77 When he was driving along Catford Street recently, he saw two thieves rush out of a shop and run towards a waiting car. One of them was carrying a bag full of money. Roy acted quickly and drove the bus straight at the thieves. The one with the money got such a fright that he dropped the bag. As the thieves were trying to get away in their car, Roy drove his bus into the back of it. While the battered car was moving away, Roy stopped his bus and telephoned the police. The thieves car was badly damaged and easy to recognize. Shortly afterward, the police stopped the car and both men were arrested. Exercise 1 Choose a, b, c or d to find the correct answer 8. Who is Roy Trenton before he becomes a bus driver? c. taxi driver c. a hero d. police d. a thief 9. He has not regretted....The antonym of the underlined word is c. apologized c. pleased d. recognized d. disappointed 10. Why did he feel his new job far more exciting? b.because he found the exciting experience b. because he could arrested the thieves c. because he got reward from the police d. because he enjoyed his new job 11. The word get away in line 12 is nearest meaning to c. go c. run away d. come d. pass away 12. It in line 8 refers to…… c. battered car c. taxi d. bus d. the money 13. How many thieves in the text? c. one c. three d. two d. many 14. Did Roy’s car put down the thieves’ car? a. Yes, he did c. Yes, he was b.No, he didn’t d. No, he was not Grammar in Focus: Roy acted quickly The teacher went home She and I study here Ani studies hard They will finish soon Tomorrow Mrs. Meli will lecture Subject Verb Adverbs
78 She went there gladly today She is always at the library Compare these pairs of sentences She has a beautiful voice. She sings beautifully He is a slow worker. He works slowly. He is a hard worker. H works hard. He is a fast driver. He drives fast. Now compare these pairs of sentences The train arrived very late. Have you traveled by train lately? The plane flew very high He thinks very highly of me. He worked very hard. He hardly ever does any work. He made sure it was safe before he went near. He was nearly run over by a car. Exercises 1 6. He read the phrase …… (slow) 7. He worked …………. (lazy) 8. He cut himself ……….. (bad) 9. He smiled …….. (pleasant) 10. The door opene …....... (sudden) Exercises 2 Choose the correct words in the following sentences 8. She dusted the furniture very (careful) (carefully) 9. I hit him very (hard) (hardly) 10. This exercises is not ( hard) (hardly) 11. I got home from work very (late) (lately) last night. 12. I (near) (nearly) Missed he bus this morning 13. He ran so (fast) (fastly) no one could keep up with him 14. I can’t jump so (high) (highly) Exercise 3 Arrange the jumbled words below! 11. She – beautifully – draws 12. listened – carefully – to –the news 13. left – he- immediately 14. in the kitchen – greedily - this morning – an apple – ate – the little boy 15. quietly – the door – opened – he 16. the piano – well –played – the man 17. yesterday –games –in their room – played – the children – quietly 18. He – before lunch – in his office – the letter – quickly – read 19. music – very much – like – I Place Manner time She Went There Gladly today
79 20. a tree – he – in the corner of - he – the garden. Exercise 4 Complete the sentences with adverbs. The first letter(s) of each adverb are given 1. We didn’t go out because it was raining heavily …………. 2. Our team lost the game because we played very ba…………….. 3. I had little difficulty finding a place to live. I found a flat quite ea…………… 4. We had to wait for a long time but we didn’t complain. We waited pa………. 5. Nobody knew George was coming to see us. He arrived unex……………. 6. Mike keeps fit by playing tennis reg………………… ADVERB Dalam tata Bahasa Inggris, dikenal jenis kata keterangan yang disebut dengan adverb of manner. Pengertian adverb of manner adalah penjelasan mengenai bagaimana suatu pekerjaan itu dilakukan atau suatu peristiwa terjadi. Dalam kamus Oxford, adverb of manner diterangkan dalam kalimat: is tell how some one does something or how something happen. Jadi, adverb of manner menjelaskan bagaimana sesuatu terjadi. Secara umum, sebuah adverb dapat ditambahkan pada sebuah verb atau kata kerja untuk mengubah atau menambah artinya. Contoh: - The fat man walks slowly in the morning. (laki-laki gemuk itu berjalan dengan pelan di pagi hari) - Mariah Carey always sings beautifully. (Mariah Carey selalu bernyanyi dengan indah) - Lia must study hard to finish the exams. (Lia harus