as well as for duties of crew. Medicine There are special computers in hospitals which help to make the tasks easier. ICT supports a range of activities from the patient's record keeping process to the doctor's diagnosis process with the use of modern electronic devices in hospitals. Defence/Security To track the criminals through maintenance of databases Information Technology is used. ICT is used for collecting evidences and forensic analysis for tracking the criminals globally. ICT facilitates a strong communication system to support the security analysis process. Engineering Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) are used to facilitate the engineers to make effective design by using ICT. ICT plays the vital role for new invention and development. Different research and development process is possible due to the high use of ICT. Entertainment It covers the video games and music played back by computers with multimedia facilities. It is easy to produce movies and cartoons using the computer animation programmes. People can get entertainment with the help of online music, videos, films and other digital contents from the internet. E-government Electronic government is the digital government. Use of ICT plays the vital role for good governance. Citizens and business houses are using online system to get facilities from the government. E-commerce and e-business Electronic commerce and the electronic business are the new emerging
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 166 concepts in the field of business in Nepal. All types of business process are about the use of digital data. Customers can select the goods using online system and send orders to purchase the goods. It is possible due to the use of ICT in our context. The Components of an ICT System ICT is similar to the simple computerised system. It includes all the attributes of computerised system, including the communication system. In general, there are six components of ICT. 1. People: the source of the data, even systems that run automatically, need software programmers to set the data up. 2. Data: which is entered by people for processing; such as 25,000 gas meter readings, or 10,000 students module results. 3. Hardware: the physical devices that are needed to enter the data, to process the data, and to display the information in the most appropriate format. The hardware will include a keyboard or scanning device to enter the data, a microprocessor to calculate the readings into the amounts due, and a printer to print off bills to send to customers. 4. Software: the programme that stores data such as names and addresses, and different rates and charges, that when readings are entered instruct the processor to produce the results of the calculations. 5. Procedures: the ways in which tasks should be done as directed by the management of an organisation. This will include how data is to be used, how systems are developed to suit the required outcome. All administration runs using pre-determined procedures. 6. Information: the output of all the processing from the ICT system, bills are presented for the gas company's customers.
167 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 Exercise 7. End users: at the end of the process, as the information is assessed, and used to determine whether the process continues, if it is satisfactory or is amended, or if it needs improving. Knowledge is information and a set of rules. Using the information presented decisions can be made,. Knowledge workers are engineers, doctors, managers etc. Computers may be programmed to make decisions based on the outcome of raw data entered. Key Points • ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology. • ICT can be defined as the set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, create, store and manage information. • Cyber law is a term used to describe the legal issues related to communication technology. • Cyber law was introduced in Nepal in 2061 B.S. (2004 A.D.) • Ethics is the morality of individuals, society and the political society. 1. Answer the following questions. a. What is Information and Communication Technology? b. What are the areas of ICT? c. What is cyber law? d. Why was cyber law introduced? e. What do you understand by ethical issues? f. Write some important aspects of computer ethics. g. What is computer virus? Give some examples. h. How do computer viruses spread from one computer to another? i. Write any eight symptoms of virus infection. j. Define antivirus with a few examples. k. What are the uses of antivirus?
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 168 2. Fill in the blanks: a. ICT stands for Information Communication and ……………. b. Cyber law of Nepal was introduced in ……………. c. Computer virus is a ……….computer programme. d. I Love You is the name of computer…………. e. We can remove computer virus by using …………… f. ESET NOD 32 is a computer …………. g. Antivirus can remove ......... from the computer system 3. State whether the following statements are True or False. a. ICT stands for Information and Communication. b. Do not use computer to harm other people. c. We can use computer for rough works. d. Ping Pong is the name of computer antivirus. e. Genius is one of the popular computer viruses. f. Virus removes the viruses from the computer system. g. We cannot remove the viruses from the computer system. 4. Write short notes on: a. Cyber Law b. Computer Ethics c. Computer Virus d. Computer Antivirus 5. Project work. a. Prepare a project work about Information and Communication Technology in Nepal. b. Collect the latest news from different daily magazines about Information and Communication Technology and paste it on a chart paper, then submit it to your subject teacher. c. Prepare a chart paper with at least ten types of mobile phones of different companies.
