Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 51 (i) Games should be played obeying the rules strictly. (ii) Warming-up exercises make our body flexible. Therefore, it must be performed before starting games. (iii) Playground must be free from injurious materials like broken glasses, needles, metal pieces, stones, bricks etc. (iv) Discipline should be maintained during the games. 5.3 Safety for Burning and Scald Burn is an injury caused by fire, extreme heat, and any other hot materials. Burns may be caused due to chemical action, electricity, or friction. The primary symptoms of burn are the redness and blistering of the skin and damage to underlying tissues. Scald is also a type of burn caused by very hot fluid like hot water, milk, oil, or steam. Safety measures (i) Handle the hot appliances safely and carefully. (ii) Drink boiled milk or water only after examining their tem-
52 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal perature to be tolerable. (iii) Children should not play with fire. (iv) Keep inflammable materials away from children. (v) Switch off the electrical appliances properly after use. (vi) Make your family members aware about safety measures and first aid of burns and scalds. (vii) Avoid nylon clothes or any other inflammable materials as far as possible. If you are wearing nylon clothes, do not go near the fire. (viii) Handle hot water, irons, and chemicals carefully. Keep them away from children. 5.4 Safety for Cut and Wound A cut is an incision or wound on any part of our skin with a sharp-edged tool or object. Similar opening made due to any other reason is called a wound. In order to remain safe from the cuts and wounds, we should keep knives, forks, scissors, and other sharp utensils in a drawer with a safety latch. Besides, we should keep glass objects, such as drinking glasses and bowls, in a high cabinet
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 53 far from reach (particularly from children). Store appliances with sharp blades like blenders or kitchen accessories, geometric box, sharpner etc. far from reach or in a box or cabinet. We should always remain aware about potential cut or wound that may occur at home or school or any other place. First aid for cuts/wounds In spite of adopting safety measures, sometimes we may get unexpected cuts and wounds. In such a situation, it can be handled with the below-given first aid methods. 1. Wash your hands. This helps avoid infection. 2. Stop the bleeding. 3. Clean the wound. 4. Apply an antibiotic or petroleum jelly. 5. Cover the wound. 6. Change the dressing.
54 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal 7. Get a tetanus injection within 24 hours if the cut is made by any rusted and dirty metalic instrument. 8. Watch for signs of infection. Activity Make a list of electrical appliances at your home that may cause burns if they are not handled properly. Compare your list with that of others in your classroom. Electrical appliances at my home: 1. Electric kettle 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise A. Tick (√) the correct answers from the given multiple choices. a. The measures followed to remain safe from accident and injuries are called i. Medical treatment ii. First aid iii. Safety measures iv. Security measures b. While crossing the road we should use ………………. i. Zebra crossing ii. Concrete Road
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 55 iii. Clean areas of the road iv. Footpath of the road c. We should not touch ……………. with our wet hands. i. Dry clothes ii. Face and hair iii. Bicycle iv. Electrical appliances d. You should perform a sort ……. before playing games. i. Warm up exercise ii. Yoga iii. Pranayama iv. Breakfast e. Nylon cloth in petrol are ………………… materials. i. Shining ii. Protecting iii. Edible iv. Inflammable B. Match the following: Kerosene • Safety on the road Warm up exercise • Inflammable Zebra crossing • Cut hands Sharp instruments • Before game C. Answer the following questions. a. What is safety? Define. b. What is first aid? Give examples. c. Write down any three safety measures to be followed at home. d. How do you provide first aid to a victim of burn?
