Applied Grammar 3

4. Use the given pronouns in your own sentences.
a. Yourself : ..................................................................
b. Themselves : ..................................................................

c. Myself : ..................................................................

d. Herself : ..................................................................

e. Ourselves : ..................................................................

5. Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs.
have has cried was had

a. Ram ............. a prince. b. You ............. four apples.

c. A car ............. four wheels. d. The baby ............. loudly.

e. Lord Krishna .............the flute.
6. Change the following sentences as directed in the brackets.

a. Deepa loved me. (Interrogative)

...........................................................................................................

b. I am playing now. (Negative)

...........................................................................................................

c. I was not doing any exercise. (Affirmative)

...........................................................................................................

d. The teachers are teaching. (Interrogative)

...........................................................................................................

e. We are waiting for them. (Negative)

...........................................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 101

7. Add comparative and superlative forms of adjectives.

Positive Comparative Superlative

a. Small ............................ ............................

b. Rich ............................ ............................

c. Slow ............................ ..............................

d. Beautiful ............................ ................................

e. Thin ............................ ................................

8. Change these verbs to – ing forms.

e.g. play = playing

a. help = ..........................................

b. sing = ..........................................

c. make = ..........................................

d. go = ..........................................

e. fall = ..........................................

9. Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns.
a. ..................... is a boy. (He/They)

b. Do ..................... know Sharita? (you / her)

c. What is ..................... name? (you / your)

d. Teachers give ..................... homework. (us / I)

e. Can you give ..................... a pen? (me / she)

10. What do you mean by noun? Write its types with examples.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................

102 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

Lesson

14 Adverb and Its Types

Before you begin

Sing the song.
Slowly tortoises walk
Slowly babies learn to talk.
Slowly the sun sets in the west.
Slowly Ram takes his maths test.
Slowly snails pick their trail.
Slowly old people go frail.
Slowly we should drive a car.
And slowly adverbs take us far.

Look, read and learn.

The horse runs fast. The elephant walks I am very happy.
slowly.

He is quite nervous. The cock crows Don't write so slowly.
very loudly.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 103

In the above sentences.

• In the first sentence fast adds to the meaning of verb, runs.
• In the second sentence slowly adds to the meaning of verb,

walk.
• In the third sentence very adds to the meaning of adjective,

happy.
• In the fourth sentence very adds to the meaning of adjective,

nervous.
• In the sixth sentence very adds to the meaning of adverb loudly.
• In the sixth sentence so adds to the meaning of adverb slowly.
Hence, highlighted words 'fast, slowly, very, quite, so' are adverbs.
Read and learn.

Adverb
How the action is done
When the action is done
Where the action is done

Types of Adverbs

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Time Adverb of Place Adverb of Degree

104 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

1. Adverb of Manner

The word which tells how an action is done is called ‘Adverb of
Manner’.
Read at the following sentences.
a. The sun shines brightly. (how it shines? = Brighty)
b. He talks happily. (how he talks? = happily)
c. The old man walks slowly. (how he walks? = slowly)

In the above sentences, the words brightly, happily and slowly are
adverbs of manner.

2. Adverb of Time

The word which tells when or at what time an action is done is
called ‘Adverb of Time’.
Read at the following sentences.
a. Rusha is sleeping now. (sleeping when? = now)
b. He went yesterday. (went when? = yesterday)
c. She will sing tomorrow. (will sing when? = tomorrow)

In the above sentences, the words now, yesterday, tomorrow are adverbs of
time.

3. Adverb of Place

The word which tells where an action is done is called ‘Adverb of
Place
Read at the following sentences.
b. The teacher is coming here. (coming where ? = here)
c. Sabnam is going there. (going where? = there)

In the above sentences, outside, here, there are adverbs of place.

4. Adverb of Degree

The word which adds something to the meaning of an adjective or
another adverb is called ‘Adverb of Degree’.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 105

Read at the following sentences.
a. The mangoes are almost ripe.
b. The aeroplane flies very fast.
c. The turtle runs rather slowly.

In the above sentences, the words almost, very, rather are adverbs of
degree.

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Identify the adverbs in the following sentences and write them
in the blanks.

a. She hurt her leg badly. badly.

b. You are completely right. ………………………………

c. I live alone in this room. ………………………………

d. Sita goes to school daily. ………………………………

e. I feel quite lazy in cold. ………………………………

f. Who is running so fast? ………………………………

g. The sun is shining brightly. ………………………………

h. The mangoes are very sour. ………………………………

i. You are a very good boy. ………………………………
j. The soldiers fight bravely. ………………………………

2. Underline the ‘Adverbs of Time’ in the following sentences.

a. He visits us daily. b. I often go there.

c. You are here today. d. Always tell the truth.

e. I will come tomorrow. f. He went there yesterday.
g. She is always late. h. I have seen this before.

i. I shall never forget it. j. Do your work now.

106 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

3. Fill in each blank with suitable adverb of time.

early nowadays ago now soon

late yesterday before tomorrow today

a. Where are you going …………………. .
b. You should go to bed …………………. .
c. Satish left 10 minutes.…………………. .
d. It is Wednesday…………………. .
e. My uncle came …………………. .
f. Please let me know your plans………………….. .
g. The aeroplane arrived just …………………. .
h. It …………………. became dark.
i. Watching T.V. has become very popular…………………. .
j. I will visit my uncle…………………. .

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Circle the ‘Adverb of Place’ in the following sentences.
a. The ball rolled downwards .

b. I live near the school. c. Come here.

d. They went upstairs. e. God is everywhere.

f. Please, come in. g. The fan is up in the ceiling.
h. Go there.

