145 (a) The student studies in the library (b) We enjoyed the party at your house (c) We went to the zoo in the afternoon (d) In the afternoon, we went to the zoo Exercises 2 Put in, at, or on! 1. He is going to telephone…….........five o’clock 2. My birthday is……........... May 21th 3. It is always cold……...........February 4. My father was there………….1981 5. He is going to arrive………......Tuesday. Exercise 3 Complete these sentences by adding any of the following words out, down, up, off 1. A big car drew….................outside our house. 2. You can’t rely on him. He is sure to let you............….. 3. Don’t let the children…................of the garden. 4. We shall have to draw……............a new agreement. 5. He was going to punish the boy, but let him…............... 6. Is your watch made…………..gold? 7. I met Harry………..........the way to the station Exercise 4 Using prepositions, write a complete sentence to answer each of following question! 1. When were you born? ……………………………………………………………… 2. Where were you born? ……………………………………………………………… 3. How long have you lived there? ……………………………………………………………… 4. Where is your job? ……………………………………………………………… 5. How do you go to work? ……………………………………………………………… 6. When do you go to work? ……………………………………………………………… 7. When do you go home from work? ……………………………………………………………… 8. How do you spend your day off? ………………………………………………………………
146 9. How was your dress or shirt made? ……………………………………………………………… 10. How do you come to class? ………………………………………………………………… Exercise 5 Put across, over, between, off, along, in, on, into, out of, or under 1. The aeroplane is flying………..the village 2. The ship is gong……...........the bridge 3. The boy is swimming……............the river 4. Two cats are running……............the wall 5. My books are……..................the shelf 6. The boy is jumping………… the tree 7. Marry is sitting……………her mother and her father 8. It’s 9 o’clock. The children are going…………class 9. It’s 4 o’clock. The children are coming…………class Exercise 6 Supply the missing words in the sentences below using prepositions of, from, in and on! 1. Is this included…the bill? 2. I received a telephone call……..him yesterday 3. You can rely……..me 4. I am thinking……..going abroad ext year 5. Are you interested……………music? 6. I am tired……………telling you same thing again and again. Exercise 7 Complete the sentence. Use in, at or on + one of the following the west coast the world the front row the right the back of the envelope the sky the back of the class my way to work 1. It was alovely day. There wasn’t a cloud in the sky. 2. In most countries people drive................. 3. What is the talest building.......................? 4. I usually buy a newspaper...............................in the morning. 5. San Fransisco is..........................of the United States. 6. We went o theatre last night. We had seats................. 7. I couldn’t hear the teacher very well. She spoke quitely and I was sitting............. 8. When you send a letter, it’s a good idea to write your name and adress....... Exercise 8 Complete the sentences with in, at or on 1. It can be dangerous when children play..................the street. 2. If you walk to the end of the street, you’ll see a small shop....the corner
147 3. Is Tom......this photograph? I can’t find him. 4. My office is...............the first floor. It’s...............the left as you come out of the lift. 5. We normally use the front entrance but there’s another entrance........the back. 6. I love to look up at the stars...................the sky at night. 7. It’s a very small village. You probably won’t find it...............your map. 8. Paris is......................the river Seine. 9. Write your name...........the to.p of the page. 10. You’ll find the sports result.................the back page of the newspaper.
148 UNIT 13 WATER Truly, or greatest need is water. Either we have water or we die; therefore, cities are frequently built on rivers or lakes. Look at a map and notice the location of cities. Many of them are on rivers, others are on lakes and seas. Water supply has determined the placement of many cities, and in the future it will undoubtedly continue to be major factor. Water is precious to us; however, we sometimes waste it Coordinate conjunction: and, or, but, nor, for, so, and yet. Tonight we saw a light moving rapidly across the sky. It looked like a star, however, it was moving too fast for a star. There was no trail of the fire behind it, therefore, it could not be a comet or meteor. It was too high and too fast for an airplane, besides there was only one light, not two or three, and it did not blink like an airplane light. We thought it might be an orbiting satellite. yet there was no space flight in the news. Perhaps the morning papers would clear up the mystery. Suddenly, the light disappeared from sight. We were glad to see it go. On the opposite of the sky, we discovered a beautiful orange moon, partly hidden by the trees. It looked familiar and reassuring; in contrast to the strange, steady racing speck of light, it seemed comforting stable, and predictable. Subordinate conjunctions: After, Although, As, as if, Wherever, If, When, Because. Exercise 1 Combine the following pairs of sentences with the conjunction! 1. He woke up. He was still on the mattress (when) ……………………………………………………………………………… 2. He put it on he floor. He went to sleep again (after) ……………………………………………………………………………… 3. The bed was smashes to pieces. The man was unhurt (although) ……………………………………………………………………………… 4. The weather was very hot. He carried the bad on the roof of his house (because) ……………………………………………………………………………… 5. I did not know the way to my hotel. I asked a porter. (so)
149 ……………………………………………………………………………… 6. I spoke English very carefully. I spoke very clearly. (not only………but…….as well) ……………………………………………………………………………… 7. I repeated my question several times. At last he understood (and) ……………………………………………………………………………… 8. He went on holiday. I went on holiday. (both….and) ……………………………………………………………………………… 9. He must be mad. He must be very wise (either…or) ……………………………………………………………………………… 10. I knocked at the door. He did not open it. (but) ……………………………………………………………………………… 11. He doesn’t know. He doesn’t care. (neither……..nor) ……………………………………………………………………………… 12. Children enjoy holidays. Adults enjoy holidays. (both…………and) ……………………………………………………………………………… 13. Everyone was out. I left a message. (so) ……………………………………………………………………………… 14. He must be very clever. He must be very foolish. (either……..or) ……………………………………………………………………………… 15. He looked for his pen. He could not find it. (but) ……………………………………………………………………………… Exercise 2 Write a short paragraph using both the coordinate and subordinate conjunctions!