169 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 Introduction of the Internet 12 Chapter 8 Uses and application of the internet 8 The www and website 8 Email and its application 8 Steps of web browsing
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 170 Introduction If you have a network of computer applications, you have the data communication system. If such a system is expanded globally so that you can transfer the data all over the world, it is called the internet. It is the International Networking system which connects the computers all over the world. An interconnection of several computers of different types belonging to various networks all over the globe is called the internet. It is also called a Network of Networks. The major services provided by the internet are listed below. • To locate and download free computer software and other programmes • To play interactive multimedia games • To listen to music and watch digital movies • To communicate with various other users online by using the internet chat • To send files, data and information through the e-mail World Wide Web: World Wide Web is a concept that defines the internet in its global networked structure. A large number of interconnected computers with lots of information on various topics are stored on the internet server which is called World Wide Web (WWW). Information stored in the servers may be text, image, animated pictures, audio clips or a combination of all these. Like www.facebook.com, www.nepalnews.com, etc. Advantages of World Wide Web: • It allows sending image, sound, audio and video data using standard network structure. Introduction 12 of the Internet Chapter
171 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 • It is the fastest medium for transferring information globally. • It is easy to access the information from millions of web sites. • It allows users to interact with applications through dialog boxes and forms using global access server. E-Mail It is an electronic mailbox where we can collect a lot of information and send many messages from there. It is very fast and far cheaper than the previous postal service. Its advantages are mentioned below: a. It can be delivered instantly, anywhere across the globe. b. It is easy to prioritise mails and ignore unwanted ones. c. It can be received and replied instantly. d. It can be useful to send colourful greeting cards and interesting pictures. Web Site: The collection of related webpages in an internet system is called a web site. It is a location name or domain name where we can place the internet pages. A web page can contain any type of information, and can include text, colour, graphics, animation and sound. Each website contains a home page, which users see when they enter the site. The site might also contain additional documents and files. Each site is owned and managed by an individual, company or organisation. Web Page: It is a single internet page that has different types of data. It contains text, audio, video, pictures etc. Webpage is a document or information resource that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 172 and displayed on a monitor or mobile device. It can be retrieved from a local computer or from a remote web server. Web Chat: Internet is highly used for communication purposes. We can use email, web chat and other social websites for communication. A web chat is a special feature of internet which allows users to communicate in real time using easily accessible web interfaces. It is a type of internet online discussion. Skype and Yahoo Messenger are popular web chat programmes. Search Engine: The internet is a very big library. It has billions of books and education materials and information. Users should have the capacity to search and use these resources. Search Engines are the websites that allow the users to
173 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 search for information based on keywords. Search engines are used to locate sites and information: www.google.com, www.yahoo.com, www.ask.com etc are the examples of search engine. Web Browser: Software that are used to display the contents of web site and webpages are called the web browsers. These are the popular software used to browse the internet sites. They are used to view web pages. They are the programmes which are used in browsing web pages. The Internet Explorer, Opera, Mozilla Fire Fox, Google Chrome etc are the examples of web browser. Browsing Website The process to get information in the web browsers is called web browsing. You can browse the website with the help of web browser. You must have web browser to view the web site. To start browsing you can use the following steps.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 174 • Open web browser by double clicking on the name of web browser from desktop or start menu that you have installed. • You will get the web browser system, type the web site address and press enter. For example, type: www.nepalnews.com • Now browse each pages for getting information about Nepal News. Key Points • An interconnection of several computers of different types belonging to various networks all over the world is called Internet. • World Wide Web (WWW) is a large number of interconnected servers, in which lots of information on various topics is stored. • E-mail is an electronic mailbox where you can collect and send so many messages with pictures. • Web site is a collection of web pages. • A web page can contain any type of information, text, colour, graphics, animation and sound.
175 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 • Webpage is a document that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser. • A web chat is a special feature of internet which allows users to communicate in real time using easily accessible web interfaces. • Search engines are the websites that allow the users to search information based on keyword or a combination of keywords. • Search engines are used to locate sites and information. • www.google.com, www.yahoo.com, www.ask.com, etc. are the examples of search engine. • The web browser is used to view web pages. • Internet Explorer, Opera, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, etc. are the examples of web browser. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is the internet? b. What are the major services provided by the internet? c. What is World Wide Web? Write down the advantages of WWW. d. What is a web site? Name any four web site addresses that you know. e. What is e-mail? Write its advantages. f. Define web chat. g. What is a web browser? Name any three popular web browsers. h. What is a search engine? Write few examples of search engine. 2. Fill in the blanks: a. The Internet is the collection of ………….of networks. b. World Wide Web is a large number of interconnected…………... c. Web site is the collection of ………….. d. A web chat is the special feature of …………..
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 176 e. Google is a popular ………… f. Search engines are called………… g. Email is a service of ………….. 3. State whether the following statements are true or false. a. The Internet is also called network of networks. b. Opera is a search engine. c. Web chat helps to send e-mail to various persons at a time. d. Facebook is a social networking web site. e. Web site is a collection of WWW. f. Search engines are the web sites. g. The Internet Explorer is a web site. h. Face to face communication is possible in web chat. 4. Write short notes on: a. Web page b. Web site c. Search engine d. Web browser 5. Project work. a. Collect some information about Pashupati Nath Temple of Kathmandu and Janaki Temple of Janakpur with the help of web sites and prepare at least ten pages of information on A4 size paper and submit it to your subject teacher. b. Make a list of twenty web sites with the help of your teacher.
