45 LIFE STYLE Course Learning Outcomes: The Students are able to : Listening - Responds to the meaning of transactional and interpersonal orally about the topic of life style Speaking -Express the meaning of monologue text in written about life style Reading .-Respond the meaning of simple monologue text in written that related to the topic of life style Writing -Express the meaning of simple monologue text in written about life style .Language Focus -Complete some words related to the topics (vocabularies) - Use the form of modal should (grammar) -Pronounce the vocabularies about life style (pronunciation) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Practice 1. Work in pairs. Look at the photographs above, then dicuss with your friend the following questions ! 1. What kind of life style do you see on the above photographs ? …………………………………………………………………………….
46 2. Have you ever done the similar activities as in those photograps ! ……………………………………………………………………………. 3. Give any comment about those life styles ! ……………………………………………………………………………. LESSON A Listening Practice 1. Listen to your lecturer who will read the dialogue below. Then choose to the correct word to fill in the gap. Seen slimmer weight shopping difference week Putri : Hi Reza, how is everything today ? We have not ________each other for a long time. Reza : Hello Putri. I am doing great. Putri : You look _______ . Do you go to the Gym ? Reza : Yes, I do. I go there three times in a _______ Putri : Wow that is great. Reza : By the way where will you go? Putri : I will go shopping. Do you still go to _________ in the same place? Reza : I go shopping twice in a month. However, I did it in the ________places. Practice 2. Listen and do the task ! Say if it is TRUE or FALSE 1. It’s very important to have a proper breakfast every morning. 2. You need to go to picnic after hard work. 3. We should eat as much food as our body uses. 4. Sleeping after eating will help you to sleep soundly. 5. Eat your food as fast as possible Speaking Practice 3. Work in Pairs, ask your partner about his/her life style! Student A The Argument 1. Do you enjoy shopping? 2. Where do you go shopping most
47 often? 3. What kind of thing do you always buy? 4. Why do people go just window shopping? 5. How often do you go shopping Student B 1.Do you spend a lot of money when you go shopping? 2.What do you dislike about shopping? 3.Where do you always shop? 4.Do you like to go shopping alone or with friends? 5.How is important to look fashionable for you? Practice 4. Use the pictures above as cues to write 5 questions to create your own lifestyle survey. e.g. Do you like eating junkfood? How many times do you smoke everyday ? Lifestyle Survey Student 1 Student 2 Student 3 Student 4 1. 2. 3 4. 5. LESSON B Reading Practice 5. Read and write True (T) or False (F) A Healthy Lifestyle As times, goes by, doctors and scientists are finding a strong relationship between the mind and the body. It’s becoming clear that how you feel mentally and emotionally is very important for the way you feel physically. Have you ever thought that once you passed the age of 20 you start to die? Of course, that is
48 generally a slow process, but you can’t escape from it. Teenagers find it difficult- if not impossible-to imagine themselves as middle-aged or old people. That’s because they are young, fit and strong; however, if they don’t get into the habit of taking regular exercise early in life to keep like that as long as possible, they will have a lots of problems when they are older. One of the easiest ways to keep fit is to stick to healthy diet, that is to say, to eat fruit, fresh vegetables, and food containing fibre, regularly. Smoking is something you must give up if you want to be healthy. Also, try to commit with your resting time and avoid too fat. 1. ___ There are relationship between mind and body 2. ___ Our bodies start to die slowly after our twenties 3. ___ Teenegers know how old people feel 4. ___ Exercising early in life is important. 5. ___ You will not get any health problem with exercises. 6. ___ We should keep a health diet. Practice 6. Work in a small Group. Read and complete the text with the words from the table. You can choose each word only once. Healthy vegetables nothing sweet dairy doctors expert grow delicious vitamins five fats daily proteins fruit shouldn’t water cereals exercise body Healthy foods are fundamental for our existence. They help us 1)……………, be strong and be 2)……….. . To eat healthly we need to learn about the food pyramid and follow its steps. The first step on the pyramid, the smallest one is the one about 3)………….and 4)……………. It’s the favourite one by all children, but it is the worst one. One must eat very little or 5)……… from this step. Pastries and sweets are 6)…………., but they contain a high number of calories which are very bad for our 7)…………In fact, many 8)…………. agree that this sector is very bad for our health. The second steps is formed by 9)…………..; meat, fish, and eggs. It is very important to vary these foods every single day. You 10)…………just eat meal because you don’t like fish. In fact, we should eat more fish and eggs than meat. The third step is all about 11)………..This group consists of milk, cheese and butter. I especially like yoghurt. We must eat these foods from one to three times a day. The fourth step is extremely important because it evolves around 12)
49 ……….. and 13) ……….. These foods fill our bodies with 14) ………….. and minerals. Practice 7. Work in pairs. Mention some food, game and old fashion that include to the traditional and modern lifestyle. traditional life style modern life style Food game Fashion food games Fashion Practice 8. Work in small group. Discuss with your partner and ask to your friend about the following question! What are problems of modern life style ? How modern life style affects the relationship both personal and general? What are advantage & disadvantage of modern lifestyle ? How many hours a day do you sleep ? Why is fast food unhealthy? What kinds of food should you eat? Why is free time and relax important? What causes of stress can you mention? What can you do to avoid stress? Can you be fashionable without spending money? Language Focus Vocabulary: A Healthy Life style Practice 9. Read the words in the box carefully and then complete the sentences below ! drink water less screen time exercises avoid processed food sleep well keep healthy weigth hobby relax eat well
50 stop smoking get enough vitamin D spend time with friend 1. After a long busy day, every one should __________before going to be. 2. Teach your children to drink more __________than fizzy drinks. 3. Food than contain ____________ include oil fish, egg yolk and yogurt. 4. People with breathing problems should _____________ 5. When I retired, vegetable growing & gardening were a new _________ of mine 6. Eat the right food and you will __________ & look good. 7. Ready meals, crisps, sausages & tinned food are all ______________ 8. When you ____________you will wake up refreshed & ready for the day ahead. Practice 10 .Pronounce each of the words below correctly and find the meaning of the words! Fast food tinned food fizzy drink Selfie delicious diet Hang out exercises smoking Workaholic crisps online games Fashion meals noodle Model : fast food is the term of a kind of food that people eat from restaurant, café or take out where food is prepared and served quickly. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Practie 11. Match the correct word with the correct meaning! 1. You mustn’t …….everything you read or hear. a. anything 2. Stories and fairy tales people tell each other ……. b. believe and ……….. 3. Do you want ……….sweet to eat. c. too much 4. You must sleep ……………. to be healthy. d. over & over 5. ……………… your computer when you go to sleep ! f. really 6. I ……… with you. I must sleep 8-9 hours a day. g. feel well
51 7. I …………….love chocolate. It’s sweet and delicious ! h. turn off 8. You must eat chiken soup when you don’t ……………. i. something 9. To stay healthy you…….. do sports and eat healthy food. j.enough 10. Don’t eat ……. …..chocolate. It’s unhealthy ! k. have to 11. I can’t eat ……….when I don’t feel well l. agree Grammar Should is an auxiliary verb – a modal auxiliary verb. We use should mainly to : 1. give advice or make recommendations 2. talk about obligation 3. talk about probability and expectation 4. express the conditional mood 5. replace a subjunctive structure Structure of Should S + should + V1 should not Examples: 1. You should stop eating fast food 2. You should go for walks more often 6. Jes should be here by 8.40 am. 7. Shoudn’t you be getting ready for work? 8. It was necessary that every one should get exercise. 9. If you wanna get healthy you should have a good life style Writing Practice 12. Work in small group. Ask your friend about his/her lifestyle, then you give recommendation . Life style Recommendation I like smoking You should keep your health
52 Practice 13. Compose a simple paragraph of your friend’s lifestyle ! Model : I have a friend, his name is Raka. He always spends his time by playing games. ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Reflection: 1. What topic have you learnt? 2. What parts of topic are regarded easy for you? 3. What parts of topic are regarded difficult for you? 4. Write down two or sentences related to the topic !
