wonder English 6

Reading

Before you proceed
a. Make a list of festivals that are celebrated in your community.

b. How do you feel when a festival approaches you?

New words panipuri
Purnima Hirandyakashyapu

pitchkari abeer Phalgun

Holi Festival

Holi, also called Holi
Purnima, is one of the
very famous festivals
in Nepal. The festival of
colours is celebrated in
the month of Phalgun
(sometimes Chaitra) every
year. Nepali people, from
all areas and castes, enjoy
Holi. The festival is very
popular among people in
many parts of India. In
Nepal, Holi is celebrated for
two days. The people of hilly areas
mark this festival on the first day whereas the people of Tarai celebrate
mostly on the second day. The festival offers lots of fun and frolic for
children as its vibes begin a week before and last till a week after the
day of Holi. The young, adults and elderly people also take part in the
celebrations. Hindus of Nepal, mainly Southern Tarai, and all over the
world, mostly North India, take Holi as their special festival, full of
colours that they exchange with one another on the occasion.

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Who celebrates Holi festival in Nepal?

There are many stories and legends behind the celebration of the Holi
in Nepal. According to the Hindu mythology, Holi celebration started a
long ago from the ancient time when Holika, one of the female demons,
was burnt by a fire in which she was trying to kill her brother’s son. It is
believed the father of the boy, little Prahlad, was the demon king called
Hiranyakashyapu. Prahlad, a true devotee of Lord Vishnu, denied to
worship his father. Hiranyakashyapu got angry and tried to kill his son,
Prahlad. Several of his strategies to kill Prahlad failed. Then he ordered
his sister, Holika, to burn Prahlad in her lap. Holika had received a
blessing that fire could do her no harm as long as she had her shawl
with her.

This strategy backfired. Lord Vishnu listened to Prahlad's prayers and
summoned a gust of wind
to blow the shawl off of
Holika and on to Prahlad.
From that day, the Hindus
started celebrating the
Holi festival.

In the evening of a day
before the colourful Holi
begins, people burn fires
on heaps of wood and
dried cow-dung cakes on
the crossroads.

Some people make
rounds of the fire burning
Holika and offer worship
for the fire to burn all
the sins and diseases.
They wish for prosperity
and good health for
themselves. There is also
a tradition of burning the
dirt that comes from the

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body massage with a paste of mustard seed. This is believed to free the
people from their skin problems.

How was Holika killed?

In the morning following the burning of Holika, that is, Holika Dahan,
people play Holi by coming together in homes and roads with a
motley of colours to smear on the faces of one another. Colourful Holi
preparations start a week before the main date of the Holi festival.
Children start buying different colours and play with their friends,
neighbours and relatives way ahead of the actual day of Holi. They fill
their sprayer, called pitchakiri, and small balloons with coloured water
to spray on unsuspecting friends and relatives. The fun peaks on the
day of Holi, when people of different age and origin, go from a home or
road to another with red vermilion powder or abeer and other colours
to play with their peers. Decent revelers put abeer on the forehead of
one another, share a hug, and eat various delicacies, such as sweets,
panipuri and chips. Even the government declares a public holiday for
people to celebrate the festival with fanfare but without hurting one
another.

A growing concern these days, however, is the extravagant and rough
manner of some Holi revelers. Instead of colours, they throw harmful
materials, such as paints, eggs and tomatoes, to smear people with stains
that are hard to clean later. If this is checked, the festival of colour is a
festival for all.

Word power

Find the antonyms of the following words.
a. male ______________________

b. use ______________________

c. cursed ______________________

d. like ______________________

e. partial ______________________

f. unpopular ______________________

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Comprehension activities

1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the text.
a. Holi is mostly celebrated by……………………… .
b. The festival is famous in …………………………………. .
c. Holika was killed in……………………………….by God Vishnu.
d. Prahlad was the devotee of .................................. .
e. Holi is also known as ……………………………. .

2. Answer the following questions.
a. Who celebrate the Holi festival?
b. Who is Holika?
c. Why did Hiranyakashyapu want to kill his own son?
d. How was Holika instructed to murder Prahlad?
e. How do people celebrate Holi?
f. Do you think people are celebrating Holi properly?

Speaking

1. Work in pairs and act out the conversations.

Rajiv : Ramram, Dilip! Happy
Maghi!

Dilip : Thank you, Rajiv. Happy
Maghi to you, too!

Sumina : Phyaphulla!

Dolma : Phyaphulla! Happy Lhosar,
Sumina!

Sumina : Thank you, Happy Lhosar
to you, too!

2. Now work in pairs. Express good wishes on the given occasions.

a. Dashain b. Tihar c. Chhath d. Gauraparva

e. New Year f. Eid g. Christmas h. Buddha Jayanti

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Listening

1. Look at the picture and discuss.
a. Which festival is shown in the
picture?
b. Who mark this festival?
c. Have you ever taken part in this
festival?
d. Share about a cultural ceremony held in your community?

2. Listen to the audio and fill in the gaps.

a. T he picture shows the celebration of ___________________.

b. Chinese people clean their houses on the ___________________
as a part of preparation for the New Year celebration.

c. Young people received ________________ from their parents
with ___________________ inside.

d. There are ___________________on the streets on the New Year.

e. The festival is celebrated for ___________________days.

f. The last of the Chinese New Year celebration is ___________
________ festival.

3. Listen to the audio and say 'yes' or 'no'.

a. On the New Year, Chinese go to streets but not to the homes of
relatives or friends.

b. During the street march, people carry the animal symbol of the
New Year.

c. The shops and offices get closed for 15 days for this festival.

d. The family eat meat on the New Year day.

4. What would bring bad luck on the New Year day for Chinese?

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Grammar

1. We make wishes when somebody starts a new thing or is about to
begin a journey or has a special occasion in life such as birthday,
marriage anniversary or wedding. Now make wishes in the given
situations as given in the examples.

Today is Suman's birthday.
- Happy Birthday, Suman! May god bless you with all the happi-

ness possible!
Your dad is going on a business trip for three days.

- Have a safe journey, dad! Take care!

a. Your uncle and aunt are marking their marriage anniversary.
b. Your mum is about to leave for office from home.
c. Seema is going to attend an exam today.
d. It is the Democracy Day today.

e. It is Jitiyaparva today.

