Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 1
2 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 3 Health, Physical Education Book 4 Author Dheejan Babu Kafle Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Curriculum Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur
4 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Publisher & Distributor Coypwright : Publisher First Edition : 2079 B.S. Layout : Oasis Desktop Group Anamnagar, Kathmandu Printed in Nepal Health, Physical Education Book 4
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 5 Preface “You can do anything with children if you only play with them.” -Bismark (1815-1898), German Statesman. Children are like the unmoulded clay of a potter. Their young minds begin to incubate mysteries as they interact with the world. Their nature and behaviour have been noteworthy subjects of scholarly research. Even as we sit and wonder about the world of children here, several ongoing studies bring us new facts and theories about children's learning and development. One conclusion from all this research, however, is that the key to the overall growth of children is in our caring and friendly attitude towards them. We should, therefore, work with children in a manner to help them resolve any potential learning and discipline problem. Our broad aim should be to motivate them to adopt a healthy lifestyle and behaviour instead of forcing them to mug up the text. Scholars have shown us that loads of study, corporal punishment, and supra-disciplinary confinements add problems to children, rather than giving solutions, in their growth process. In that scholarly context, this book strives to make the young learners active, creative, and healthy, with practical life tips. Teachers are expected to use the book in the class with an awareness of the juvenile propensities as they creatively engage the students in acquiring knowledge, attitude and skills. We will need to make sure we are not harming their tender bodies and brains. Specifically, this book includes contents as prescribed by the CDC, Ministry of Education, Nepal, in the New Curriculum - 2078 BS. A genuine hope is that the book will contribute to the nation's goal of creating competent citizens by educating the children. “Children aren’t happy with nothing to ignore, And that’s what parents were created for.” -Ogden Frederic Nash (1902-1971), U.S. Humorist. With a deep sense of dedication for the betterment of children, I also hope the teachers, readers and guardians will find value in the book and send me their feedback to improve it in the next edition. Dheejan Babu Kaphle [email protected]
6 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Chapter Title Page No. 1. Personal Hygiene 7 2. Environmental Sanitation 17 3. Food and Nutrition 27 4. Diease and Substance Abuse 37 5. Our Safety 46 6. Drills and Physical Training (PT) 56 7. Athletics and Gymnastics 67 8. Mirror, Local and Ball Games 79 9. Yoga Pose 88 10. Drawing and Colour 92 11. Printing and Clayworks 103 12. Singing and Musical Instrument 115 13. Dance and Acting 126 Contents
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 7 1 Personal Hygiene Imagine that you have planned to note down all the tasks that you will do tomorrow for maintaining your body healthy. What may be the probable tasks? List down. Before you get ready to read
8 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal 1.1 Personal Hygiene and Care of Body Our body is like a living machine. It remains active several hours a day. The organs and parts of the body work in mutual coordination with each other. For example, the teeth chew and grind the food that passes along the stomach and intestine for further digestion. The eyelids blink and keep the eyeball moist to prevent dryness. We have pinna that reflects sound into the earhole for precise hearing. We must keep these organs clean and healthy. Our body continuously produces several waste materials like sweat, mucus, dead skin cells, dirt attached to the skin, urine and feces. For personal hygiene, we should go on cleaning our body parts appropriately. Project Work Find the major ways your friends in your community maintain personal hygiene and cleanliness. Use the following chart to collect information from them. Name: Age: Sex: Ways to maintain cleanliness of body: 1. 2. 3. Common good habits they adopt to remain healthy: 1. 2. 3.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 9 Activity How often do you do the following activities? Mark the frequencies in the blanks below: Frequencies: Twice a day, Once a day, Twice a week, Once a week, a. Washing face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Defecate/Discharge feces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c. Brushing teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d. Trimming nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e. Taking bath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f. Combing hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g. Cleaning tongue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h. Cleaning earwax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hygiene of face, hair, hand, feet and nail. Our body has several internal and external organs. The external organs often come in contact with the environment. Our body also produces waste substances such as the dead skin cells, sweat and sebum (fatty materials). Therefore, we must maintain the cleanliness of these organs on a regular basis. Washing face, combing hair, cleaning feet, and trimming nails keep us protected from the attack of disease germs from the environment. 1.2 Ways of Washing Hands We use our hands for various purposes. The tasks of our hands range from cleaning the fecal dirt in the lavatory to putting food into our mouth. Other common tasks are writing, catching, playing, touching, throwing, etc.