belajar giat untuk menyelesaikan ujian) - She wore the dress nicely. (dia mengenakan gaun itu dnegan nyaman) - My parents like to put a little sugar in their cups of tea. (orang tuaku suka meletakkan gula di cangkir teh mereka) Sama seperti jenis adverb lain yang digunakan untuk menerangkan maksud sebuah kata kerja, adverb of manner juga bisa diletakkan di awal maupun di akhir kalimat. Secara umum, ada dua jenis adverb of manner, yang sifatnya regular dan irregular. Penjelasannya akan diberikan sebagai berikut: a. Adverb of manner dari kata sifat yang ditambahi akhiran –ly (Adj+ly) Contoh: Sad — sadly Slow — slowly Beautiful — beautifully Bad — badly Patient — patiently b. Adverb of manner yang tidak mengalami perubahan (tetap sama seperti bentuk adjectivenya atau tidak berubah sama sekali) Contoh: Fast — fast Loud — loud
80 Good — well Little — little Much — much Contoh kalimat yang menggunakan adverb of manner: - She waits her boyfriend patiently under the rain. (dia menunggu pacarnya dengan sabar dibawah hujan) - He takes a little sugar to make the tea sweeter. (dia menambahkan dengan sedikit gula untuk membuat tehnya lebih manis) - Why do you come so late today? (mengapa kamu datang dengan sangat terlambat hari ini) Selain hal umum terkait adverb of manner yang telah dipaparkan di atas, ada pula beberapa aturan tambahan mengenai adverb of manner. Hal tersebut akan diuraikan sebagai berikut: a. Adverb dapat diletakkan sebelum preposisi atau setelah objek. Preposisi yang dimaksud antara lain: at, towards, etc. ~ The ball runs quickly towards the goal (salah) ~ The ball runs towards the goal quickly (benar) b. Adverb dapat diletakkan sebelum verb dan objek untuk memberi penekanan pada adverb tersebut. ~ She slowly touches the body after injured. c. Sangat disarankan untuk tidak meletakkan adverb di antara verb dan objek. ~ My parents wait patiently the children (salah) ~ My parents wait the children patiently (benar) d. Peletakkan adverb of manner di awal kalimat dapat digunakan untuk menarik perhatian dan rasa ingin tahu dari pembaca. ~ Silently, Sania walks down towards the ladder e. Adverb bisa diletakkan sesudah intransitive verb (kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan objek) ~ The children cry a lot f. Dalam sebuah kalimat yang memiliki lebih dari satu kata kerja, peletakkan adverb sangat berpengaruh karena menerangkan kata kerja yang mana sehingga perlu diperhatikan dengan baik. ~ Lisa slowly walks to buy the tickets (slowly menerangkan verb walks) ~ Lisa walks to buy the tickets slowly (slowly disini menerangkan verb buy)
81 UNIT 12 GENDER Discuss the following questions! In your country are the responsibilities of a mother the same as the responsibilities of a father to their families? What are the responsibilities of a father to his family? What are the responsibilities of a mother to her family? Are fathers capable of carrying out the duties of a mother and vice versa? Are there different expectations for sons and daughters? What habits are deemed as appropriate for men but inappropriate for women? What behaviors are deemed as appropriate for men but inappropriate for women? What jobs are deemed as appropriate for men but inappropriate for women? Are more doctors female or male in your country? Are more nurses female or male in your country? Are more professional musicians female or male in your country? Are more teachers female or male in your country? Are more truck drivers female or male in your country? Are men and women equal in ability and intelligence? What things can either men or women do that the other cannot do and why? What type of clothing do men wear? What type of clothing do women wear? Reading Global gender inequality Gender inequality starts early and keeps women at a disadvantage throughout their lives. In some countries, infant girls are less likely to survive than infant boys because their parents favour the boys and neglect the girls - even though biologically, infant girls should survive in greater numbers.Girls are more likely to drop out of school and to receive less education than boys because of discrimination, education expenses, and household duties.In 1995, governments around the world signed the Beijing Platform For Action, promising to take specific action to prevent discrimination against women. Yet today, more than 40 countries have laws which discriminate against women and treat them as secondclass citizens. In many countries, women are subjected to violence, which the government does nothing to stop because their laws approve practices like 'honour'