53 GLOBAL VILLAGE Course Learning Outcomes: The Students are able to : Listening - Responds the meaning of transactional and interpersonal orally about Global Village. Speaking -Express the meaning of transactional and interpersonal orally about Global Village Reading Responds the meaning of simple monologue text in written that related to the topic about global village Writing Express the meaning of simple monologue text in written about global village Language Focus Identify words related to the context (vocabularies) Use of prefer in sentences. (grammar) Pronounce the words and phrases realted to the topic (pronounciation)
54 Source: dreamstime.com Look at the above picture then answer the following questions below! 1. What do you think about the above picture? 2. What does mean Global ? 3. How are they connected each other? 4. Do you think the technology will change the future ? How will it be ? 5. How much has technology chaged your lifetime? LESSON A Listening Listen the conversation below. Then complete the missing word of the sentences correctly ! Andre : How do you like to live in 1)…….. ? There are no places of entertainment. Ujang : Your cities are 2)……….. There is no place to move about freely. Andre : We have vehicles to go about from place to place Ujang : The villages are small. We can easily walk and reach out 3) ................... Andre : There are gyms and 4) …………. parks where we can exercises. Ujang : Cities are full of 5)………….. We breathe fresh air. We live in healthy atmosphere. Andre : We have good schools and are given good education. Ujang : The classes in your schools are 6) …………., individual attention to the students is not given overcrowded congested pollution destination public village
55 Speaking Work in Pairs. Listen and practice the dialogue below with your partner ! Lucky : Good morning, Asri. Asri : Good morning, Lucky. Lucky : What will do after your exam? Asri : I’ll go to my native village and live there. Lucky : Do you like village life ? Asri : Yes, I can’t think of living anywhere except my native village. Lucky : Why ? Asri : Village is comfortable and easy. Fresh vegetables and fruits are available there. The villagers can enjoy the beauty of nature. Lucky : But all modern facilities are not available in the village. Asri : Yes, it is free from pollution. Do you like city life? Lucky : Yes Asri : Why ? Lucky : Modern facilities are available in the city. Asri : Of course, but city is beset with various problems too. Lucky : Both village life and city life have advantages and disadvantages. Asri : Yes, I think village life is better. Lucky : Thank you. Asri : Welcome. Reza : Hello, Silvi. How are you? Silvi : Fine. When did you come back from village? Reza : Yesterday evening. My mind didn’t want to come back. Have you ever been to a village? Silvi : No, I had never gone to village. I can’t stand that slow abnormal life. Reza : Abnormal ? Do you mean it really? But, if only I could live in the midst of nature in villages forever. Silvi : How funny! How can you stand the dirty muddy roads, the bullock carts? How dull, isolated life ! Reza : City life’s full of noises and bustle. How faster, how restless the the city life is ! how can you deny violence and terrible accidents? Silvi ; Still then city life can provide better facilities. One can get better education, better treatment and what not ? Reza : I think you have seen only the glitter of the city. You have note yet seen the drawbacks of the city life. Silvi : What do you mean ? Isn’t your village dull, boring? You can enjoy beauties of nature, I am sure. But do you find any touch of civilization? Reza : Don’t forget God made the country, man made the town.
56 Silvi : Let’s stop. Both the lives have own charms and dull aspects. Reza : Thanks. Practice 1. Answer the following question correctly. Decide True (T) or False (F) the following statement ! 1._____ village life is interesting and congested 2._____ Lucky prefers to live in village rather than live in the city 3._____ Both Silvi and Lucky think that city life is better than village life 4._____ People can get better education in the village 5._____ There is nothing public facilities in the village. Practice 2. Create a simple dialogue based situation you like such as at urban, country or sub urban. then demonstrate it in front of the class . ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Language Focus Vocabulary Practice 3. Pronounce each of the words below ! Congested muddy roads isolated life restless villagers the bullock carts vehicle facilities dull civilization overcrowded bustle Practice 4. Arrange these jumbled word to be a good sentences! 1. and – both – people – are - Some areas – with – congested –cars _____________________________________________________ 2. the way – the villager –into – the forest – led _____________________________________________________ 3. bustle – tired of – I - and - Jakarta – was – the hustle -of _____________________________________________________ 4. for study –facilities – the university – extensive – offers _____________________________________________________ 5. flat - uninteresting – the countryside – dull – was _____________________________________________________
57 Practice 5. Work in small group. Discuss with your partners about advantage and disadvantage of village and city life ! Village Life City Life Advantage Disadvantge Advantage Disadvantage Grammar Prefer memiliki arti “lebih memilih.” Biasanya penggunaan prefer digunakan jika seseorang dihadapkan dengan dua atau lebih pilihan. Prefer dipakai untuk menyatakan sebuah preferensi atau pilihan pribadi yang tentunya bersifat subjektif. Prefer termasuk verbal transitive atau kata kerja yang membutuhkan objek Dalam penggunaan kata ini, ada tiga pola yang digunakan. Di antaranya: Prefer + noun + to + noun Prefer + verb-ing + to + verb-ing Prefer + to infinite + rather than + infinite Contoh prefer tea to coffee. We prefer going by ferry to flying. We have tea and coffee, but perhaps you’d prefer a cold drink. He prefers watching baseball to playing it. She prefers that we meet at the station. “Do you prefer dark brown or dark gray?” she asked. Would you prefer to leave? Practice 6. Give comment. What do you prefer ? 1. City or village 2. Driving or taking Public transportation 3. Learning online or learning in classroom 4. Read or listen 5. Playing game or getting exercises
58 LESSON B Reading Read the following text about Global Village ! What do you think the term Global Village means? More and more often, the term global village is used to describe the world and its people. In a typical village, however, everyone knows everyone else and the people face the same kinds of problems. How can the world be a village, when it is home to almost 6 million people? Political and technological changes in the past century have made the global village possible. The years following world war II seemed to promise peace and more equality among people. For example, The United Nations was founded in 1945 to help countries resolve disputes peacefully. This promise was soon shattered, however, by the cold war tension between The United States and The Soviet Union. These two superpowers engaged in an arms race, spending huge sums of money on weapons. The other nations of the world were split into two sides, and the world was frozen in a perpetual state of hostility, seemingly on the brink of destruction. It was not until the collapse of the communist government in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe between 1989 and 1991 that the Cold War ended and the political climate changed. The end of Cold War tension made the global village more politically possible by opening new channels of communication between nations. Technologically, the greatest contributor to the global village is the microchip- an electronic circuit on a tiny chip. The microchip has made satellites and computers possible. These forms of high-tech communications allow news and ideas to travel quickly from country to country, making people aware of their neighbors around the globe in dramatic new ways. Through the internet, we can get information from computers anywhere and carry on electronic conversations with people everywhere. Through television programs transmitted by satellite, we are exposed to many cultures. What will happen as we move into the twenty-first century and beyond? Almost certainly the development of the global village will continue. Not only is this possible, but the challenges that the world faces-for example, pollution, population, growth, and conflicts among people- will make it necessary. Practice 7. Use the information above to explain the following terms in your own words. 1. What is The United Nations? 2. What was the Cold War? 3. Who were the superpowers? 4. What was the arms race? 5. What is the microchip? 6. What is a global village?