56 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Activity Draw any three pictures that show your school’s morning assembly activities related to physical exercises. 6 Drills and Physical Training (PT) Before you get ready to read 6.1 Introduction Drill is one of the physical activities with a repeated set of body movements. It is performed under the commands of a commander. It is a method of disciplined training. It teaches the group to work as a team. While performing drills, the students are asked to be in a line (or file) in groups of 5 to 6. The teacher or a commander
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 57 gives commands for the drill and the students perform accordingly. Drills are performed at school on special occasions like Saraswati Puja, sports week, and parents day. Drills make the school student smart and disciplined. 6.2 Some of the Basic Drills: ‘stand at ease’, ‘attention’, ‘right turn’, ‘left turn’, ‘about turn’, ‘quick march and halt’, ‘right/left eye’, ‘eyes front’, and ‘fall in’. Activity Practise exercises below with the help of your teacher and friends. Stand at Ease It is a position with comfort or ease. The legs are about 25cm apart and palms of both hands are crossed back at the level of waist. Attention It is the position of straight upright legs, hands, and trunk. The feet touch each other at the rear but toes are a little bit apart. Body does not move till any other command is given. Right Turn When the command ‘right turn’ is given by the commander, all the students turn their body rightward in 90 degrees. While turning right, the right leg touches the ground with its sole and the left leg with its toes.
58 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Left Turn When the command ‘left turn’ is given by the commander, all the students turn their body leftward in 90 degrees. While turning left, the left leg touches the ground with its sole and the right leg with its toes. About Turn When the command ‘about turn’ is given by the commander, all the students rotate their body leftward in 180 degrees and come back at the same position. While turning, the left leg touches the ground with its sole and the right leg with its toes.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 59 Quick march and halt When the command ‘quick march’ or ‘march forward’ is given by the commander, all the participants start raising and stepping the right and left legs alternately with the command ‘left…right… left… left…right…left…’ They raise their legs about 15cm above. Hands are swinging simultaneously with the movement of legs. All the students advance with raising and stepping movement of their legs. With the command of ‘halt’, the participants step straight on the ground with their left foot first and the right foot next to stop all body motions at once. Right Eye/Left Eye This command is given when the troop is advancing ahead. With the command ‘right eye’, all the troop members turn right at a time. Similarly, their heads turn left with the command ‘left eye!’. Eyes Front When the troop is performing a ‘right eye’ or ‘left eye’ command, the commander gives this command to bring them in a normal front-facing position. As soon as this command is given, all the troop members look straight forward.
60 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Fall In It is a drill command given to the scattered participants to gather again for the next drill exercise. As soon as the command is given all the participants are gathered in a line to start the next drill exercise. Introduction The term ‘physical’ means the things or activities related to our body. ‘Training’ means the process of repetitive practice for developing certain competencies. In this context, physical training (PT) is the practice of systematic and scientific movement of body parts in a predetermined order. It helps us in keeping our body fit and healthy. PTs are performed following commands from a commander. The commands are generally given with counting numbers one, two, three, four, etc. in a successive order. Some examples of PTs are given below: 6.3 Physical Training PT-ONE: STRETCHING THE BODY Initial position : Stand at ‘attention’ position.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 61 Counts: One : Extend the hands frontward and upward. Two : Raise the hands upward. Three : Extend the hands sidewise Four : Return to the initial position and bring the crossed hands in front of the waist. Final position : Bring the hands in front and keep on the waist making them crossed. PT-TWO: EXERCISE OF HANDS AND LEGS Initial position: Stand erect with joined legs and crossed hands in front. Counts: One : Flex the knees and gradually extend the hands straight sidewise. Two : Extend the knees straight, raise the soles up, bring the crossed hands in front of the waist, and lower the soles down simultaneously.
62 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Three : Flex the knees and gradually extend the hands sidewise. Four : Extend the knees and bring your hands to the initial position. PT-THREE: EXERCISE OF THE ARMS Initial position: Bring both the hands in front of the waist making them crossed at the wrists. Counts: One : Extend the hands sidewise and raise them upwards to cross them in front of the forehead. Two : Lower the crossed hands down and extend them sidewise. Three : Come into the initial position and raise the crossed hands upward. Four : Extend the hands sidewise and bring them down to cross in front of the waist.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 63 PT–FOUR: EXERCISE OF THE CHEST Initial position: Bring both the hands in front of the waist making them crossed at the wrists. Counts: One : Extend the legs about 20cm apart and extend hands sidewise. Two : Raise the hands up, bring them down from the front, and make them crossed in front of the waist. Three : Extend the hands sidewise, tilt the head backward, and extend the chest forward. Four : Bring both the hands in front of the waist making them crossed at the wrists, legs are still extended apart. PT–FIVE: EXERCISE OF THE WAIST Initial position: Extend the legs about 20cm apart and keep hands down sidewise.