177 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 Multimedia 13 Chapter 8 Uses and applications of multimedia 8 Components of multimedia 8 Uses of Media Player 8 Steps to open and play multimedia
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 178 Using a system on devices by collecting different media is called multimedia. Multimedia is simply multiple form of media included together. It is simply the collection of multiple media like text, graphics, audio, animation, video, data, etc. It is usually recorded and played, displayed or accessed by data content processing devices, such as computerised and electronic devices, but can also be a part of a live performance. Components of Multimedia Multimedia is the system that contains different media: audio, video, animation, text and graphics as given in the following figure. You can watch the TV programmes and the film to know more about the multimedia system. In a single visual clip we can observe the audio, video, text, animation and the graphics to describe the situations. Such clips are called the multimedia system. Advantages of multimedia: • It helps in improving personal communications, education and training efforts. • It provides high-quality video, images & audio. • It is more advanced over traditional, lecture-based learning methods. • It offers effective use of different devices. Multimedia 13 Chapter
179 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 Disadvantages of multimedia: • It requires special hardware. • It is difficult to set up. • It is expensive. Working with Multimedia Programme There are different types of multimedia programmes like Windows Media Player, VLC Media Player, Real Time Player, Quick Time Player, MP3 Player, Power DVD Player, etc. On Windows system you can select any one programme to work with multimedia. Windows Media Player It is a popular media player which is integrated with all types of Windows Operating System. Starting media player Steps: • Click on start menu. • Choose programme. • Choose accessories and select entertainment. • Select windows media player option. • Now you will get windows media player dialog box.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 180 How to play music? • Click on file menu and select open . • Select the location where your music and video files are stored on the dialog box. • Double click on the required music file. • Now your music player will start to play the audio or video music that you have selected. Windows volume controller : You can adjust the volume of the media player by using volume controller. • Double click on the volume or speaker (sound) icon from the task bar, notification area. • You will get a dialogue box with its options. • Change the setting as per your requirement by using mouse pointer. • Close the volume controller dialog box. Key Points • Multimedia is simply multiple form of media included together. • Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. • The main advantage of multimedia is it provides high-quality video images and audio. • There are different types of multimedia software/programmes like Windows Media Player, VLC Media Player, Real Time Player, Quick Time Player, MP3 Player, Power DVD Player, etc. • Windows Media Player is a media player which comes with all types of Windows Operating System.
181 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 1. Answer the following questions. a. What is multimedia? b. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of multimedia. c. What is Windows media player? d. How do we play music on computer? Write with steps. e. How can you control the volume of your music? f. Name various multimedia software. 2. Fill in the blanks: a. Multimedia is the collection of …………. b. VLC player is a …………software. c. Windows……………is a media player available in each windows operating system. d. We need …………to listed music from the computer system. 3. State whether the following statements are True or False. a. Multimedia is an animation programme. b. Power DVD is multimedia software. c. Multimedia is very cheap to establish. d. Multimedia is also used in virtual reality. e. Multimedia requires special hardware to operate. 4. Project work a. Bring some video files on your pen drive and play them in your computer. b. Open an MP3 song from your computer and use Windows volume controller to control the volume. • We can adjust the volume of the media player by using volume controller. • Multimedia system is capable of processing multimedia data and application. Exercise
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 182 Programming Tools and Technique 14 Chapter 8 The concept of algorithm 8 The use and application of flowchart 8 Some examples of algorithm 8 Some examples of flowcharts Terminal Symbol Input / Output Symbol Processing Symbol Decision Symbol Connector Symbol Data Flow Line Start / End Input / Output Data Process Decision Connect Read the value for n Start Display ‘n is odd number’ Display ‘n is even number Yes End No is rem =0 Calculate, rem = n%2 Flowchart
183 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 Introduction Computer is an artificial man made electronic device. It comprises the hardware and software with basic devices and systems. All the activities of computer system are controlled and processed by the instructions and information provided by the user. These instructions are called commands. Collection of such instruction and the data in a systematic form to solve the problems is called the programme. To solve the problem using computer we have to make some systematic plan of action. Such plan of action can be represented in systematic order using different tools and techniques called the programme presentation tools and techniques. Popular tools and techniques used to represent the programmes are flowchart and algorithm. Algorithms Algorithm is defined as a set of rules that define how a particular problem can be solved in a finite number of steps. In another word, algorithm is a step by step representation of instructions to solve the problem. An algorithm must be composed of a finite set of steps, each of which may require one or more operations. We can represent the programme with the help of a step by step approach. Basic process to write the algorithm of a programme are: • Start the programme • Accept the input • Write the process • If any logic give the logic • Write the process • Print the output • End the programme Programming Tools and 14 Techniques Chapter