59 Practice 8. Based on the text above, decide whether these statements are true or false 1. ____Two changes have made the global village possible. 2. ____After 1991 the global village was more politically possible. 3. ____Microchip has made satellites and computers possible As we ove to 21st century, the global village will end. 4. _____The challenges that the world faces will make the global village still continue. Practice 9. Pairwork: Talk about these questions 1. What do you think are some of the advantages of a global village for individuals and nations? 2. Some people say that there are disadvantages to a global village that we are coming too much alike. Do you agree? Why or why not? 3. What other challenges do you think the world will face in the twenty-first century? Which do you consider the most serious? Practice 10. Find out 5 of your friends; ask them about technology that they use in their life. Use the following question to help you to find the information. Question 1 2 3 4 5 What kind of technology do you use everday? Why do you use it ? What is the advantage of … ? How many times do you use it? Practice 11. Vocabulary Exercise. 1. a human settlement of a small size which is typically situated in a rulal location. a. city b. region c. village d.subdistrict 2. They are taking cues from electronic gadgets and __________ games. a. information b. microhip c. computer d. technology 3. a populated area with fixed boundaries and local government. a. area b.town c. country d. village
60 4. The ___________caused by military activities is many more times that of space exploration. a. growth b.pollution c.conflict . d.population 5. Cultivation of crops, hunting, social life, religion and politics of that ancient _____________ are topics of the exhibition. a. civilization b. polution c. village life d. cultivation 6. Enviromental ________ is increasing pressure on many ecosystems and wild animals. a. destruction b. disaster c.crime d.conflict 7. Yet urban foxes arouse huge ________ from some people. a.settle b.political c. modern d. hostility 8. He never stays in one country for long. He’s restless type. The word restlest is closest meaning with a.retired b. resign c. easy d. restive 9.. Life in a small town could be deadly dull. The word ‘dull’ has same meaning with. a. interesting b. boring c. exciting d. happy 10. Researcher found a strong correlation between ____deprivation and poor health. a. global b. village c. urban d.poverty Writing Practice 12. Work in small group. Analyze the impact of global village in many aspects ! Social Economic politic Culture Education Practice 13. Compose a condition of your hometown ! Model : I’m Alya. I am from Garut. I live in a small country namely Limbangan Village. There is still many rice fields. Most of people work as a farmer. Village life is so simple. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
61 ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ Reflection: 1. What topic have you learnt? 2. What parts of topic are regarded easy for you? 3. What parts of topic are regarded difficult for you? 4. Write down two or sentences related to the topic !
62 UNIT VII WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY ? Course Learning Outcomes: The Students are able to : Listening - Responds the meaning of transactional and interpersonal orally about What is Sociology ? Speaking -Express the meaning of transactional and interpersonal orally about What is Sociology ? Reading Responds the meaning of simple monologue text in written that related to the topic about What is Sociology? Writing Express the meaning of simple monologue text in written about What is Sociology ? Language Focus Identify words related to the context (vocabularies) Use of prefer in sentences. (grammar) Pronounce the words and phrases realted to the topic (pronounciation)
63 1) 2) Source: Kompasiana.com 3) 4) source: AndropHedia source: Hipwee 1. What do you think about those photographs? 2. What are relation of those photographs to Sociology ? 3. How do the people life based on the above photographs? LESSON A Listening Conversation: Sociology Student Listen and Practice Naufal : Hi ....Where are you going ? Arief : I and Nisa are going to Library. Do you wanna join us ? Naufal : Let’s we go to library together. By the way...What kind of book are you looking for ? Arief : I’m looking for a book about Sociology Naufal : Are you interested in Sociology ? Arief : Of course...I’m a student of Sociology. I’m big fan of social science. I’really curious to know how the social change happened Naufal : The situation is sometimes unpredict. We must be ready for the change itself. Soleh : What do you think about the situation of the world today? Mira : In my point of view, technology makes everything easier. We can do many things by a gadget in the hand.
64 Soleh : yeah..you can get transaction, shopping, and interaction with your friends. Mira : But in another side, it also gives negative impact Soleh : I agree with you. There are cyber bullying, human trafficking, and harassment because of technology. Mira : The most important, we must be wise use the technology. Soleh : That’s right. Practice 1. Decide these statements are True (F) or False (F) 1. _____ Arif isn’t a Sociology student. 2. _____ Technology only has positive effect. 3. _____ Naufal loves social science 4. _____ A gadget makes life simpler and easier 5. _____ Many crimes happened because of technology Speaking Practice 2. Work in Pairs. Discuss with your friends what the reason she/he interested in Sociology department Question Student 1. Why are you interested in Sociology Department ? 2. What do you know about Sociology? 3. What is the object study of Sociology? 4. How are you gonna improve your skill ? Language Focus Practice 3. Which word in each group does not belong ? Cross it out. Then, explain the reason for your answer. 1. sociology politic business patient 2. movement change paper war 3. evolution food monkey enlightment 4. community group money cooperation
65 5. family engaged role weapon Practice 4. Pronounce the following words correctly. Use the google translate ! Practice 5. Choose 5 words or phrases from the above box. Then, make up the sentences in your own word by using those words ! ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Grammar Reading Practice 6. Read the following text. Then, answer the questions below ! What is Sociology? Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. Sociology’s subject matter is diverse, ranging from crime to religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole societies. Unifying the study of these diverse subjects of study is sociology’s purpose of understanding how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by surrounding cultural and social structures.7 Sociology is an exciting and illuminating field of study that analyzes and explains important matters in our personal lives, our communities, and the world. At the personal level, sociology investigates the social causes and consequences of such things as romantic love, racial and gender identity, family conflict, deviant behavior, aging, and religious faith. At the societal level, sociology examines and explains matters like crime and law, poverty and wealth, prejudice and discrimination, schools and education, business firms, urban community, and social society poverty business beliefs wealth urban community social stability education family radical change discrimination enlightenment
66 movements. At the global level, sociology studies such phenomena as population growth and migration, war and peace, and economic development.16 Sociologists emphasize the careful gathering and analysis of evidence about social life to develop and enrich our understanding of key social processes. The research methods sociologists use are varied. Sociologists observe the everyday life of groups, conduct large-scale surveys, interpret historical documents, analyze census data, study video-taped interactions, interview participants of groups, and conduct laboratory experiments. The research methods and theories of sociology yield powerful insights into the social processes shaping human lives and social problems and prospects in the contemporary world. By better understanding those social processes, we also come to understand more clearly the forces shaping the personal experiences and outcomes of our own lives. The ability to see and understand this connection between broad social forces and personal experiences — what C. Wright Mills called “the sociological imagination” — is extremely valuable academic preparation for living effective and rewarding personal and professional lives in a changing and complex society.30 Students who have been well trained in sociology know how to think critically about human social life, and how to ask important research questions. They know how to design good social research projects, carefully collect and analyze empirical data, and formulate and present their research findings. Students trained in sociology also know how to help others understand the way the social world works and how it might be changed for the better. Most generally, they have learned how to think, evaluate, and communicate clearly, creatively, and effectively. These are all abilities of tremendous value in a wide variety of vocational callings and professions.39 Sociology offers a distinctive and enlightening way of seeing and understanding the social world in which we live and which shapes our lives. Sociology looks beyond normal, taken-for-granted views of reality, to provide deeper, more illuminating and challenging understandings of social life. Through its particular analytical perspective, social theories, and research methods, Sociology is a discipline that expands our awareness and analysis of the human social relationships, cultures, and institutions that profoundly shape both our lives and human history.47 Although Sociology has its roots in the works of philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, and Confucius, it is a relatively new academic discipline. It emerged in the early nineteenth century in response to the challenges of modernity. Increasing mobility and technological advances resulted in the increasing exposure of people to cultures and societies different from their own. The impact of this exposure was varied, but for some people it included the breakdown of traditional norms and customs and warranted a revised understanding of how the world works. Sociologists responded to these changes by trying to understand what holds social groups together and also to explore possible solutions to the breakdown of social solidarity.57