150 UNIT 14 GOOD NEWS The secretary told me that Mr. Harmsworth would see me. I felt very nervous when I went into his office. He did not look up from his desk when I entered. After I had sat down, he said that business is very bad. He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries. Twenty people had already left. I knew that my turn had come.:Mr. Harmsworth, “I said in a weak voice”. “Don’t interrupt, he said”. Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra $ 100 a year! Exercise 1 Answer the questions below! 1. Who wanted to see you? ……………………………………………………………… 2. Could the firm pay such large salaries or not? ……………………………………………………………… 3. How many people had left already? ……………………………………………………………… 4. Did he ask you to leave as well or not? ……………………………………………………………… 5. What did he offer you? ……………………………………………………………… 6. How did you feel then? ……………………………………………………………… 7. How do you express it? ……………………………………………………………… Exercise 2 Change the following sentence into reported speech! 1. My mother said, “I need your help” My mother said (that) she needed my help. 2. “ Do you need a dictionary?” My friend Asked
151 My friend asked me ……………………………………………………………… 3. Doni asked, “ Are you hungry?” Doni wanted to know ……………………………………………………………… 4. “Can you come to my house?” asked Dewi.” Dewi asked me ……………………………………………………………… 5. “I may be late,” said Dave Dave told me ……………………………………………………………… 6. My teacher said, “ I should study harder”. My teacher told me ……………………………………………………………… 7. Adam asked, “ Will you be in class tomorrow?” Adam wants to know ……………………………………………………………… 8. Did you enjoy your study?” asked Yayah Yayah asked me ……………………………………………………………… 9. Dian asked, “what are you talking about?” Dian asked me ……………………………………………………………… 10. Susan said, “I don’t want to go.” Susan said ……………………………………………………………… Exercise 3 Answer the following question based on your own answer! 1. What is your name? ………………………………………………………………………….. 2. Can you Speak English? …………………………………………………………………………….. 3. Have you met the lecturer? …………………………………………………………………………….. 4. Will you be here tomorrow? …………………………………………………………………………….. 5. Have you read any books lately? …………………………………………………………………………….. 6. Did you finish your assignment? …………………………………………………………………………….. 7. What are you doing? …………………………………………………………………………….. 8. Do you understand what I am saying? …………………………………………………………………………….. 9. May I borrow your dictionary? …………………………………………………………………………….. 10. Did you get to class yesterday?
152 …………………………………………………………………………….. Grammar Review Quoted and Reported Speech Quoted speech Quoted speech which also called direct speech refers to reproducing words exactly as they were originally spoken. In quoted speech quotation marks or inverted commas (“………..”) are used. For examples: He said, “The sun rises in the east.” My mother said, “ she will go to market.” Reported speech Reported speech is also called indirect speech. It refers to using a noun clause to report what someone has said. Unlike in quoted speech, in reported speech no quotation marks are used. Additionally, it is imperative that the verb forms from quoted speech be changed correctly. For examples: He said (that) the sun risen in the east. My mother said she would go to market. Quoted and Reported Speech Examples: Quoted Speech Reported Speech Ali said, “I study English every Thursday” Ali said , “I am studying English now” Ali said, “I have studied English.” Ali said, “I studied English.” Ali said, “I was studying English.” Ali said, “I will study English.” Ali said, “ I must study English.” Ali asked, “Do you study English?” Ali asked, “What do you study Adam?” Ali said to me, “Study English.” Ali said (that) he studied English every Thursday. Ali said he was studying English. Ali said he had studied English. Ali said he had studied English. Ali said he had been studying English. Ali said he would study English. Ai said he might study English. Ali asked me if I studied English. Ali asked him what he studied. Ali told me to study English. In reported speech, if the simple present changed into past tense, so the adverb will also be changed as follow: Time signal of reported speech Quoted speech Reported speech This These Come That Those Go
153 Here Hence Ago Now Today Tomorrow Yesterday Next week Thus There Thence Before Then That day Next day The previous day The following week So
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161 REFERENCES Arnold, M. (1998, June 11). Art of foreplay at the table. The New York Times, p. B3. Berger, P., & Luckmann, T. (1963). The social construction of reality. New York, NY: Doubleday. Betty Schrampfer Azar. 1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar. Jakarta: Bina Rupa Aksara. Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J.-C. (1990). Reproduction in education, society and culture. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Ellsworth, M. (2005, December 12). Crossing cultures—Personal space. ExPatFacts. Retrievedfromhttp://www.expatfacts.com/2005/12/crossing_cultures_personal _spa.html. Eugene Ehrilch, 2004. English Grammar. Erlangga Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Hall, J. A. (2006). Women’s and men’s nonverbal communication: Similarities, differences, stereotypes, and origins. In V. Manusov & M. L. Patterson (Eds.), The Sage handbook of nonverbal communication (pp. 201–218). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press. Hornby. A. S. 1983. Guide to Patterns and Usage in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hornby, A. S. 1994. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ________________. 1990. Interchange. Great Britain ; Cambridge University Press. Kirkham, G. L. (1984). A professor’s “street lessons.” In R. G. Culbertson (Ed.), “Order under law”: Readings in criminal justice (pp. 77–89). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. L. G. Alexander. 1984. Practice and Progress. Singapore: Longman Muhibbin Syah. 2005. Islamic English. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. Nasrun Mahmud. 2004. English for Muslim University Students. Jakarta: Siwibakti Darma. Plutchik, R. (2001). The nature of emotions. American Scientist, 89, 344–350. Swan, Michael. 1989. Practical English in Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
162 Tan Cheng Lim. 2002. Practical English Idioms. Singapore: Singapore Asian Publications. Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Communicating across cultures. New York, NY: Guilford Press; Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., & McDaniel, E. R. (2010). Communication between cultures (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth. TTurner, J. H., & Stets, J. E. (2006). Sociological theories of human emotions. Annual Review of Sociology, 32, 25–52. Turner, J. H. (2010). The stratification of emotions: Some preliminary generalizations. Sociological Inquiry, 80, 168–199. Van Iddekinge, C. H., McFarland, L. A., & Raymark, P. H. (2007). Antecedents of impression management use and effectiveness in a structured interview. Journal of Management, 33, 752–773. W. Stannard Allen. 1974. Living English Structure. Hong Kong; Longman.