10 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal There are millions of microscopic organisms (germs) in our surroundings (air, water, soil, and substances around us). Hands are not generally covered with clothes or gloves and they remain exposed to the outer environment most of the times. Therefore, our hands are more vulnerable as they come in contact with various disease germs and causative agents. Therefore, we must wash our hands carefully before touching or eating food. Here are some scientific ways to wash our hands so that the germs, if attached, can be removed from our hands. Scientific methods of washing hands Take a good-quality soap and apply it on the palms and fingers with clean water Rub it gently on the palms and fingers Rub over the back of one hand with the other palm. Repeat this step by exchanging the hands back and palm. Cross-rub the fingertips and nails of one hand with the other.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 11 Rub around the thumb from its base to the tip turn by turn. Rub the fingertips of one hand on the palm of another. Rinse your hands with clean water Activity Bring a small bucket of clean water and soap in the classroom and illustrate the scientific hand-washing technique to your friends inside your classroom with the help of your friends and teacher. Be careful not to spill water outside the bowel or bucket used for collecting wastewater. 1.3 Brushing Teeth Let us sing the following song together and brush our teeth. Brush Your Teeth When you get up in the morning at a quarter to one and you want to have a little fun You brush your teeth, You brush your teeth
12 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal When you wake up in the morning at a quarter to two and you want something to do You brush your teeth, You brush your teeth When you wake up in the morning at a quarter to three and you wanna flash your smile at me You brush your teeth, You brush your teeth When you wake up in the morning at a quarter to four and you think you hear a knock on the door You brush your teeth, You brush your teeth When you wake up in the morning at a quarter to five and you just can't wait to come alive You brush your teeth, You brush your teeth Things to consider while brushing teeth Brushing your teeth is very important for healthy body. Start effective brushing with these five easy steps: Step 1 : Apply the right amount of toothpaste. A pea-size amount of toothpaste for children is appropriate.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 13 Step 2 : The toothbrush should be facing towards the gums of the upper or lower teeth. Step 3 : Move the brush gently upwards and downwards with short back and forth strokes. Continue this technique for the interior, exterior, and chewing surfaces of the teeth. Step 4 : Place the toothbrush in the vertical position to brush the front teeth. Make sure to clean the front and back. Step 5 : Brush the tongue to remove bacteria from the surface. Be sure that the brush reaches each corner of teeth. Two minutes of teeth brushing twice a day after the major meals help remove harmful plaque and prevent tooth decay. 1.4 Introduction to Menstruation Have you ever heard about menstruation? It is a natural process that occurs among girls and women. Menstruation begins at the age of about 11 to 13 years.
14 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal The first menstruation is called menarche. During menstruation, a small amount of blood is discharged from the vagina intermittently for a period of 3 to 5 days in a month. Naturally, it recurs every month. As young girls may not have any idea and information about it, they may worry a lot during their menarche. They may have fear and anxiety. If they know that it is a very natural process that occurs among all females, they can take it easy and become comfortable with menstruation. In order to tackle the problems during the period of menstruation, girls must discuss the matters and share their problems with senior members in the family. They can be mother, sister, aunt, grandmother and other members. Maintenance of hygiene and cleanliness during menstruation is very important to remain healthy. Use of menstrual pad, menstrual cup, or other alternative clean materials and devices is very helpful in managing menstrual hygiene. Personal cleanliness is a matter of focal priority during the period of menstruation.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 15 Activity Choose any three friends from your class and ask them the following questions: a. Is there any rule that is specially followed during menstruation at your home? b. Do your senior female family members (mother, sister, aunt etc.) at your home prepare meal for the family during her menstrual period? Share your answer to your friends in the classroom. Exercise A. Match the followings. A B Hygiene blood Menstruation washing hands Soap and water cleanliness Harmful germs twice a day Brush our teeth found in the environment B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word from the bracket. 1. Hygiene is the process of maintaining …………. of our body (Health check-up, cleanliness) 2. We may get …………. If we do not keep our body clean. (accident, diseases)
16 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal 3. We should brush …………….. a day. (twice, once) 4. ………. is discharged from the vagina of girls during menstruation. (blood, urine) 5. We should wash our hands with clean ……….. and a soap. (sanitiser, water) C. Answer the following questions: 1. Define personal hygiene? 2. Write any two ways that you adopt to maintain your personal hygiene. 3. Why is it important to maintain the cleanliness of your body? 4. “Hands are more likely to get dirty.” Explain this with an example. 5. Why is menstruation a natural process?