2. Underline the ‘Adverb of Manner' in the following sentences.

a. Heera runs very fast. b. You speak loudly.

c. The soldiers fought bravely. d. I cleaned the room neatly.

e. You hit me hard. f. She comes here regularly.

g. I treated her nicely. h. She looks beautiful.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 107

3. A list of adverbs of frequency is given below. Fill in the blanks
with the suitable adverbs.

often every hour everyday never
always generally every morning ever

a. I ……………….. do my lesson.

b. The buses run ……………….

c. My mother visits the temple ……………….

d. Suchitra buys newspapers ……………….

e. Have you ……………… been to the museum?

f. Suraj ……………… comes to my house.

g. He ……………… plays football.

h. We ……………… meet here.

Exercise-3 Class Activity

1. Answer the following questions by using the adverbs of manner.

a. How does the sun shine? …T…he…su.n...s..h..i.n..e..s..b..r.…igh…tly…. ..

b. How do you run? ………..................………..

c. How do you play? ………..................………..

d. How do you sleep? ………..................………..

e. How do you write? ………..................………..

f. How do you sing? ………..................………..

2. Underline the ‘Adverb of Degree’ in the following sentences.

a. He runs very quickly. b. We are quite happy.

c. She is very beautiful. d. Ram is quite foolish

e. She sings pretty well. f. They are almost finished.

108 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

g. The boy is fully prepared. h. Dipesh drives rather roughly.

3. Use the following adverbs to make sensible sentences.
a. often ………………………………………………..
b. already ………………………………………………..

c. never ………………………………………………..

d. enough ………………………………………………..

e. always ………………………………………………..

f. seldom ………………………………………………..

g. certainly ………………………………………………..

h. peacefully ………………………………………………..

i. generally ………………………………………………..

j. sometimes ………………………………………………..

Listen and speak

Silent / l /
chalk, could, palm, should, would, walk, talk, calm, alms

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 109

Lesson Conjunctions

15

Before you begin

Read the text.
Bina and Asha are sisters. They read in the same school and in same
class. They are twins. Bina is short but Asha is tall. Their teachers
love them much because they are very good in every activity.

Whom do you like more - Bina or Asha? Why?

Look, read and learn.

Akash and Abin are Ramila has green bag Karuna is sad because
friends. but Suman has a pink she failed the exam.

bag.

I am happy because I Do you eat chicken Do you like banana
won the match. or fish? or apple?

In the above sentences 'and, but, because, or' are joining words. They join
words, groups of words and sentences. They are called conjunctions.

110 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

‘A conjunction is a word which Kinds of Conjunction
joins words, groups of words or Coordinating Sub co-ordinating
sentences.’ There are two kinds of
conjunctions. They are:

a. Co-ordinating conjunction

b. Sub-ordinating conjunction

a. Co-ordinating conjunction
A conjunction that joins together two independent statements of

equal rank is known as co-ordinating conjunction.
i. Sunita reached home.

Sunita played the guitar.

Sunita reached home and played the guitar.

ii. I went to her house.

She wasn’t there.

I went to her house but she wasn’t there.

In above sentences, the words ‘and' and 'but’ join two independent
sentences. So, they are called co-ordinating conjunctions.

b. Sub-ordinating conjunction
A conjunction that joins one statement with another statement on

which it depends for its full meaning is known as sub- ordinating
conjunction.
i. I drank water. (principal/main statement)
I was thirsty. (subordinate/dependent statment)
I drink water because I was thirsty.

ii. It rains.

I will not go outside.

I will not go outside if it rains.

iii. We went outside to play.

The bell had rung.

We went outside to play after the bell had rung.

In the above sentences, the words, ‘because’, ‘if’ and 'after' are
sub-ordinating conjunctions.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 111

Some frequently used conjunctions:

and but or because
because of
when until if

though that either or neither...nor

both as since so

therefore otherwise unless still

not only....but also, etc.

Listen and speak

Sound /k/
queen, crow, cow, king, cap, clap, class, kite, crow, car, cup

Sound /g/
go, get, grass, gun, girl, glass, good

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Find out the conjunctions and write in the blanks.

a. You may read or write your essay. ..........................

b. He came here before me. ..........................

c. Touch me if you can. ..........................

d. He is intelligent but lazy. ..........................

e. If it rains today, she’ll not go. ..........................

f. He is kind so he helps the poor. ..........................

h. Take your seats and open your books. ..........................

i. I was sick therefore I took medicine. ..........................

j. You are poor but you are satisfied. ..........................

k. I went to the doctor but he was very busy. ..........................

l. Bipana stole the bread therefore she was beaten. ..........................

112 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

2. Join the following sentences using ‘and’.
a. Ashish plays football. Ashish plays cricket.
b. The bee is wise. The bee is active.
c. Kathmandu is a city. Pokhara is a city.
d. The cow has horns. The ox has horns.
e. The tiger is a wild animal. The lion is a wild animal.
f. Bara is a district. Parsa is a district.
g. The Bagmati is a river. The Mechi is a river.
h. Sabin is singing. Raju is singing.

3. Join each pair of sentences using ‘but’ as shown in the example.
Example: The tiger is big. The mouse is small.
The tiger is big but the mouse is small.
a. Keshav is poor. Keshav is honest.
b. We feel the air. We cannot see it.
c. Sabin is brave. Sabin is proud.
d. Bipana can dance. Bipana cannot sing.
e. You are regular. Your brother is irregular.
f. The ring is good. The ring is very expensive.
g. Sarva is gentle. His brother is wicked.