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164 ENGLISH FOR SOCIOLOGY STUDENT Penulis Meli Fauziah ISBN: 978-623-7251-37-8 Editor dan Layouting Ahmad Jamaludin Desain Cover Meli Fauziah Parid Abdillah Albani Diterbitkan Oleh: Edwrite Publishing Jl. Kosambi, Pasirbiru, Kota Bandung Layanan SMS/WA: 0821120492063 Website: www.edwrite.co.id Email: [email protected] Cetakan ke tiga, September 2021 134 Halaman; 14 X 20 cm HAK CIPTA DILINDUNGI UNDANG-UNDANG Dilarang memperbanyak atau memindah sebagian atau keseluruhan isi buku ini ke dalam bentuk apa pun tanpa seizin tertulis dari pihak penerbit.
i PREFACE In the name of Allah, Most Gracious Most Merciful Thanks to Allah, English for Sociology Students has been published for the Sociology students especially students at UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung. In this new edition, the main objective is speaking and reading ability. To that end, there are daily conversations, short readings and general knowledge by various exercises are included. All the passage are considered to be at intermediate level of proficiency. This book will not have meaning if we don’t understand it. In addition, it’s just the first step to begin productive. However, the understanding of its contents remains to require the dept. Hopefully, this book may serve its purpose in helping students progress in their language study. Last but not least, as nobody knows everything I believe that there is no perfect work done by human being. For this reason, it is imperative that this module be studied critically to find out our parts that need revising. May God bless us all. Amin. Bandung, 1st September 2021 Author, Meli Fauziah, M.A
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iii LIST OF CONTENT PREFACE..........................................................................3 LIST OF CONTENT .........................................................5 UNIT 1 GLOBAL VILLAGE............................................5 UNIT 2 WHAT IS SOSIOLOGY ? .................................63 UNIT 3 SOSIOLOGIST FIGURE...................................71 UNIT 4 COMMUNITY...................................................81 UNIT 5 CULTURE..........................................................88 UNIT 6 SOCIAL INTERACTION..................................95 UNIT 7 SOCIAL INSTITUTION..................................101 UNIT 8 SOCIAL STRATAFICATION ........................109 UNIT 9 SOCIAL CHANGE..........................................117 UNIT 10 SOCIAL PROBLEM......................................126 UNIT 11 CRIME ...........................................................136 UNIT 12 GENDER........................................................141 UNIT 13 WATER..........................................................148 UNIT 14 GOOD NEWS ................................................150 REFERENCES...............................................................161
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1 UNIT 1 GLOBAL VILLAGE Source: belajarbahasainggrisonline.net Conversation: Meeting Someone Listen and Practice Novi : Hi! My name is Noviyanti. You can call me yanti. I am from Bogor. What is your name? Hardi : I’m Hardiyansah. My nick name is hardi. Novi : Is that H-A-R-D-Y? Hardi : No, it’s H-A-R-D-I. Novi : Where are you from Hardi? Hardi : I’m from Sukabumi Novi : Oh really? Nice to meet you Hardi : Nice to meet you too Novi : By the way, do you study here? Hardi : Yes, I take Sociology majoring. Novi : How about you. I’m too Hardi : Hi, Novi, may I know your phone number? Novi : It’s 08124356444 Hardi : Thank you very much. Novi : Your welcome Exercise 1 Complete these conversation! A : What is……...........name? B : His name …...........nurdin. ……..…… a salesman. A : Where …. ..............he from? B : …. …............from Bekasi.
2 X : ….......... is........… name? Y : …. name …......... Indri. She …. ........an employee. X : …..........is …....... from? Y : She …. ........... from Majalengka. A : …...............are …….. names? B : Their names are Adi and Doni. ...........are students of UIN SGD Bandung. A : Where are …. from? B : They ….. ….. Sumatera. Exercise 2 Write am, is, or are in the blank space in each sentence! 1. We …...............in the office 2. Ms. Ani………...a sosiologists. 3. We…….............almost ready 4. My friend and I....…….not tall. 5. She…...........a new student. 6. Dedi and Aldi....…….classmate. 7. It……................9.30 am. 8. ……............books interesting? 9. The mice…..............not too big 10. The men…..................angry.
3 Reading Text The Global Village Source: dreamstime.com What do you think the term Global Village means? More and more often, the term global village is used to describe the world and its people. In a typical village, however, everyone knows everyone else and the people face the same kinds of problems. How can the world be a village, when it is home to almost 6 million people? Political and technological changes in the past century have made the global villagepossible. The years following world war II seemed to promise peace and more equality among people. For example, The United Nations was founded in 1945 to help countries resolve disputes peacefully. This promise was soon shattered, however, by the cold war tension between The United States and The Soviet Union. These two superpowers engaged in an arms race, spending huge sums of money on weapons. The other nations of the world were split into two sides, and the world was frozen in a perpetual state of hostility, seemingly on the brink of destruction. It was not until the collapse of the communist government in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe between 1989 and 1991 that the Cold War ended and the political climate changed. The end of Cold War tension made the global village more politically possible by opening new channels of communication between nations. Technologically, the greatest contributor to the global village is the microchip- an electronic circuit on a tiny chip. The microchip has made satellites and computers possible. These forms of high-tech communications allow news and ideas to travel quickly from country to country, making people aware of their neighbors around the globe in dramatic new ways. Through the internet, we can get information from computers anywhere and carry on electronic conversations with people everywhere. Through television programs transmitted by satellite, we are exposed to many cultures. What will happen as we move into the twenty-first century and beyond? Almost certainly the development of the global village will continue. Not only is this possible, but the challenges that the world faces-for example, pollution, population, growth, and conflicts among people- will make it necessary.