82 killings, (where a woman is killed by a family member if she does something which is thought to bring shame on the family), marital rape and wife beating. In several countries laws make it more difficult for a woman to be independent because they restrict women's property, employment and citizenship rights. Out of 1.3 billion people in the world living in absolute poverty, over 70 per cent are women. At the present rate of progress, it will take 450 years before women reach equality with men as senior managers. Women hold less than 5 per cent of the top positions in international organisations like the United Nations and the European Union. Of the 150 million children in the world aged 6-11 who do not attend school, over 90 million are girls. Of 876 million illiterate people over 15 years in the world, two-thirds are women. Worldwide, women's wages are 30-40 per cent lower than those of men doing comparable work. Average hourly earnings for women working full-time are 18% lower than for men working full-time in the UK, and for women working part-time, hourly earnings are 40% lower. In 2005 there were 42,832 MPs in the world. 15.7 per cent are women. Only around 6 per cent of government ministers worldwide are women. 500,000 women die each year from causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. In the 15-40 age range, 75 per cent more women die than men. Some 201 million women, most of them in developing countries, still have no access to contraceptive services. Meeting their needs would prevent an estimated 23 million. Unplanned births, and 1.4 million infant deaths. (Amnesty International Women's Rights Workbook) The Difference Between Men And Women Although there is a great deal of variation within each gender, on the average, men and women discuss a surprisingly different range of topics. According to some studies, women and men ranging in age from seventeen to eighty described the range of topics each discussed with friends of the same sex. Certain topics were common to both men and women; work, movies, and television proved to be frequent topics for both groups. The differences between men and women were more striking than the similarities. Female friends spent much more time discussing personal and domestic subjects, relationship problems, family, health and reproductive matters, weight, food and clothing. Men, on the other hand, were more likely to discuss music, current events, sports and business. Women were more likely to gossip about close friends and family. By contrast, men spent more time gossiping about sports figures and media personalities. These differences can lead to frustration when men and women try to converse with one another. 1. It is stated in the passage that women ----.
83 A. are unwilling to discuss personal subjects B. are more interested in discussing relationship problems than are men C. never talk about other men and women D. don't like gossiping about anything E. discuss more important issues than men 2. According to the passage, men ----. F. need to learn to communicate better G. like talking about movies and television as much as women do H. are not likely to gossip on anything I. have no common topics with women J. El get frustrated more whenever they try to converse with women 3. The passage mainly discusses ---- F. what women's conversational topics are G. why men don't like conversing with women H. the topics men like discussing I. why women talk more than men J. the conversational topics of men and women Common Prepositions She has gone before I come. They will invite their friens to the hospital. Exercise 1 Arrange the jumbled words below! 6. about – not being – the party – invited – to – upset – is – Cindy. …………………………………………………………………….. 7. result - disappointed –your – with – you – Were – exam? ……………………………………………………………… 8. surprised – Everybody – at – was – the news. ……………………………………………………………… 9. thank – Kevin – didn’t – the present – me –for. ……………………………………………………………… 10. haven’t – our letter – replied – They – to ……………………………………………………………… Exercise 2 Complete the sentence using by + one of the following. chance cheque hand mistake satellite 7. We hadn’t arranged to meet. We met by change. 8. I didn’t intend to take your umbrella. I took it……………………. 9. If I didn’t put the pullover in the washing machine. I washed it……………… 10. If you haven’t got any cash, you can pay …………….. 11. The two cities were connected ………………………. for a television programme.