2. Find the mistakes and rewrite the sentences correcting them.
a. i love my city dhankuta

b. pritam told me that he were interested in harry potter.

c. i is fine today. how is you.

d. what is your problems

e. karma Wants to have an apple But His Sister does give him.

f. indra jatra is a festival of newars from the kathmandu valley.
the festival falls in setptember? during this eight day festival
indra is worshipped. karmari jatra is also brought out during
the festival. the most unique part of the festival is worshipping a
young girl as living goddess.

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Writing

1. Write a descriptive essay on a festival celebrated in your community.

Here are some tips
A descriptive essay is a form of an essay that describes something.

In a descriptive essay, the writers use sensory details to make the
readers bring their five senses, touch, taste, smell, hearing, and
sight, into play while reading.

When you describe a festival you can talk about what you get to see,
smell, taste, hear or feel on the occasion. In celebrating a festival, we
wear special clothes and carry out activities in preparing delicacies,
playing music or eating the food. You will need to handle these
aspects well so that your essay can create a vivid image in the
reader's mind. Such writing is said to create an imagery. You may
also use comparisons with devices such as similes. For example,
while talking about Tihar, you can write:

After putting tika on the forehead, in her new bright red dress,
my sister looked like a fairy. / The brown sel-rotis, in perfect circle,
looked as if they were ready-to-play frisbees.

2. Look at the sample and write a best wishes card. You may choose a
festival you or your friends celebrate .

We wish you good health, happiness,
prosperity and peace on this special day of
Udhauli. May you celebrate the festival with
a lot of enthusiasm and joy. Extending our
warmest greetings to all on the occasion!

Happy Udhauli Festival-2077

Students of Grade Six

Project work

Work in groups. Collect information about the festival celebrated in
your locality and share it with the class.

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5 Shaping Future

Listen and sing

I'm Only Advising - Jeffrey Conyers

You come to me with your problems.
And like a psychiatrist.
I try to help you solve them.
I only advise.
It's up to you to decide.

You speak of things that were of your own making.
You offered up.
And found many takers.
They operate around see a fool.
Use a fool rule.
You're not the first.
And you won't be the last.
To place your trust on someone.
Who wasn't worth the trust?

What you do is build your confidence up?
And stay focus on what's important to you.
Place yourself first in things you do.
Least when you're sure folks out to hurt you.
I'm on advising.
Cause I'm not certified to guide your live at anytime.

Don't place up a blockade of isolation.
Just use wisdom during any occasion.
I'm only advising.
It's up to you to decide.

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Reading-I

Before you proceed
Do you think children learn from what their parents say and do?

Meet the author

Dev Kumari Thapa was born in 1984 BS
at Giddhe Pahad, Kharseong in Darjeeling
district of West Bengal, India. But she spent
most of her life in Biratnagar. She was
the youngest daughter of Hasta Bahadur
Katuwal and Rama Devi Katuwal. She
began her literary career with a story called
‘Patan’ which was published in 2003 BS.
Thapa has several short story collections
and children’s books to her credit. She also
served as the head of the Biratnagar Sahitya
Samsthan.

Her early writing focused on biographies. Later she started writing
stories. Her biography collections Punyatma Aama (2009 BS) and Chha
Taara (2010 BS) are useful for children. Her short story collections
include Ramko Katha (2013 BS), Vara Parabata (2033), Kathako Batulo
(2036 BS), Jangalko Katha (2037 BS) and Sun Pakheti Chari (2042 BS).

New words good moral qualities in a person

virtues - a situation that has reached an extremely difficult or
crisis - dangerous point

conflict - a disagreement between people with opposing opin-
ions or principles

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Shaping Future

- Devi Kumari Thapa

Amidst the hills of Darjeeling, in Tungsung Village, there is a small
one-storey house. Parvati lives there with her husband Krishna Bahadur
and son Naresh. The beautiful house has a colourful and well-maintained
garden on both sides. The house has a red roof and green walls. Windows
and doors of the house have green curtains. Everyone walking through
the road is attracted by the beautiful look of the little house.

Parvati is a well-educated and well-mannered housewife. She has all the
virtues of a perfect housewife. She might not win any beauty contest,
but she is a beautiful lady in her own way. It is her virtue and skill that
have brought happiness in the family. Her husband Krishna Bahadur
is a happy man. He feels lucky to have found a wife like her. Krishna
Bahadur had served as a Lieutenant in the World War II. He had also
become the Captain of his brigade. After the war ended, he returned to
his village where he started a small business for living.

What does Parvati wish?

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They have a
five-year old
son Naresh
whom they
love very much.
Parvati wants
to make him
a great man
who is well-
respected in
the society. She
has not shared
her dreams
even with her
husband. For
making her
son’s future
bright, she gives
special care to
his upbringing.
She strives to
create a good environment at home and tries to instill positive thoughts
in her son.

One a Sunday morning, she was reading the daily newspaper. She read
about the Korean War, communist attack on Tibet, Nepali revolution
and other such disturbing news. She felt that the whole world was in a
crisis and there was no place where you can have peace. These situations
were responsible for the environment of violence and disturbance at
home. Civil war had started and no one knew what living in peace was
like. The children, too, played games of wars where some acted as the
captain and some became the colonel. She was worried about the effect
of such images on her son. She always worried about his future.

She wanted to keep her son away from such violence and conflict. She
always talked about it with her husband. Both of them tried to make
a favourable environment for Naresh at home. They had written the
messages of Gandhi and other such peace loving leaders on a chart

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board and hung them around the house.

One day, while playing with his father, Naresh happened to see a long
mark on his father’s arm. He asked what had happened to him. His
father replied, “A bullet hit me during the war, son.”

“Who shot you, father?”

“The Germans did.”

He further asked, “Did you feel a terrible pain when the bullet hit you?”

Who is Krishna Bahadur? Do you think he is doing the right thing?

Krishna Bahadur replied, “What could I do even if it was painful?
Such things happen at war, my son. You've got to kill your enemies.”
“Dad, did you also kill people?” he asked abruptly.
“Yes. I became the captain for killing many Germans,” his father
replied.
As soon as he said that he realised what he had told his son. His son
heard about war, killing people and violence. His wife and he always
wanted to keep their son away from these things. He looked at his son
who was looking back at him with innocence and curiosity. He wanted
to undo what he had done but before he could say anything, his son left
the room. He was worried about what Parvati would feel and react to
this all!