67 Thinkers of the Enlightenment period in the eighteenth century also helped set the stage for the sociologists that would follow. This period was the first time in history that thinkers tried to provide general explanations of the social world. They were able to detach themselves, at least in principle, from expounding some existing ideology and to attempt to lay down general principles that explained social life.63 The Birth Of Sociology The term sociology was coined by French philosopher Auguste Comte in 1838, who for this reason is known as the “Father of Sociology.” Comte felt that science could be used to study the social world. Just as there are testable facts regarding gravity and other natural laws, Comte thought that scientific analyses could also discover the laws governing our social lives. It was in this context that Comte introduced the concept of positivism to sociology—a way to understand the social world based on scientific facts. He believed that, with this new understanding, people could build a better future. He envisioned a process of social change in which sociologists played crucial roles in guiding society. Other events of that time period also influenced the development of sociology. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries were times of many social upheavals and changes in the social order that interested the early Sociologists. The political revolutions sweeping Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries led to a focus on social change and the establishment of social order that still concerns Sociologists today. Many early sociologists were also concerned with the Industrial Revolution and rise of capitalism and socialism. Additionally, the growth of cities and religious transformations were causing many changes in people’s lives.82 Other classical theorists of Sociology from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries include Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, W.E.B. DuBois, and Harriet Martineau. As pioneers in sociology, most of the early sociological thinkers were trained in other academic disciplines, including history, philosophy, and economics. The diversity of their trainings is reflected in the topics they researched, including religion, education, economics, inequality, psychology, ethics, philosophy, and theology. These pioneers of sociology all had a vision of using sociology to call attention to social concerns and bring about social change. In Europe, for example, Karl Marx teamed with wealthy industrialist Friedrich Engels to address class inequality. Writing during the Industrial Revolution, when many factory owners were lavishly wealthy and many factory workers despairingly poor, they attacked the rampant inequalities of the day and focused on the role of capitalist economic structures in perpetuating these inequalities. In Germany, Max Weber was active in politics while in France, Emile Durkheim advocated for educational reform. In Britain, Harriet Martineau advocated for the rights of girls and women, and in the US, W.E.B. DuBois focused on the problem of racism.
68 Practice 7. Find the meaning of the following words in English-Indonesia dictionary as they are use in the text. Then decide the kind of each the word. English Indonesia English Indonesia consciousness Lavishly a distinctive Perpetuating the rampant Inequalities detach the establishment concerns Envisioned diverse Coined profoundly Breakdown Practice 8. Based on the text above, decide whether these statements are true or false 1. During the Industrial Revolution, large numbers of people left the industrial occupations offered in burgeoning factories to work on farms in protest against poor wages and working conditions. 2. Whereas Enlightenment thinkers tended to emphasize society and large-scale phenomena, the conservative reaction led to a major sociological interest in the individual. 3. Durkheim's work was ignored in France throughout his lifetime. It was only recognized after German sociologists adopted his methods and ideas. 4. Marx tended to view Weber and the Weberians of his day as economic determinists who offered single-cause theories of social life. 5. Comte, Spencer, Marx and Freud all tended to see society as an organism. Practice 9. Answer the questions below! 1. What is Sociology? 2. Why did August Comte coin as the father of Sociology? 3. Explain about the theory of positivism of August Comte! 4. What happpen in the eighteenth century? 5. Tell about the phenomenon of Industrial revolution?
69 Practice 10. Based on the above reading text, choose the correct answer! 1. Which of the following best defines sociology? A. The study of individual behavior B. The study of culture C. The study of society and social interaction D. The study of economics 2. Who was the main founder of sociology? A.Auguste Comte B. Karl marx C. Adam Smith D. Herbert Spencer 3. The main idea of the third paragraph is A. definition of sociology B. object study of sociology C. the analyze data to get evidence D. Sociologists emphasize the careful gathering and analysis of evidence about social life. 4. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT A. during the Industrial Revolution, many factory workers were very rich. B. Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, W.E.B. DuBois, and Harriet Martineau are the classical sociologists C. In the eighteen century thinkers tried to provide general explanations of the social world D. Comte envisioned a process of social change in which sociologists played crucial roles in guiding society. 5. Early sociologists wanted to model sociology after the prestigious and influential disciplines of? A. Economics, history, and philosophy B. physics, biology, ans chemistry C. antropology, criminology an psychology D. electrical, chemical and civil engineering 6. The ____________ was a period of intellectual development and change characterized by the belief that people could comprehend and control the universe by means of reason and empirical research.
70 A. Renaissance B. Industrial revolution C. Enlightment D. Golden age 7. The word “evidence” in line.17 is closest in meaning to A. analyze B. fact C. data D. phenomenon 8. In line 32, the word “they” refer to….. A.thinkers B.theories C. sociologists D. students 9. Early sociologists wanted to model sociology after the prestigious and influential disciplines of? A. Economics, history, and philosophy B. physics, biology, ans chemistry C. antropology, criminology an psychology D. electrical, chemical and civil engineering 10. The ____________ was a period of intellectual development and change characterized by the belief that people could comprehend and control the universe by means of reason and empirical research. A. Renaissance B. Industrial revolution C. Enlightment D. Golden age 11. The conservative reaction to the Enlightenment tended to see modern social changes such as industrialization, urbanization, and bureaucratization as having_________. A. Disorganizing effects on society as a whole B. Positive consequences for workers C. Proven the worth of our scientific knowledge D. Restributed wealth to rich elites at the expense of the poor 12. According to Auguste Comte, groups, societies, sciences, and individuals all go through the following three stages:
71 A. Logicians B. Positivist C. Pragmatists D. Anglophiles 13.Which of the following is NOT the work of the early sociologists A. Focused on the Industrial Revolution and rised of capitalism and socialism B.They were trained in other academic disciplines, including history, philosophy, and economics. C. Karl Marx teamed with wealthy industrialist Friedrich Engels to address class inequality. D. Max Weber was active in politics in France 14.The antonym word of “despairingly poor” in line 94 is …. A. Hopeless B. Devastated C. Very rich D. Generously 15. Sociological imagination is term coined by A. Pierre Bourdieu B. Max weber C. Wright Mills D. Ibnu Khaldun Writing Practice 11. Take a photograph of social phenomenon. Then you write to describe it! Model : This picture tells about the poverty. Many people live unwelfare. They are lack of food and some of them have been homeless. The environment of their living is unhealthy. .................................................................................... .................................................................................... .................................................................................... ................................................................................... Reflection: 1. What topic have you learnt? 2. What parts of topic are regarded easy for you? 3. What parts of topic are regarded difficult for you? 4. Write down two or sentences related to the topic !