84 12. I never suspected anything. It was only ……….. that I found out what had happened. Common Prepositions about before despite of to above behind down off toward(s) across below duringon under after beneath for out until against beside from over up along besides in since upon amongbetween into through with around beyond like throughout within at by near till without
85 (a) The student studies in the library (b) We enjoyed the party at your house (c) We went to the zoo in the afternoon (d) In the afternoon, we went to the zoo Exercises 2 Put in, at, or on! 6. He is going to telephone…….........five o’clock 7. My birthday is……........... May 21th 8. It is always cold……...........February 9. My father was there………….1981 10. He is going to arrive………......Tuesday. Exercise 3 Complete these sentences by adding any of the following words out, down, up, off 8. A big car drew….................outside our house. 9. You can’t rely on him. He is sure to let you............….. 10. Don’t let the children…................of the garden. 11. We shall have to draw……............a new agreement. 12. He was going to punish the boy, but let him…............... 13. Is your watch made…………..gold? 14. I met Harry………..........the way to the station Exercise 4 Using prepositions, write a complete sentence to answer each of following question! 10. When were you born? ……………………………………………………………… 11. Where were you born? ……………………………………………………………… 12. How long have you lived there? ……………………………………………………………… 13. Where is your job? ……………………………………………………………… 14. How do you go to work? ……………………………………………………………… 15. When do you go to work? ……………………………………………………………… 16. When do you go home from work? ……………………………………………………………… 17. How do you spend your day off? ……………………………………………………………… 18. How was your dress or shirt made?
86 ……………………………………………………………… 10. How do you come to class? ………………………………………………………………… Exercise 5 Put across, over, between, off, along, in, on, into, out of, or under 10. The aeroplane is flying………..the village 11. The ship is gong……...........the bridge 12. The boy is swimming……............the river 13. Two cats are running……............the wall 14. My books are……..................the shelf 15. The boy is jumping………… the tree 16. Marry is sitting……………her mother and her father 17. It’s 9 o’clock. The children are going…………class 18. It’s 4 o’clock. The children are coming…………class Exercise 6 Supply the missing words in the sentences below using prepositions of, from, in and on! 7. Is this included…the bill? 8. I received a telephone call……..him yesterday 9. You can rely……..me 10. I am thinking……..going abroad ext year 11. Are you interested……………music? 12. I am tired……………telling you same thing again and again. Exercise 7 Complete the sentence. Use in, at or on + one of the following the west coast the world the front row the right the back of the envelope the sky the back of the class my way to work 1. It was alovely day. There wasn’t a cloud in the sky. 2. In most countries people drive................. 3. What is the talest building.......................? 4. I usually buy a newspaper...............................in the morning. 5. San Fransisco is..........................of the United States. 6. We went o theatre last night. We had seats................. 7. I couldn’t hear the teacher very well. She spoke quitely and I was sitting............. 8. When you send a letter, it’s a good idea to write your name and adress....... Exercise 8 Complete the sentences with in, at or on 1. It can be dangerous when children play..................the street. 2. If you walk to the end of the street, you’ll see a small shop....the corner 3. Is Tom......this photograph? I can’t find him.
87 4. My office is...............the first floor. It’s...............the left as you come out of the lift. 5. We normally use the front entrance but there’s another entrance........the back. 6. I love to look up at the stars...................the sky at night. 7. It’s a very small village. You probably won’t find it...............your map. 8. Paris is......................the river Seine. 9. Write your name...........the to.p of the page. 10. You’ll find the sports result.................the back page of the newspaper.