64 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Counts: One : Raise the right hand sidewise, raise it upward, and gradually bend it leftward. Two : Return into the initial position slowly. Three : Repeat the count one. Four : Repeat the count two. With four consecutive counts repeat the exercise of the above-mentioned counts for the left hand. Practise up to sixteen counts at minimum. Final position : Come back to the initial position with the hands down sidewise and legs about 20cm apart. PT–SIX: EXERCISE OF THE BACK Initial position : Stand with the hands down sidewise and legs about 20cm apart.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 65 Counts: One, two, and three: Bend the trunk frontwards from the waist and try to touch the ground with fingers. Four : Come to the initial position. Five, six, and seven : Bend the trunk backwards from the waist, keeping both hands on the waist. Eight : Come back to the initial position. Repeat the exercises with the further count up to sixteen. PT–SEVEN: EXERCISE OF CHEST AND WAIST Initial position : Stand with the hands down sidewise and legs about 20cm apart.
66 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Counts: One, Two : Rotate the trunk rightward keeping left hand in front of the waist and right hand at back. Three, Four : Rotate the trunk leftward keeping right hand in front of the waist and left hand at back Five : Extend both hands leftwards straight from the left shoulder. Six : Extend both hands rightwards straight from the right shoulder. Seven : Extend both hands leftwards straight from the left shoulder. Eight : Stand in the initial position. Repeat the exercises similarly up to sixteen counts and start again from count one. Practise it a few times. Activity Practise the above mentioned physical trading at school with the help of your teacher and friends. Exercise A. Answer the following questions. a. What is a drill? Define. b. Why is drill important for us? c. On what type of occasions are the drill exercises performed at school? d. What is physical training and how does it help us to remain healthy?
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 67 Imagine that you have planned to note down all the tasks that you will do tomorrow for maintaining your body healthy. What may be the probable tasks? List them. Before you get ready to read 7.1 Introduction to Athletics The physical exercises consisting of running, throwing, jumping, and walking are called athletics. Some of the major practices of athletics are short race, long race, relay race, high jump, and long jump. Running and racing are the major athletic activities. Athletics has many benefits for us. If we perform regular athletic exercises we can get the following advantages. 7 Athletics and Gymnastics
68 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal 1. Improving fitness 2. Getting an opportunity to socialise 3. Increasing concentration 4. Improving memory and logical power 5. Building a stronger heart, bones and healthier muscles 6. Encouraging healthy growth and development 7.2 75-metre race Race performed for less than 400 metres distance is called a short race. The 75 metre race is also performed as a short race. It is a quick race completed within a few seconds to minutes. There are three steps to be followed by an athlete participating in a short race. They are: • On your mark • Get set and • Go When there is the first command ‘on your mark’, the athletes crutch down at the starting line touching the ground with their hands. They raise the buttocks, extend knees, and get almost ready to run with the second command ‘get set’. The third command ‘go’ is meant to start the race. They apply the total effort to lead themselves along the race course after this command. In order to perform well in the 75 metre race, we can practise in the 20 metre race and 50 metre short race in the beginning.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 69 7.3 Long Jump and High Jump Long jump and high jump are very good exercises for our body. We can make our body smart, fresh and flexible by performing regular long jump and high jump exercises. Long Jump Long jump is one of the field activities of athletics. The athletes try to cover the longest distance they can. The athlete who can cover the longest distance is declared the winner. Long jump improves the strength of the muscles of legs and stomach as well. High Jump High jump is one of the athletics which is performed by attaining higher distance by jumping upward. This item of athletics increases muscular strength and endurance. The steps of performing a high
