Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 201 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 1. Answer the following questions. a. Draw a labelled diagram of typical networking structure. b. What is LAN? Write its features. c. What is computer networking? d. Write any five advantages of computer networking. e. Write any three disadvantages of computer networking. f. List the devices required to connect computer networking system. g. What is MAN? h. What is network topology? Write its types. i. Explain the types of computer network on the basis of geographical location. j. What is WAN? Explain with example. 2. Write short notes on: a. Server computer b. Star topology c. Wide area network (WAN) d. Local area network (LAN) e. Communication media f. Resources can be shared on networking system g. Mesh topology h. Communication media i. Client 3. Differentiate between: a. Stand alone computer and network system. b. Server and client c. Guided and unguided communication medium. d. LAN and WAN. e. Star and Bus topology. 4. Write the full form of: a. WAN b. NIC c. LAN d. MoDem e. MAN Exercise
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 202 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 5. Fill in the blanks. a. Simple network configuration that describes the connection style of computer is called __________. b. Wired communication medium are also called __________ medium. c. Main host computer is called __________. d. All the connection points are called __________. e. Internet is the example of __________. f. Network within a building is called __________. g. __________ is a network between the computers of a city. h. __________ is a signal conversion device that converts analogue signal to digital. i. __________ is a device that connects computers on star topology. j. Server serves the __________ space, __________ and __________ to clients. 6. State True and False a. Server computer is working terminal in a network system. b. MAN is metropolitan area network. c. The full form of NIC is Network Integration Card. d. Topology gives the concept of network connection style. e. There is a server and client structure on all types of network. f. Full form of MoDem is Modulator/Demodulator. g. Node is the connection point of clients on computer network. h. Internet is wide area network. i. Bus topology uses hub. j. User works on server side of network. 7. Project Work a. Make a list of devices required for computer network. b. Draw a typical diagram of networking system used in your school. c. Write any two application areas of WAN, LAN and MAN. (Refer: Bank, School, enterprises, government office, etc.) d. What type of topology is used in a networking system in your computer lab? e. Make a list of merits and demerits of networking system.
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 203 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 Number System 15 Chapter 8 Types of number system 8 Number conversion technologies 8 Binary addition and subtraction 8 Binary multiplication and division Decimal Binary 0 0 1 1 2 10 3 11 4 100 5 101 6 110 7 111 8 1000 9 1001
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 204 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre The number system has its own history. You cannot imagine your life without numbers. Decimal number was developed between 8th to 11th centuries AD, by Hindu-Arabic mathematicians. There are different types of number systems used in electronic field. They are decimal numbers, binary numbers, octal numbers and hexadecimal numbers. Decimal (Denary) Numbers The number system having base 10 is called the decimal number system. It includes 10 digits 0, 1, 2….., 9 The number of base or radix 10 is called decimal numbers. It is the first number system in which all the ancient and modern mathematical calculation is done. Other number systems are derived from it. Our daily life transaction is based in decimal system. Binary Number Binary number is a number of bases (radix) 2. It is represented by 1 and 0. 1 or 0 is called bits (Binary digit). These numbers represent two logical conditions of human life- TRUE, and FALSE. Decimal Binary 0 0 1 1 2 10 3 11 4 100 5 101 6 110 7 111 8 1000 9 1001 Number System 15 Chapter
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 205 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 Convert following decimal into binary numbers: a) (45)10 = (101101)2 2 45 1 2 22 0 2 11 1 2 5 1 2 2 0 1 b) (225)10 = (10111001)2 2 225 1 2 112 0 2 56 0 2 23 1 2 11 1 2 5 1 2 2 0 1 Binary to Decimal Conversions a) (1110001)2 = (113)10
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 206 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre Example: Convert 10011011 into decimal equivalent. 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 × 20 = 1 1 × 21 = 2 0 × 22 = 0 1 × 23 = 8 1 × 24 = 16 0 × 25 = 0 0 × 26 = 0 1 × 27 = 128 = (155)10 \ (10011011)2 = (155)10 Convert following binary numbers into decimal equivalents: a) 00111 b) 01011 c) 10100 d) 11011 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 × 20 = 1 1 × 20 = 1 1 × 21 = 2 1 × 21 = 2 1 × 22 = 4 0 × 22 = 0 0 × 23 = 0 1 × 23 = 8 0 × 24 = 0 0 × 24 = 0 = (7) 10 = (11)10 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 × 20 = 0 1 × 20 = 1 0 × 21 = 0 1 × 21 = 2 1 × 22 = 4 0 × 22 = 0 0 × 23 = 0 1 × 23 = 8 1 × 24 = 16 1 × 24 = 16 = (20)10 = (27)10 a) c) d) b)
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 207 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 Convert following binary numbers into decimal: (a)1001 (b)1101 a) 1001 = 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = (9)10 b) 1101 = 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = (13)10 Octal The number system having base 8 is called octal number system. It includes 8 digits 0, 1, 2….., 7 The number with base 8 is called octal number. It is represented by Q or O. It was very popular number system, especially used in the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP/8 and other old computers. It is rarely used today. The octal number system has eight symbols starting from 0 to 7. Weighted value 85 84 83 82 81 80 32768 4096 512 64 8 1 Decimal to Octal Decimal number is repetitively divided by 8 and remainders are arranged in the form of octal numbers. Problem Convert 240 decimal into octal. 8 240 0 8 30 6 3 (240)10 =(360)8 Octal to Decimal Each octal digit is multiplied by its weighted position. The sum of all products is known as decimal form of octal. ð Convert 340 octal into decimal. (340)8 =3 x 82 + 4 x 81 + 0 x 80 = 192 + 32 + 0= (224)10 ð Convert 175 octal into decimal number. (175)8 = 1 x 82 + 7 x 81 + 5 x 80 = (125)10