88 UNIT 13 WATER Truly, or greatest need is water. Either we have water or we die; therefore, cities are frequently built on rivers or lakes. Look at a map and notice the location of cities. Many of them are on rivers, others are on lakes and seas. Water supply has determined the placement of many cities, and in the future it will undoubtedly continue to be major factor. Water is precious to us; however, we sometimes waste it Coordinate conjunction: and, or, but, nor, for, so, and yet. Tonight we saw a light moving rapidly across the sky. It looked like a star, however, it was moving too fast for a star. There was no trail of the fire behind it, therefore, it could not be a comet or meteor. It was too high and too fast for an airplane, besides there was only one light, not two or three, and it did not blink like an airplane light. We thought it might be an orbiting satellite. yet there was no space flight in the news. Perhaps the morning papers would clear up the mystery. Suddenly, the light disappeared from sight. We were glad to see it go. On the opposite of the sky, we discovered a beautiful orange moon, partly hidden by the trees. It looked familiar and reassuring; in contrast to the strange, steady racing speck of light, it seemed comforting stable, and predictable. Subordinate conjunctions: After, Although, As, as if, Wherever, If, When, Because. Exercise 1 Combine the following pairs of sentences with the conjunction! 16. He woke up. He was still on the mattress (when) ……………………………………………………………………………… 17. He put it on he floor. He went to sleep again (after) ……………………………………………………………………………… 18. The bed was smashes to pieces. The man was unhurt (although) ……………………………………………………………………………… 19. The weather was very hot. He carried the bad on the roof of his house (because) ……………………………………………………………………………… 20. I did not know the way to my hotel. I asked a porter. (so) ………………………………………………………………………………
89 21. I spoke English very carefully. I spoke very clearly. (not only………but…….as well) ……………………………………………………………………………… 22. I repeated my question several times. At last he understood (and) ……………………………………………………………………………… 23. He went on holiday. I went on holiday. (both….and) ……………………………………………………………………………… 24. He must be mad. He must be very wise (either…or) ……………………………………………………………………………… 25. I knocked at the door. He did not open it. (but) ……………………………………………………………………………… 26. He doesn’t know. He doesn’t care. (neither……..nor) ……………………………………………………………………………… 27. Children enjoy holidays. Adults enjoy holidays. (both…………and) ……………………………………………………………………………… 28. Everyone was out. I left a message. (so) ……………………………………………………………………………… 29. He must be very clever. He must be very foolish. (either……..or) ……………………………………………………………………………… 30. He looked for his pen. He could not find it. (but) ……………………………………………………………………………… Exercise 2 Write a short paragraph using both the coordinate and subordinate conjunctions!
90 UNIT 14 GOOD NEWS The secretary told me that Mr. Harmsworth would see me. I felt very nervous when I went into his office. He did not look up from his desk when I entered. After I had sat down, he said that business is very bad. He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries. Twenty people had already left. I knew that my turn had come.:Mr. Harmsworth, “I said in a weak voice”. “Don’t interrupt, he said”. Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra $ 100 a year! Exercise 1 Answer the questions below! 8. Who wanted to see you? ……………………………………………………………… 9. Could the firm pay such large salaries or not? ……………………………………………………………… 10. How many people had left already? ……………………………………………………………… 11. Did he ask you to leave as well or not? ……………………………………………………………… 12. What did he offer you? ……………………………………………………………… 13. How did you feel then? ……………………………………………………………… 14. How do you express it? ……………………………………………………………… Exercise 2 Change the following sentence into reported speech! 11. My mother said, “I need your help” My mother said (that) she needed my help. 12. “ Do you need a dictionary?” My friend Asked
91 My friend asked me ……………………………………………………………… 13. Doni asked, “ Are you hungry?” Doni wanted to know ……………………………………………………………… 14. “Can you come to my house?” asked Dewi.” Dewi asked me ……………………………………………………………… 15. “I may be late,” said Dave Dave told me ……………………………………………………………… 16. My teacher said, “ I should study harder”. My teacher told me ……………………………………………………………… 17. Adam asked, “ Will you be in class tomorrow?” Adam wants to know ……………………………………………………………… 18. Did you enjoy your study?” asked Yayah Yayah asked me ……………………………………………………………… 19. Dian asked, “what are you talking about?” Dian asked me ……………………………………………………………… 20. Susan said, “I don’t want to go.” Susan said ……………………………………………………………… Exercise 3 Answer the following question based on your own answer! 11. What is your name? ………………………………………………………………………….. 12. Can you Speak English? …………………………………………………………………………….. 13. Have you met the lecturer? …………………………………………………………………………….. 14. Will you be here tomorrow? …………………………………………………………………………….. 15. Have you read any books lately? …………………………………………………………………………….. 16. Did you finish your assignment? …………………………………………………………………………….. 17. What are you doing? …………………………………………………………………………….. 18. Do you understand what I am saying? …………………………………………………………………………….. 19. May I borrow your dictionary? …………………………………………………………………………….. 20. Did you get to class yesterday? ……………………………………………………………………………..