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 17 2 Environmental Sanitation An interesting story Once upon a time, there were two good friends. They were Mayalman and Swachhata. As per their names, Mayalman did not have any sense of cleanliness of his surroundings. But, Swachhata was conscious about the cleanliness of her surroundings. She motivated several friends to plant the trees around their home and in the surroundings. She contacted the local nursery to obtain evergreen plants to increase the greenery of the surroundings. One day, a programme was organised to award the people who were contributing to the cleanliness of their surroundings. The organisers came to the village and started their survey to find out the contributors to environmental cleanliness. They got positive information on the good deeds of Swachhata and decided to award her with a certificate of honour. Since that day, people have started many discussions regarding the contributions of Swachhata on environmental cleanliness in their village. Mayalman was paying his attention to the recent events and activities. He also understood the importance of environmental cleanliness and started helping Swachhata in her mission. Before you get ready to read
18 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Activity Why did Mayalman start helping in the mission of environmental cleanliness with Swachhata? 2.1 Introduction to the Environmental Sanitation Environmental sanitation refers to the safe collection, transportation, management and disposal of manmade wastes. It includes human excreta control, managing solid waste and wastewater, and the control of disease germs and insects. We must keep our home yard, kitchen garden, roads, water sources, and the public places clean to keep ourselves healthy and safe from diseases. Sanitation helps us to protect our health by providing a clean and safe environment that can prevent the transmission of disease. In a clean environment, there is less mobility of flies, mosquitoes and other insects. These insects can transmit many diseases like
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 19 malaria, encephalitis, dengue etc. In a clean environment, our mental health also becomes calm and good because there is no harmful bad smell. Decaying substances produce harmful gases that can cause headache and irritation to our eyes, nose and mouth. Environmental sanitation also creates an environment with fresh and pollution-free air. Therefore, it is our common duty to keep our surrounding environment clean and safe. Project Work Examine the cleanliness of different areas of your school and home. Now, assign marks from 1 to 10 according to the level of their cleanliness. Your School Area Marks Gate area Playground area Teachers' office area Principal's office Your classroom Your home Area Marks Gate area Kitchen Garden Yard and front side of the home Your bedroom Your study room
20 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Now calculate the total marks obtained by your home and school. Suggest any three ideas to improve the cleanliness of your home and school to make them a better place to live. 2.2 Cleanliness of Home and Surrounding Chanda studies in class four in a local school. She lives in her village with her family members. Her parents look after two cows. They are kept in a cowshed. Chanda’s father collects the cow dung and keeps it in a pit to make compost manure. Chanda’s mother brooms the rooms and surroundings. Chanda also helps her mother in her kitchen. Chanda has a little brother who studies in class nursery. She looks after her brother and makes him change his clothes as soon as they become dirty. Chanda also helps him to trim his nails frequently.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 21 They use compost manure in their kitchen garden and grow healthy and fresh fruits and vegetables. They have kept a dustbin to collect plastics and other waste which are not decayed and cannot be used in the compost manure. After the bin is filled, they destroy the wastes by burning them with fire. Activity Answer the following questions. 1. What does Chanda do for the cleanliness of her home and family? 2. How does Chanda’s family manage non biodegradable waste materials? Project Work A. How do your neighbours carry out the cleanliness of their home and surroundings? Ask any two of your neighbours and prepare a report to present in the classroom. B. Manage two dustbins at your home. Collect all non-biodegradable materials, such as plastics and glasses, in one. Use the second dustbin to collect biodegradable materials such as kitchen wastes and banana peels. Now, observe the collection of waste materials in the dustbins every day for comparison. After the dustbins are filled, burn the non-biodegradable materials and pour the biodegradable wastes in the compost manure pit. If there is a facility of waste collection services in your area then provide your waste materials to the service provider with the help of your parents. Which dustbin was filled sooner? Write a paragraph after comparing them and present it in your classroom.