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73 UNIT 3 SOCIOLOGIST FIGURES Source: andykom-WordPres source: Lavamagazine.com Look at the above picture, then answer the following question ? 1. Who are they ? 2. What are the famous theory of them? 3. What are their invention ? 4. How would you describe a sociologist ? LESSON A Listening Yuki : Are you sociology student ? Sarah : Yes, I’m Yuki : Who is your favorite sociologists? Sarah : I really inspired by Mead thinking. Yuki : What is that? Sarah : It’s about symbolic interactionism Lena : Hi…Fikri ! Have you heard about the current news? Fikri : What is that ? Lena : This time, the criminal cases are increasing. Cyberbullying, suicide, juvenile delinquency, murder and etc. Lena : I think the sociologists need to analyze the causes factor of those problems. Fikri : To overcome the social problems, it’s not only the duty of sociologists. The government responsible to provide the welfare of people and a good system of the country.
74 Speaking Mead human beings begin their understanding of the social world through "play" and "game Reading Sociologist Throughout sociology's history, there have been many famous sociologists who have left their mark on the field of sociology as well as the world at large. Learn more about these sociologists by browsing though this list of some of the most famous thinkers in sociology history. For a more detailed profile, read the names of the sociologists below. Auguste Comte. Hulton Archive/Getty Images Karl Marx. Sean Gallup/Getty Images 1. Auguste Comte August Comte is known as the founder of positivism and is credited with coininging the term sociology. Comte helped shape and expand the field of sociology and placed a great deal of emphasis in his work on systematic observation and social order. 2. Karl Marx Karl Marx is one of the most famous figures in the founding of sociology. He is known for his theory of historical materialism, which focuses on the way social order, like class structure and hierarchy, emerges out of the economic system of a society. He theorized this relationship as a dialectic between the base and superstructure of society. Some of his notable works, like "The Manifesto of the Communist Party," were co-written with Friedrich Engels. Much of his theory is contained in the series of volumes titled Capital. Marx has been described as one of the m ost influential figures in human history, and in a 1999 BBC poll was voted the "thinker of the millennium" by people. from around the world. » 3. Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim is knows as the "father of sociology" and is a founding figure in the field of sociology. He is credited with making sociology a science. One of his most famous pieces of work includes Suicide: A Study In Sociology, and another important work of his that focuses on how society functions and regulates itself is The Division of Labor in Society.
75 1858-1917 . Max Weber. Hulton Archive/Getty Images Harriet Martineau by Richard Evans. 4. Max Weber Max Weber was a founding figure of the field of sociology and is considered one of the most famous sociologists in history. He is known for his thesis of the "Protestant Ethic" as well as his ideas on bureaucracy. Click here to learn more about Weber's take on how Protestant religious values combined with the early capitalist economy in the American colonies to create the ideological and economic foundation of the U.S., and here to read about his famous theory of the "iron cage." 5. Harriet Martineau Though wrongfully neglected in most sociology classes today, Harriet Martineau was a prominent British writer and political activist, and one of the earliest Western sociologists and founders of the discipline. Her scholarship focused on the intersections of politics, morals, and society, and she wrote prolifically about sexism and gender roles. 6. W.E.B. Du Bois W.E.B. Du Bois was an American sociologist best known for his scholarship on race and racism in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War. He was the first African American to earn a doctorate degree from Harvard University and served as the head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910. His most notable works include The Souls of Black Folk, in which he advanced his theory of "double consciousness," and his massive tome on the social structure of U.S. society, Black Reconstruction. 7. Alexis de Tocqueville Biography of Alexis de Tocqueville, a sociologist best known for his book Democracy in America. Tocqueville published many works in the areas of comparative and historical sociology and was very active in politics and the field of political science.
76 Alexis de Tocqueville by Théodore Chassériau (1850) Antonio Gramsci. Michel Foucault. Wright Mills. Archive Photos/Getty Images Practice 6. True (T) False (F) Answer The Questions below! What two basics areas of study did Comte focus on? Who are the most influential early sociologist? 9. Michel Foucault Michel Foucault was a French social theorist, philosopher, historian, public intellectual and activist best known for revealing through his method of "archaeology" how institutions wield power by creating discourses that are used to control people. He is one of the most widely read and cited social theorists, and his theoretical contributions are still important and relevant today. 10. C. Wright Mills C. Wright Mills is known for his controversial critiques of both contemporary society and sociological practice, particularly in his book The Sociological Imagination (1959). He also studied power and class in the United States, as displayed in his book The Power Elite (1956). 8. Antonio Gramsci Antonio Gramsci was an Italian political activist and journalist who wrote prolific social theory while imprisoned by Mussolini's fascist government from 1926-34. He advanced Marx's theory by focusing on the role of intellectuals, politics, and media in maintaining the dominance of the bourgeois class in a capitalist system. The concept of cultural hegemony is one of his key contributions.
77 Sociologist What was their areas of study Key belief’s they had Practice 7. Choose A, B. C or D to find the correct answer! 1. The author Sociological Imagination A. Karl marx B. Emil Durkheim C. Wright Mills D. August Comte 2. The person who coined the name sociology A. Wright Mills B. Emil Durkheim C.August Comte D. Karl marx 3. A quality of mind, a capacity to understand the interplay of individual and society, biography and history and the world A. Conflict Theory B. Siciological Imagination C. Systems Theory D. Structural Functionalism 4. Modern sociological analysis of formal organisation began with the work of A. G. C. Homan B. Robert Redfield C. Max Weber D. Ross 5. Which of the following statements is true of Karl Marx? A. Marx was the first person to call himself a sociologist B. Marx headed the communist revolutions of the 19th century C. Marx believed that capitalism would replace socialism D. Marx focused his research and theories on class conflict 6. Which of the following did Emile Durkheim find in his study of suicide? A. Suicide rates are lower during times of war and revolution than in times of peace. B. Individuals who are well integarted into society are less likely to commit suicide. C. Individuals commit suicide because of purely individual factors D. Individuals who are depressed are more likely to commit suicide.