92 Grammar Review Quoted and Reported Speech Quoted speech Quoted speech which also called direct speech refers to reproducing words exactly as they were originally spoken. In quoted speech quotation marks or inverted commas (“………..”) are used. For examples: He said, “The sun rises in the east.” My mother said, “ she will go to market.” Reported speech Reported speech is also called indirect speech. It refers to using a noun clause to report what someone has said. Unlike in quoted speech, in reported speech no quotation marks are used. Additionally, it is imperative that the verb forms from quoted speech be changed correctly. For examples: He said (that) the sun risen in the east. My mother said she would go to market. Quoted and Reported Speech Examples: Quoted Speech Reported Speech Ali said, “I study English every Thursday” Ali said , “I am studying English now” Ali said, “I have studied English.” Ali said, “I studied English.” Ali said, “I was studying English.” Ali said, “I will study English.” Ali said, “ I must study English.” Ali asked, “Do you study English?” Ali asked, “What do you study Adam?” Ali said to me, “Study English.” Ali said (that) he studied English every Thursday. Ali said he was studying English. Ali said he had studied English. Ali said he had studied English. Ali said he had been studying English. Ali said he would study English. Ai said he might study English. Ali asked me if I studied English. Ali asked him what he studied. Ali told me to study English. In reported speech, if the simple present changed into past tense, so the adverb will also be changed as follow: Time signal of reported speech Quoted speech Reported speech This These Come Here Hence That Those Go There Thence
93 Ago Now Today Tomorrow Yesterday Next week Thus Before Then That day Next day The previous day The following week So
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101 REFERENCES Arnold, M. (1998, June 11). Art of foreplay at the table. The New York Times, p. B3. Berger, P., & Luckmann, T. (1963). The social construction of reality. New York, NY: Doubleday. Betty Schrampfer Azar. 1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar. Jakarta: Bina Rupa Aksara. Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J.-C. (1990). Reproduction in education, society and culture. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Ellsworth, M. (2005, December 12). Crossing cultures—Personal space. ExPatFacts. Retrievedfromhttp://www.expatfacts.com/2005/12/crossing_cultures_personal _spa.html. Eugene Ehrilch, 2004. English Grammar. Erlangga Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Hall, J. A. (2006). Women’s and men’s nonverbal communication: Similarities, differences, stereotypes, and origins. In V. Manusov & M. L. Patterson (Eds.), The Sage handbook of nonverbal communication (pp. 201–218). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press. Hornby. A. S. 1983. Guide to Patterns and Usage in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hornby, A. S. 1994. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ________________. 1990. Interchange. Great Britain ; Cambridge University Press. Kirkham, G. L. (1984). A professor’s “street lessons.” In R. G. Culbertson (Ed.), “Order under law”: Readings in criminal justice (pp. 77–89). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. L. G. Alexander. 1984. Practice and Progress. Singapore: Longman Muhibbin Syah. 2005. Islamic English. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. Nasrun Mahmud. 2004. English for Muslim University Students. Jakarta: Siwibakti Darma. Plutchik, R. (2001). The nature of emotions. American Scientist, 89, 344–350. Swan, Michael. 1989. Practical English in Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tan Cheng Lim. 2002. Practical English Idioms. Singapore: Singapore Asian Publications.
102 Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Communicating across cultures. New York, NY: Guilford Press; Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., & McDaniel, E. R. (2010). Communication between cultures (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth. TTurner, J. H., & Stets, J. E. (2006). Sociological theories of human emotions. Annual Review of Sociology, 32, 25–52. Turner, J. H. (2010). The stratification of emotions: Some preliminary generalizations. Sociological Inquiry, 80, 168–199. Van Iddekinge, C. H., McFarland, L. A., & Raymark, P. H. (2007). Antecedents of impression management use and effectiveness in a structured interview. Journal of Management, 33, 752–773. W. Stannard Allen. 1974. Living English Structure. Hong Kong; Longman.