4 Exercise 4 Use the information above to explain the following terms in your own words. 6. What is The United Nations? 7. What was the Cold War? 8. Who were the superpowers? 9. What was the arms race? 10. What is the microchip? 11. What is a global village? Exercise 5 Based on the text above, decide whether these statements are true or false 5. Two changes have made the global village possible. 6. After 1991 the global village was more politically possible. 7. Microchip has made satellites and computers possible As we ove to 21st century, the global village will end. 8. The challenges that the world faces will make the global village still continue. Exercise 6 Pairwork: Talk about these questions 4. What do you think are some of the advantages of a global village for individuals and nations? 5. Some people say that there are disadvantages to a global village that we are coming too much alike. Do you agree? Why or why not? 6. What other challenges do you think the world will face in the twenty-first century? Which do you consider the most serious? Exercise 7 Vocabulary Exercise. 1. The image you see in the mirror is your ______ a. reflectionb. memory c. recollection d. picture 2. A person who doesn’t eat meat is known as a ______ a.vegetarian b. chemist c. grocer d. poulterer 3. Jim made a ________ in his calculation, so his sum was wrong a. hole b. mistake c. request d. answer 4. It was a great ______ to his parents when he failed the exam. a. Luck b.Encouragement c. happiness. d.disappointment 5. Shall we ______ a dish of noodles? a. call b. ask c. order d. say 6. I have an _______ with the optician this afternoon. a. Obstruction b. Opposition c. appointment d. approval 7. The scientist used a _______ to study the bacteria. a.Telescope b. Stethoscope c. horoscope d. microscope 8. Rebecca went to the library to borrow some _______
5 a.stationery b. Scripture c. literature d. pens 9. The guests thanked the _________ at the end of the party. a. diners b. host c. members d. participants. 10. I have no ______ for people who fall ill because of overeating. a. Symphaty b. Consolidation c. kindness d. emotion. 11. Mr. Chan informed us that the meeting would be ______ in the hall. a. made b. taken c. met d. held. 12. Goods sent out from a country are known as ______. a. contraband b. Exports c. imports d. baggage. 13. It is not _______ to smoke in cinemas. a. Improper b. Ilegal c. confusing d. permitted. 14. The scientist became famous for his amazing ______. a. adventure b. story c. concert d. discovery 15. Elizabeth ______ the lights before going to bed. a. turned over b. turned in c. turned off d. turned away WRITING Write your opinion about remote learning or virtual learning using a simple sentence! Simple Present (d) I am Muslim (e) We are students (f) Lion, tiger, and wolf are wild animal The simple present says that something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future. It is used for general statements of fact (g) I study for two hours every night. (h) My class begins at nine. (i) He always eats fried rice for breakfast. The simple present is used to express habitual or everyday activity. (j) I have only a 60rb right now. (k) He needs a pen right now (l) They come here. Certain verbs are not used in progressive tenses. With these verbs, the simple present may indicate a situation that exist rght now, at the moment of speaking. Simple Present Tense Verbal Examples (+) S + Vinfinitive (s/es) + O ( -) S + Do/does + not + Vinf + O (?) Do/Does + S + Vinf + O Notes: They, We, I, You: Vinf do (+) He speaks English (-) He doesn’t speak English (?) Does he speak English? You speak English
6 She, He, It, Adi : Vinf (s/es) /does Jika sudah menggunakan does maka kata kerjanya tidak ditambah s/es She speaks English She doesn’t speak English Does he speak English? Nominal Examples (+) I + am + Complement She, He, It + is + C The,We,You + are + C (-) S + is, am, are + not + C (?) Is, am, are + S + C? Notes: Complement terdiri dari: Adjective: happy, good, sad ….. Noun : student, teacher …….. Adverb: here, at class ….. Pronoun: mine, hers, yours ……… (+) He is happy (-) He isn’t happy (?) Is he happy? I am sad She is a student They are in the office This book is yours Usage Time Signal Menyatakan kebiasaan (habitual action) We eat rice everyday. She usually cries. Menyatakan kebenaran umum (general truth) The sun rises in the east. A year has 12 months. Always = selalu Often = sering Seldom = jarang Never = tidak pernah Sometimes = kadang-kadang On and off = kadang-kadang Steadily = terus-menerus Generally = umumnya Occasionally = kadang-kadang Usually = biasanya Once a week = sekali seminggu Every …… = setiap Question Words Examples (S) QWs + Vinf (s/es) + O? (V) QWv + do/does + S + do? (O) Qwo + do/does + S + Vinf? (A) Qwa + do/does + S + Vinf? They speak English at class a b c d Who speaks English at class? What do they do at class? What do they speak at class? Where do they speak English?
7 UNIT 2 WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? Conversation: Going to Libary Listen and Practice Students : Hi ....Where are you going ? Mr.Syarif : I and Nisa are going to Library. Students : Do you wanna join us ? Let’s we go to library together. By the way...What kind of book are you looking for ? Mr. Syarif : I’m looking for a book about Sociology Students : Are you interested in Sociology ? Mr. Syarif : Of course...I’m a student of Sociology. I’m big fan of social science. At Library..... Students : Good morning Officer : Morning, What can I do for you? Students : I’m a new student here. I’d like to know how to use the library. Officer : Firstly, you need your student identification to check out books. S Mr. Syarif : Ok... Now, I will come to class. Please, prepare the agenda for class and ask your friend to come to class. Students : Okay, We’ll do that. Thank you......... Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with the pronouns provided below passage! One pronoun can be used more than one time! Bram is a journalist in Cirebon. ............... busy man. ............ work is very interesting. .............. wife is Karin. Karin is a busy woman. ............... is a teacher at a language school in Jakarta. ........... job is very interesting, too. Bram and Karin have two sons. ........ are Billy and Agus. Bram and Karin like ......... sons very much. They are proud of them. Agus and Billy always prepare what they need by themselves because ................... know that .......... parents are very busy. Reading Text 13. Why do you choose Sociology Department ? 14. What do you know about Sociology ? 15. What is the object study of Sociology?