70 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal jump are approach run, take off, flight, and landing. At school, we can perform high jump simply by using the hands as illustrated in the picture. In this method two friends cross catch their hands with the finger and make a horizontal bar like structure in place of the horizontal bar. We can also use a short piece of rope to perform a high jump at school. Long jump and high jump follow some specific steps for better performance. Approach Run It is the first step taken after getting the signal from the umpire. The athlete runs 7 to 9 steps and gains energy for the jump. Take Off Take off is an important step taken by leaving the ground with adequate strength on their legs. Flight Flight is the action in air. During high jump, the athlete tries to cover the higher distance to cross the horizontal bar. In the case of long jump the athlete tries to cover a longer distance on the ground. Landing In this step, the athlete comes back to the ground safely after the
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 71 performance in air. It is done by taking off legs and hands one after another. The athlete tries to balance his or her body to be safe from injuries while landing. Activity Practise high jump and long jump at school with the help of your teacher and friends. 7.4 Skipping in Pair This is an exercise that strengthens almost all body parts. Limbs (hands and legs), abdomen, neck, and spine are exercised well with skipping. We can play skipping singly or in pairs. In order to play skipping in pairs we need to choose a friend who has almost equal width and height. The skipping rope is caught by two friends on either side as shown in the picture. Activity Practise skipping in pair with friends at school. Make sure your pair has almost equal weight and height. 7.5 Hopping Race Hopping race is an interesting game that gives us good exercise for our body. In order to play the hopping race we need to stand on the file. There are destination marks at a distance of ten to twenty metres in front of the file. The player standing in the front position
72 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal starts hopping, reaches the destination mark, and returns to stand at the end of the file. The second participant starts hopping forward. In a similar way, all the players complete their run. This game can be played as a hopping relay by making different files of various groups of players. 7.6 Ball Throw It is the practice of throwing the ball skillfully. In order to practise it, the player throws the ball from a marked area. This area is marked with a circle of 2 metre diameter. After each throw of the ball, the spot where the ball touches is marked. Ball throw game can be played in several ways. In an easy way, one of the players catches the ball and tries to hit the rest of the players. The player who is touched by the ball catches the ball and repeats
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 73 the same process. In this way, the game continues till the given time. Activity Look at the picture above and practise ball throwing at school with friends with the help of your teacher. 7.7 Ball to the Target It is an interesting game played among friends. A target is made at a certain place and the participants try to hit the target with the ball from a given distance. The person who can hit the ball to the target for maximum times is declared the winner. Look at the picture below and practise this game at your school with the help of your teacher and friends. Activity Look at the picture above and practise the game at school with friends with the help of your teacher.
74 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal 7.8 Swinging and Twisting Exercises An inspiring story Aasma’s father is a genius. He knows everything about the benefits of exercise on health. Regular swinging and twisting exercises are the everyday tasks of her father. Once he motivated his daughter Aasma to follow the exercises with him. Since that time, Aasma has also regularly performed the exercises with her father at home. Last year, when there was a trekking programme organised by the junior scout at her school, she also participated in that programme. There was an inclination on the trekking route where many friends experienced excessive tiredness. After returning home, her friends got severe pain in the leg-muscles but Aasma could tolerate the trekking effects very easily. This was because of her regular exercises. Later, she told her friends about the mystery of how she did not get any severe pain. After hearing this from Aasma, her friends also started swinging and twisting exercises at home at least for about half an hour every day.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 75 Activity Discuss the following questions in the classroom: • Why is Aasma’s father a genius? • Why did Aasma not have any trouble after the trekking? • What did Aasma tell her friends? 7.9 Pulling and Swinging Exercises Pulling and swinging exercises can be done among friends in groups. These exercises increase the flexibility, agility and strength of muscles of different parts of the body. Look at the pictures below and practise pulling and swinging exercises.