22 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal 2.3 Cleanliness and Sanitation of our Classroom and School School is children's second home. They spend most of their time in school. Cleanliness in school is necessary to provide a healthy and safe environment for students. There are many issues related to health and hygiene that students and school employees face every day. Germs and bacteria are the major threat to our healthy life. Therefore, schools must maintain good hygiene conditions to avoid the spread of any disease or illness. After all, school is a public place; hence the spread of diseases is common if the premises are kept unclean. Case of Aashriti Aashriti studies in grade four at a local school. Aashriti’s mum was worried as her daughter was verey often falling sick. Her absentism at school was increasing due to cold or stomach infection or some other illness.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 23 She couldn’t understand what wrong was going on. Was it the food or physiology-disorders that were on the rise? There was one thing Aashriti’s mum was overlooking. Aashriti had just started going to her new school and since then, she was falling sick from time to time. Later it was concluded if she had shifted to a clean school from a dirty one, she could overcome her health issues. 2.4 Latrine and Its Importance A story on bitter truth In the year 2008 and 2009, there were outbreaks of diarrhoea in Jajarkot District of Nepal. Many children and elderly people died and the adults also suffered very severely from the disease. Diarrhoea became an epidemic and it took life away from many parts of Jajarkot. Many investigations were held to find out the cause of such quick spread of diarrhoea disease in Jajarkot. Later on, it was found that diarrhoea had spread due to the spread of disease germs present on human feces. It happened there because the system of using latrine was very limited and most of the people
24 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal used to pass the feces in an open environment. The germs that cause diarrhoea are very small but they can spread in the environment very easily when people defecate outside the latrine in an open area. After the study, the system of using latrine was strengthened in the district. At present, most of the people in the affected area use latrine for defecation. No similar epidemic has been seen there after the improvement of habits in using latrine. Activity Answer the following questions 1. What was the problem of Jajarkot District? 2. Where are the disease germs found? 3. Why should we develop the habit of using latrine regularly? The importance of latrine 1. Latrine provides a safe place for managing human feces. 2. Latrine prevents the bad smell of human feces from spreading in the environment. 3. Harmful disease germs cannot spread in the environment when people develop a habit of using latrine properly. 4. Latrine shows the level of our civilisation and our social behaviour. 2.5 Problems Caused due to the Lack of Proper Waste Disposal We are social animals. We live in a society. There are many areas and parts of society: marketplace, school area, vegetable markets, roadside areas, entertainment parks, and residential areas. Each
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 25 of the places can produce specific types of waste materials. They may be biodegradable and non-biodegradable. We must have appropriate plans to manage the waste materials according to their nature. Some of the common problems caused due to the lack of proper waste disposal are as follows. 1. Waste materials pollute the surrounding environment. 2. Waste materials provide shelter for flies and insects. 3. They carry various kinds of disease germs and may cause health problems in the human body. 4. Spread of most materials in the environment degrades the beauty and scenary of our surroundings. 5. Waste materials may contain harmful chemicals and that may degrade the fertility of soil. Activity Collect any five commonly produced waste materials from your home. find out their appropriate management method. Name of the waste material Method of managing waste material 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5.