Krishna Bahadur was talking with his wife when Naresh came to the
room carrying a long piece of wood. He was acting differently. He
showed the wood to his parents and said, “Look at my gun, father. Now
I will kill the Germans with this when I grow up.” Parvati was shocked
to hear what her son had said. She looked at her husband in disbelief
and tried to read his face. Krishna could say nothing. His face had gone
pale. Parvati said nothing to him. Instead, she scolded her son and then
tried to distract him with the beautiful butterflies in the garden.

At night, tugged in his bed, Naresh asked his mother about the Germans.
He asked if they are very bad people. At this, Parvati said, “No, my son.
Not all Germans are bad. There are some good ones too. They have also
invented medicines to cure illness. They are also very good with gadgets
and machines.”

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“Then why did they shoot my dad?” his voice was innocent just as his face
was.

Do you think the mother’s
suggestions seem to be
bolder than those of the
father’s?

Parvati replied, “They
did not. Other bad people
did.”

“Who are the bad people,
mum?” Naresh asked. At
this, his mother answered,
“Bad people are those who
try to hurt others, who do
not share food with others,
who do not obey their
elders and do not worship
god.” This affected Naresh

deeply and he asked, “Am I bad or good?

His mother smiled at his question and said, “You are good my son; you
are the best.”

That night, Parvati could not sleep well and neither could Krishna
Bahadur. Both of them were worried about their son’s future and his
thoughts. Next morning, Naresh kept asking his mother about the
Germans and his mother kept trying to remove the hatred he had for
them.

At night, during bedtime, Naresh touched his mother’s face with his
two hands and said in a sweet and loving voice, “Mother, I threw out
my gun today. I will go to Germany when I grow up and make them my
friends. I will work with them to create medicines and reduce illness just
like them.” Parvati was surprised to see the sudden change in her son.
A lump grew in her throat as she heard her son say so. Her heart filled
with happiness and love. She could not even say “Okay my son” but she
was glad she had become successful in shaping her son.

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Word power

1. Make a sentence of your own using each of the following words.
virtues future crisis innocent conflict

2. Find the words in the text which mean the following and make a
sentence using each of them.

a. a large group of soldiers in an army
b. to design and/or create something which has never been made

before
c. an extremely strong feeling of dislike
d. not guilty of a particular crime

Comprehension activities

1. Answer the following questions.
a. What does Parvati do to make her son’s future bright?

b. Why did she feel that the world is in a crisis?

c. When Naresh asked his father about the long mark on his
arm, what did the father tell him?

d. Why was Parvati shocked?

e. Why was Parvati glad at the end?

f. If you were in the place of the parents, how would you make
sure that your child learnt good things?

g. What are the qualities that make Parvati a beautiful lady in
her own way?

h. A story develops with conflict. Sometimes conflicts are
external like fight between two people or fight between a
person and a beast. Sometimes, conflicts are internal. The
characters fight within themselves. The problem lies in the
heart or mind of the character. Now tell whether this story
has external or internal conflict in it.

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Reading-II

Before you proceed
a. How many of you know about Ghode Jatra?
b. Have you seen the parade of Ghode Jatra?

New words - demonstration
- frightened
procession - lucky
scared
auspicious

Ghode Jatra

Ghode Jatra is one of the
many festivals celebrated
in Kathmandu. On this day,
a grand horse parade takes
place at Tudikhel's open
ground. Tudikhel was once
the largest parade ground
in Asia. The festival falls in
mid-March or early April. It
occurs in the Nepali month
of Chaitra.

It is said that in the olden
days, the kings of Kathmandu
used to go to worship at the
Bhadrakali temple. They used to take a long procession with the living
goddess Kumari in their front. This visit was later modified into a horse
parade. That was further modified into a horse athletic and racing contest.

According to a legend, this festival was held to celebrate the victory over
the demon named Tundi. It is said that Tundi lived in Tundikhel. People

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were scared of him so
when he died, they began
to dance over his body on
horses. The sound of the
horses’ hooves on the day
of Ghode Jatra is believed
to keep the spirit of the
demon away. It is said that
the faster the horses run,
the quicker the spirit of
Tundi will disperse. The
gallop of the horses is considered a good omen for the Nepali people.

Earlier, Ghode Jatra attracted mostly the people of Kathmandu. But in the
past several years, people from all over Nepal seem to have developed
an interest in it. The parade is broadcast live on the national television.
The head of the country has to address the ceremony before it starts.

Ghode Jatra is also considered
to be the auspicious day for
consuming large amount of
garlic, and meat. Preparations
for the day start weeks before
the actual event. Usually the
army men participate in the
race. This day is also declared
as a public holiday in the
Kathmandu valley.

Word power

Use each of these words to make a sentence of your own.
a. Worship
b. Festival
c. Parade
d. Contest
e. Legend

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Comprehension activities

1. Answer the following questions.
a. In which month does Ghode Jatra fall?

b. Where did the kings of Kathmandu valley worship in the old
days?

c. What is the purpose of celebrating Ghode Jatra?

d. What is Ghode Jatra auspicious for?

e. What is the significance of celebrating different festivals?

2. Write T for true and F for false statements.
a. Tundikhel was once the largest parade ground in Asia.

b. Ghode Jatra falls during winter season.

c. Ghode Jatra was held to celebrate the victory over the demon
named Bhundi.

d. The sound of the horses’ hooves on the day of Ghode Jatra is
believed to summon the spirit of the demon.

e. The head of the country has to address the ceremony before it
starts.

3. Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.

a. parade to change something to improve it or

make it more acceptable

b. modify a large number of people walking or
in vehicle

c. disperse become involved in an activity

d. broadcast to spread across or move away over a
large area

e. participate to send out a program on television or
radio

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Grammar

1. Read and learn.
a. If I were a plant, I would love the rain.

b. If you really loved me, you would buy me a diamond ring.

c. If I knew where she lived, I would go and see her.

d. You wouldn’t need to read this if you understood English grammar.

e. Would he go to the concert if I gave him a ticket?

f. They wouldn’t invite her if they didn’t like her.

g. We would buy a larger house if we had more money.

In these sentences, the time is now or any time, and the situation is
unreal. The sentences are not based on fact, and they refer to an unlikely
or hypothetical condition and its probable result. The use of the past tense
after ‘if’ indicates unreality or things unlikely to happen.

We use these types of sentences for the following purposes:
• To make a statement about something that is not real at present, but

is possible.