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 184 Attributes of a good algorithm: • Algorithm should not be based on any programming languages. • It should declare clear input. • It should declare the process and logic if applicable to the programme. • It should have the defined output from the programme. • It must be in a system order according to the instructions used in the programme. • It should be based on the standard programme structure. Flowchart Flowchart is a pictorial representation of the step by step solution of a problem. It is one of the oldest techniques to depict an algorithm and is an important tool in a programming. A flowchart is independent to the programming language like the algorithm. A flowchart facilitates the computer programmer in the following ways: • Helps to understand more easily (even non-programmer could understand) i.e. efficient means of communication. • Runs more effectively. • Helps to debug more readily and act as analytical tool. • Represents complex algorithm in a concise form of documentation. The basic flowchart symbols are: Terminal Symbol Input / Output Symbol Processing Symbol Decision Symbol Connector Symbol Data Flow Line Start / End Input / Output Data Process Decision Connect
185 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 Rules of developing flowchart • Analyse the input, process, storage and output of the programme. • Use standard symbols and arrowheads to the direction of flow of data and instructions. • We should use unambiguous language which can be easily understood by other programmers. • There should be a list of activities inside each symbols. • It should express all sections like input, process, logic and output. • It should not be any programming language oriented. Advantages • It is an easy method of communication to represent the programme. • It serves as a guide for programme coding. • It is easier to understand than programme and algorithm. • It is programme independent so applicable for all types of programming languages. • It represents all the components of programme like input, process , logic and output which makes easy to develop the programme. Disadvantages • It cannot replace all types of logic used on the computer programme. • It takes a long time to represent all modules of computer programme. • It is not suitable and will be complex for big programmes. Some Examples of Algorithm and Flowchart 1. Draw flow chart to find area of rectangle Algorithm Flowchart Step 1: Start. programme Step 2: Read L and B Step 3: Calculate Area = L × B Step 4: Print result area Step 5: End the programme Start End A = L*B Read L,B Print A
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 186 2. Draw flow chart and write the algorithm to find simple interest and total amount Algorithm Flowchart Step 1: Start. programme Step 2: Read P, T, R Step 3: Calculate Interest and amount I = P*T*R/100, A = P+I Step 4: Print I, A Step 5: End programme 3. Draw flow chart and write the algorithm to find convert the length in feet to length in centimetre. Algorithm Flowchart Step 1: Start. programme Step 2: Input ft Step 3: cm = ft * 30 Step 4: Print cm Step 5: End 4. Draw flow chart and write the algorithm to Convert temperature Fahrenheit to Celsius. Step 1: Start. programme Step 2: Input F Step 3: C= (F-32) * 5/9 Step 4: Print C Step 5: End Start End I = P*T*R/100 A=P+I Read P,T,R Print I, A Start End Read ft cm = ft * 30 Print cm START READ F C = 5/9 * (F – 32) PRINT C END
187 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 Key Points • Computer system needs instructions to perform different tasks. These instructions are called commands. • Programme is the collection of such commands in a systematic order to perform some work. • Programming is the technique or art to develop the programme. • Programmers are people who develop the programme using standard programming language. • Algorithm is a step by step description of a programme in a systematic order. • Flow chart is the diagrammatic representation of a programme using standard symbols. • There are two types of flowchart. These are system flowchart and programme flowchart. • The module of programme is the functional procedures. 1. Answer the following questions a. What is a command? b. What is a programme? c. What is an algorithm? d. Write the characteristics of good algorithm. e. What is a flow chart? f. Write some advantages of a flowchart. g. Explain the rules for designing a flowchart. h. What are the limitations of a flowchart? i. Draw the symbols of a flowchart. Exercise
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 6 188 2. Draw a flow chart and write algorithm to: a. Calculate simple interest. b. To prepare a cup of tea. c. To cross a road. 3. Differentiate between: a. Programme and Command. b. System flowchart and programme flowchart. c. Algorithm and flowchart. d. Input and output of programme 4. Fill in the blanks a. A computer needs __________ to do some task. b. An __________ is step by step approach of programme. c. Flowchart is __________ representation of programme. d. Decision making symbol is used to process __________ expressions. e. __________ symbol define the process used on programme. 5. State True and False a. Flow chart represents programme using language. b. Algorithm is similar to steps written in English to develop programme. d. Processing symbol accept input. e. Input and output symbol is same on flowchart. 6. Class Activities and Project Work a. Draw a flowchart to explain how you reach school from your house. b. Write an algorithm to total the number of boys and girls in your class.