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Join the pair of sentences using ‘so’ as shown in the example.
Example: He is hungry. He eats rice.
He is hungry so he eats rice.
a. I am tired. I want to take a rest.
b. Diwas was late. He missed the bus.
c. Nitesh passed S.L.C. He is happy.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 113

d. Raju is hungry. He is going to eat food.
e. It is cold. Sit near the fire.
f. Bipana was ill. She went to hospital.
g. Subash is a good boy. I like him.
h. I helped the tourist. He thanked me.

2. Join each pair of sentences using ‘or’ like in the example.
Example: Is he a teacher? Is he a student?

Is he a teacher or a student?

a. Is she beautiful? Is she ugly?

b. Does he live in Delhi? Does he live in Paris?

c. Did the teacher punish you? Did the teacher forgive you?

d. Is that book yours? Is that book mine?

e. Is this road to Patan? Is this road to Bhaktapur?

f. Would you stay? Would you go?

g. Is he rich? Is he poor?

h. Is Deepa laughing? Is Deepa crying?

3. Join the following pairs of sentences with and, but, or, because.

a. I read the story. I play the guitar.

b. Pokhara is a beautiful town. Palpa is a beautiful town.

c. I can wear jeans. I can wear the suit.

d. Sumit will see me today. Shyam will not see me today.

e. Vegetable is useful for health. Fruit is useful for health.

f. Lumbini is a famous place. Lord Buddha was born there.

114 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

Lesson Prepositions

16

Before you begin

Practice the conversation.
Bikash : Where is the bag?
Binita : It is on the table.
Bikash : Where is the man?
Binita : He is in the taxi.
Bikash : Where is the cat?
Binita : It is under the table.
Bikash : Where is the ball?
Binita : It is in front of the dog.

Look, read and learn.

Look at the white He is looking at the I am from Janakpur.
board. clock.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 115

The boy is under the The books are on the The girl is eating
tree. table. with a spoon.

The toothbrush is in The ball is between The boy is writing
the glass. two boys. with a pen.

The boy is between The ball is under the The lion is in front of
two girls. table. a rabbit.

• In the above sentences, coloured words 'at, from, under, on, with,
in, between, in front of' are used to show the relation of one thing
with another. So, they are called prepositions.

• Prepositions are words used before a noun or pronoun to relate
them to another noun or pronoun.

116 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

Listen and speak

/i:/ = see, free, meet, leave, key, these, need
/A/ = that, value, mat, man, van, hand
/ú/ = come, son, up, but, love, none, does
/eI/ = game, change, away, wait, late
/IE/ = clear, near, fear, deer, peer, cheer, hear
/eE/ = dare, chair, care, fare, rare, their
/au/ = cow, out, mouse, doubt, house, now, round, sound

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Circle the prepositions in the following paragraph.
My name is Shivraj. I am from Shankhuwasava. It lies in eastern

Nepal. My father works in an office. There are three members in my
family. My mother runs a small business. I read in Class - Three. I
have my room. I read and sleep there. I have a table in my room. I
keep my books on the table. I keep my bag under the table. There is
a small river in front of my house. There is a beautiful hill over my
house. Co-operation, happiness and ownership is common in all
members of my family. I have a dog. It lives in a kennel. It is behind
the house.
2. Complete the sentences using to, at, in, by, with, between and
among.

a. Come .................... the classroom.

b. They will stay .................... a hotel.

c. There is milk .................... the jug.

d. The man lived .................... Biratnagar.

e. He is not Hari .................... the name.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 117

f. The chair stands ................ the two tables.
g. Don't walk .......................... me.
h. The food was shared .................... ten girls.

3. Use the suitable prepositions in the box to fill the gaps. You can
repeat them if appropriate.

to from in about for at

a. The crashed car is .................... the garage.

b. We are discussing .................... studies.

c. The rays pass down .................... the sun.

d. How many students pass .................... a year?

e. He is going .................... Biratnagar.

f. She has brought some crayons ................ you.

4. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.

a. Take care .................... your health. with, at, of,
b. She is angry .................... me. to, in, to for, at
c. I prefer coffee ...................... tea.

d. She acted .................... my advice.
e. Be kind .................... the poor.

f. He invited me .................... tea.

g. He arrived .................... the station.

h. I am thankful .................... you .................... your kindness.

5. Write at, on, or in in the gaps.

a. .............. the morning b. .............. the 20th century

c. .............. 4:30 am d. .............. Saturday

118 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

e. .............. the evening f. .............. my birthday
g. .............. midnight h. .............. night
i. .............. Tuesday morning j. ............ the summer holiday.