For example:
I would visit her if I had time. (= I haven’t got time but I might have

some time)

• To make a statement about a situation that is not real now and never
could be real.

For example:
If I were you, I’d give up smoking (but I could never be you).

2. Rewrite the sentences as shown in the example.
Example:
My car is out of order. I won't drive you there.
• If my car wasn't out of order, I would drive you there.
a. I don't know his address. I can't contact him.

If I .............................. his address, I could contact him.

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b. He is ill. He can't go skiing.
If he wasn't ill, he ........................... skiing.
c. He doesn't like tomatoes. He won't eat the salad.
If he .......................... tomatoes, he would eat the salad.
d. I travel on my own because I speak English.
I wouldn't travel on my own if I .......................................English.
e. You aren't lucky. You won't win.
If you were lucky, you .................................... .
f. I go to bed early because I work so hard.
I wouldn't go to bed early if I ........................................ so hard.
g. I am eighteen. I can vote.
If I ......................... eighteen, I couldn't vote.
h. You'll manage it. Don't panic.
You would manage it if you .............................................. .

3. Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences as in the
examples.
Example:
I'd come to your party if I ……………. my project. (finish)
• I'd come to your party if I finished my project.
If the weather was nice I …………… out with you. (go)
• If the weather was nice I would go out with you.
a. If you turned up the radio, we …………………the news. (hear)
b. I wouldn't be able to do it unless you …………………..me. (help)
c. If it got dark, we …………….the way. (not find)
d. I'd sit down here if you …………………… . (not mind)
e. I would tell you the truth if you ……………….at me. (not laugh)
f. How much would it cost if we ………………….in advance? (pay)
g. He ……………to the States unless he asked for a visa. (cannot go)
h. What would you do if you ………….your passport? (lose)

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4. Write any five things that you would do if you were the principal
of your school.

Speaking

1. Practise the following conversation.
Rochak : Hi Simran! What are you

doing this weekend?

Simran : I'm not sure. I haven't
made any plan yet.

Rochak : Why don't we go to the
concert then?

Simran : That's a good idea but I
don't think I can afford
to do so.

Rochak : Simran, if I were you,
I'd ask my parents.

Simran : But …..I don't think they would give me the money.

Rochak : If so, you should tell your brother.

Simran : Okay. Let's meet at my house for lunch before the concert.

Rochak : That's a good idea. Let's do it!

2. Look at the example below and have similar conversations for the
following situations.
Example: I'm hungry.
A : I'm hungry.

B : If I were you, I'd go home for the meal.

C : Why don't you have something in the canteen?

D : You should take breakfast before you leave home.

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a. I've got a headache.
b. I want to meet the Prime Minister.
c. I'm weak in English.
d. I've put on weight.
e. I'm getting late to school.
f. I need some exercise.
g. I'm broke.
h. I have an exam next week.

Listening

1. Look at the picture and answer the questions.

a. Where is the person? English Book - 6 71
b. How does he look?
c. Do you have any suggestions for him?
2. Listen to the audio and write 'True' or 'False'.
a. Manu is satisfied with her job.

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b. The boss was very helpful.
c. Manu talked to her boss about her problem.
d. Sam got a promotion.
e. Rashmi suggests Manu that she should do an online job.

3. Listen to the audio again and answer these questions.
a. What didn't Manu get in her job?
b. What did the boss reply to Manu?
c. Who is Sam?
d. What does Rashmi suggest in the end?

4. What would you suggest to Manu if you were Rashmi?

Creative writing

1. Read the outline of a story and also the story developed from the
outline.

a farmer has magic goose - lays a golden egg each day - farmer sells
- a good price - becomes rich - builds a big house - lives with wife
and children - good food to eat - fine clothes - a wicked idea comes to
mind- dreams of earning much overnight- plans to get all the golden
eggs from the body of the goose - kills the goose - tears her body - no
eggs - goose dies - does not get golden - moral

The Goose and the Golden Egg

Once upon a time a farmer had a magic goose. Every day she laid a
golden egg. The farmer sold the egg at a good price. In course of time,
the farmer became rich. He built a large house. He lived there with his
wife and children. They had good food to eat. They had fine clothes to
wear.

This went on for a long time. Suddenly one night a wicked idea came
to his mind. He thought that he could be very rich by taking out all
the golden eggs from the goose. The next morning the farmer killed the
goose with a big knife. When he tore her body wide open, there was no

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golden egg inside. He went mad with misery because the goose was
dead and he would not get golden eggs any more.

Moral: Those who have plenty and want more may lose all they have.

Now develop a story with the help of the outline given below.

four cows in a jungle - fast friends - always together - live in peace -
fight with the enemy united - a tiger has an eye - not dare to attack
- cows have conflicts - walk separately --- opportunity for tiger - kills
the cows - eats them - moral.

2. Rewrite the following sentences while retaining their meaning.
Examples: My father used to play football when he was young.
 My father doesn’t play football anymore.
Jane gave me a present on my last birthday.
 I was given a present on my last birthday.
a. “Let’s go swimming”.
She suggests……………………………………………………………
b. “Would you like a cup of coffee?”
He…………………………………………………………………..……
c. We got lost in the jungle because we didn’t have a map.
If we had…………………………………………………………………
d. I last saw Bob when I was in Ho Chi Minh City.
I haven’t seen…………………………………………………………
e. It is a three-hour drive from Hanoi to Nam Dinh.
It takes ………………………………………………………………..…
f. It’s a pity you didn’t tell us about this.
I wish ………………………………………………………….....………
g. They think the owner of the house is abroad.
The owner ……………………………………………………………
h. The children couldn’t go swimming because the sea was very rough.
The sea was too ……………...…………………………………………

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6 Sports

Listen and sing

Do You Mind If I Play?

Four years happen by, but it made
the world smile
It's time to wait for a sign
Football in our lives, takes place
in our hearts
Champions all around, it's
magical to see
This is the way we love the world
to play......alay alay
Do you mind if I play, do you
mind if I win
do you mind if I play, do you mind if I say......
Emotion and passion growing stronger everyday.
The skills on display, I can't believe my eyes
This is the way we love the world to play.....alay alay
Do you mind if I play.....
In a flick overnight, one world breathes a smile
Let's hope it lasts for many years
This is the way we want the world to stay......alay alay......

(This is a song sung in the opening ceremony of FIFA World Cup 1998, France.)