76 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal 7.10 Climbing and Descending Exercises Climbing and descending exercises increase the muscular strength and flexibility of various muscles. We can practise this exercise on a hanging rope, a pole or a tree. We should be very careful to prevent accidents while climbing up and descending down. Practise the exercise with the help of your teacher and friends according to the illustrations given below. 7.11 Gymnastics Gymnastics is a sport that includes physical exercises requiring balance, strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, and endurance. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shoulders, back, chest, and abdominal muscle groups. Some of the common gymnastics arts are turning upside down in and balancing the body. Before practising gymnastics we should participate in a ‘warming-up' exercise. It prevents us from severe injury to the muscles and other tissues.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 77 a. Turning upside down Turning upside down is a basic skill of gymnastics. After participating in a short warming up exercise we can practise the exercise according to the following steps. Look at the illustration below and practise ‘Turning upside down’ with the help of your teacher and friends. b. Balancing the body During the process of gymnastics our body has to be kept in balance at many positions. Therefore keeping balance of the body at various positions is a basic skill of gymnastics. We can practise this with the help of teachers and friends. Balancing the body at different positions includes balancing on the head, balancing on abdomen, balancing on the hands, etc. Balancing on hands Balancing on abdomen
78 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Exercise A. Answer the following questions. a. Define athletics. Why is it important for us?. b. How can we perform ‘hopping race’? c. Draw a picture illustrating the skill of gymnastics? d. Why should we do ‘warming up’ exercises before doing gymnastic exercises?
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 79 8 Minor, Local and Ball Games Activity Add any two other points to show the importance of games that you play with your friends. i. Games make us mentally fresh. ii. Our body gets adequate exercises while playing physical games. iii. Games and other gatherings help in improving friendship among people. iv. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Before you get ready to read
80 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal 8.1 Minor Games The simplest forms of games that can be played among friends without the help of any instruments are called minor games. The ‘stick relay game’ and ‘be in the count’ are common examples of a minor game. Stick Relay Game In order to play this game at school, we should divide the total students into four or five groups with equal numbers in each group. Each of the groups makes their own file and the group members make straight lines. In front of each line a stick is placed at equal distances for each group and an order is given to start the game. As soon as the game starts, the front member of each group runs quickly and picks up the stick. Then, he turns back to hand over the stick to the next friend. The group which completes the run by all members in the shortest period of time is declared the winner.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 81 Be in the Count It is also an interesting game played under the command of a commander or a teacher. When the players become ready on the playground they remain scattered on the ground. The commander gives command of a number like two or three. When the command is given to the players, they should make their group in the given number as soon as possible. If they meet any delay they may not get friends to make a group of the given number. Such players go out of the game. Lastly, the player who remains on the ground till the end is declared the winner. Activity Apart from your electronic device based games, which games have you played on the playground? Select one of your favourite outdoor games and describe the rules of the game in the classroom.
82 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal 8.2 Local Games The games which are developed indigenously and played with locally developed rules with the friends are called local games. Dandibiyo and Baghchal are common examples of local games played in various parts of our country. Dandibiyo Dandibiyo is played with a stick (dandi) about 2 feet (61cm) long and a wooden piece of about 6 inches (15cm) long and almost equal diameter. It is played between two teams, consisting of more than five players, of even numbers, in each team. Standing in a small circle, the player balances the biyo on a stone in an inclined manner with one end of the biyo touching the ground while the other end is in the air. The player then uses the dandi to hit the biyo at the raised end, which flips it into the air. While it is in the air, the player strikes the biyo, hitting it to send as far as possible. Having struck the biyo, the player is required to run and touch a pre-agreed point outside the circle before the biyo is retrieved by an opponent. There are no specific dimensions of Dandibiyo and it does not have a limited number of players. The biyo goes to air after it is struck. If a fielder from the opposing team catches the biyo, the
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 83 striker is out. If not, the striker scores points. The points are counted by measuring the distance by biyo on the basis of one point per unit dandi’s length. If the striker is not out, he gets another opportunity to strike. If the striker fails to hit the biyo in three tries, the striker is out and the turn goes to the other team (or individual). The team with the higher scores earned in the given time wins the game. Baghchal Baghchal is a two-player, indoor board game played in various parts of Nepal. It is a hunt game. There are four tigers attempting to capture as many goats as they can while the goats are attempting to surround and trap the tigers on the board. No tiger or goat can move more than one step at a time. The tigers stay on the four corners on the board while 20 goats enter one-by-one after each move of the tiger. There are only 25 places on board. Therefore, after the entry of all goats, there is only one vacant place. If the goats move in such a way that the tigers have no option to move, they win the game. A tiger can capture a goat by jumping across it to a vacant place on a straight line. If the number of goats decreases, the tigers get more mobility and less chance to be trapped by the goats. If five goats are captured, the tigers are declared the winner. We can also play Baghchal at school or at home when we have game break.