78 7. Max Weber’s view that sosiologists must allow their personal biases to affect the conduct of their research is referred to as A. value-free sociology C. ideal type B. verstehen D. social fact 8. W.E.B. Du Bois advanced the sociology by contributing A. a sociological understanding of racial inequality B. a sociologycal understanding of class inequality C. theories of individual freedom D. theories of gender 9. Sociologist investigating postmodern theory would study A. gender, race, and class C. goods and services B. economy and industry D. images and media 10. Which of the following statements is true of sociologists? A. They are exempt from the considerations of research ethics that govern biological researchers. B. They are exempt from the considerations of research ethics that govern biological researchers. C. They enjoy the same privileges as attorneys in protecting subject’s privacy D. They should obtain informed consent in cases where subjects may be exposed to risks of Practice 8. Based on the following statements which one True/ False 1. Structural Functionalism theory believes that people in society battle over scarce resources like money, power, and prestige. 2. Conflict theory is primarily based in the work of Emile Durkheim 3. Max Weber distinguished between societies that were based on organic solidarity and societies based on mechanical solidarity. 4. Functionalism is the sociological perspective that emphasizes the symbolic nature of human interactions. 5. Match the following elements of a term Practice 9. Match the word in the left to the right! 1. Role Allocation a. matrealinism 2. Ascribed b. moore 3. Dialectical c. solidarity 4. Collective d. and perforamnce 5. Social e. status 6. Bourgeoisis f. conscience 7. Organic g. and ploterariat 8. Base h. and superstructure 9. Value i. analogy 10. Davis and j. Consensus
79 Language Focus Vocabulary Grammar Writing Present Progressive John is sleeping right now. I need umbrella because it is raining John and Mary are talking on the phone The present progressive expresses an activity that is n progress at the moment of speaking. It began in the recent past, is continuing at the present, and will probably end at some point in the future. I am taking five course this semester John is trying to improve his work habits. She is writing another book this year. Often the activity of a general nature; something generally in progress this week, this month, this year. Note (f): The sentence means that writing a book is a general activity she is engaged in at present, but it does mean that at the moment of speaking she is sitting at her desk with pen in hand. Present Continuous Tense Verbal Examples (+) S + is/am/are + V-ing + O ( -) S + is/am/are + not + Ving + O (?) is/am/are + S + Ving + O? Notes: I ………………….. am You, we , they …….are She, he, it, Ani …… is (+) She is eating rice (-) He is not eating rice (?) Is she eating rice? I am studying English They are studying English She is studying English Nominal Examples (+) S + is/am/are + (being) + C (-) S + is/am/are + not + (being) + C (?) Is/am/are + S + (being) + C? (+) She is fussy (-) She isn’t fussy (?) Is she fussy? Usage Time Signal Menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang terjadi pada saat kita berbicara sekarang ini. Menyatakan rencana yang akan Now (sekarang) Right now (sekarang juga) At present (saat ini) Nowdays (sekarang ini)
80 dilakukan. She is sweeping the floor now. She is going to campus right now This morning (pagi ini) Question Words Examples (S) QWs + is + V-ing + O? (V) QWv + is/am/are + S + doing? (O) Qwo + is/am/are + S + Ving? (A) Qwa + is/am/are + S + Ving? They are eating the rice in the inn. a b c d a. Who is eating rice in the inn? b. What are they doing in the inn? c. What are they eating in the inn? d. Where are they eating rice?
81 UNIT 4 COMMUNITY Conversation Tina : We have been known that our country consists of many islands. It starts from Sabang until Merauke. Each region has its own culture. Doni : Yes. I think differently makes us complete each other. By the way, have you heard about the term Islam Nusantara? Tina : I have known it from television, but I don’t understand about it. What do you think of it? Doni : I disagree about that term, as I know Islam is comprehensive for a whole, it's not spaced based on the region. Prophet Muhammad brought it for all human beings.. Tina : Today, there is so many term that pointed for moslem such as Islam Moderat, Islam Nusantara, Terrorism etc. It has made negative stigma for Islam. Doni : Let’s us study more about Islam to have a true understanding, and can give some argument to againts them. Exercise 1 Complete these conversations with the present perfect. A : ……… you ever ……… (get) a traffic ticket? B : Yes, I ………. . Once I got a ticket that cost me Rp. 50 ribu A : ……….you ever………….(be) late for an important appointment? B : Yes, I…………. . It was 30 minutes late for my wedding. Would you believe it! A : ………you ever ……….. (see) a house fire? B : No, I …………… . But I saw a car on fire the other day. A : ……….you ever ……………(forget) where you parked your car? B : No, I ………. , but my brother always does. It drives him crazy. Reading Text Community
82 Like most things in the social sciences, community does not fit into a nice neat package. We use the word a lot, but in this training it is important to ask more seriously what it is. First, let us note that a "community" is a construct, a model. We cannot see a whole community, we cannot touch it, and we cannot directly experience it. Like the words "hill" or "snowflake," a community may come in one of many shapes, sizes, colours and locations, no two of which are alike. More importantly, a community is not just the people who are in it. A community usually was already existing when all of its current residents were not yet born, and it will likely continue to exist when all of the people in it have left. It is something that is beyond its very components, its residents or community members. A community may have members who have temporarily moved to other locations. They may wish to eventually return, but not all do. Gusfield (1975) distinguished between two major uses of the term community. The first is the territorial and geographical notion of community - neighborhood, town, city. The second is “relational,” concerned with “quality of character of human relationship, without reference to location” (p. xvi). Gusfield noted that the two usages are not mutually exclusive, although, as Durheim (1964) observed, modern society develops community around interests and skills more than around locality. The ideas presented in this article will apply equally to territorial communities (neighborhoods) and to relational com- munities (professional, spiritual, etc). A "community" in some senses may not even have a physical location, but be demarcated by being a group of people with a common interest. For the purposes of our discussion here, however, the "community" which is the object of a mobilizer's attention, is usually one with a physical geographic location. A Community is a Sociological Construct: Not only is the concept of a community a "construct" (model), it is a "sociological construct." It is a set of interactions, human behaviours that have meaning and expectations between its members. Not just action, but actions based on shared expectations, values, beliefs and meanings between individuals. To understand how a community operates, and how it changes, it is necessary to learn a little bit about sociology the science. The mobilizer is an applied scientist; social scientist. While a pure scientist is interested in how things work, the applied scientist is interested in taking that knowledge and getting useful results. A community is established when more than two people share the same values and through time this personal connection evolves into a fellowship governed by rituals, traditions, and a particular form of communication that when taken together makes a group of individuals whether living in a specific geographical area or connected by ideals so distinct that their distinguishing marks allow them to stand out from among the crowd. They do not just believe in something like an organization but they need each other to survive and thrive. A Community has Fuzzy Boundaries: When an identified community is a little village, separated by a few kilometres from other villages, in a rural area, its boundaries appear at first to be very simple. That pattern of human interaction may