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Reading-I

Before you proceed
Look at the logo of the Olympic Games and answer these questions.

a. What do these circles represent?
b. Why is each circle a different colour?
c. What do you already know about the Olympics?

New words - to put an end to something
abolish - the state of being active again
revival - skilful and effective public speaking
oratory - bitterness
rancour - a long piece of land that sticks out from a larger
peninsula
area of land into the sea
testimony - evidence or proof of something
pantheon - all the gods of a people
pentathlon - an event involving fencing, shooting, swimming,

discus riding, and cross-country running
deify - a heavy thick-centred disc thrown by an athlete
pagan - worship or regard as a god
- a person holding religious beliefs other than those

of the main world religions

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connotation - cultural or emotional association

determination - will power

unanimous - having the agreement and consent of all

quadruple - increase or be increased fourfold

biathlon - a sports competition that combines skiing and
shooting a rifle

The History of Olympic Games

The Olympic Games are an
international sports festival
that began in ancient Greece.
The original Greek games were
staged every fourth year for
several hundred years, until
they were abolished in the
early Christian era. The revival
of the Olympic Games took
place in 1896, and since then
they have been staged every
fourth year, except during
World War I and World War II
(1916, 1940, 1944).

Perhaps the basic difference between the ancient and
modern Olympics is that the former was the ancient
Greeks' way of saluting their gods, whereas the modern
Games are a manner of saluting the athletic talents of
citizens of all nations. The original Olympics featured
competition in music, oratory, and theatre performances
as well. The modern Games have a more expansive
athletic agenda, and for two and a half weeks they are
supposed to replace the rancour of international conflict

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with friendly competition. In recent times, however, that lofty ideal has
not always been attained.

The Ancient Olympics

The earliest reliable date
that recorded history gives
for the first Olympics is 776
B.C., although virtually all
historians presume that the
Games began well before
then.

It is certain that during the
midsummer of 776 B.C. a
festival was held at Olympia
on the highly civilized eastern
coast of the Peloponnesian
peninsula. That festival
remained a regularly
scheduled event, taking place
during the pre-Christian golden age of Greece. As a testimony to the
religious nature of the Games (which were held in honour of Zeus, the
most important god in the ancient Greek pantheon), all wars would
cease during the contests. According to the earliest records, only one
athletic event was held in the ancient Olympics — a footrace of about
183 metres or the length of the stadium. A cook, Coroibus of Elis, was
the first recorded winner. The first few Olympics had only local appeal
and were limited to one race on one day; only men were allowed to
compete or attend. A second race, twice the length of the stadium, was
added in the 14th Olympics, and a still longer race was added to the next
competition, four years later.

When the powerful, warlike Spartans began to compete, they influenced
the agenda. The 18th Olympiad included wrestling and a pentathlon
consisting of running, jumping, spear throwing (the javelin), discus
throwing, and wrestling. Boxing was added at the 23rd Olympiad, and
the Games continued to expand, with the addition of chariot racing and

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other sports. In the 37th Olympiad
(632 B.C.) the format was extended to
five days of competition.

The growth of the Games fostered
"professionalism" among the
competitors, and the Olympic ideals
waned as royalty began to compete
for personal gain, particularly in the
chariot events. Human beings were
being glorified as well as the gods;
many winners erected statues to deify themselves. In A.D. 394 the Games
were officially ended by the Roman emperor Theodosius I, who felt that
they had pagan connotations.

The Modern Olympics

The revival of the Olympic Games in 1896,
unlike the original Games, has a clear,
concise history. Pierre de Coubertin (1863–
1937), a young French nobleman, felt that he
could institute an educational program in
France that approximated the ancient Greek
notion of a balanced development of mind
and body. The Greeks themselves had tried
to revive the Olympics by holding local
athletic games in Athens during the 1800s, but without lasting success.
It was Baron de Coubertin's determination and organisational genius,
however, that gave impetus to the modern Olympic movement.

On June 16, 1894, with delegates from Belgium, England, France, Greece,
Italy, Russia, Spain, Sweden, and the United States in attendance, he
advocated the revival of the Olympic Games. He found ready and
unanimous support from the nine countries. De Coubertin had initially
planned to hold the Olympic Games in France, but the representatives
convinced him that Greece was the appropriate country to host the first
modern Olympics. The council did agree that the Olympics would move
every four years to other great cities of the world.

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Thirteen countries competed at the Athens Games in 1896. Nine sports
were on the agenda: cycling, fencing, gymnastics, lawn tennis, shooting,
swimming, track and field, weight lifting, and wrestling. The 14-man
U.S. team dominated the track and field events, taking the first place in
9 of the 12 events. The Games were a success, and a second Olympiad,
to be held in France, was scheduled. Olympic Games were held in 1900
and 1904, and by
1908 the number of
competitors more
than quadrupled the
number at Athens —
from 311 to 2,082.

Beginning in 1924,
a Winter Olympics
was included — to
be held at a separate
cold-weather sports
site in the same
year as the Summer
Games — the first held at Chamonix, France. But the Summer Games,
with a wide array of events, are still the focal point of the modern
Olympics. Among the standard events are basketball, boxing, canoeing
and kayaking, cycling, equestrian arts, fencing, field hockey, gymnastics,
modern pentathlon, rowing, shooting, soccer, swimming and diving,
tennis, track and field, volleyball, water polo, weight lifting, wrestling
and yachting. New sports are added to the roster at every Olympic
Games; among the more prominent are baseball, martial arts, and most
recently triathlon, which was first contested at the 2000 Games. The
Games are governed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC),
whose headquarter is in Lausanne, Switzerland.

The Summer and Winter Games were traditionally held in the same
year, but because of the increasing size of both Olympics, the Winter
Games were shifted to a different schedule after 1992. The games are very
expensive. Nevertheless, the Olympic Games continue to be extremely
popular all over the world.

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Word power

Observe the Olympic events below and identify them.

canoeing kayaking equestrian arts
fencing shooting rowing
weight lifting water polo
triathlon martial arts pentathlon
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Comprehension activities

1. Complete the table below with the events that took place according
to the time given below.

Time Event
776 BC

632 BC

394 A.D.

1800s

June 16, 1894

1896

1924

1916, 1940, 1944

2000

2. Answer the following questions.
a. How is modern Olympics different from the ancient Olympics?
b. What is the agenda of modern Olympics?
c. What was the first event in Olympics?
d. How did Pierre de Coubertin contribute to the revival of

Olympic Games?
e. What events were included in the first modern Olympics?
f. Which authority is responsible for governing the Olympics?