26 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Exercise A. Match the followings Kitchen waste • non biodegradable Latrine • an epidemic Plastics and glasses • safe place to defecate Diarrhoea • biodegradable waste B. Answer the following questions i. What is environmental sanitation? ii. Why is it important to maintain cleanliness of our environment? iii. What is latrine? Why is it important for us? iv. Write down any three advantages of latrine.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 27 3 Food and Nutrition An inspiring story Ramu and Sita were friends studying in class four at a local school. Ramu had a good food habit that Sita did not have. Ramu used to bring his tiffin from home. His mother knew that Ramu likes fresh fruits and healthy food. But Sita had a different story. Once she quarreled with her mother not to put her tiffin from home because she likes Panipuri and Chatpate at school. She preferred packed foods which have very less nutritional value. One day Sita became very sick and she was taken to hospital. Doctors said that she had a nutritional deficiency and she should be hospitalised for seven days. She was injected with medicines several times and given very strong medications. She was suggested by her doctors that the disease was caused due to prolonged use of junk foods. Since that time Sita also vowed not to eat junk food but follow good food habits. Before you get ready to read
28 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Activity Discuss the following questions in the classroom under the supervision of your teacher. a. Why did Sita get sick? b. What was Ramu’s good habit? c. What changes were made by Sita in her life after her hospitalisation? 3.1 Introduction to Food and Its Functions Foods are taken by every organism. We also eat food to satisfy our hunger. We eat foods to get nutrients required for our body. Nutrients are the substances in food that our bodies utilise to enable its functions. Our nutrient requirements are determined by our age, growth stage and activity. Nutrient molecules are so small that our naked eye can't see them. Some of the micronutrients are vitamins and minerals such as vitamin B, vitamin C, calcium, and iron. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are macronutrients. Eating healthy means following a healthy eating pattern with nutritious and good foods and drinks. We require several types of food in our everyday meals. Basic types of food and their functions are described below. A. Foods from plants We can get cereals, roots, tubers, pulses, legumes, vegetables and fruits from plants. Foods obtained from the plants are called vegetarian foods. They are easy to digest and rich in a variety of nutrients. i. Cereals: The five major cereals grown in Nepal are wheat, maize, rice, barley and millet. Buckwheat, Junelo, and Uwa are also widely cultivated in some parts of Nepal. This
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 29 category of food provides energy and heat in our body. ii. Roots and Tubers: Root crops and tuber crops are special terms used to refer to specific types of farm crops that are grown for their modified, thickened root or stem which generally develop underground. They are starchy and provide heat and energy to our body. iii. Pulses and legumes: Legumes are edible plants that grow in pods, and pulses are edible seeds inside those pods that have been harvested and dried to eat. Both pulses and legumes are important parts of a healthy diet. They help
30 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal in the development of the body. They also help in repair and maintenance of body parts in case of any injury. iv. Green vegetables: They are the plant leaves eaten as a vegetable, sometimes accompanied by tender shoots and stems. They are very rich in vitamins and minerals. They protect us from various types of diseases.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 31 v. Fruits: Banana, mango, apple, berries, litchi, guava, and orange are common fruits found in Nepal. They are very rich in vitamins and minerals. They protect us from various diseases. Sweet fruits are also rich in energy - giving nutrients like carbohydrates. B. Foods obtained from animals Some of our foods are obtained from animals. They are mainly categorised into two groups. They are: a. milk and dairy products b. fish, meat and eggs a. Milk and dairy products Domestic animals like cows and buffaloes are very popular in Nepal for milk products. Besides yak and some species of goats are also raised to obtain milk and dairy products in Nepal. Milk and dairy products are very rich in protein and several other nutrients. Therefore they can help in
32 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal building the body and repairing the muscle tissues when there is injury. b. Meat, fish, and eggs We can get meat from Different animals such as goats, pigs, ducks, chicken and buffalo. A variety of fishes can be used in our food. They are collected from rivers, ponds and fisheries. The eggs of domestic birds such as ducks, hens, and turkeys are widely used in Nepal. They are very rich in protein. They help in growth repair and maintenance of body tissues.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 33 3.3 Introduction to Balanced Diet and Its Importance A balanced diet is a set of foods that contains different items necessary to fulfill our body's requirement for calories: proteins, minerals, vitamins and other nutrients. A balanced diet contains a comparatively large amount of energy giving foods, moderate amounts of body building foods and smaller amounts of protecting foods. It is composed of cereals, lentils, legumes, milk, fruits and green vegetables. A balanced diet protects us from being malnourished and getting attacked by diseases. Therefore we should develop a habit of eating a balanced diet every day. We should avoid junk food and street food which have very little nutritional components in them. A balanced diet is therefore very important for us. 3.4 Selection and Use of Healthy Food Having a healthy diet has a lot of benefits. It can help us maintain body weight to a desirable extent. It also can prevent certain diseases and unfavourable health conditions. In general, a healthy diet keeps our body running on a daily basis. The choices we make about what we eat and drink matter. They should add up to a balanced, nutritious diet. We all