8 What is Sociology? Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. Sociology’s subject matter is diverse, ranging from crime to religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole societies. Unifying the study of these diverse subjects of study is sociology’s purpose of understanding how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by surrounding cultural and social structures. Sociology is an exciting and illuminating field of study that analyzes and explains important matters in our personal lives, our communities, and the world. At the personal level, sociology investigates the social causes and consequences of such things as romantic love, racial and gender identity, family conflict, deviant behavior, aging, and religious faith. At the societal level, sociology examines and explains matters like crime and law, poverty and wealth, prejudice and discrimination, schools and education, business firms, urban community, and social movements. At the global level, sociology studies such phenomena as population growth and migration, war and peace, and economic development. Sociologists emphasize the careful gathering and analysis of evidence about social life to develop and enrich our understanding of key social processes. The research methods sociologists use are varied. Sociologists observe the everyday life of groups, conduct large-scale surveys, interpret historical documents, analyze census data, study video-taped interactions, interview participants of groups, and conduct laboratory experiments. The research methods and theories of sociology yield powerful insights into the social processes shaping human lives and social problems and prospects in the contemporary world. By better understanding those social processes, we also come to understand more clearly the forces shaping the personal experiences and outcomes of our own lives. The ability to see and understand this connection between broad social forces and personal experiences — what C. Wright Mills called “the sociological imagination” — is extremely valuable academic preparation for living effective and rewarding personal and professional lives in a changing and complex society. Students who have been well trained in sociology know how to think critically about human social life, and how to ask important research questions. They know how to design good social research projects, carefully collect and analyze empirical data, and formulate and present their research findings. Students trained in sociology also know how to help others understand the way the social world works
9 and how it might be changed for the better. Most generally, they have learned how to think, evaluate, and communicate clearly, creatively, and effectively. These are all abilities of tremendous value in a wide variety of vocational callings and professions. Sociology offers a distinctive and enlightening way of seeing and understanding the social world in which we live and which shapes our lives. Sociology looks beyond normal, taken-for-granted views of reality, to provide deeper, more illuminating and challenging understandings of social life. Through its particular analytical perspective, social theories, and research methods, Sociology is a discipline that expands our awareness and analysis of the human social relationships, cultures, and institutions that profoundly shape both our lives and human history. Although Sociology has its roots in the works of philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, and Confucius, it is a relatively new academic discipline. It emerged in the early nineteenth century in response to the challenges of modernity. Increasing mobility and technological advances resulted in the increasing exposure of people to cultures and societies different from their own. The impact of this exposure was varied, but for some people it included the breakdown of traditional norms and customs and warranted a revised understanding of how the world works. Sociologists responded to these changes by trying to understand what holds social groups together and also to explore possible solutions to the breakdown of social solidarity. Thinkers of the Enlightenment period in the eighteenth century also helped set the stage for the sociologists that would follow. This period was the first time in history that thinkers tried to provide general explanations of the social world. They were able to detach themselves, at least in principle, from expounding some existing ideology and to attempt to lay down general principles that explained social life. The Birth Of Sociology The term sociology was coined by French philosopher Auguste Comte in 1838, who for this reason is known as the “Father of Sociology.” Comte felt that science could be used to study the social world. Just as there are testable facts regarding gravity and other natural laws, Comte thought that scientific analyses could also discover the laws governing our social lives. It was in this context that Comte introduced the concept of positivism to sociology—a way to understand the social world based on scientific facts. He believed that, with this new understanding, people could build a better future. He envisioned a process of social change in which sociologists played crucial roles in guiding society. Other events of that time period also influenced the development of sociology. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries were times of many social upheavals and changes in the social order that interested the early Sociologists. The political revolutions sweeping Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries led to a focus on social change and the establishment of social order that still concerns Sociologists today. Many early sociologists were also concerned with the Industrial
10 Revolution and rise of capitalism and socialism. Additionally, the growth of cities and religious transformations were causing many changes in people’s lives. Other classical theorists of Sociology from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries include Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, W.E.B. DuBois, and Harriet Martineau. As pioneers in sociology, most of the early sociological thinkers were trained in other academic disciplines, including history, philosophy, and economics. The diversity of their trainings is reflected in the topics they researched, including religion, education, economics, inequality, psychology, ethics, philosophy, and theology. These pioneers of sociology all had a vision of using sociology to call attention to social concerns and bring about social change. In Europe, for example, Karl Marx teamed with wealthy industrialist Friedrich Engels to address class inequality. Writing during the Industrial Revolution, when many factory owners were lavishly wealthy and many factory workers despairingly poor, they attacked the rampant inequalities of the day and focused on the role of capitalist economic structures in perpetuating these inequalities. In Germany, Max Weber was active in politics while in France, Emile Durkheim advocated for educational reform. In Britain, Harriet Martineau advocated for the rights of girls and women, and in the US, W.E.B. DuBois focused on the problem of racism. Glossary : consciousness (n) = a distinctive (n) = detach (v) = the rampant (n) = concerns (v) = Exercise 2 Answer The Questions below! 16. What is Sociology? 17. Why did August Comte coin as the father of sociology? 18. Explain about the theory of positivism of August Comte! 19. What happpen in the eighteenth century? 20. Tell about the phenomenon of Industrial revolution? Exercise 3 Choose the correct answer! 21. Early sociologists wanted to model sociology after the prestigious and influential disciplines of? A. Economics, history, and philosophy B. physics, biology, ans chemistry C. antropology, criminology an psychology D. electrical, chemical and civil engineering
11 22. The ____________ was a period of intellectual development and change characterized by the belief that people could comprehend and control the universe by means of reason and empirical research. Renaissance Industrial revolution Enlightment Golden age 23. The conservative reaction to the Enlightenment tended to see modern social changes such as industrialization, urbanization, and bureaucratization as having_________. E. Disorganizing effects on society as a whole F. Positive consequences for workers G. Proven the worth of our scientific knowledge H. Restributed wealth to rich elites at the expense of the poor 24. According to Auguste Comte, groups, societies, sciences, and individuals all go through the following three stages: E. Logicians F. Positivist G. Pragmatists H. Anglophiles 25. Emile Durkheim believed that ___________ is not a necessary part of the modern world and that it could be reduced by _________. 26. Inequality; restribution of wealth 27. Deviance;education 28. Religion; science 29. Social disorder; social reform 30. Social facts are forces and structures that are: 31. Internal to and coercive, the individual 32. Exsternal to and coercive, the individual 33. Internal to and coercive, social organization 34. Exsternal to and coicive, social organization 35. G.W.F. Hegel's philosophy of ___________ emphasized the importance of the mind and mental products rather than the material world. A. Monadism B. Spiritualism C. Idealism D. Utilitarianism Exrcise 4 Based on the text above, decide whether these statements are true or false
12 6. During the Industrial Revolution, large numbers of people left the industrial occupations offered in burgeoning factories to work on farms in protest against poor wages and working conditions. 7. Whereas Enlightenment thinkers tended to emphasize society and largescale phenomena, the conservative reaction led to a major sociological interest in the individual. 8. Durkheim's work was ignored in France throughout his lifetime. It was only recognized after German sociologists adopted his methods and ideas. 9. Marx tended to view Weber and the Weberians of his day as economic determinists who offered single-cause theories of social life. 10. Comte, Spencer, Marx and Freud all tended to see society as an organism. Exercie 5 Write about your activities as a new student! ...................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... Pronoun Subject Object Possessive Reflexiv e Depende nt Independ ent They Them Their Theirs Themsel ves We Us Our Ours Ourselve s I Me My Mine Myself You You Your Yours Yourself She Her Her Hers Herself He Him His His Himself It It Its - Itself
13 UNIT 3 SOCIOLOGIST FIGURE Look at the above picture, then answer the following question ! Do you know him ? What do you know about him? What is his work ? Conversation Listen and practice! Sarah : What are you doing after class? Denis : I’m eating at the canteen with Yani. Do you want to join us? Sarah : No, thanks. I am going to Library. Denis : What kind of book do you like to read? Sarah : I like reading a novel. Denis : By the way, do you meet Yani? Sarah : Yes, I meet her at the mosque. Denis : Ok, I am going to pick her up there. See you... Sarah : See you..... Exercise 1 Complete these conversations using the present continuous. Then practice them. A : Which one is Nurul? What…………she……….. (wear)? B : She………..(sit) on the sofa. She ……….. (wear) a green blouse. A : …………Doni and Diana …………. (come) to the party?