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Reading-II

Before you proceed
Do you believe in ghosts?
Are you scared of ghosts?
What would you do if you met a ghost?

New words

camping - when you stay in a tent on a holiday

nervous - worried and excited

campfire - an outside fire

bizarre - very strange and unusual

bloodshot - when your eyes are bloodshot, they are red or pink
on the white parts

A People Story

Narrator 1 : Do you ever wonder what scares monsters? Do you
wonder what kind of scary stories they tell? They tell
people stories, of course!

Narrator 2 : Some young monsters went camping in the woods. They
played all night. But then the sun began to rise. Daylight
is a scary time for monsters. The young monsters were a
little nervous. They gathered around a big pile of rotting
moss. That’s what monsters have instead of campfires.
Then the older monsters told a people story.

Grog : Are you ready monster campers? I’m going to tell you
a terrifying people story. It was early one morning. A
young person was just waking up. He slept on a long clean
platform called a bed. He lived inside a big box called a
house. The scariest part: this house had windows, and it
was full of bright light!

Ick : What was he called? What was the person’s name?

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Blap : The person’s name was . . . Jeff!
Trigor
: That’s a bizarre name. What did this Jeff look like? Did he
Grog have hands with long skinny fingers? Did he have clean
nails rather than filthy claws? Did he have teeth instead
Snik of fangs?

Driffle : Yes, Jeff had ten fingers with clean, recently washed
Blap nails. When he opened his mouth, it was full of teeth that
Grog weren’t very sharp. His ears were round, not pointed. He
did not have horns, wings, or warts. But here is the truly
Ick scary part: Jeff had exactly two eyes. And they were blue!

: He had two blue eyes! That’s the weirdest thing I’ve ever
heard. He didn’t have three eyes like me? His eyes weren’t
yellow like Ick’s or bloodshot like Trigor’s.

: I’m scared. I want to go home.

: Don’t worry. It is just a story.

: Jeff got onto a vehicle called a bike. A bike has two wheels,
and it rolls. He went to a place called a school. Schools are
full of young people.

: Are there ten people in a school? Or are there even more?
Are there twenty people in a school?

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Blap : Sometimes there are as many as a thousand people in a
Trigor school.

Snink : That’s the scariest thing I’ve ever heard. I can’t even
imagine a thousand people in one place. What if a monster
Blap got trapped in a school?
Driffle
Blap : Just think about all those people. They would all be
Grog walking, and they would have two eyes and teeth that
weren’t sharp. I bet they would not have fur, either.
Ick
Grog : That is right. People don’t have fur. They have small
Ick amounts of hair on top of their heads.
Blap
Trigor : Now I am so scared. Please just tell a nice happy ghost
story.
Grog
Ick : Don’t worry, Driffle. This is just a pretence. People are not
Blap real.
Snink
84 : Let’s continue our story. When the sun was very bright,
Jeff was ready to eat. He went to a place called the school
cafeteria. It was full of hungry people! Remember, people
have hands, not claws. But they don’t even eat with their
hands. They use strange tools called forks, knives and
spoons.

: What did Jeff eat?

: Jeff ate something called noodles. It’s a long skinny type
of food and it is covered in red sauce.

: Is the red sauce blood? I like blood!

: No, the red sauce that Jeff ate was made from tomatoes.

: Jeff killed a tomato! People are so scary. They attack sweet
innocent vegetables in the middle of the day and gobble
them up.

: Yes, Jeff was also eating corn with his noodles. He was
drinking a brown liquid called chocolate milk.

: Is chocolate milk like mud? I love mud.

: It looks like mud. But it tastes kind of sweet.

: Yuck. I hate sweet flavours. Boy, I would be so scared

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if I ran into a two-eyed, ten-fingered, chocolate milk–
drinking person on a sunny day. I don’t know what I’d
do.

Grog : But just hold on. Are you ready? Here’s the truly scary
part. Jeff and the other young people remained in the
school all through the bright, sunny afternoon. Then it
was time to go home. A device called a bell made a blood-
curdling sound.

Ick : What did it sound like? What sound does a bell make?

Narrator 1 : Now Blap was ready to play a trick. He had snuck off into
the woods.

Narrator 2 : Earlier in the night, Blap had discovered a rusty tin can
in the woods. This was something Blap had never seen
before. When the monster had tried hitting the can with
a stick, it had made a frightening sound. Now Blap was
waiting for Grog to give him the signal.

Grog : What does a bell sound like, little monsters? It sounds just
like this...

Narrator 1 : Blap hit the old can with the stick. It made a ringing
sound.

Ick : Aaaaaaah! Help, help! There’s a person in the woods.

Trigor : That sound! It’s hideous. It’s making my pointed ears
ache and twitch.

Snink : I think I can smell the person. The smell is wafting from
that direction. The odour is getting closer.

Driffle : Wah-wah! I just want to go home. I want my monster
mommy!

Narrator 2 : Just then, Blap came out of the woods. He had given
the campers a good scare. It took a while for everyone
to calm down. They all had a warm glass of mud and
some mouldy bread. Then the monster campers climbed
into their holes in the ground. It was time for bed. The
morning sun was getting high in the sky.

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Word power

1. Make a sentence using each of the following words.
camping
nervous
campfires
bizarre
bloodshot

2. Rearrange the letters to make meaningful words.
a. mrinong
b. bedra
c. sgailn
d. eivelch

Comprehension activities

1 Answer the following questions.
a. Which is the scary time for monsters?

b. Where did the young monsters gather?

c. Do people have fur?

d. What did Jeff eat?

e. What differences do you see between the food of people and
that of monsters?

2 Tick the correct answer.
a. Monsters gather around (big pile of rotting moss/campfire).

b. Jeff had (clean nails/filthy claws).

c. He had (bloodshot/blue) eyes.

d. Schools are full of young (people/monsters).

e. The monsters had warm glass of (chocolate milk/mud).

3. Write down five differences between people and ghosts.

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Grammar

1. Read and learn.

He didn’t study, so he failed the history exam.

They weren’t busy, so they helped me.

I wasn’t careful, so I fell off my bicycle.

Catherine didn’t spend much money because everything was on
sale.

The room is still messy because I didn’t clean it.