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 208 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre ð Convert 35610 into base 8. 8 356 4 8 44 4 5 (365)10 = (544)8 Hexadecimal The number system having base 16 is called hexadecimal number system. It includes 16 digits 0, 1, 2….., 9,A,B,C,D,E,. It is also called Hex number system. The number with base 16 is called hexadecimal number. It is denoted by H. It has 16 symbols starting from 0 to 15 ( 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A=10,B=11,C=12,D=13,E =14,F=15). The following table shows the relationship between hexadecimal and binary numbers. Decimal Octal Hexadecimal Binary 0 0 0 0000 1 1 1 0001 2 2 2 0010 3 3 3 0011 4 4 4 0100 5 5 5 0101 6 6 6 0110 7 7 7 0111 8 8 1000 9 9 1001 10 A 1010 11 B 1011 12 C 1100 13 D 1101 14 E 1110 15 F 1111
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 209 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion The decimal number is repetitively divided by 16 and remainders are collected to represent hexadecimal numbers. ð Convert the following in hexadecimal number: (1047)10 = (417)16 16 1047 7 16 65 1 4 ð Convert (333)10 into hexadecimal. 16 333 13 16 20 4 1 (333)10 = (14D)16 Where D = 13 Hexadecimal to Decimal Each hexadecimal digit is multiplied by weighted positions, and sum of product is equal to decimal value. (A 3 7 E)16 = (?)10 A = 10 14 × 160 = 14 A × 163 + 3 × 162 + 7 ×161 + E × 160 E = 14 7 × 161 = 112 = (41854)10 3 × 162 = 768 10 × 163 = 40960 = (41854)10 ð Convert (1230)16 to decimal = 1 × 163 + 2 × 162 + 3 ×161 + 0 × 160 = 4096 + 2X768 + 3X 16 +0 = (5680)10 a)
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 210 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre Addition of Binary Numbers Follow the following rule. 1 0 0 1 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 1 1 1 0 10 Example 1 0 1 0 First number 1 0 0 1 Second number 1 0 0 1 1 ð Add following binary numbers (a) 1100 +1111=11011 1 Carry 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 11 0 1 1 (b) 110011 + 111100 + 100110 = 10010110 1 1 1 1 1 Carry 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 Subtraction ð Follow the following rule. 1 0 1 0 – 0 – 0 – 1 – 1 1 0 0 1 Borrow 1
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 211 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 Example 110-11=011 The first step is to equalise digits placing zero to the left side and make columns. You take right most columns and solve 0-1. 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 Next step, come to second column from where you have to solve again 0-1. 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Examples Multiplication The multiplication of binary number is also like decimal multiplication. Example 1100 x 11 = 10100 1 1 0 0 × 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Borrow 1 from second column After giving borrow to first column second columns 1 will change into 0. To subtract again get borrow from first column. 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 a) b) c) – – –
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 212 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre Division The division process is like division of decimal numbers. (a) 110 ) 1100 ( 10 (b) 101 ) 1001 ( 1 (c) 101 ) 11011 ( 101 110 101 101 00 100 111 101 1 0 Quotient 101 and remainder 10 Key Points • Decimal numbers are generated with the combination of 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. • First number system is decimal number system which is developed by Hindu philosophers. • Binary numbers are digital numbers generated with the combination of 0 and 1. • Octal numbers are eight base numbers that are generated with the combination of 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. • Hexadecimal numbers are 16 base numbers and generated with the combination of 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F where A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14,F=15 • We can convert different numbers from one form into another form using simple calculations. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions. a. What is decimal number system? b. What is binary number system? c. Define octal number system. d. Define a hexadecimal number system. e. Can you convert a decimal into octal number? How can you convert it? Demonstrate with example. 2. Differentiate between: a. Binary and Octal Numbers
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 213 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 b. Decimal and Hexadecimal Numbers c. Octal and binary numbers 3. State True and False. a. Octal numbers are two base numbers. b. Decimal numbers are ten base numbers. c. General arithmetic uses binary numbers. d. Electronic devices use binary numbers. e. Hexadecimal number is similar to octal number. 4. Solve the following. a. Convert the following decimal into binary: i. 234 ii. 542 iii. 158 b. Change the following decimal into octal and hexadecimal number: i. 756 ii. 5164 iii. 51818 c. Convert the following hexadecimal into decimal. i. 78AB ii. EFA25 iii. 9E2C iv. ABC d. Convert (333)10 into hexadecimal. e. Convert the following numbers according to the given instruction: i. (240)10 into octal number. i. (ABC)16 into decimal number. f. Convert (356)10 into base 8. g. Convert (520)10 into base 16. h. Convert following octal numbers into decimal. i. 4532 ii. 6743 iii. 1234 iv. 2342 i. Convert (A5B)16 into decimal number. j. Convert the following Binary numbers into Decimal ones. i. 101111 ii. 1101010 iii. 11111 iv. 10010100 k. Binary Arithmetic i. Addition: a. 1100+11 b. 1001+1100+1111 c. 1011+0111+1001 ii. Subtract the following: a. 1101-1100 b. 1000-11 c. 1010-111 d. 1100-101 e. 1100-0111 iii. Multiply: a. 1100 and 11 b. 1100 and 111 c. 1011 and 1001 iv. Divide the following: a. 1111 by 11 b. 1100 by 110 c. 1111 by 111 d. 1101 by 101 e. 1000 by 111 v. Simplify: a. 1100 + 11-111 b. 111 x 110 + 1100 -1011 c. 1110 ÷ 111 x 110 - 1011