6. Look at the project diary and complete the sentences blow.

Project Diary : New Luxuary Car

Year 1 Year 2

Feb : budget Last week of Jan : engineers-first

20 March : First meeting model

(project team) 12 : 00, 1 December: first model-

April : design ideas directors

1 May : best idea Year 3

Summer/Autumn : First Spring - road tests

design Tuesday 1 September : cars-public

a. ..I.n...F..e..b..r.u..a..r..y....the directors worked on the budget.
b. ......................... there was the first meeting of the project team.
c. .......................... we discussed design ideas and ........................

the directors decided on the best idea.
d. ......................... and .................... we prepared the first designs.
e. ............................the engineers started work on the first model.
f. .......................... we showed the first model to the directors.
g. ........................... the drivers road tested the car.
h. .................. the company started to sell the new car to the public.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 119

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Choose the most suitable answer and fill in the blanks.

a. The children are ....................... school now.

i. from ii. to iii. in iv. on

b. A bird flew....................... my house just now.

i. onto ii. between iii. up iv. over

c. Jenny sits..................... her chairs and does her work.

i. in ii. on iii. above iv. to

d. My best friend is sitting................. me. She is on my left.

i. across ii. along iii. beside iv. between

e. Do not lean........................the door.

i. up ii. in iii. to iv. against

f. Can you finish your work...........dinner time?

i. by ii. on iii. in iv. to

g. Where were you? I have been waiting.................you the whole
afternoon.

i. to ii. from iii. in iv. at

h. Please leave your shoes............................the mat.

i. against ii. in iii. on iv. through

2. Choose the most suitable answer and fill in the blanks.

a. You will reach the market after walking ................this tunnel.

i. by ii. at iii. through iv. from

b. I received a doll ..................... Aunt in May when she came back
from America.

i. to ii. from iii. by iv. for

120 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

c. Please put the flowers......................the vase.

i. at ii. to iii. between iv. in

d. I heard the doorbell but there was no one ................the door.

i. at ii. between iii. on iv. from

e. Where did this watch come.................?

i. by ii. in iii. to iv. from

f. My mother's birthday is ................. April.

i. on ii. at iii. in iv. by

g. the circus is coming ..................Friday.

i. in ii. on iii. at iv. to

h. We will be at the library ....................two hours.

i. at ii. for iii. from iv. by

3. Choose the most suitable answer and fill in the blanks.
a. Please take out your books ..................... your bags.

i. by ii. from iii. by iv. against

b. We climbed........................the stairs to get from the ground floor
to the top floor of the building.

i. down ii. by iii. up iv. against

c. Why is Ben hiding ...................... the bed?

i. on ii. under iii. up iv. through

d. Who are you waiting....................?

i. for ii. to iii. from iv. at

e. Jasmine has gone ................. Australia with her parents.

i. in ii. by iii. to iv. from

f. Some animals bury their eggs......................the sand to keep
them work.

i. in ii. by iii. at iv. through

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 121

g. My mother puts.......................her jacket before going to work.

i. in ii. by iii. up iv. on

h. There is a flight to Germany ..................the afternoon.

i. at ii. through iii. on iv. in

4. Choose the most suitable answer and fill in the blanks.

a. Which of these houses do you stay ...................?

i. from ii. for iii. to iv. in

b. My cat sleeps ..................... my bed every night.

i. on ii. through iii. in iv. from

c. Jack watches television......................night.

i. in ii. on iii. at iv. for

d. I am celebrating my birthday...............Saturday. Can you come?

i. on ii. at iii. in iv. by

e. What did you do when you were..................... Japan?

i. in ii. from iii. at iv. by

f. My father drinks a cup of coffee.................the morning.

i. at ii. on iii. by iv. in

g. I hope it will not rain ...............Wednesday.

i. in ii. on iii. at iv. to

h. My cat comes in to the house.................the hole.

i. through ii. at iii. in iv. under

122 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

Lesson Interjections

17

Before you begin

Study the situations and expressions.

Someone stole my pen. How bad!

Someone passed away. How sad!

Someone won the prize. How nice!

He scored 100 marks in Science. How great!

Look, read and learn.

Oh ! Boys are Hello! Kamana, how
fighting. do you do?

Hey ! I have passed Alas! He is injured. Hurray ! We have
the exam. won the match.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 123

For Your Memory

• The words 'Oh, Hello, Hey, Alas, Hurrah' express some sudden
emotion and feelings. Such words are called interjections.

Let's read some more examples:
Examples:
• Hurrah! We won the match.
• Bravo! Well done!
• Ouch! It is painful.
• Ah! What a lazy baby!
• Hush! The baby is sleeping.
• Aha! You found it at last.
The interjection expresses joy, grief, surprise, etc.
Pooh, posh, express hatred.
Aha, ha, oh, express grief.
Hello, hey, hi, express attention.
Ah, hurrah, hurray, oh, express joy.
Bravo, well done, express approval.

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Underline the interjections in the following sentences.
a. Oh! What a beautiful flower.
b. Alas! He died in an accident.
c. Ah! You are well now.
d. Oh! You are so stupid.
e. Hello! How are you?
f. Oh! How horrible!
g. Ah! It is very kind of you.

124 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

h. Bravo! You have stood first.
i. Hurrah! My mother has come.
k. Ah! It's a fine morning.
l. Alas! He is no more.
m. Ouch! That hurts.
2. Choose the right interjections and write in the blank spaces.
a. ......................... ! The poor man has died. (Alas, Pooh)
b. ......................... ! I have passed (Oh, Hurrah)
c. ......................... ! He is so cruel. (Alas, Pooh)
d. ......................... ! Well played. (Oh, Bravo)
e. ......................... ! Don't make a noise. (Oh, Hush)
f. ......................... ! How are you? (Hello, Oh)
g. ......................... ! You live in a lovely place. (Aha, Alas)
h. ......................... ! What a nice day! (Oh, Alas)
i. ......................... ! Who is there? (Hello, Bravo)
j. ......................... ! You stepped on my toes. (Ouch, Hi)
k. ......................... ! We have won the match. (Hush, Hurrah)
l. ......................... ! It's so beautiful. (Aha, Pooh)
m. ......................... ! The blade cut my finger. (Hi, Ouch)
n. ......................... ! It's so difficult. (Oh, Alas)
o. ......................... ! What are you doing? (Hey, Oh)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 125

3. How do you express your strong feelings in the following
situations?
a. Suppose you got a very lovely gift from your parents.
What a lovely gift it is!
2. Suppose you lost your doll.
................................................................................................... .
3. Suppose you found a hundred rupee note.
................................................................................................... .
4. Suppose your team won the cricket match.
................................................................................................... .
5. Suppose you failed the exam.
................................................................................................... .
6. Suppose you saw a poisonous snake.
................................................................................................... .
7. Suppose you saw a dinosaur for the first time.
................................................................................................... .