83 be seen as consisting only of relations betweenthe residents living inside that location, inside that village. But its residents interact also with people outside the village. They marry persons from near and far, and may move or bring a spouse in to live with them. At any one time, those village residents may have sisters, brothers, cousins, parents and extended relatives living elsewhere. The boundary of that community is not so precise. Communities Can be Within Communities: There may be communities within larger communities, including districts, regions, ethnic groups, nations and other boundaries. There may be marriages and other interaction that link villages on both sides of national borders. Communities May Move: Furthermore, where technology is not based on local horticulture, the community residents may be physically mobile. They may be nomadic herders walking long distances with their cattle. They may be mobile fishing groups who move from time to time as the fish are available. They may be hunters who move to follow the game. They may be hunters who move to follow the game. Urban Communities are Special: In urban areas, a community may be a small group ofa few homesteads of people from a common origin. That community in turn, may be part of a neighbourhood community or a barrio or other local urban division. As the boundaries become wider, there is more heterogeneity (differences in origin, language, religion or other features that can form a common identity). It may be in turn, a part of a wider municipality, which in turn may be part of a conglomeration comprising a large city. In general (with exceptions) an urban community has more fuzzy boundaries, is more difficult to demarcate, is more heterogeneous (varied, mixed), more complex, and more difficult to organize using standard community development methods, and has more complex and sophisticated goals, than rural communities. The Social Perspective of Human Settlements: A human settlement, or community, is not merely a collection of houses. It is a human (social and cultural) organization. (The houses, which are cultural products of humanity, belong to one of the six dimensions of society or culture, the technological dimension, as explained below). Also, it is not just a collection of human individuals; it is a sociocultural system; it is socially organized. This means that you need to know some things about society 6 things learned in sociology. A community does not talk, does not think, cannot feel, and does not act like a human being. It is a superorganic entity, and therefore moves, responds, grows and behaves through different principles, forces and mechanisms than a human being does. When we say a community is not the same thing as a human being, we say it does not have emotions, a head, thoughts, legs, or a hobby. It does, however, have different parts to it, that apply to social organizations and culture rather than to individual human beings. One important way to analyse a community, break it into different parts, is to use the six cultural "dimensions." We use "dimension" because these are analytical
84 categories, made by us human beings, rather than being based upon observable parts (like parts of the body: head, arms, legs). In one of the training modules, Community Research, you will see that these six cultural dimensions (plus geography and demography) can be used as organizing categories for you to research, observe, and understand the community where you intend to work. There are dimensions of community include: 1. Technological, 2. Economic, 3. Political, 4. Institutional (social), 5. Aesthetic-value, and 6. Belief-conceptual. We can list out the characteristics of a community as follows: 1. Territory 2. Close and informal relationships 3. Mutuality 4. Common values and beliefs 5. Organized interaction 6. Strong group feeling 7. Cultural similarity Exercise 2 Answer the Question below! 1. How are communities formed? 2. What is the importance of communities? 3. What are types of communities? 4. Mention the characteristic of each communities! 5. Describe the work of community organisation! Exercise 3 Choose A, B, C,or D to find the correct answer! 1. The main idea of the firts paragraph is ... A. territorial communities (neighborhoods) and to relational com- munities B. defenition of community C. community does not fit into a nice neat package D. residents or community members 2. The word it in line.8 refers to A. residents C. hill B community D. Shape 3. Mode of substance organized around hunting/trapping of wild game and gathering of wild edible plants, fruits, nuts, tubers, eggs, insects. A. Hunting and Gathering societies C. Holticurtural societies B. Agrarian/Agricultural Societies D. Industrial societies
85 4. Group of people usually living in the same geographical territory who share a common culture A. institution C. social class B. social network D. society 5. Which society is characterized by a reliance on mechanical power and new sources of energy? A. agrarian C. postindustrial B. industrial D. postmodern 6. There are many heterogen people, live in a crowded situation. That characteristic of ...... A. rural C. urban B. Sub urban D. semiurban 7. Secondary group designed/organized to pursue some specific objective or set of objectives Examples: Hospital, Bank, Political party, etc. A. Associations or formal organizations B. communities C. Geographical communities D. Cultural communities 8. Which type of society is a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images? A. postmodern society B. postindustrial society C. industrial society D. All societies are preoccupied with consumer goods and media images. 9. In sociological terms, what do we call any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis A. a group C. an aggregate B. a society D. a category 10. The mass media, the government, the economy, the family, and the health care system are all examples ofSocial network A. Collectivities C. social intitution B. Social network D. group 11. Bound/tied on basis of spatial proximity Example: Hamlet, Village, Town, City, Metropolitan Areas, etc. A. Associations or formal organizations B. Geographical communitie C. Communities D. Cultural 12. Which among the following statement is not correct A. In past communities used to be self sufficient, politically, socially andeconomically B. No community can be self sufficient these days C. every community is self sufficient these days
86 D. The term community denotes almost uniformaly and permanently shared lives of people over a definite range 13. Which of the following is the element of difference between community and society A. definite locality C. a group of person B. likeness of interest D. sentiment of oneness 14. A group of people organized for a particular purpose is known as A. community C. association B. society D. institution Exercise 4 Translate into English! 1. Apakah dia (lk) telah bekerja keras untuk sukses? ……………………………………………………………… 2. Berapa banyak buku yang telah kalian baca hari ini? ……………………………………………………………… 3. Bagaimana generasi muda telah menjaga negeri Indonesia ini? ……………………………………………………………… 4. Perbedaan suku bangsa, agama dan ras merupakan kbhinekaan.. ……………………………………………………………… 5. Kenapa banyak kejahatan terjadi di tengah masyarakat kita? ……………………………………………………………… Expresing Of Present Perfect Time They have moved into a new house. Have you ever visited Bali? I have already seen that movie. I have never gone to Yogyakarta. The present perfect expresses the idea that something happened (or never happened) before now at an unspecified time in the past. The exact time it happened is not important. If there is a specific mention of time, the simple past is used. I saw that movie last night I have been here since seven o’clock. We have been here for three weeks I have known him for many years I have liked comedy movies ever since I was a child The present perfect also, when used with for or since, expresses a situation that began in the past and continues to the present. In examples, notice the difference between since and for.
87 We have had five test so far this semester I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks I have met many friends since I came here in May I have flown on an airplane many times. The present perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity before now. The exact time of repetition is not important. Present Perfect Tense Verbal Examples (+) S + have/has + V-3 + O ( -) S + have/has + not + V-3 + O (?) have/has + S + V-3 + O? Notes: I,you,we,they………….have She, he, it, Ani ………...has (+) He has eaten rice (-) He hasn’t eaten rice (?) Has he eaten rice? You have studied English She has studied English. Nominal Examples (+) S + have/has + been + C (-) S + have/has + not + been + C (?) have/has + S + been + C? (+) She has been hungry (-) She hasn’t been hungry (?) has he been hungry? Usage Time Signal Menyatakan aktivitas yang pokoknya sudah terjadi tanpa diketahui waktunya dan biasanya berakibat sekarang. I have taken a bath so I feel fresh now. She ever fallen in love but she is lonely now. Already (sudah) ……… just (baru saja) ……… yet (belum) For (selama): for 2 hours Since (sejak): since 2 o’clock Question Words Examples (S) QWs + has + V-3 + O? (V) QWv + have/has + S + done? (O) Qwo + have/has + S + V-3? (A) Qwa + have/has + S + V-3? They have studied English in the class a b c d a. Who has studied English in the class? b. What have they studied in the class? c. What have they studied in the class? d. Where have they studied in the class?