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 214 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre Computer Graphics 16 Chapter 8 Adobe Photoshop 8 Uses of toolbox 8 Process of photo handling 8 Options of Photoshop
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 215 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 Adobe Photoshop Photoshop is the leading professional image-editing programme released by Adobe. Photoshop is useful for both creating and editing images to be used in print or online. Photoshop is the best choice for any image manipulation job because it is easy to use. How to start Click the "Start" menu and go to the "Programs" folder. You will see an "Adobe" folder with "Photoshop 7.0" inside; click this icon. Computer Graphics 16 Chapter
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 216 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre You will get the system of Photoshop. Menu Details of Photoshop We can view the main menu of Photoshop as given: File – Create new images, open pre-existing images, print, exit the programme, etc. Edit – Undo, copy, paste, cut, preferences, basic image manipulation, etc. Image – Change the image or canvas size, rotate, adjust brightness & contrast, etc. Layer – Create / delete layers, merge layers together, layer effects, etc. Select – Adjust the selected area of your image Filter – Apply filters and effects to your image View – Zoom in and out of your image Window – Open or close different windows within Photoshop
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 217 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 Creating a New Canvas / Image Working area of graphic design is called canvas. We have to create the new image on the new canvas. - Click on “File” menu and select “New” (or press Ctrl+N). A Window will display. Now select the required size of design or canvas and choose ok. Your canvas will open as a blank, white window. Now make the design and save it. Opening a Pre-existing Image - Click on “File” menu and select “Open” (or press Ctrl+O). Find the image on your computer that you wish to edit, and click “Open.” Your image will open in a new window within Photoshop. Tools used on Photoshop Once you have an image created or opened, you can edit or draw on top of it with Photoshop’s “Tools” window, which is the long, thin window that is automatically open on the left side. Here is a breakdown of all the tools contained on this bar:
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 218 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre ● Marquee Tool – used for selecting areas of an image ● Move Tool – used for moving an image to a different area of the canvas ● Lasso Tool – used for selecting areas of an image that may not necessarily be comprised of straight lines ● Magic Wand Tool – used for auto-selecting large areas of an image that are similar in colour ● Crop Tool – used for reducing the image to a certain area (“cropping”) ● Slice Tool – used to “slice” an image into different sections; generally used for the creation of images for a web page design ● Healing Brush Tool – used to fix imperfections in an image by copying other pixels from the image. The Healing Brush tool will also match the texture, lighting, and shading to perfectly match the area you are fixing ● Brush Tool – used with the mouse to simply draw lines on your image ● Clone Stamp Tool – used to “clone” or copy one area of an image to another; first hold “Alt” and click an area of the image to copy, then click on a different area to copy it there ● History Brush Tool – used to copy and draw a pre-existing image in different artistic styles ● Eraser Tool – used to erase certain areas of an image ● Gradient Tool – used to create gradient fills for an image, of any colour ● Blur Tool – used to blur or blend areas of an image ● Dodge Tool – used to uniquely adjust the brightness and contrast of an image
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 219 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 ● Path Selection Tool – used merge overlapping components into a single component ● Type Tool – used to place text on an image ● Pen Tool – used to draw lines and curves with better precision ● Rectangle Tool – used to draw rectangles and other polygons ● Notes Tool – used to leave notes for yourself on your image ● Eyedropper Tool – used to select and match specific colours ● Hand Tool – used to quickly view different areas of an image ● Zoom Tool – used to zoom in and out of an image ● Set Foreground / Background Colour – used to set the foreground (front) and background (back) colours of an image; can also be used to change the colours of text, etc. Click on the boxes to change the colours (a new window will appear). Cropping an Image If an image is too large and you would like to cut it to just focus on one section of the image, you can “crop” it to that size and area. - Select the “Crop” tool, and click and drag around the area you want. - You can resize the area (or rotate it) with the mouse by clicking any of the corners. - Now press enter to crop the image. We will get the resized form of image. Resizing an Image If you don’t want to crop your image (meaning you want the entire image, just at a smaller size),
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 220 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre you can resize your image to any dimensions you wish. - Select “Image Size” from the “Image” menu. - Select the width and height of the image. Note: The default in Photoshop is to keep image resizing at “Constrain Proportions.” This means that if the height is changed, the width will be changed at the same ratio. This keeps your image looking approximately the same, only at different sizes. If you wish to change this, just un-click the “Constrain Proportions” check box at the bottom of the “Image Size” window. You can change the image size either by pixels or percentages. Use either you wish to either enlarge or reduce the size of your image. Enlarging image may reduce the quality of image. Moving an Image You can move an image to any area of the canvas you wish. - Select the “Move” tool, and click and drag the image to any area of the canvas you wish. Selecting / Deleting a Part of an Image - Choose the “Marquee” tool.
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 221 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 - Click and drag around a part of an image. A rotating, dotted line will surround that area. To delete this section that you’ve selected, hit the “Delete” key on your keyboard. Working with Magic Wand The “Magic Wand” can select a larger area of an image by grabbing similar looking pixels and grouping them together. Select the Magic Wand tool and click an area of an image. It will select a large portion of the area which you can move, delete, etc. Adding Text - Click the “Text” tool on the tool bar and click in your image where you want to add text. - The text will appear on top of the image, and it will be on its own new layer. You can change the font, style, size, anti-aliasing, and colour of your text on the menu directly below the main Photoshop menu. Altering Your Images Photoshop’s most powerful aspect is its ability to edit and manipulate images easily and with professional quality. The second section of the tool menu contains tools that specifically help you to edit your images. When you click any of these tools, Photoshop’s sub-main menu will change to reflect new options available to you. Most will look something like this, or very similar: 1. Name – The name of the tool you’re using.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 222 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 2. Brush Picker – Here you can select the diameter, hardness, and spacing of the brush / tool you are using. 3. Mode – Effect mode 4. Opacity – The transparency of the tool’s effects. 5. Flow – The flow rate of the stroke. 6. Airbrush – Click to enable airbrush capabilities with the tool. Brush / Pencil Tool The Brush tool can be right-clicked to also show the Pencil tool as an option. Both are very simple tools that allow you to directly draw on top of an image. Select a colour with the Foreground Colour option on the tool bar, and select a brush size from the tool’s submain menu, alongside. Click and drag across an image to draw on top of it. Clone Tool The Clone tool will copy pixels from one part of an image and copy them to a new part of the image. The Clone tool is most useful in situations such as removing blemishes from a face in a photograph, clearing a few clouds out of a bright blue sky, etc. • Choose the Clone tool. • Hold the “Alt” button on your keyboard, and click in an area of the image that you’d like to copy. • Now click elsewhere in the image, and move the cursor around. The image will “clone” itself to that second area.
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 223 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 Eraser Tool The eraser simply deletes sections of an image. • Click the Eraser tool, and click and drag around your image. • The eraser will “erase” the image to what’s set as the Background colour. Gradient / Paint Bucket Tool The Gradient tool can be used on its own, or right-clicked to also select the Paint Bucket tool. A gradient is a horizontal fading of colours, most commonly used in the creation of banners for web pages. • Select the Gradient tool, the sub-main menu for a drop-down of available gradients. The default is the most common. Once you’ve selected which gradient you wish (and a colour in the Foreground colour tool), just click and drag across your image. • The direction you drag (left to right, right to left, etc.) determines the flow of the gradient.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 224 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre The Paint Bucket lets you fill in a large section with the same colour. Select the Paint Bucket by right-clicking the Gradient tool, and click in an area of your image. It will fill with the colour selected as the Foreground colour. Blur Tool The Blur tool is useful for covering up small distortions in an image by blending the surrounding pixels together. To blur something, - Select the Blur tool. - Click and drag around the area you wish to blur. Rotating an Image You can rotate and flip your image in any direction you wish. In the “Rotate Canvas” list under the “Image” menu, there’s a wide variety of options to choose from. If you select “Arbitrary” for a rotation, a new window will appear asking you for the direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) and the degree of the rotation.
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 225 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 Drawing Shapes While Photoshop’s main power is in manipulation of images, it’s also possible to draw your own (as seen with the pencil and pen tools). The Rectangle tool (and all of its sub-tools) allows you to draw shapes on a canvas. To draw a simple rectangle, pick a Foreground colour (which will be the fill colour for the shape), select the Rectangle tool, and click and drag on the canvas until it’s the size you wish. You can draw a wide variety of shapes with the Rectangle tool and its subtools, including the Custom Shape Tool, which gives you even more options. - Select the Custom Shapes Tool (by right-clicking the Rectangle tool). - Look through your options in the drop-down box from the sub-main menu. Your choices include word bubbles, arrows, and even shapes that don’t fill themselves in with a colour. Eyedropper Tool When working with images, you may find that you want to reselect a colour you’ve used, but aren’t sure exactly what colour it is. You can use the Eyedropper tool to reselect that exact colour for you. Select the Eyedropper tool, and click anywhere on an image that has the colour you want to select. The Foreground colour will change itself to the colour you’ve selected.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 226 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre Zoom Tool If you find that you need to zoom in or out of your image for any reason (for example, to be more precise in deleting areas), you can use the Zoom tool. Click the Zoom tool (it looks like a magnifying glass). If you click once on your image, it will zoom to double its size (100% to 200%, and so on). If you right-click, you can select the “Zoom Out,” which will reduce its size. Note that this doesn’t actually change the size of the image. It simply changes your view of the image on the canvas. History One of Photoshop’s most powerful and useful abilities is the option to go back in the “history” of your image. This means that at any point, you can go back to a previous version of your image. This is particularly useful if you find you’ve made a mistake several steps back. You’ll notice that the History window (which can be opened via the “Windows” >> “History” menu if it’s not already open) lists all of the steps you’ve made in your image. To “go back” to any of these instances, just click the name of one of the steps, and your image will go back to how it previously looked at that point in time. Brightness & Contrast Sometimes when working with images, you may need to adjust the brightness and/or contrast (especially with scanned images). Photoshop makes this very easy. Select “Brightness/ Contrast” from the “Adjustments” >> “Image” menu. A new window will appear allowing you to slide the brightness and contrast any way you wish.