126 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

Lesson Tense : Simple

18

Before you begin

Read the poem. Tick the best answer.
Carts purr. This poem is written in:
Lions roar. a. Present tense
Owls hoot.
Bears snore. b. Past tense
Crickets creak.
Mice squeak. c. Future tense
Sheep bleat.
But I speak.

Story Time

Once a jackal saw a crab across the river.
He wanted to go there. But the river
was deep. A camel arrived there. He
requested the camel to take him there.
The camel carried him and crossed the
river. There was a sugarcane farm near
the river. The jackal showed it to the
camel. The camel went there and enjoyed the sugarcane.

In which tense is the above story written?

Ans: .....................................................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 127

Conversation practice. The form of a verb that shows the
time of an action or event is known
What do you know about tense? as tense.

How many kinds of tenses are There are three kinds of tense.
there, miss? They are past, present and future.

Please, tell me what they are.

How many forms of tenses are There are four forms of each tense.
there, miss?
Yes, they are simple, continuous,
Please, tell me their names. perfect and perfect continuous.

Kinds of Tense The past tense refers to the action before the time
of speaking.
a. Past tense : The present tense refers to the action at the time
of speaking.
b. Present Tense : The future tense refers to the action in the future.

c. Future Tense :

Tense

Past Present Future

Present Tense Simple present tense Present perfect tense

Present continuous tense Present perfect continuous

Sentence having verb infinitive (V1) b. You pray to the God.
a. I make a cup of tea. d. They sleep in time.
c. Bijaya and Ajay help their mother.
e. We write a letter to the principal.

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Sentence having singular verb (V5)

a. Sunita writes an essay. b. Komal recites a poem

c. Mohan likes his parents. d. She sits on the chair.

e. Kalu respects his teachers. f. He goes to school.

Structure : Subject + V1 / V5 + Object

• Singular subject takes a singular verb.
Example: Ram eats rice.
• Plural subject takes a plural verb.
Example: They meet me at home.
• 'I' is singular but it is always used as a plural. So 'I' takes a plural verb.
Example: I read, I play, I eat.
• 'You' is singular as well as plural. But it is used as plural.
Example: You take a bath. You dance well.

Compare the given diary entry with yours.

My name is Subigya Karki. I am a student. I
wake up at 6 o’clock in the morning. I go to
bathroom to become fresh. I have my breakfast.
After breakfast I start reading and completing
my homework. I have a small brother. His
name is Swarnim. He also reads with me. He
does his homework himself. We study together.
We wear our school uniform together and go
to school at 9 o’clock. Our school is over at 4
o’clock. We come back to our home. We wash
our hands and feet and we have our tiffin.
We play for some time and start doing our
homework. We have our dinner at 8:00 o'clock
in the evening. We watch T.V. sometime and do
some self reading. We go to bed at 9:30 p.m.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 129

Read the story given below.

There was a farmer in
a village. He had an
amazing goose. It laid
a golden egg daily. The
farmer was greedy. He
thought to be rich at
once. He wanted to kill
the goose thinking that
there were many eggs
inside its stomach. He
killed it to get all the
eggs inside it. But there
was only a single egg in
its stomach. It was a great disappointment to him. His greed ruined his
happiness in no time.

Past Tense Simple past tense Past perfect tense
Past continuous tense Past perfect continuous

Example: b. Sanjay worked hard.
a. I played the ball. d. Jitendra loved Raina.
c. Mother cooked food. f. He gave me his pen.
e. They opened the door. h. Nabina opened the door.
g. Alisha found my pen.

Structure : Subject + V2 + Object

Regular Verb

The verbs that are changed in past and past participle forms by adding
'd' or 'ed' in their present forms are called regular verbs.

130 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

Here are the list of regular verbs:

Regular Verb Forms

Present Past Past participle
killed
kill killed played
asked
play played boiled
called
ask asked changed
challenged
boil boiled cleaned
accepted
call called finished
helped
change changed arrived
followed
challenge challenged moved
loved
clean cleaned talked
passed
accept accepted missed
saved
finish finished travelled
walked
help helped opened
danced
arrive arrived boiled
accepted
follow followed divided
listened
move moved lived
closed
love loved agreed
decided
talk talked

pass passed

miss missed

save saved

travel travelled

walk walked

open opened

dance danced

boil boiled

accept accepted

divide divided

listen listened

live lived

close closed

agree agreed

decide decided

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Irregular Verb

The verbs which have irregular patterns while changing in past and
participle forms. These verbs are not changed in past and participle by
adding 'd' or 'ed'. Some letters are changed or some verbs forms remain
same in both past and participle forms of irregular verbs. Here are some
examples of irregular forms of verbs:.