In the above sentences so and because are used as connectives.
They both are reason connectives. The difference is so is used to
show the results of an action, and because is used to show the
cause of an action.

2. Fill in the blanks with so or because.
a. Sweden is a cold country ________________ people wear
warm clothes in winter.
b. My parents were angry ________________ I arrived home
late.
c. Birds can fly ________________ they can travel long distances.
d. I have some projects to complete ________________ I can't
join you.
e. I hate snakes ________________ they might bite me.
f. It was raining ________________ I took my umbrella.
g. The children are at home ________________ it’s a holiday
today.
h. I was lost ________________ I asked for directions.
i. She was happy ________________ she got a scholarship for
her study.
j. I won't drive ________________ I don't have a license.

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Speaking

1. Practise the following conversation.

I'm planning to visit I'm intending to I'm thinking of buying
my mother because practise for my match, a car, so I can travel
easily.
she's sick. so I can win.

2. Work in pairs. Have conversations, as in the example, using the
following prompts.

Example: A : What/ on your birthday?
B : go to temple/ invite friends/give a party
A : What will you do on your birthday?
B : I'm thinking of going to temple in the morning. I'll invite my

friends and give a party.
a. A : What/next Saturday?
B : stay home/wash clothes/ watch TV
b. A : What/during holidays?
B : go village/ visit relatives
c. A : What / on Sports Day?
B : take part in football match/ win it
d. A : What /on your parents' wedding anniversary?
B : visit them/ present gifts/ wish them best wishes

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5. A : What/during exam break?
B : Mamaghar/ stay for a week

Listening

Listen to the audio and answer the following questions.
a. Why does the speaker plan to watch TV?
b. When will he go to the book store?
c. Why is he planning to buy books?
d. When will he visit his grandparents?
e. What will he do after he comes back from visiting his grandparents.

Writing

1. What is your favourite sport? Write a paragraph about it.
2. Join the following sentence pairs using because or because of.
Examples:
i. I am asking you. I want to know your opinion. (because)
I am asking you because I want to know your opinion.
ii. I was late this morning. There was a heavy traffic. (because of)
I was late this morning because of a heavy traffic.
a. She can't drive. She is blind. (because of)
…………………………………………………………………………….
b. The school is closed. There's strike. (because of)
…………………………………………………………………………….
c. I came back. I'd forgotten my bag. (because)
…………………………………………………………………………….
d. We didn't go out. It was raining. (because of)
…………………………………………………………………………….

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e. I can't understand him. He speaks very fast. (because)
…………………………………………………………………………….
f. I'm moving to Kathmandu. I've got a new job. (because of)
…………………………………………………………………………….
g. John was driving carelessly. He got an accident. (because)
…………………………………………………………………………….
h. I cannot come. The weather is not good. (because of)
…………………………………………………………………………….

Project work

There were some games that our grandparents used to play. Which we
do not play anymore. Ask your grandparents about such games and
share it in the class.

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7 Ecology and
Environment

Listen and sing

The Good Earth - Jack Hartman

It's the good earth, where I live,
The good earth so much to give
It's the good earth, the only one,
The good earth that I love
It's the good earth, blue and green,
The good earth so much to see
It's the good earth, so beautiful,
The good earth that I love
It's the good earth, where I live,
The good earth so much to give
It's the good earth, the only one,
The good earth that I love
It's the good earth, blue and green,
The good earth so much to see
It's the good earth, so beautiful,
The good earth that I love.

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Reading-I

Before you proceed
What is the main source of fuel in your locality? Why?
Why do you think we need to use alternative sources of energy?

New words

fossil - remains of a prehistoric animal or plant

tremendous - very great in amount

harness - control and make use of (natural resources), espe-
cially to produce energy

generate - to produce

geothermal - relating to or produced by the internal heat of the
earth

incorporate - to include

Alternative Energy Sources

A number of different energy sources are
used every day. Where does this energy come
from? Burning of fossil fuel is a main energy
source. Sources other than this are known
as alternative energy sources and there are
several of them being used every day.

The water used by whitewater rafters has a
tremendous amount of energy. That water

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energy can be harnessed to perform work by using waterwheels. Running
or falling water turns the wheel. The turning wheel spins an axle which
can be attached to some machinery to do work. In a mill, the waterwheel
turns and a big stone grinds the grain. In a sawmill, waterwheels turn
the axle and a blade cuts the wood. Finally, in a hydroelectric plant
running or falling water spins a generator to create electricity.

Not only water
can spin a wheel,
but also wind can
do so. Windmills
work in the same
manner as a
waterwheel does.
For many years,
windmills were
used mainly for
milling grain,
pumping water,
or both. Today,
though, all of
that has changed.
Windmills are used as wind turbines that can generate electricity. As
the wind propels the blades, energy is created and stored to be used to
perform work. As long as there is movement, energy can be produced,
and the wind is an excellent alternative energy source. In many parts of
the Midwest where there is an abundance of wind, energy is produced
for homes and businesses.

The internal heat of the earth is another energy source. The interior of
the earth is very hot as is evidenced by hot water or steam coming out
of the ground in certain places on the earth. The earth's internal heat is
called geothermal energy. Geothermal energy can be used to heat homes
and produce electricity. There are homes in Boise, Idaho that have been
heated solely by hot springs since the 1890's. Also at the Geysers in
California, steam drives turbines that generate electricity. This steam
comes from underground water that is heated by geothermal energy.

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Every day the sun provides energy. Solar energy is often thought to just
be sunlight. Sunlight is full of energy. It is the sunlight that gives water
the energy to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere. People are finding
new ways to harness the power of sunlight. One major way is to trap or
concentrate sunlight with the use of solar panels. This trapped sunlight
can be used to heat homes and water. Also solar cells are devices that
convert sunlight into electric energy.

As the use of
alternative energy
sources increases,
the consumption
of the earth's fossil
fuels will also
decrease. One watt
of energy that is
used by solar cells
is one less watt
used by power
plants burning oil
or coal. If society
hopes to control
global warming
and climate change, alternative energy sources are needed today.

Fossil fuel is the most common source of energy today, but it is not
considered clean energy. There are various other sources of alternative
energy that must be incorporated if the next generations are expected
to have energy. Water, wind, the internal heat of the earth, and the sun
are all being harnessed to create energy. Geothermal energy and solar
energy are more common. Homes are being heated and cooled, cars are
being driven, and electricity is used all from these various alternative
sources of energy. All are examples of clean energy, which is better for
the environment because it helps to control global warming and climate
change.