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 227 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 The Brightness/Contrast command lets you make adjustments to the overall tonal range of an image. Adjustments made in here will affect every pixel in your image, unless a selection is made beforehand. Filters Photoshop has a wide variety of filters you can apply to your images. They include obvious ones such as blurring and sharpening, but also very advanced ones such as ripples, distortions, and rendering clouds. You can browse through the available filters by selecting the Filters menu. Play around with the available filters, and remember that you can undo your actions at any time with the History window. Saving Images – PSD Format If you are working with a very complex image (lots of layers, filters, etc.), you may want to think about saving it. Saving as a PSD file (Photoshop’s native format) allows you to open it up again with all the layers and such intact. If you save it as another type of image, Photoshop will “flatten” the image. To save your image as a PSD, just select “Save” from the “File” menu, and select a place on your hard drive or disk to save it. Saving Images – For the Web On the internet, there are two file types for images on websites that are the most predominant: GIF (*.gif) and JPEG (*.jpg). The GIF format is geared towards images that do not need to be viewed with a large amount of colours. The standard GIF file will be of 256 colours or less. This is perfect for the internet, and more specifically, images that will appear directly on a web page. The JPEG format is geared toward images of a “real world” or “natural” sense, such as photographs. JPEG images are generally of thousands of colours or grayscale. JPEG can hold
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 228 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre up to 16 million colours. High quality, larger images stored in a website’s “Image Gallery” may be saved as JPEGs. Photoshop comes with features specifically geared to optimise pictures for the web. Select “Save for the Web” from the “File” menu. Saving as a GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) File Underneath “Settings,” select “GIF” from the drop-down menu. One of the most important features in this menu is the “Colours” setting. The more colours your image has, the more colours you should allow your GIF to have. However, since you want to create optimised images for the web, it is best to use as little colour as possible, while still saving a clear image. If your image has very few colours, you should change the colour setting to reflect the small number of colours. The smaller the number of colours, the small the file size the GIF will have. If you want, your image can have a solid outline colour. You can choose this by going to the “Matte” selection, and picking a colour. Other options in this menu need not be changed. These are standard defaults for saving GIFs. When you are ready, click “Save” and save the image by giving it a file name. Saving as a JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group) File Underneath “Settings,” select “JPEG” from the drop-down menu. Go to the drop-down menu with “JPEG High” displayed. There you can determine the quality of the image for the web. Naturally, higher quality images will have a larger file size. It is not necessary that images be of extremely high quality. Usually, “Medium” is a good setting to choose. To refine
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 229 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 the quality of the image, use the “Quality” setting. Here, you can save the JPEG as a percentage of the original image’s quality. For example, 50% would be half the quality of the original image. When you are ready, click “Save” and save the image by giving it a file name. Page layout Page layout is a part of graphic design. It is related with the arrangement of visual elements like text, picture on a page. Word processing software also provide the page layout options. They are not purely page layout software. Page layout software are very much helpful in setting and printing books, advertisements, hoardings, visiting cards, broachers, catalogs, newspapers, posters and so on. Some examples of page layout software are PageMaker, freehand, adobe InDesign, quark xpress, CorelDraw and so on. Importance of page layout a. Various page formats can be easily designed. b. Easy to set the paragraphs according to requirements. c. Easy to insert the pictures/ images in a document. d. Easy to insert header, footer and page numbers. e. Can work in two or more columns. Application of page layout software: a. For designing and publishing newspapers. b. For designing and publishing books. c. For designing and publishing leaflet and broachers. d. For designing flex and hoarding. e. For designing and printing photos. Introduction to Adobe InDesign Adobe Indesign is a desktop publishing software. It includes the features of both pagemaker and micro media freehand software. It has been developed by Adobe system. How to open Indesign: 1. Click on Start menu.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 230 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 2. Click on All program 3. Select Adobe. 4. Click on Adobe Indesign Creating New Document 1. Click on File menu. 2. Select New Document.
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 231 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 3. Set the page (Number of pages, page size, height, width, margin, number of columns and so on) 4. Click on OK Typing Text on Document 1. Click on Text tool. 2. Drag the tool for setting text area. 3. Type the text. Saving Document: 1. Click on File menu. 2. Click on Save. 3. Type the File name. 4. Click on Save button. Open an existing document: 1. Click on File menu. 2. Select Open.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 232 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 3. From the Open dialogue box, select file name. 4. Click on Open button. Character formatting 1. Click on Type menu. 2. Select character option Now Character dialogue box will appear. 3. Change as per requirement. (font, size, bold, italic, regular and so on). Change Case 1. Select the text. 2. Click on Type menu. 3. Select change case option. 4. Select the Required Case from the given list of option.