88 UNIT 5 CULTURE Reading Text Culture The word 'culture' hails from the Latin word cultura which is derived from colere that means, 'to cultivate'. Our culture has a major share in cultivating our minds. The common traits and beliefs that form the mindset of a group, define their culture. Culture consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society. Through culture, people and groups define themselves, conform to society's shared values, and contribute to society. Thus, culture includes many societal aspects: language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, tools, technologies, products, organizations, and institutions. There are elements of cultures; 1. Language A group of words or ideas having common meaning and is shared to a social situation is called language. Language is the entrance to a culture. Language is a set of socially sound pattern, words, and sentences having specific meaning and terminology common to the same culture. Language is a source of communication and to transmit message from one person to another. It is the method to mold the behavior and experience of a person. Language differs from culture to culture and is transmitted from one generation to another. Language is like a vehicle through which we can carry out our complex social activities. Language is the foundation of a culture and ticket to the entrance of a social life. Animal have not culture because they have no specific language to transmit worlds to others. So, language is the key to open a social life of an individual with some special characteristics. 2. Symbols Culture is a system of symbols. Symbols are anything used to represent express and stand for an event situation. Symbols direct to guide our behavior. It is
89 used to show an event of past, present or future. For example the heap of ash show that the something has been burnt or the wet street shows that it has rained. Bowing head, whistling, winkling of eyes situation, all are the symbols, which express a specific object idea about other. Baithullah is the symbol of God and we pray to it. American Shake their hand to answer for No. Other examples are flag, anthem, picture, statues are symbols. Symbols are the short expression for the identification of an object or situation. 3. Norms Norms as elements of culture are the rules and the guidelines which specify the behavior of an individual. Norms keep a person within the boundary of society and its culture. It gives us restriction about something which to do and which not to do. It molds our behavior and gives as knowledge about wrong and right. Norms can be divided into: a. Folkways. Folkways are the simple customary ways of the people. It is the normal and habitual action of people within a culture. Folkways are the recognized or accepted ways of behavior. These are the behavior pattern which a person use generally in his daily life. b. Mores. Mores is a Latin word and the plural of mos which means customs or beliefs accordance with a group customary expectation. It is the “must” behavior of a person. Mores refers to “what ought to be and what ought not to be.” Mores are serious norms but are informed like folkways. They have a serious binding on a group the violation of mores threats to social order. Punishment may be both formal and informal for the violation of mores. 4. Values Anything getting importance in our daily life becomes our values. The origin of values is not biological but it is social production while living in society the values develop. Values depend upon the culture. Culture varies from society to society and thus values are different in every social situation. Values are what we like and what we say will in our society values are the good idea and thinking of a person. Some values are hereditary which we gain from our elders, books and parents. The culture is full of values and can transmit from one generation to another. When a natural object get a meaning it becomes a value. 5. Beliefs Every sect within a culture having some beliefs for cultural refuge. These beliefs are responsible fro the spiritual fulfillment of needs and wants. Muslims believe in God, Holly Prophet, The Day of Judgment, recitation of Holly Quran, Hajj etc. Sikh wear bangle in one hand, bear a long beard, keeping a dagger. Cross for Christians and a necklace or a cotton thread around nick, the water of ganga and are sacred for Hindus. 6. Cognitive Elements Cognitive elements of culture are those though which an individual know how to cope with an existing social situation. How to survive, how make shelter from storms and other natural calamities, how to travel and transport etc. are the
90 practical knowledge which make a culture. Such knowledge is carefully thought to every generation. Culture is not biologically passed from older generations to the newer ones. It is learned through experience. The members of a culture share certain ideals which shape their lives. The future generations learn to follow the same ideals. Culture propagates through generations, which adopt their old customs and traditions as a part of their culture. The ideals they base their lives on, is a part of their culture. Cultural values are imparted from one generation to another, which is the reason why they continue. The language, the literature, and the art forms passed down from generation to generation. Culture is learned, understood, and adopted from what is taught by society and assimilated from the environment. No individual is born with a sense of culture. In the course of life, he learns it. Cultures undergo a gradual change. With passing time, some beliefs change, certain traditions or rituals are eliminated, language and mannerisms of people change, and thus their culture. Migration and globalization lead to a mixing of cultures. When people from different parts of the world come together, they influence each other and effectively, each other's cultures. These factors contribute to the formation of a multicultural society and sometimes, even new cultures develop. Over time, some traditions are dropped out of a culture because they are dangerous or due to their arduous nature. Due to education and increased awareness, newer generations become flexible to change and look at concepts like religion and culture with a broader perspective and have a liberal view about them. So some rituals or customs become less rigid, some are replaced by simpler ones and some are discontinued. Due to the exposure to various cultures across the globe, people adopt some aspects of other cultures. This affects what they teach their children, thus influencing the culture of their future generations and in a small way, leading to a cultural change. Social thinking undergoes a transition and so does culture. Gender roles change. For instance, traditionally, the males were meant to work and earn for their family, while women stayed at home and looked after the children. Today, these roles have changed. In many families, women work away from home, while men take care of the kids. All cultures change in time although their rate of change varies. It's often seen that the politically or economically stronger countries influence cultures in other parts of the world, and lead to social changes worldwide. An example of this is the influence of American and European cultures on other countries. Exercise 2 Answer the Following Question! 1. Identify the changes of cultures in your environment! Then analyze the good and the bad effect for the young generation.
91 2. Technology is one of the source of cultural change. How does technology make the changes of values and norm in society today? 3. How does the music change the way of life of someone? 4. How does belief influence the culture? Exercise 3 Choose A, B, C, orD to find the Correct Answer! 1. Culture is ussualy assumed to be a. Fixed and static b. Mutually exclusive c. A subjective entity d. Always changing 2. Jumping up and down is an elevator would be a violation of a a. Mores b. Value c. Folkaway d. Cultural universal 3. Language is usually considered to be a. a cultural universal b. a key cultural maker c. a flexible system of symbol d. essential for cultural integration 4. The use of language to label people can lead to a ............ a. Sense of ethnocentrism b. Self-fulfilling prophecy c. Development of a subculture d. Cultural lag e. Cultural adaptation 5. Bringing music and movies into Indonesia from another country would be a good example of............diffusion a. Adapt b. Relativistic c. Indirect d. integrative 6. Immigration, tourism, and globalization all meant that a. Cultural relativism is now the norm b. Culture shock is increasing c. Cultures are becoming more stable d. Cultural diversity is increasing 7. Which sosiologist theory emphasizes the role of language and literacy in fighting againts cultural subordination a. Functionalism b. Conflict
92 c. Feminism d. Symbolic interactionism 8. The process that enables a culture to maintain equilibrium despite fluctuation in their culture is known as a. Enculturation b. Adaptation c. Cultural integration d. ethnocentrism 9. The global economy and the concept of global independence is often accused of having .......... a. A disregard for cultural assimilation b. A positive influence on multicultural development c. Too many rules and regulation that progress down d. Too much concern for non material culture 10. Personal distance and gestures are examples of form of ......... a. Non-verbal communication b. Cultural integration c. Material culture d. Folkways 11. According to Conflict theory, culture is maintained through the ......... of society a. Popular culture b. Proletariat c. Dominant ideology d. Cultural universal 12. Cultural change can also occur through.. a. Diffusion and technology b. Invention and discovery c. Multiculturalism and assimilation d. Mass media and adaptation. 13. Multiculturalism involves a. Discriminating practices b. Making judgments c. Embracing the uniqueness of disparate groups d. Adopting dominant traits 14. Cultural universals include: a. Music c. movies b. Literature d. all of the above 15. Ethnocentrism refers to: a. The tendency to judge other cultures using the standards of one’s own culture b. The view that some societies are superior to one’s own c. The coexistence of diverse cultures with equal standing in a society
93 d. Judging another culture by its own standard
94 Exercise 4 Based on the following statements which one True/ False 1. Culture is learned 2. High culture would include things that appeal to the upper class such as the opera or ballet. 3. All cultures have the same values and norms. 4. Values can change in a society over time. 5. Most sociologists believe that both nature and nurture play a role in our development of behaviors, beliefs and cultures. Exercise 5 Match the word in the left to the right! 1. Social Organization a. Teach values through product of human imagination 2. Customs and Traditions b. The cornerstone of culture 3. Language c. Using limited resources to satisfy wants and needs 4. Arts & Literature d. Helps people answer questions about life 5. Religion e. Teaches rules of behavior, like holidays & birthdays 6. Forms of Government f. Provides for the needs of the people 7. Economic Systems g. Basic unit is the family