14 B : No, Doni ……… ……… (study) for an exam, and Diana ……………… (work) late. A : Where………..Siti …………? B : She ………. …………….. (get) vegetables from the refrigerator. A : ……………Zaki…………(date) Nabila? B : No, he……….. ………. (go) out with Nisa these days. A : How …………..you……….(go) home? B : Bintang ………. ………….. (give) me a ride, I hope! Exercise 2 Now write five questions like these about your classmates. 1. 2. 3 4. 5. Reading Text SOCIOLOGISTS FIGURES Throughout sociology's history, there have been many famous sociologists who have left their mark on the field of sociology as well as the world at large. Learn more about these sociologists by browsing though this list of some of the most famous thinkers in sociolgogy history. For a more detailed profile, click on the names of the sociologists below. Auguste Comte. Hulton Archive/Getty Images 1. Auguste Comte August Comte is known as the founder of positivism and is credited with coininging the term sociology. Comte helped shape and expand the field of sociology and placed a great deal of emphasis in his work on systematic observation and social order. 2. Karl Marx Karl Marx is one of the most famous figures in the founding of sociology. He is known for his theory of historical materialism, which focuses on the way social order, like class structure and hierarchy, emerges out of the economic system of a society. He theorized this relationship as a dialectic between the base and superstructure of society. Some of his notable works, like "The Manifesto of the Communist Party," were co-written with Friedrich Engels.
15 Karl Marx. Sean Gallup/Getty Images 1858-1917 . Max Weber. Hulton Archive/Getty Images 4. Max Weber Max Weber was a founding figure of the field of sociology and is considered one of the most famous sociologists in history. He is known for his thesis of the "Protestant Ethic" as well as his ideas on bureaucracy. Click here to learn more about Weber's take on how Protestant religious values combined with the early capitalist economy in the American colonies to create the ideological and economic foundation of the U.S., and here to read about his famous theory of the "iron cage." 3. Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim is knows as the "father of sociology" and is a founding figure in the field of sociology. He is credited with making sociology a science. One of his most famous pieces of work includes Suicide: A Study In Sociology, and another important work of his that focuses on how society functions and regulates itself is The Division of Labor in Society
16 Harriet Martineau by Richard Evans. Alexis de Tocqueville by Théodore Chassériau (1850) 5. Harriet Martineau Though wrongfully neglected in most sociology classes today, Harriet Martineau was a prominent British writer and political activist, and one of the earliest Western sociologists and founders of the discipline. Her scholarship focused on the intersections of politics, morals, and society, and she wrote prolifically about sexism and gender roles. » 8. Antonio Gramsci Antonio Gramsci was an Italian political activist and journalist who wrote prolific social theory while imprisoned by Mussolini's fascist government from 1926-34. He advanced Marx's theory by focusing on the role of intellectuals, politics, and media in maintaining the dominance of the bourgeois class in a capitalist system. The concept of cultural hegemony is one of his key contributions. » 6. W.E.B. Du Bois W.E.B. Du Bois was an American sociologist best known for his scholarship on race and racism in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War. He was the first African American to earn a doctorate degree from Harvard University and served as the head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910. His most notable works include The Souls of Black Folk, in which he advanced his theory of "double consciousness," and his massive tome on the social structure of U.S. society, Black Reconstruction. » 7. Alexis de Tocqueville Biography of Alexis de Tocqueville, a sociologist best known for his book Democracy in America. Tocqueville published many works in the areas of comparative and historical sociology and was very active in politics and the field of political science. »
17 Antonio Gramsci. Michel Foucault. Wright Mills. Archive Photos/Getty Images Exercise 4 Answer The Questions below! 1. What do Sociologists do? 2. What is your sociological imagination? 3. Mention three the origins of Sociology! 4. Please tells about Marxism, feminism, functionalism! Exercise 5 Choose A, B. C or D to find the correct answer! 1. The author Sociological Imagination E. Karl marx F. Emil Durkheim G. Wright Mills H. August Comte 2. The person who coined the name sociology A. Wright Mills B. Emil Durkheim C.August Comte 9. Michel Foucault Michel Foucault was a French social theorist, philosopher, historian, public intellectual and activist best known for revealing through his method of "archaeology" how institutions wield power by creating discourses that are used to control people. He is one of the most widely read and cited social theorists, and his theoretical contributions are still important and relevant today. 10. C. Wright Mills C. Wright Mills is known for his controversial critiques of both contemporary society and sociological practice, particularly in his book The Sociological Imagination (1959). He also studied power and class in the United States, as displayed in his book The Power Elite (1956)
18 D. Karl marx 3. A quality of mind, a capacity to understand the interplay of individual and society, biography and history and the world A. Conflict Theory B. Siciological Imagination C. Systems Theory D. Structural Functionalism 4. Modern sociological analysis of formal organisation began with the work of A. G. C. Homan B. Robert Redfield C. Max Weber D. Ross 5. Which of the following statements is true of Karl Marx? A. Marx was the first person to call himself a sociologist B. Marx headed the communist revolutions of the 19th century C. Marx believed that capitalism would replace socialism D. Marx focused his research and theories on class conflict 6. Which of the following did Emile Durkheim find in his study of suicide? E. Suicide rates are lower during times of war and revolution than in times of peace. F. Individuals who are well integarted into society are less likely to commit suicide. G. Individuals commit suicide because of purely individual factors H. Individuals who are depressed are more likely to commit suicide. 7. Max Weber’s view that sosiologists must allow their personal biases to affect the conduct of their research is referred to as A. value-free sociology C. ideal type B. verstehen D. social fact 8. W.E.B. Du Bois advanced the sociology by contributing A. a sociological understanding of racial inequality B. a sociologycal understanding of class inequality C. theories of individual freedom D. theories of gender 9. Sociologist investigating postmodern theory would study A. gender, race, and class C. goods and services B. economy and industry D. images and media 10. Which of the following statements is true of sociologists? A. They are exempt from the considerations of research ethics that govern biological researchers. B. They are exempt from the considerations of research ethics that govern biological researchers. C. They enjoy the same privileges as attorneys in protecting subject’s privacy