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 233 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 Bullets and Numbering 1. Select Text. 2. Click on Type menu. 3. Select Bulleted & Numbered Lists option. 4. Select Apply Bullets or Apply Numbers.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 234 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre Inserting Table 1. Select Text tool and drag a text box. 2. Click on Table menu. 3. Selct Insert Table. 4. Type number of Body rows and columns. 5. Click on OK Tools i. Gallery of selection tools 1. Selection tools let you select entire objects. 2. Direct Selection tools lets you select points on a path or contents within a frame. 3. Page tool lets you create multiple page sizes within a document. 4. Gap tools lets you adjust the space between objects. ii. Gallery of drawing and type tools: a. Pen tools lets you draw straight and curved paths. b. Add Anchor Point tool lets you add anchor points to a path. c. Delete Anchor Point tool lets you remove anchor points from a path. d. Convert Direction Point tool lets you convert corner points and smooth points. e. Type tool lets you create text frame and select text. f. Type on a path tool lets you create and edit type on paths.
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 235 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 g. Pencil tools lets you draw a freeform path. h. Smooth tools lets you remove excess angles from a path. i. Erase tool lets you delete points on a path. j. Line tool lets you delete a line segment. k. Rectangle Frame tool lets you create a square or rectangle placeholder. l. Ellipse frame tool lets you create a circle or oval placeholder. m. Polygon frame tool lets you create a multi sided shape placeholder. n. Rectangle tool lets you create a square or rectangle. o. Ellipse tool lets you create a circle or oval. p. Polygon tool lets you create multi sided shape. iii. Gallery of transformation tools: a. Tree Transform tool lets you rotate, scale or shear an object. b. Rotate tool lets you rotate objects around a fixed point. c. Scale tool lets you resize objects around a fixed point. d. Shear tool lets you skew objects around a fixed point. iv. Gallery of modification and navigation tools: a. Eye dropper tool lets you sample colour or type attributes from objects and apply them to other objects. b. Measure tool measures the distance between two points. c. Gradient feature tool lets you adjust the beginning and ending points and angle of gradients within objects. d. Gradient feature tool lets you fade an object into the background. e. Scissors tool cuts paths at specified points. f. Hand tool moves the page view within the document window. g. Zoom tool increase and decrease the view magnification in the document window. h. Note tools lets you add comment.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 236 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre Key Points ● Photoshop is the design packaged software used to handle the photo and other design. ● We can use the Photoshop to handle any photo for studio work and for the design. ● The area where to draw the picture or handle photo is called canvas. ● There are different formats of Photoshop file. ● We can maximise and minimise the view of the working window of Photoshop. ● History tool of Photoshop helps to get originality of the pictures or design. ● Picture quality depends on the number of pixels. Higher the pixel, better the quality. ● We can resize the picture according to our requirement using image size option. ● GIF format files are popular for web design. ● JPEG format is popular for photographic use. ● PSD format is popular for design and publication. 1. Answer these questions. a. Write down the uses of Photoshop. b. How to start Photoshop? Write the steps. c. List menu details of file and edit menu. d. What is canvas? e. How to create new canvas? f. List out the tools used on Photoshop. g. Write the steps to resize the image. h. How to work with magic words? i. How to add text on picture? Write the steps. j. What is blurring? Write the steps to make a picture blurred. 2. Write short notes on: a. Rotating Image b. Zoom tool Exercise
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 237 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 c. Eyedropper tool d. History tool e. Working with file format 3. Differentiate between: a. PSD format and Web format of file. b. GIF and JPEG format of file. c. History tool and Eyedropper tool. d. Zoom in and Zoom out 4. Give the full form of: a. PSD b. JPEG c. GIF d. RGB e. CMYK 5. Fill in the blanks: a. Photoshop is developed by …………….company. b. The working area of file is called ……………………. c. Higher the ………………..of image better the quality. d. To maximise the view is Zoom …………….. e. To hide or display some part of image is called ……….tool. 6. State true or false: a. Photoshop is used to prepare documents. b. Image quality depends on the number of pixel. c. Blur tool is used to increase the brightness of image. d. It is possible to write the text on image. e. We can rotate the canvas of Photoshop file. 7. Lab Work a. Open your photo and make it bright and balance the colour used on your photo. b. Crop the image according to your required size. c. Use gradient tool to fill multiple colours. d. Design advertisement format for admissions open of your school. e. Rotate the canvas of your design. f. Draw different shapes using drawing shape tool. g. Use history tool to get the originality of your image. h. Use filter tool to alter the shape of your image. i. Save your design to make PSD file. j. Save same design by making GIF and JPEG file.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 238 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre Programming Tools and Technique 17 Chapter 8 Programme and programming tools 8 The algorithm 8 Programme using flowchart Start End Yes Yes Yes No No No is x>y is x>z is y>z Read x, y, z Display ‘x is the largest number’ Display ‘y is the largest number’ Display ‘z is the largest number’