34 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal have different calorie needs based on our gender, age, and activity level. A healthy eating plan: Emphasises fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products. 3.5 Junk Foods Junk food is defined as food that is high in calories from sugar and/ or fat but low in protein, vitamins, and minerals. The word refers to a food that is low in nutritional value and high in fat, sugar, salt, and calories. It is usually prepared, cooked, and served quickly. In the past, people used to eat healthy and home cooked meals. However, nowadays changes have occurred. People, especially young adults, prefer to eat junk food which causes a lot of harmful diseases. If the number of individuals eating fast food started to increase rapidly, it will lead to many serious disadvantages. Fig: Junk Food
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 35 There are many health risks from eating junk food. Even if it is easy to buy and cheap, does the outcome of health risks outweigh the five minutes of satisfaction that junk food brings? Junk food is a food item that has little nutrition beyond providing fat or sugar. Also, junk food often contains highly processed ingredients. People eat junk food for its flavour rather than to meet their daily requirements of nutrition. Junk food contains a high amount of unhealthy ingredients that affect our body in a bad way. Junk food also affects our brain negatively and excessive fatness is also one of the effects of fast food on the human body. First, children should have knowledge about the adverse effects of junk food so that they can be motivated internally to avoid such foods. In order to help young people and children stop eating fast food, parents should play a role. Exercise A. Tick the correct answers from the given multiple choices: a. Why do we eat food? i. Just to satisfy our hunger ii. To enjoy and dance iii. To become a smart person iv. To satisfy hunger and get nutrition b. What is nutritious food? i. Food that is delicious ii. Food that is hot and spicy
36 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal iii. Food that contains nutrients iv. Food that contains ghee c. Which food protects us from diseases? i. Rice ii. Lentil iii. Potato iv. Ghee d. Which of the following foods help in repair of our body? i. Potato ii. Lentil iii. Maize iv. Oil e. Which of the following should we avoid strictly? i. Junk food ii. Fatty food iii. Rice iv. Milk B. Match the following: Bodybuilding food • Rice Energy yielding food • Beans Protecting food • Calcium Mineral • Fruits and vegetables C. Answer the following questions. i. What is food? Define. ii. Which category of food provides us energy? Give examples. iii. Make a list of any five foods that help in protecting us from diseases. iv. What are the functions of cereals in our food? Write.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 37 4.1 Introduction to Disease and Communicable Diseases Disease is any disturbance in the structure or function of any organ or part of our body. Lack of nutritious diet/balanced diet and attack of virus, bacteria, worms etc. may cause us disease. Some diseases spread from one person to others while some diseases do not spread. The diseases which transfer germs from one person to another are called communicable diseases. They are very often caused by the attack of some other organisms like worms, insects, viruses, bacteria or fungi. Fig: Various forms of disease germs During the period of covid-19, how did people try to protect themselves from the disease? Suggest any five ideas that can prevent us from communicable diseases like covid-19. Before you get ready to read 4 Disease and Substance Abuse
38 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal These organisms are called pathogens of disease. The pathogens may be carried by some vectors like insects, animals, water and air. According to the types of pathogens the modes of transmission of disease are also different. Therefore we have to adopt different methods for prevention from such communicable diseases.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 39 Project Work Make a group of 5 to 10 friends from class four and visit the nearest Health Service Centre, a hospital, health post, or clinic. Observe the premises of your selected area, sitting at a corner and examine the people’s mask-wearing behaviour. Are most of the people wearing masks on their face? If so, why are they using masks? Did you see any other preventive measures such as washing hands with soap and water or using hand sanitiser? Prepare a short report and present it in the class. 4.2 Diseases Transmitted through Contaminated Air Some diseases such as covid-19, tuberculosis, and common cold are transmitted by very small passages like viruses and bacteria. When the disease's germs or pathogens grow in the organs of the respiratory tract, they can be transmitted through air. The organs of the respiratory tract may be the nose, mouth, throat and lungs. The pathogens come out during the process of coughing, sneezing, hiccuping or during normal exhalation and spread in the air. Very small microscopic pathogens may enter into the nose or mouth of a healthy person while breathing in such contaminated air and they cause the disease. In order to be safe from such contaminated air and diseases caused due to the transmission of pathogens