Irregular Verb Forms

Present Past Past participle

awake awoke awaken

arise arose arisen

be was/were been

beat beat beaten

begin began begun

buy bought bought

catch caught caught

come came come

do did done

draw drew drawn

eat ate eaten

find found found

fly flew flown

get got got

have had had

hold held held

know knew known

lay laid laid

leave left left

make made made

meet met met

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ring rant rung

run ran run

say said said

see saw seen

sit sat sat

take took taken

tell told told

throw threw thrown

understand understood understood

wake woke woken

wear wore worn

weep wept wept

win won won

write wrote written

Future Tense Simple future tense Future perfect tense
Future continuous tense Future perfect continuous

Example:
a. She will have her breakfast.
b. I shall be happy.
c. Ghanashyam will help all those wishing to learn.
d. Umesh will return home.
e. You will cut a cake on your birthday.

Structure : Subject + shall / will + V1 + Object

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 133

Look at these verbs in three different tenses:

Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense

You sleep. You slept. You will sleep.

He keeps. He kept. He will keep.

You send. You sent. You will send.

I play. I played I will/shall play.

He eats. he ate. He will eat.

Boys dance. Boys danced. Boys will dance.

Ram speaks. Ram spoke. Ram will speak.

Aasis sings. Aasis sang. Aasis will sing.

We laugh. We laughed. We shall/will laugh.

Bipana cries. Bipana cried. Bipana will cry.

I understand. I understood. I shall/will understand.

Mother cooks. Mother cooked. Mother will cook.

Father pays. Father paid. Father will pay.

She reads. She read. She will read.

Listen and speak

Sound /Øi/

coin, join, toy, joy, soil, voice, oil, boil

Sound /ai/

eye, lie, fine, night, spice, spy, line, time
Sound /uE/
cure, sure, poor, surely, furious, insurance, tour

134 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Match the present and the past forms of the verbs below.

Present Past

run did
do knew
write ran
play wrote
talk stood
see flew
fly played
stand ate
know saw

eat talked

2. Choose the right verbs.
a. Sakriya .................................. . (study/studies) in Class Five.
b. Dogs ......................... (eat/eats) meat.
c. Rahul ............................(cut/cuts) his fingers frequently.

d. Rohit ...........................(works/work) in a school.

e. Cows...........................(give/gives) us milk.

f. We............................(go/went) to temple every Saturday.
3. Fill in the blanks with suitable simple present form of the verbs

given below.

counts, beat, do, goes, prepare, reads

a. My father ..................to office.

b. They .................. their work.
c. Ramesh .................. pages of the book.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 135

d. Sabin .................. at home.

e. Villagers .................. the thief.

f. We .................. for the exam.

4. Rewrite the following sentences in your note book changing the
verbs to simple present tense. One has been done for you.

a. We made ornaments. We make ornaments.

b. I thought about it. .................................................

d. I wrote the report. ................................................

e. The thieves hid somewhere. ................................................

f. Shilpa recited a poem for us. ................................................

g. Laxmi Karki taught us Nepali. ................................................

h. They drank a lot of water. ................................................

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Write the past forms of the following verbs. sleep ...............
write ................... do ................... make ...............
look .................. play .................. fly ...............
run .................. eat .................. cut ...............
keep .................. see .................. put ...............
give .................. buy ..................

2. Change the following sentences into past tense.

a. We learn our lessons. We learned our lessons.

b. The sun shines brightly. ...............................................

c. Kajal sings a song. ...............................................
d. It rains heavily. ...............................................
e. Renu works very hard. ...............................................
f. I play chess daily. ...............................................
g. The cat kills a rat. ...............................................

h. You eat your breakfast. ...............................................

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3. Change the verbs of the following sentences into simple present

form.

a. We got the news. b. Priyanka left the village.

c. Sagar cut his finger. d. Anita took her share.

e. Rahul ate a lot of apples. f. You said nothing.
g. Father gave me a mobile set. h. Madhuri danced well.

4. Put the given verbs in the simple future tense.

a. We ........................ there. (stand)

b. Gaurav ......................after wards. (speak)

c. Suman ........................ this work. (do)

d. These birds ......................... .(fly)

e. They ........................ this tree. (cut)

f. I ........................ about it. (read)

g. She ........................a folk song. (sing)
h. He ........................ a new watch. (buy)

Exercise-3 Class Activity

1. Put the right form of the verb in the blank space.
a. Will you ...................... to my house tomorrow? (come/came/
comes)
b. Sabin ...................... on his bench. (sat/sitting/sit)
c. You ...................... it by 6 o’clock. (got/get/will get)
d. The fat boy ...................... at me. (looked/look/looking)
e. They ........ the cricket match. (watch/watching/watches)
f. Every day, the milkman ......................milk early in the morning.
(brought/brings/bring)
g. Rakesh ...................... under the tree yesterday. (sat/sitting/sits)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 137

2. Make correct sentences from the box.

teacher teaches football
furniture
A doctor plays students
patients
carpenter treats

player makes

E.g. A teacher teaches students.
3. Fill in the blanks with the past form of the verb.

a. I ............... up early in the morning yesterday. (get)

b. I ............... my mother in the kitchen. (help)

c. I ............... to school. (go)

d. I ............... with my friends. (play)

e. I ............... my classwork. (do)

f. Meena ............... me a lot. (help)

4. Answer the following questions. Write complete answers:
a. Do you like apple or orange?
..........................................................................................................
b. Do you like red or white?
..........................................................................................................
c. Do you like suit or Daura Surwal?
..........................................................................................................
d. Do you like box or cupboard?
..........................................................................................................
e. Do you like TV or the radio?
..........................................................................................................
f. Did you pass Class Two?

..........................................................................................................

g. Will you be a scientist?

..........................................................................................................