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 239 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 Introduction We know that computer is user dependent machine. It does not have its own thinking and working capacity. All the activities of computer system are controlled and processed by the instructions and information provided by the user. These instructions are called commands. Collection of such instruction and data in a systematic form to solve the problems is called the programme. To solve the problem using computer we have to make some systematic plan of action. Such plan of action can be represented in systematic order using different tools and techniques called the program presentation tools and technique. Popular tools and techniques used to represent programmes are flowchart and algorithm. Algorithm Algorithm is defined as a set of rules that define how a particular problem can be solved in finite number of steps. In another word, algorithm is a step by step representation of instructions to solve the problem. An algorithm must be composed of a finite set of steps, each of which may require one or more operations. A good algorithm should have following features:- Input: specified and required input values. Output: outcome values or solution of the problem. Definite: It must be clearly defined what should be done. Effective: It must be able to perform each step exactly in a finite amount of time. Finite: It must have finite number of steps or operations. Correct: It must be able to generate correct and desirable output. Flowchart Flowchart is a pictorial representation of step by step solution of a problem. It is one of the oldest techniques to depict an algorithm and is an important tool in a programming. A flowchart is independent of the programming language like the Programming Tools and 17 Technique Chapter
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 240 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre algorithm. A flowchart facilitates the computer programmer in the following ways: • Helps to understand more easily (even non-programmer could understand) i.e. efficient means of communication. • Runs more effectively. • Helps to debug more readily and acts as analytical tool. • Represents complex algorithm in a concise form of documentation. The basic flowchart symbols are: Types of Flowchart According to use and application of the flowchart we have two types of flowcharts: system flowchart and program flowchart. 1. System Flowchart: It represents the system and its components, information from one component to another component. It describes the sequence of processes to perform specific work. It explains the total flow of data inside the system. 2. Programme Flowchart: To represent the program, we have to use standard diagram called program flowchart. It shows the flow of instructions to solve the problems. It is used to make the logical structure diagram of programme. Start/ End Process Input/Output Data Decision Connect Terminal Symbol Input/Output Symbol Processing Symbol Decision Symbol Connector Symbol Data Flow Line
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 241 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 Rules of developing flowchart ● Analyse the input, process, storage and output of the programme. ● Use standard symbols and arrowhead to the direction of flow of data and instructions. ● We should use unambiguous symbols which can be easily understood by other programmer. ● There should be list of activities inside each symbol. ● It should express all sections like input, process, logic and output. ● It should not be any programming language oriented. Advantages of flowchart ● It is an easy method of communication to represent the programme. ● It is easier to understand than program and algorithm. ● It is program independent so applicable to all types of programming languages. ● It serves as guide for program coding. ● It represents all the components of program like input, process, logic and output which makes it easy to develop the programme. Disadvantages of flowchart ● It cannot replace all types of logic used in the computer programme. ● It takes long time to represent all module of computer programme. ● It is not suitable and is complex for big programme. Programme Logic or Structure All types of programmes have different module and logic. It uses three types of logic Sequence, Selection and Iteration. Sequence Sequence is a set of computer instructions which follow one another and are executed unconditionally. In sequencing, instructions are put in a pre-defined order and computer executes the instructions only after the completion of previous one.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 242 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement 3 For example, a program to generate sum and product of two numbers might be as follows: Read the values for the variables. i.e. x and y. Calculate, sum = x + y Calculate, product = x * y Display the sum and product. Selection Selection is a set of computer instructions which are executed conditionally that is, they are executed based on the conditions that can be true or false when the program is being executed and can do alternative things based on the truth of the “if” conditions as follows. It has a part of decision making statements. 1. if <condition> then execute the statement A (no else) 2. if <condition> then execute statement A else execute statement B 3. if <condition> then statement A else if <condition> then statement B else if <condition> then statement C ……. else statement N If condition Statement sequence 1 Statement sequence 2 Fig. Selection
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 243 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 Iteration (Loop) Iteration is one in which a set of computer instructions are executed repeatedly and conditionally that is, the loop statements are driven by the loop condition. Iteration is also called Looping. Some examples of iteration (looping) in programming are as follows: - Condition Statement 1 Fig. While Statement True False Statement 1 Condition Fig. Do While Statement True False Initialisation Condition Statement 1 Increment/ Decrement Fig. For Statement True False Some Examples of Algorithm and Flowchart 1. Draw flow chart to find area of rectangle Algorithm Step 1: Start. Program Step 2: Read L and B Step 3: Calculate Area = L × B Step 4: Prime result area Step 5: End the program L, B A A = L*B Flowchart Start End