84 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Activity Prepare a board for Baghchal game on a plane sheet of paper and play this game with the help of your teacher and friends. 8.3 Ball Games A. Football Football is regarded as the most interesting and popular game all over the world. There are maximum numbers of football fans in the world. It is a ballgame played between two teams of eleven players in each team. Football needs a wide ground to make its spot. The ground court of football has a dimension of 100 x 64 metres divided into two equal halves by a centreline. There are two goal posts at the back side of each half. Each team tries to advance the ball towards the opponent’s goal post. The game is played in two halves of 45 minutes each with an interval of 15 minutes.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 85 Basic Skills of Football Football needs some of the basic skills with a high degree of team spirit. Some of the basic skills are striking, dribbling, kicking, goal keeping, throwing, dodging, and trapping the ball. Some of them are described below: Kicking Kicking is very useful for giving the ball to other teammates. Kicking is needed to shoot the ball to score goals. Kicking can be practised in two ways. They are instep kicking and inside kicking. Trapping Trapping is important to control the ball coming from others. Trapping is done by holding the ball below the front part of a foot when it comes towards the player. When the ball rolls rapidly on the ground, the ball is stopped suddenly and trapped under the feet. The player can advance the ball towards the desired direction after trapping. Activity Look at the given picture and make two teams of your friends. Arrange them in opposite corners of the playground. Now, practise the skills of trapping and kicking the football according to the illustration presented in the picture.
86 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal B. Basketball It is a ball game played between two teams of five players in each team. There are two baskets set on a ring on the backboards that are set at each end line of the court. Points are scored if the ball is put in the basket. Players try their best to put the ball inside the opponents’ basket to score the points. The basic skills required for playing basketball effectively are passing, dribbling and catching the ball. Activity Look at the given picture and practise the skills of passing, dribbling and catching the basketball according to the illustration.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 87 C. Relay ball Relay ball is a fun game played in groups. Practising this game can help students develop the ability to pass and hold the ball. It also develops the ability to balance the various organs of the body. Activity Divide into groups and stand in rows. As soon as you get the ‘Go’ command, cross the prescribed distance with the front row student force. Then run and pass the ball to your friend and stand at the end of the line. Practise relay ball games for all students in turn. Exercise A. Answer the following questions. a. What is minor in local games? b. Briefly explain the rules of Baghchal? c. What are the basic skills of football? d. Draw a picture illustrating dribbling practice in basketball.