40 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal through air, we have to adopt specific preventive measures. We can protect ourselves from such diseases by: 1. Staying away from people who show symptoms or after receiving a diagnosis of an infectious disease. 2. Keeping distance from a person suspected to have a disease. 3. Wearing a face mask in public places. 4. Taking a balanced diet to increase the immunity power. 5. Using hand sanitiser or washing hands frequently with soap and water. 6. Keeping rooms properly ventilated. 6. Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. Project Work What is the system of storing food materials at your home? Are they safe from insects and flies? How do your parents assure you that the food stored at your home is not degraded? Prepare a chart of storing different types of foods at your home and show it to your teacher. 4.3 Diseases Transmitted through Contaminated Food and Water Communicable diseases like typhoid, cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, and hepatitis that are transmitted by the consumption of polluted food and water are called food and waterborne diseases. Polluted food and water bring the disease germs into our body and they make us ill. In order to keep such diseases away we should take food and water safety precautions. Here are some ideas to prevent food and waterborne diseases:
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 41 ● Wash hands and utensils properly after contact with raw meat. ● Wash hands before handling food items and after returning from the latrine. ● Prevent contact of cooked foods with raw foods. ● Wash and/or peel all raw vegetables and fruits before eating. ● Boil milk before drinking or making any other dairy products like yoghurt, cheese etc. ● Thoroughly cook all meats before eating. ● Do not eat any stale and raw foods. ● Avoid junk foods and street foods. ● Drink properly treated water.
42 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal 4.4 Smoking: Introduction, Its Causes, Effects and Preventive Measures Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke or fumes of burning substances. A variety of substances are smoked, including tobacco, marijuana and hashish. But, the act is most commonly associated with tobacco as smoked in a cigarette, cigar, or pipe. Main causes of smoking In spite of knowing that smoking is a very bad habit, children may learn smoking due to the following reasons: i. Children imitate the habit of smoking from their parents, guardians and senior members. ii. They may be pressurised by their friends to smoke. iii. There are some false sayings regarding smoking. For example some smokers see that the smoking habit relieves the stress in pain. If children believe false sayings they may start smoking. iv. Children are very curious by nature. They may fall into a smoking habit to answer their queries and curiosity. Effects of smoking We know smoking is a very bad habit. There are many disadvantages and bad effects on us if we start smoking. The bad effects may be on our health, on our social prestige or on the dignity of our family. Some of the bad effects of smoking are:
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 43 i. Smoking is directly related to our respiratory tract and lungs. Smoking causes bad breath, asthma, and cancer. ii. People hate those who are smoking in public areas. The habit of smoking degrades our social prestige. iii. Smoking in public places is illegal. There may be punishment to the smokers by the concerned government authorities. iv. There is unnecessary loss and wastage of money that is paid for smoking by the smokers. v. The non-smokers who are living around the smokers are also adversely affected by the smoke produced from the smokers. Preventive measures of smoking Smoking causes addiction among smokers. Addiction is a condition in which the smokers develop a desire to take smoke frequently. Therefore such addiction should be prevented by following the preventive measures. Some of the preventive measures of smoking are listed below. i. We should have adequate knowledge about smoking and its bad effects on our health. ii. If our friends request for or give pressure on us for smoking we should deny them strongly.
44 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal iii. Organisation of frequent formal and informal awareness programmes may be helpful in developing knowledge about smoking and its bad effects in our community. iv. We should suggest the smokers give up the bad habit. Project Work Draw any three pictures in a chart paper that illustrate the adverse effects of tobacco smoking. They may be mouth cancer, lung cancer, or a cough as a symptom of asthma. Select one best drawing and paste it on your activity or board in the classroom. Exercise A. Tick (√) the correct answers from the given multiple choices. a. What is a disease? i. When our body organs do not function well. ii. When we respire long. iii. When we feel bored. iv. When we eat too much. b. Communicable diseases are caused due to ………………. i. Foods ii. Pathogens iii. Lack of nutrients iv. Exercise c. Which of the following is a communicable disease? i. Tuberculosis ii. Cancer iii. Asthma iv. Diabetes
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 45 d. Which of the following diseases is airborne? i. Covid-19 ii. Typhoid iii. Malaria iv. Diarrhoea e. Which is the social effect of smoking? i. People hate smokers. ii. Smoking causes cough. iii. Smoking causes asthma. iv. There is waste of money. B. Match the following: A B communicable disease • • smoking waterborne disease • • pathogen airborne disease • • typhoid bad habit • • covid-19 C. Answer the following questions. a. What is a communicable disease? Define. b. What are the communicable diseases? Give examples. c. Make a list of any five foods that help in protecting us from diseases. d. Write the functions of cereals in our food.