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 244 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 2. Draw a flowchart to find simple interest and total amount. Algorithm Step 1: Start. Program Step 2: Read P, T, R Step 3: Calculate Interest I = P*T*R/100 Step 4: Calculate amount A = P+I Step 5: End program 3. An algorithm and a flowchart to generate sum of first N natural numbers. Algorithm Step 1: Start. Step 2: Read an integer value. i.e N Step 3: Assign, i = 1. Step 4: Calculate, Sum = Sum + i. Increase i by 1. Step 5: If i <= N then go to Step 4. Else go to Step 6. Step 6: Display Sum. Step 7: End. 4. An algorithm and a flowchart to determine whether a given number is odd or even Algorithm Step 1: Start. Step 2: Read a number ‘n’. Step 3: Calculate, the remainder of n divided by 2 (i.e. n/2) that is rem = n%2. P,T,R I, A A = P + I I = P*T*R/100 Flowchart Start End Read the value for N Start Display Sum Yes End No Sum = Sum + i is i<=N i = 0 Flowchart
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 245 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 Step 4: If the rem = 0 then display ‘n’ is even number and go to end. Else go to Step 5. Step 5: Display ‘n’ is odd number. Step 6: End. Read the value for n Start Display ‘n is odd number’ Display ‘n is even number Yes End No is rem =0 Calculate, rem = n%2 Flowchart 5. Algorithm and a flowchart to determine the largest of three given numbers Algorithm Step 1: Start. Step 2: Read three numbers and store them as x, y, z. Step 3: Compare x and y. If x is greater than y, then go to step 6 else go to step 4. Step 4: Compare y and z. if y is greater than z, then print “y is the largest” and go to step 8, otherwise go to step 5. Step 5: Print “z is the largest” and go to step 8. Step 6: Compare x and z. If x is greater than z, then print “x is the largest” and go to step 7. Step 7: Print “z is the largest” and go to step 8. Step 8: End
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 246 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre Flowchart Start End Yes Yes Yes No No No is x>y is x>z is y>z Read x, y, z Display ‘x is the largest number’ Display ‘y is the largest number’ Display ‘z is the largest number’ Key Points · Computer system needs instructions to perform different tasks. These instructions are called command. · Programme is the collection of such commands in a systematic order to perform some work. · Programming is the technique or art to develop the programme. · Programmer is the person who develops the program using standard programming language. · Algorithm is step by step description of program in a systematic order. · Flowchart is the diagrammatic representation of program using standard symbol. · There are two types of flowchart. These are system flowchart and program flowchart. · The module of program is the functional procedure. · Programme design has three structures called sequence, selection and iteration (Loop).
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 247 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 1. Answer the following questions. a. What is command? b. What is program? c. What is algorithm? d. Write the characteristics of good algorithm. e. What is flowchart? f. Write some advantages of flowchart. g. Explain the rules for designing flowchart. h. What are the limitations of flowchart? i. Draw the symbols of flowchart. j. What is looping? 2. Draw a flowchart and write algorithm. a. Calculate simple interest b. To find smallest number among two numbers c. To generate following series: i) 2, 4, 6, 8, . . ., 20 ii) 5, 10, 15, 20, . . ., 50 iii) 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, . . ., 25 d. To prepare a cup of tea e. To cross a road 3. Differentiate between: a. Programme and Command. b. System flowchart and program flowchart. c. Algorithm and flowchart. d. Loop and ordinary programme. e. Input and output of program Exercise
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 248 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 4. Fill in the blanks a. A computer needs __________ to do some task. b. An __________ is step by step approach of programme. c. Flowchart is __________ representation of programme. d. Decision making symbol is used to process __________ expressions. e. __________ symbol defines the process used in programme. 5. State True and False. a. Flowchart represents program using language. b. Algorithm is similar to steps written on English to develop programme. c. Looping structure repeats the logic according to criteria given in programme. d. Processing symbol accepts input. e. Input and output symbol is same in flowchart. 6. Project Work a. Draw a flowchart to explain how you reach to school from your house. b. Write an algorithm to explain how to prepare tea.
Approved by Curriculum Development Centre 249 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 Programming in QBASIC 18 Chapter 8 The concept of QBASIC 8 Commands and statements of QBASIC 8 Conditions of QBASIC 8 Loops used in QBASIC Relational Operator Meaning = Equal to > Greater than < Less than < = Less than or equal to > = Greater than or equal to < > Not equal to Programme 1 LET X = 1 20 LET Y = X*X PRINT Y LET X = X+1 50 GO TO 20 END
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 8 250 Approved by Curriculum Development Centre Introduction QBASIC is the most popular high level programming language. Various versions of BASIC have been developed by Microsoft Company. This language is quite simple to understand and has been adopted by most of the microcomputers. It is suitable for both mathematical and business problems. It is compatible with MSDOS environment and it has two basic files QBASIC.EXE and QBASIC.HLP. We can edit, debug and execute the program using these two files. The advantages of QBASIC – QBASIC is easy to learn and fun to practice. It may be called a `People's language'. – It is available almost in every computer from micro to mainframe. Therefore, a program developed in a micro can run on bigger system with minor modifications. – It is suitable for mathematical and business application. – Programme development cycle is quick, debugging is simple, and – Modification of programmes is quite easy. Starting QBASIC It occupies very low memory so it may be possible to run the system using floppy disk also. It is compatible with MSDOS and has only two files QBASIC.EXE and QBASIC.HLP. ● Get MSDOS System and MSDOS Prompt C:\> ● Change the Directory C:\> CD QBASIC C:\QBASIC> ● Type QBASIC and press Enter C:\QBASIC>QBASIC enter Programming in QBASIC 18 Chapter