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5. Write answer "Yes, it does" or "No, it doesn't".
a. Does a dog live in a jungle?
No, it doesn't.
b. Does a cow live in a jungle?
..........................................................................................................
c. Do you like suit or Daura Suruwal?
..........................................................................................................
d. Does a bird live in the nest?
..........................................................................................................
e. Does a goat live in the stable?
..........................................................................................................
f. Does a lion live in the cave?
..........................................................................................................

6. Make as many sentences as you can from the given table.

Monkey runs basketball
My father play newspaper
They buys very fast
Her brothers read vegetables
He climbs on the tree

a. .................................................................................................... .
b. .................................................................................................... .
c. .................................................................................................... .
d. .................................................................................................... .
e. .................................................................................................... .
f. .................................................................................................... .

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 139

Lesson

19 Tense : Continuous

Before you begin

Read the conversation.
Udit : Hello, Ajit! What are you doing?
Ajit : I am watching television.
Udit : How about your sister?
Ajit : She is reading a story book.
Udit : What are your parents doing?
Ajit : They are cleaning the garden.

A. Present Continuous Tense

Look and read.
1. Positive Sentences
a. Raju is running.
b. I am reading.
c. They are playing.
2. Negative Sentences
a. Raju is not running.
b. I am not reading.
c. They are not playing.
3. Interrogative Sentences
a. Is Raju running?
b. Am I reading?
c. Are they playing?

In the above sentences, we see that the verb shows action going on at the
present moment and is not yet completed. So, such a tense is called present
continuous.

140 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

Subject + is / are / am + V-ing (Positive)
Structure: Subject + is / are / am + not + V-ing (Negative)
Is / are / am + subject + V-ing + obj. ? (Yes/No question)

Note: The present continuous tense is used to denote that an action
is going on at the time of speaking.

B. Past Continuous Tense

Look and read.
1. Positive Sentences
a. He was solving maths problems.
b. I was reading Science.
c. We were buying goods.
2. Negative Sentences
a. He was not solving maths problems.
b. I was not reading Science.
c. We were not buying goods.
3. Interrogative Sentences
a. Was he solving maths problems?
b. Was I reading Science?
c. Were we buying goods?

Subject + was / were + V-ing (Positive)
Structure: Subject + was / were + not + V-ing (Negative)

Was / Were + subject + V-ing + object? ( Yes/No Question)

C. Future Continuous Tense

Look and read.
1. Positive Sentences
a. I will be singing songs.
b. Smarika will be laughing.
c. We will be swimming in the pool.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 141

2. Negative Sentences
a. I will not be singing songs.
b. Smarika will not be laughing.
c. We will not be swimming in the pool.
3. Interrogative Sentences
a. Will I be singing songs?
b. Will Smarika be laughing?
c. Will we be swimming in the pool?

Subject + will / shall + be + V-ing + Object (Positive)
Structure : Subject + will / shall + not + be + V-ing (Negative)

Will / Shall + subject + be + V-ing + Object? (Yes/No question)

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Fill in the blanks with past continuous form of the verb given in
the brackets.
a. They ..................... . (play)
b. I .................... fruits. (eat)
c. The lion ...................... . (roar)
d. We ...................... . (pray)
e. The mother .................... in bed. (sleep)
f. The teacher .................... in class. (teach)
g. The child .................. a kite. (fly)

142 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

2. Fill in the blanks with present continuous form of the verb given
in the brackets.
a. They ................. a picture. (draw)

b. Someone ................. at the door. (knock)
c. I ................. the room. (clean)
d. We ................. football. (play)
e. Why ................. you ................. a noise? (make)
f. The child ................. loudly. (weep)

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Fill in the blanks with future continuous form of the verb given
in the brackets.

a. The washerman ................. clothes. (iron)

b. He ................. me. (help)
c. The boys ................... . (sing)
d. The children .................. . (dance)
e. The stars ........................ . (twinkle)
f. I ......................... a poem.
g. Farmers .................................(write) (work)
h. I ................. a car. (drive)
i. They ................. for us. (wait)

2. Make sentences using the given table.

He
She

They is doing homework now.

We am singing songs.

You are driving a car.

I

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Lesson

20 Case and Its Kinds

Before you begin

Complete the table. Who? Whose? What?
He the door
He opens the door.
Ram sings songs.
I like Rita's book.
Bina got her pen.
She took Mina's goat.
We bought her car.

Read and learn.

Who is my sister? – Relating to subject Kinds of Case
Radha is my sister. Subjective
Objective
What is Mina cooking? Possessive
Mina is cooking food. – Relating to object

Whose book is this?

This is Rabina’s book. – Relating to possession

A. Subjective Case

Read the following sentences.
He is my maternal uncle. Binod has a doll.
Sanjay will be an engineer. Sapana is my sister.

In the above sentences, coloured words 'He, Binod, Sanjay and Sapana'
are in subjective case. It is also called nominative case.

144 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

B. Objective Case

Read the following sentences.

Binita told me. Mr. Karki knows us.

Your sister cooks food. Hariman writes a letter.

In the above sentences, 'me, us, food, a letter' are objects. These are in

objective case.

• A noun or pronoun is said to be in objective case when it is used as
an object to a verb.

To find the objective case (object), we put whom / what before the

verb and its subject.

Example:

You eat meat. What do you eat? = meat

You play the ball. What do you play? = play

C. Possessive Case

Read the following sentences.

Madhav is taking Kedar's bag. Bharat has Rubina's pen.

Shyam's cap is in my bag. Dipak's father is a teacher.