88 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal 9 Yoga Pose Before you get ready to read Activity Have you ever heard about any yoga guru? Ask your friends and guardians and collect names of any three active yoga teachers. i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 89 9.1 Introduction to Yoga Yoga is a combination of physical and mental exercises. There is a scientific posture of body maintained by the person instead of repeated and rapid physical movement. Yoga is very important for increasing physical fitness and mental alertness. Some of yoga can heal certain chronic diseases also. High degree of mental concentration is a unique feature of yoga. Some examples of yoga are Bajrasana and Markatasana. 9.2 Bajrasana ‘Bajrasana’ etymologically means the posture like ‘bajra’. ‘Bajra’ is the weapon of ‘Indra’. This yoga is an easy item of yoga. It is performed by following the steps given below. i. Sit on the buttock extending the legs frontward. ii. Bend both knees to bring the ankles
90 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal under the buttock. iii. Join knees and keep hands on them. iv. Make the spine straight upright. v. Keep the head upright. vi. Take a long breath and remain in this position for a few minutes. Advantages of Bajrasana i. Helps in concentration. ii. Increases fluid (blood, lymph etc.) circulation in the body iii. Strengthens the abdominal muscles. iv. Strengthens the reproductive organs. v. Reduces mental tensions and increases freshness. 9.3 Markatasana (Monkey pose) In Sanskrit language, ‘markat’ means monkey. This item of yoga looks like the position of a monkey extending its hand very long and
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 91 bending the body. This yoga is helpful in solving digestive, urinary, and reproductive health problems. Markatasana is performed with the following steps: i. Lie down on a carpet in supine position. ii. Extend the hands sidewise. iii. Join the legs and raise the knees up. iv. Turn the face rightward and legs leftward as much as possible. v. Remain in this pose for a few minutes. vi. Slowly change the turning of face and knees. Activity Imagine that you are a yoga-guru teaching the technique of Bajrasana to the audiences. Keep any five friends (disciples) in front of you and act out your role. Exercise A. Answer the following questions. a. What is yoga? b. Briefly explain the importance of yoga for our health? c. How is Bajrasana practised? Explain in short. d. Draw a picture illustrating the pose of Markatasana.
92 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal 10.1 Introduction to Drawing Drawing is an art of making pictures and sketching with the help of a pencil or any other writing instrument. Besides normal pencils, we can use crayon charcoal or colour pencils for drawing. Drawing gives us a preliminary picture of images. In order to make a linedrawing, we have to choose a thin writing device and start drawing slowly with an imaginary picture in our mind. Our imagination of the picture and the movement of our hand determine the level of our 10 Drawing and Colour Before you get ready to read Activity Colour the given sketch to make it attractive.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 93 creativity. The lines may be straight or curved or zigzag according to the imagination and shape of the object. We can improve our drawing skill by practising it on a regular basis. Drawings based on various geometrical shapes In drawing art, a shape means a flat area surrounded by edges or an outline. There are various kinds of shapes like squares, rectangles, trapeziums, circles, and triangles used in drawing arts. The shapes are the basic outlines of a drawing design. With the help of basic shapes, a drawing expects its live characteristics. In every drawing there may be use of various types of geometrical shapes. Sometimes we require irregular shapes to create a drawing of irregular objects. The following steps are very often used in drawing. Shadow Shading Every object casts its shadow on the opposite side of the source of light. In order to create a sense of depth and reality in the drawing, we create shadows adjacent to the objects in our drawing. Shadow shading has several techniques. The most common technique of shading is hatching with pencils. In this process, we draw parallel
94 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal lines on the side of the shadow of the object. The lines are drawn thinner to illustrate low intensity of shadow. If the lines are drawn at distance, they make a thin shadow. Closer lines create a thicker shadow. In order to increase the intensity of shadow, we can shade it again over the first shading. This process can be repeated for three or four times more to demonstrate thicker shadows. Fig. : The shadow becoming thicker and thicker after each repetition of shading Activity Draw three different pictures of an apple with different intensity of depth and light. Use appropriate shading to illustrate the difference between the intensity of light and depths of each apple.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 95 Drawing from observation Before drawing any object around us, observation helps us to make our drawing precise. When we observe things around us from different angles they look different in shape. The different shapes represent different angles of observation, the size of shadow and their position. In this way when we imagine the real position of an object with our observation, it makes it easy for us to create a good quality of drawing. While practising the skill of drawing from observation we have to start from a simple shape of objects around us. We can gradually try various shapes in the their complexity and combinations. Activity Look at the front side of your home and observe it carefully to identify the shapes of various objects located there. Try to make a drawing sketch first and colour it to make it more attractive. Drawing with imagination Sometimes we can imagine the things and situations that do not exist around us. We can imagine their situations and shapes of objects in our mind to identify their size and actual position. When we draw the sketch of such imaginary situations, that gives us amusement of being in the imaginary world.