19 D. They should obtain informed consent in cases where subjects may be exposed to risks of Exercise 6 Based on the following statements which one True/ False 6. Structural Functionalism theory believes that people in society battle over scarce resources like money, power, and prestige. 7. Conflict theory is primarily based in the work of Emile Durkheim 8. Max Weber distinguished between societies that were based on organic solidarity and societies based on mechanical solidarity. 9. Functionalism is the sociological perspective that emphasizes the symbolic nature of human interactions. 10.Match the following elements of a term Exercise 7 Match the word in the left to the right! 11. Role Allocation a. matrealinism 12. Ascribed b. moore 13. Dialectical c. solidarity 14. Collective d. and perforamnce 15. Social e. status 16. Bourgeoisis f. conscience 17. Organic g. And ploterariat 18. Base h. And superstructure 19. Value i. analogy 20. Davis and j. Consensus Exercise 8 Translate into English! 1. Seorang dosen tidak sedang menerangkan ilmu Sosiology di depan kelas. ……………………………………………………………… 2. Para sosiolog sedang berdiskusi tentang masalah LGBT.. …………………………………………………………….... 3. Bagaimana upaya yang sedang pemerintah lalukan dalam menghadapi virus Covid 19? …………………………………………………………….. 4. Kenapa saat ini banyak penduduk desa bermigrasi ke kota-kota besar? ……………………………………………………………… 5. Bangsa kita sedang mengalami krisis dekadensi moral. ……………………………………………………………...
20 Exercises 9 Look for 10 public activity pictures then describe it using present progressive! ...................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... Present Progressive John is sleeping right now. I need umbrella because it is raining John and Mary are talking on the phone The present progressive expresses an activity that is n progress at the moment of speaking. It began in the recent past, is continuing at the present, and will probably end at some point in the future. I am taking five course this semester John is trying to improve his work habits. She is writing another book this year. Often the activity of a general nature; something generally in progress this week, this month, this year. Note (f): The sentence means that writing a book is a general activity she is engaged in at present, but it does mean that at the moment of speaking she is sitting at her desk with pen in hand. Present Continuous Tense Verbal Examples (+) S + is/am/are + V-ing + O ( -) S + is/am/are + not + Ving + O (?) is/am/are + S + Ving + O? Notes: I ………………….. am You, we , they …….are She, he, it, Ani …… is (+) She is eating rice (-) He is not eating rice (?) Is she eating rice? I am studying English They are studying English She is studying English Nominal Examples (+) S + is/am/are + (being) + C (-) S + is/am/are + not + (being) + C (?) Is/am/are + S + (being) + C? (+) She is fussy (-) She isn’t fussy (?) Is she fussy? Usage Time Signal Menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang terjadi pada saat kita Now (sekarang) Right now (sekarang juga)
21 berbicara sekarang ini. Menyatakan rencana yang akan dilakukan. She is sweeping the floor now. She is going to campus right now At present (saat ini) Nowdays (sekarang ini) This morning (pagi ini) Question Words Examples (S) QWs + is + V-ing + O? (V) QWv + is/am/are + S + doing? (O) Qwo + is/am/are + S + Ving? (A) Qwa + is/am/are + S + Ving? They are eating the rice in the inn. a b c d a. Who is eating rice in the inn? b. What are they doing in the inn? c. What are they eating in the inn? d. Where are they eating rice?
22 UNIT 4 COMMUNITY Conversation Tina : We have been known that our country consists of many islands. It starts from Sabang until Merauke. Each region has its own culture. Doni : Yes. I think differently makes us complete each other. By the way, have you heard about the term Islam Nusantara? Tina : I have known it from television, but I don’t understand about it. What do you think of it? Doni : I disagree about that term, as I know Islam is comprehensive for a whole, it's not spaced based on the region. Prophet Muhammad brought it for all human beings.. Tina : Today, there is so many term that pointed for moslem such as Islam Moderat, Islam Nusantara, Terrorism etc. It has made negative stigma for Islam. Doni : Let’s us study more about Islam to have a true understanding, and can give some argument to againts them. Exercise 1 Complete these conversations with the present perfect. A : ……… you ever ……… (get) a traffic ticket? B : Yes, I ………. . Once I got a ticket that cost me Rp. 50 ribu A : ……….you ever………….(be) late for an important appointment? B : Yes, I…………. . It was 30 minutes late for my wedding. Would you believe it! A : ………you ever ……….. (see) a house fire? B : No, I …………… . But I saw a car on fire the other day. A : ……….you ever ……………(forget) where you parked your car? B : No, I ………. , but my brother always does. It drives him crazy. Reading Text Community Like most things in the social sciences, community does not fit into a nice neat package. We use the word a lot, but in this training it is important to ask more
23 seriously what it is. First, let us note that a "community" is a construct, a model. We cannot see a whole community, we cannot touch it, and we cannot directly experience it. Like the words "hill" or "snowflake," a community may come in one of many shapes, sizes, colours and locations, no two of which are alike. More importantly, a community is not just the people who are in it. A community usually was already existing when all of its current residents were not yet born, and it will likely continue to exist when all of the people in it have left. It is something that is beyond its very components, its residents or community members. A community may have members who have temporarily moved to other locations. They may wish to eventually return, but not all do. Gusfield (1975) distinguished between two major uses of the term community. The first is the territorial and geographical notion of community - neighborhood, town, city. The second is “relational,” concerned with “quality of character of human relationship, without reference to location” (p. xvi). Gusfield noted that the two usages are not mutually exclusive, although, as Durheim (1964) observed, modern society develops community around interests and skills more than around locality. The ideas presented in this article will apply equally to territorial communities (neighborhoods) and to relational com- munities (professional, spiritual, etc). A "community" in some senses may not even have a physical location, but be demarcated by being a group of people with a common interest. For the purposes of our discussion here, however, the "community" which is the object of a mobilizer's attention, is usually one with a physical geographic location. A Community is a Sociological Construct: Not only is the concept of a community a "construct" (model), it is a "sociological construct." It is a set of interactions, human behaviours that have meaning and expectations between its members. Not just action, but actions based on shared expectations, values, beliefs and meanings between individuals. To understand how a community operates, and how it changes, it is necessary to learn a little bit about sociology the science. The mobilizer is an applied scientist; social scientist. While a pure scientist is interested in how things work, the applied scientist is interested in taking that knowledge and getting useful results. A community is established when more than two people share the same values and through time this personal connection evolves into a fellowship governed by rituals, traditions, and a particular form of communication that when taken together makes a group of individuals whether living in a specific geographical area or connected by ideals so distinct that their distinguishing marks allow them to stand out from among the crowd. They do not just believe in something like an organization but they need each other to survive and thrive. A Community has Fuzzy Boundaries: When an identified community is a little village, separated by a few kilometres from other villages, in a rural area, its boundaries appear at first to be very simple. That pattern of human interaction may be seen as consisting only of relations betweenthe residents living inside that location, inside that village. But its residents interact also with people outside the village. They marry persons from near and far, and may move or bring a spouse in