46 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal 5 Our safety Activity Have you ever heard about accidents? Some of your friends might have heard about unforgettable stories of accidents. Select any two students from your class and let them tell their stories about accidents in the class. Guess the probable causes of these accidents and tell them to your teacher. Before you get ready to read
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 47 5.1 Introduction to Safety and First Aid Safety and safety education We meet with various types of accidents at different circumstances. Some of them may be unavoidable but most of them can be prevented by taking proper precautions. Safety is the process of taking appropriate precautions for the prevention of accidents and injuries. Safety education is the process of changing our behaviours to be safe from potential dangers and probable accidents or injuries. Safety education helps us to be careful about the risks in different situations. Though all the accidents may not be preventable, we can reduce the chances of accidents if we are careful and conscious about safety measures. Using a zebra cross while crossing the roads, wearing a helmet while riding on a bike, avoiding crowded areas at the public places, and being careful while using sharp instruments are some of the examples of safety measures. First Aid ‘Aid’ is assistance or help given to somebody in a difficult situation. Difficult situations may arise due to an accident, injury or any sort of sudden harm. Therefore, ‘first aid’ should be understood as the first assistance or help given to a casualty until a medical personnel and service becomes available.
48 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal The availability of medical personnel and service can be made in two ways: • By taking the victim to a medical centre. • By calling an ambulance or doctor to visit the victim. First aid is given by any person around the victim. There may not be an expert at the time of accidents or injuries. Therefore, everybody must have the knowledge of first aid. The education of first aid brings knowledge, attitude and behaviour in students to help the wounded, injured, fainted, drowned, cut, animal-bitten and other people having similar sudden health problems in different situations. Activity Make a list of equipment and medicines kept at school for the safety and first aid with the help of your teacher. Present your list in the classroom. 5.2 Safety Measures at Home, School and Playground Safety Measures at Home Home is the place where we live with family members. We spend most of our time at home. We eat, sleep, study, work in the kitchen and garden, and do various things at home. We use different types of instruments for various purposes.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 49 Many people get accidents and injuries at home. We can minimise them by following the safety measures given below. (i) Keep the kitchen appliances away from the reach of children. (ii) Knives, swords, scissors, sharp cutters and similar instruments should be kept and used carefully. (iii) Keep the medicines, poisons, and other chemicals in a safe place. (iv) Inflammable objects should be kept away from the kitchen room and children. (v) Toilets, bathrooms, and latrines should have non-slippery floors. (vi) Electric wiring should be safe and switch boards should be placed safely. Safety Measures on Roads Roads are common for all people. In some places, roads are overcrowded whereas it is empty in some places. Roads are busy mostly in town areas and empty in rural areas. There are some important rules to follow to maintain safety on the roads. (i) Follow the traffic rules strictly. (ii) Use footpath while walking. (iii) Follow the traffic signals and traffic lights while crossing busy roads. (iv) Use an overhead bridge or zebra crossing to cross the road. (v) Never play on the road.
50 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Safety Measures at School School is the place where there are students of various ages. By nature, children are restless and fidgeting. Therefore, they are highly vulnerable to accidents. They fall in accidents very frequently. So, school should apply safety measures to keep the students safe from injuries and accidents by following the methods given below: (i) Remove the things like broken desks, benches, wooden pieces, metals and slippery substances from the classroom. (ii) Running, pushing, and playing in classrooms and other narrow places should be avoided. (iii) Class monitors should be made in each class to monitor unsafe activities of students in absence of teachers. (iv) Laboratory equipment should not be used without supervision of the teacher. Safety Measures to be Applied in Playground Playground is the place where we play games. We become very active on the playground. There may be minor to serious accidents during games and practices. Therefore, everybody must be careful in the following ways while playing and practising games on the playground.