96 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Activity Imagine that you were a bird flying across the high mountains of Nepal. Make a drawing with the imagination that you were meeting several beautiful Gods in the sky in between thick clouds. Drawing based on story We are studying and listening to several stories from our childhood. Some stories are boring while some stories are so spellbinding that we never forget them in our lifetime. There may be various kinds of stories: stories for kids, mythical stories and religious stories written by famous story writers. There are some situations and scenes in the stories created by the writer. When we go to temples of different Gods and Goddesses we can see different types of drawings and sculptures around them. These drawings are made on the basis of story situations. We can also create such drawings on the basis of the story situations.
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 97 Drawing through different lines Line drawing, also called contour drawing, primarily uses the line to indicate a change of plane. The boundaries are not preferred in this type of drawing. A skillful drawing with lines seems to reflect various dimentions on the canvas. There are five main types of lines used in art: horizontal lines, vertical lines, diagonal lines, zigzag lines, and curved lines. The rest are just variations of the main ones. Using these various kinds of lines, we can prepare the art of any subject. Instruction to the teacher Teach students to be as motivated as possible when you conduct any painting activity. Encourage them to draw by giving priority to the presentation of feelings and ideas rather than drawing as accurately as possible. Before drawing, display various drawings in the classroom and discuss. While drawing, ask them to discuss not only the drawing of the object but also the properties of the object (e.g., thick, thin, rough, smooth etc.) as well as its size and colour. It is more effective to draw pictures focusing on topics of health and physical activities in Nepali social contexts. The subject or area of
98 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal drawing may suggest what they read, eat, or enjoy. Sudents’ drawing ideas may relate to cleanliness of surroundings, housekeeping, helping neighbours, personal hygiene, health, or the place visited etc. While discussing the subject matter, it is considered appropriate to complete the learning achievement of class four. The idea for the teachers is to encourage the student, as much as possible, to do what he or she wants to do, as he or she will be frustrated while trying to imitate. We will need to emphasise the students’ experiences, interests, and fantasies. Emphasise that painting is not only a skill but also a great way to express feelings. Activity You might have heard the stories of the lord Krishna and breaking yoghurt-pots to eat yoghurt. Imagine a situation and make a drawing with your pencil and eraser. Apply colours over the drawing and present your picture in the classroom. 10.2 Colours There are many colourful objects around us. The trees are green and the flowers are red and yellow. The pages of our books are white in colour while there are black letters and words printed on it. Many colourful pictures printed on the pages of books make it more attractive and pleasing. Common colours that we see around us are red, yellow, blue, green, orange, black, white, and pink. When we mix one colour with another a new colour can be produced. We can use a variety of colours in our drawing with the help of colour pencil, crayon colours in the drawing colours like oil colour and water colour. We can use locally available materials like abir (gulal) powder, turmeric, red soil, the sap of plant leaves and flower
Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 99 petals to produce different colours in a drawing. Many drawing colours are also available in the market that we can purchase to use. On the basis of the constitution of colours they are categorised into the primary colours and secondary colours. Red, blue, and yellow colours are primary colours and the rest of all other colours which are obtained by mixing the primary colours at different proportions are called secondary colours. Green, brown and orange colours are the examples of secondary colours. Light and dark colours The position of objects and the amount of light falling on them can be represented by changing the darkness of colours in our drawing. When we add white colours in a painting colour it is changed into light colour. Similarly, the addition of black colours in the painting colour changes it into dark colour. According to our requirements we can use light or dark colours in any painting preferences. There may be light blue or dark blue, light green or dark green, for light pink to dark pink colours on different paintings and drawings. We also use appropriate darkness of colours to present the reality of the object's situation.
100 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 4 Approved by curriculum Development Centre, Nepal light green light blue light red green blue red dark green dark blue dark red Portrait pictures A portrait is a drawing or painting or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expression is focused. A portrait often shows a person looking directly at the observer or viewer. We can also make portrait pictures of our friends, family members and others. Activity Look at the pictures of our current prime minister and try to sketch his portrait picture.