Here, Kedar's, Rubina's, Shyam's, Dipak's are in possessive case.

• A noun or pronoun which shows possession is said to be in the
possessive case. The possessive case answers the question 'whose?"

For Your Memory

• The word which shows the relation in which a noun or a pronoun
stands to some other words in a sentence is called the case.

• There are three types of cases: Subjective (Nominative), Objective
(Accusative) and Possessive (Genetive).

• When a noun or pronoun is used as the subject of a verb, it is in
the Subjective case.

• When a noun or pronoun is used as the object of a verb, it is in
the Objective case.

• The noun or pronoun which is used to denote ownership or
possession is said to be in the Possessive case.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 145

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Underline the subjective case in the following sentences. One is
done for you.

a. Dogs eat meat. b. Boys are playing.

c. Renu is dancing. d. Birds are flying.

e. Children like sweets. f. She reads books.

g. He saw me. h. We take tea.

i. A child likes flowers. j. My pen is lost.

k. They water the plants. l. Diwash sings very well.

2. Underline the objective case in the following sentences.

a. The sun melts snow. b. Ram killed Ravan.

c. The cat killed a rat. d. I taught the boy.

e. Birds built the nest. f. He likes honey.

g. They played the ball. h. She cooked rice.

i. He looks at me. j. I saw the flying bird.

3. Write the possessive case of the following nouns and make
sentences.

a. friend friend’s This is my friend's house.

b. dog ………………. …………….……………….

c. child ………………. …………….……………….

d. girl ………………. …………….……………….

e. men ………………. …………….……………….

f. tiger ………………. …………….……………….

g. ram ………………. …………….……………….

h. father ………………. …………….……………….

i. uncle ………………. …………….……………….

146 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Underline the possessive nouns and pronouns.

a. Ram’s pen is red. b. The baby’s doll is lost.

c. We saw an armies' camp. d. Ramu's dog is honest.

e. This is Bhuwan’s school. f. This room is mine.

g. My uncle’s farm is very big. h. Father’s money is lost.

i. Cow’s milk is white. j. This pen is yours.

k. His books are here. l. This is my sister’s mobile.

m. It is your shop. n. I like his brother’s shoe.

2. Fill in the blanks with possessive pronouns.

a. ..................book is fine. b. That is ……… house.

c. These flowers are ................ . d. This pen is …………………

e. It is …………… soap. f. I like …………… dance.

g. This pen …………… h. This watch is ……………

i. ………… pencils are lost. j. ……… father is a poet.

k. This is ……… house. l. ……… voice is sweet.

m. ……… son is a doctor. n. ……… mother loves me.

o. Those bikes are ………… .
3. Answer the following questions.

a. What is case?
b. Name the kinds of case with four/four examples.

c. What is the difference between subjective and objective case?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 147

Lesson Punctuation

21

Before you begin

Correct the following sentences and rewrite.

What is your name. .............................

Do you like tea or coffee! .............................

Alas old man died? .............................

Come and tell the answer? .............................

How wonderful boy he is. .............................

He said I can go? .............................

I like Science? .............................

Hari called Mohan to play football on Tuesday! .............................

Punctuation marks are used in a piece of writing. The important
punctuation marks are full stop (.), comma (,) question mark (?) and
exclamation mark (!)

Marks of Punctuation

1. Full stop ( . )
2. Comma ( , )
3. Apostrophe ( ‘ )
4. Question mark ( ? )
5. Exclamation mark ( ! )
6. Hyphen ( – )
7. Colon ( : )
8. Dash ( – )
9. Quotation mark (" ")
10. Semicolon ( ; )

148 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3

1. Full Stop (.)
a. It is used at the end of statements:
Raju is a student. He is my friend.
He is a student. They are sleeping.
He is the son of a rich man. He is not proud at all.
b. It is used at the end of an imperative sentence.
Stand up.
Don’t write on the wall.
c. It is used after the abbreviations, as I.Ed., B.Ed, M.P.
2. Question Mark (?)
a. It is used in a question.
Who is she? Are you a student?
b. It is used in question tag:
He teaches English, doesn’t he?
You are not happy, are you?

3. Exclamation Mark (!)
a. It is used at the end of an exclamation :
e.g. May you live long!, How foolish she has been!

b. It is used after interjections.
Bravo!, Hello!, Oh!, Pooh!, Yeah!

4. Quotation Marks (" ")
a. They are used to quote the exact words of a speaker.
The man said, "We must not fight."
The teacher said, "Try it again."

Capital Letter

The use of capital letter.
a. Capital letter is used to begin the first word of every sentence
– Aasis is busy. They are going.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-3 149

b. Proper nouns begin with capital letters;

• Person : Rakesh, Mukesh, Rani.

• Rivers : The Karnali , The Koshi

• Months : January, May, August

• Days : Saturday, Tuesday, Friday

• Books : The Bible, The Quran, The Gita.

• Places: Kathmandu, Pokhara, Nepaljung.
c. Proper adjectives begin with capital letters;
e.g. Japanese; Nepali, etc.
d. Words like 'God, I' are written in capital letters.
e. The first word of every line of poetry begins with a capital letter.
Johnny, Johnny?
Yes, papa.
Eating sugar?
No, papa.

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Use capital letters and full stop (.), where necessary in the
following sentences.
a. ramu, one of your old friends, met me at the station last sunday

b. narayan, the best friend of ram, died

c. february, the second month of the year, comes between january
and march

d. he was honest sincere hardworking and faithful

e. sita, mohan and rita all came to meet me

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