24 to live with them. At any one time, those village residents may have sisters, brothers, cousins, parents and extended relatives living elsewhere. The boundary of that community is not so precise. Communities Can be Within Communities: There may be communities within larger communities, including districts, regions, ethnic groups, nations and other boundaries. There may be marriages and other interaction that link villages on both sides of national borders. Communities May Move: Furthermore, where technology is not based on local horticulture, the community residents may be physically mobile. They may be nomadic herders walking long distances with their cattle. They may be mobile fishing groups who move from time to time as the fish are available. They may be hunters who move to follow the game. They may be hunters who move to follow the game. Urban Communities are Special: In urban areas, a community may be a small group ofa few homesteads of people from a common origin. That community in turn, may be part of a neighbourhood community or a barrio or other local urban division. As the boundaries become wider, there is more heterogeneity (differences in origin, language, religion or other features that can form a common identity). It may be in turn, a part of a wider municipality, which in turn may be part of a conglomeration comprising a large city. In general (with exceptions) an urban community has more fuzzy boundaries, is more difficult to demarcate, is more heterogeneous (varied, mixed), more complex, and more difficult to organize using standard community development methods, and has more complex and sophisticated goals, than rural communities. The Social Perspective of Human Settlements: A human settlement, or community, is not merely a collection of houses. It is a human (social and cultural) organization. (The houses, which are cultural products of humanity, belong to one of the six dimensions of society or culture, the technological dimension, as explained below). Also, it is not just a collection of human individuals; it is a sociocultural system; it is socially organized. This means that you need to know some things about society 6 things learned in sociology. A community does not talk, does not think, cannot feel, and does not act like a human being. It is a superorganic entity, and therefore moves, responds, grows and behaves through different principles, forces and mechanisms than a human being does. When we say a community is not the same thing as a human being, we say it does not have emotions, a head, thoughts, legs, or a hobby. It does, however, have different parts to it, that apply to social organizations and culture rather than to individual human beings. One important way to analyse a community, break it into different parts, is to use the six cultural "dimensions." We use "dimension" because these are analytical categories, made by us human beings, rather than being based upon observable parts (like parts of the body: head, arms, legs). In one of the training modules, Community Research, you will see that these six cultural dimensions (plus geography and demography) can be used as organizing categories for you to
25 research, observe, and understand the community where you intend to work. There are dimensions of community include: 1. Technological, 2. Economic, 3. Political, 4. Institutional (social), 5. Aesthetic-value, and 6. Belief-conceptual. We can list out the characteristics of a community as follows: 8. Territory 9. Close and informal relationships 10. Mutuality 11. Common values and beliefs 12. Organized interaction 13. Strong group feeling 14. Cultural similarity Exercise 2 Answer the Question below! 6. How are communities formed? 7. What is the importance of communities? 8. What are types of communities? 9. Mention the characteristic of each communities! 10. Describe the work of community organisation! Exercise 3 Choose A, B, C,or D to find the correct answer! 1. The main idea of the firts paragraph is ... E. territorial communities (neighborhoods) and to relational com- munities F. defenition of community G. community does not fit into a nice neat package H. residents or community members 2. The word it in line.8 refers to A. residents C. hill B community D. Shape 3. Mode of substance organized around hunting/trapping of wild game and gathering of wild edible plants, fruits, nuts, tubers, eggs, insects. C. Hunting and Gathering societies C. Holticurtural societies D. Agrarian/Agricultural Societies D. Industrial societies 4. Group of people usually living in the same geographical territory who share a common culture A. institution C. social class B. social network D. society 5. Which society is characterized by a reliance on mechanical power and new
26 sources of energy? A. agrarian C. postindustrial B. industrial D. postmodern 6. There are many heterogen people, live in a crowded situation. That characteristic of ...... A. rural C. urban B. Sub urban D. semiurban 7. Secondary group designed/organized to pursue some specific objective or set of objectives Examples: Hospital, Bank, Political party, etc. A. Associations or formal organizations B. communities C. Geographical communities D. Cultural communities 8. Which type of society is a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images? E. postmodern society F. postindustrial society G. industrial society H. All societies are preoccupied with consumer goods and media images. 9. In sociological terms, what do we call any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis A. a group C. an aggregate B. a society D. a category 10. The mass media, the government, the economy, the family, and the health care system are all examples ofSocial network A. Collectivities C. social intitution B. Social network D. group 11. Bound/tied on basis of spatial proximity Example: Hamlet, Village, Town, City, Metropolitan Areas, etc. E. Associations or formal organizations F. Geographical communitie G. Communities H. Cultural 12. Which among the following statement is not correct E. In past communities used to be self sufficient, politically, socially andeconomically F. No community can be self sufficient these days G. every community is self sufficient these days H. The term community denotes almost uniformaly and permanently shared lives of people over a definite range 13. Which of the following is the element of difference between community and society C. definite locality C. a group of person D. likeness of interest D. sentiment of oneness