(Adapted from softschools.com)

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Word power

Find the words/phrases from the above text for the following
definitions.
a. Any source of energy that does not use fossil fuels
b. A long term change in the weather patterns
c. The long-term heating of the earth's climate system
d. Energy that comes from renewable, zero emission sources that do

not pollute the atmosphere when used
e. Radiation from the sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical

reactions, or generating electricity

Comprehension activities

1. Choose the best alternatives to answer the following questions.

a. Which of the following is used to refer to the sources of energy
other than fossil fuel?

A. Alternative sources of energy

B. Geothermal energy

C. Solar energy

D. Water energy

b. Which of the following tools can be used to harness the water
energy?

A. Windmills B. Waterwheels

C. Aqua cells D. Hydroelectric wheels

c. Which of the following refers to the earth's internal heat?

A. Solar energy B. Core energy

C. Geothermal energy D. Steam energy

d. Which of the following is a device that converts sunlight into electric
energy?

A. Solar cells B. Solar panels

C. Converters D. Hydro panels

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e. Which of the following is a tool used to trap or concentrate sunlight
to be used for energy?

A. Solar cells B. Solar panels

C. Solar devices D. Solar censors

f. Which of the following is NOT an alternative source of energy?

A. Water B. Wind

C. Sun D. Plants

2. Write whether the following statements are 'True' or 'False'.
a. Fossil fuel is a source of clean energy.
b. Water wheels are run by the flow of water.
c. Hydroelectricity is a source of non-renewable energy.
d. The internal heat of the earth is also used to produce electricity.
e. Solar panels trap the sunlight and convert it into energy.
f. Saving fossil fuel contributes to climate change.

Reading-II

Before you proceed
Do you listen to the weather forecast before you go out somewhere?

Why do you think people listen to the weather forecast?

Weather Forecast

Well, for those of you who went out today, I don’t have to tell you it
was clear, but muggy for most of the state, with the high temperatures
in the low to mid 90s. The city of Elkview had the high for the day of 97
degrees. And that’s hot. I’m glad I’m working indoors today!

For those of you planning outdoor activities tomorrow, you can expect
fair skies for most of Saturday with temperatures in the high 90’s.
However, things might change by Saturday evening with a storm front
moving in. We can expect light scattered showers over the northern part

96 English Book - 6 Approved by the Curriculum Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur

of the state bringing slightly cooler temperatures in the eighties, but this
rain should taper off by mid-Sunday morning. It will be partly cloudy
for most of the morning, but these clouds should move out by mid-
afternoon.

Skies should be clear Sunday night for those wanting to catch a glimpse
of the partial lunar eclipse. It should start at 10:47 pm. And that’s all for
today’s weather.

Word power

Match the words with their meanings.
a. muggy • • slowly decrease

b. fair • • a quick look

c. taper off • • warm and humid

d. glimpse • • clear

Now, use these words in your own sentences.

a. muggy : ……………………………………………………...………

b. fair : …………………………………………………....…………

c. taper off : …………………………………....…………………………

d. glimpse : ………………………………………………………....……

Comprehension activities

Choose the best answer from the alternatives given.
a. Friday's weather was ……………… .
i. fair and humid
ii. warm and dry
iii. wet and cool
b. The high temperatures were …………..degrees.
i. 85 to 90
ii. 85 to 95
iii. 96 to 99

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c. The weather forecast of Saturday evening is predicting ………..
i. heavy showers over the northern part
ii. some rain in parts of the state
iii. light rain over the entire state
d. The sky would be clear around ………………. .
i. 3:00 pm
ii. 10:00 am
iii. 6:00 pm
e. There will be ……………… Sunday evening.
i. a heavy shower
ii. a solar eclipse
iii. a lunar eclipse

Grammar

1. Read and learn.
I think United will win the game.

Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain.

The sun will rise tomorrow.

Get back! The bomb is going to explode.

I think it is going to rain - I just felt a drop.

I don't feel well. I think I'm going to throw up.

Both will and going to can be used for making future predictions. The
word will is used to indicate a prediction based on personal opinions
or experiences while going to is used to express a prediction based
on present evidence, will expresses the decision made at the time of
speaking but going to expresses prior decisions made for future.

2. Complete the sentences below with 'will' or 'be going to'.

a. Have you got any plans for tomorrow?
Yes, I ………….visit my grandparents.

98 English Book - 6 Approved by the Curriculum Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur

b. Why is she learning Spanish?
She ………….travel to Spain.
c. We are thirsty.
Wait here. I ………….get some water.
d. Meat or fish?
I ………….have some fish, please.
e. What do you want the keys for?
I ………….close the door.
f. If you don't take a taxi,
you ………….arrive on time.
g. Why do you want so many oranges?
I ………….make an orange juice.
h. Oh! I haven't got enough money to pay!
Don't worry. I ………….lend you some.
i. We need one more player.
………….you play with us tomorrow?
j. Why are you switching on the TV?
I ………….watch a football match.

Speaking

1. Look at the pictures. What do you think is going to happen?

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2. Practise the following conversation in pairs.
Ali : What is the weather like outside?
Nazat : It's cloudy.
Ali : Is it raining?
Nazat : No, it isn't. But, it's going to rain soon.
Ali : Do you like this kind of weather?
Nazat : I think everybody likes it.
Ali : How long will it last?
Nazat : I don't think it will last long.
Ali : How will it be tomorrow?
Nazat : I think it will rain tomorrow, too.
Ali : Sorry, I forgot. Would you like to take tea?
Nazat : The weather is for tea.
Ali : Ok. Let's have some tea.

3. Male a guess and rewrite what they will/are going to do and say.
a. The children are preparing well for their exam.
b. Gurungs are going on a holiday.
c. A dog is hit by a car and is seriously wounded.
d. Rabin has passed the exam.
e. Sumitra is opening a bank account.

Listening

1. Listen to the audio and write 'True' or 'False'.
a. The weather will be fine in Pokhara.
b. There will be light rain in Butwal.
c. The weather will become pleasant in Janakpur.
d. The gardeners will be happy with the weather in Biratnagar.
e. The wind will be blowing strongly in Janakpur.
f. Kathmandu will experience a better weather than other cities.

100 English Book - 6 Approved by the Curriculum Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur