HEALTH, PHYSICAL EDUCATION and CREATIVE ARTS Author Arjun K Baruwal M.Ed. (Health Education) Aakar Publisher & Distributor Pvt. Ltd. Kathmandu, Nepal Tel. No.: 01-5378629 BASED ON NEW CURRICULUM 4 Grade
Published & Distributed by: Aakar Publisher & Distributor Pvt. Ltd. Kathmandu, Nepal Telephone No.: 01-5378629 Author: Arjun K Baruwal Graphic Mobilizer / Design PSDESIGN # 9849055680 (Manoz Manohar) Copyright: © Author Artwork Prem Lamsal First Edition : 2079 BS (2022 AD) Printed in Nepal Health, Physical Education and Creative Arts Grade IV
This book belongs to My Name: ____________________________________________ Grade: _________________ Section: _______ Roll No: _______ School:_________________________________________________ Home Address: ________________________________________ Tel:_______________________ Cell: _______________________
Preface This book Health, Physical Education and Creative Arts – IV is our genuine presentation. It is fully based on Basic Education Curriculum-2077 BS for grade IV, prescribed by CDC Nepal. The book is prepared regarding students and teachers need and demand. Writing, designing and printing of the book focus on the child’s interests and desires. This book possesses some features. The salient features of the book are as: approved by Curriculum Development Center of Nepal fractional presentation of units and contents based on Basic Education Curriculum-2077 BS attractive designing and printing real photographs for the content Book writing is a challenging and responsible work. I accomplished this work without any obstruction. I got various helping hands in my work from different sectors. I am always grateful with them. My colleagues Mr. Mohan Niraula and Ms Anu Dhital are graceful persons. I can never forget their graceful support in the course of writing. Ms Kanti Mahato, national coach for athletics, Manoz Manohar (Designer) and District Traffic Police Office Chitawan are also thankful persons. The visual credit goes to Abin Kumar Baruwal and various apps of Google Company and medical sites. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Mr. Santosh Neupane, Mr. Binod Raj Upadhyay and their entire team for Aakar Publication Pvt. Ltd. I genuinely express my sincere thanks to all who extend their cordial assist directly or indirectly in my job. Thanks! Arjun K Baruwal
CONTENTS PART 1 : HEALTH EDUCATION 9 - 73 Unit 1: Personal Hygiene 10 Lesson 1 : Personal Hygiene 11 Unit 2: Environmental Sanitation 23 Lesson 1 : Environmental Sanitation 24 Lesson 2 : Environmental Pollution and Waste Matters 22 Unit 3: Food and Nutrition 37 Lesson 1 : Food, Functions and Sources 38 Lesson 2 : Balanced Diet and Junk Food 46 Unit 4: Diseases and Addiction 52 Lesson 1 : Communicable Disease 53 Lesson 2 : Smoking 60 Unit 5: Safety and First Aid 65 Lesson 1 : Safety and First Aid 66 PART 2 : PHYSICAL EDUCATION 74 - 126 Unit 6: Drill and Physical Training 75 Lesson 1 : Drill (Kawaz) 76 Lesson 2 : Physical Training (PT) 82
Unit 7: Athletics and Gymnastics 89 Lesson 1 : Athletics 90 Lesson 2 : Gymnastics 100 Unit 8: Minor, Local and Ball Games 105 Lesson 1 : Minor and Local Game 106 Lesson 2 : Ball Game 111 Unit 9: Yog 118 Lesson 1 : Yog 119 PART 3 : CREATIVE ARTS 127 - 175 Unit 10: Line Graph and Color 128 Lesson 1 : Line and Drawing 129 Unit 11: Print Art and Clay Work 140 Lesson 1 : Print Art and Methods 141 Lesson 2 : Clay Work 145 Lesson 3 : Craft Making 150 Unit 12: Singing and Playing 155 Lesson 1 : Singing 156 Lesson 2 : Playing 163 Unit 13: Dance and Acting 169 Lesson 1 : Dancing and Acting 170
PART 1 HEALTH Education Estimated Teaching Hours: 32 Hours (Working Hours)
10 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Estimated Teaching Hours: 5 Hours (Working Hours) Personal Hygiene 1 Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Topics Body Care and Need of Sanitation Sanitation of Hair, Face, Limbs and Nail Hand Wash and Technique Brushing of Teeth Menstruation and Hygiene
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 11 Lesson 1 Personal Hygiene 1.1. Introduction Our body has various organs. Nose, eye, ear, hand, leg, skin, etc. are some external organs of our body. These all organs should be clean, neat and well to be healthy. We should clean these organs regularly with clean water and soap. The proper cleanliness of the body and its parts makes us free from diseases, germs and dirt. Such type of cleanliness is known as personal hygiene. Personal hygiene includes bathing, care of face, trimming nail, care of hair, hand wash, brushing of teeth, rest and regular exercise. Hence, personal hygiene means the science of preserving and promoting health through the individual active efforts of a person. 1.2. Body Care / Sanitation The care of the body is a primary work to be healthy. We should not be lazy or careless to clean our body. A dirty body is a home of dirt, germs and diseases. The regular sanitation of the body makes us active and smart. Child’s Bath
12 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Let’s follow these activities of personal hygiene in daily life. a) Care of Hair Our head is covered with hairs. The regular care to our hairs brings beauty and prevents many problems. The long, dirty and non-combed hairs cause lice, dandruff, scabies, ringworm, irritation and allergy. Only clean and healthy hairs and good hair style give us freshness and enjoyment and increases our personality. Care of Hair Ways to care hair We should cut our hairs regularly. We should comb hairs properly. We can use good and pure oil to protect hair. We should not share comb, cap, handkerchief and towel. We should make hairs dry after bath.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 13 b) Care of Face Like other organs, we must care our face. We should wash our face with clean water daily. It removes oil, wastes, roughness and stiffness from the skin of our face. If we do not care our face carefully then it causes rashes, pimples and cracking of cheeks. We should clean our nose at the time of face wash. We should clean the hole of nose (nostrics) with the help of finger and water. c) Care of Limbs Hands and legs are limbs of human body. We must clean our hands, legs and face with soap and water after working and playing. We must wash our hands and legs after returning from the toilet or bathroom. d) Trimming Nails Long nails are harmful to us. They provide mode of transmission for the communicable disease. They trap dust, soil and dirt inside them. These are black in color. Germs are grown and alive there. They can mix up with our foods while eating and reach easily into our mouth, stomach and intestine. We may suffer from stomach pain, dysentery and diarrhea. We should use nail-cutter and scissors to trim the nails. Trimming Nail
14 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) What is the name of this sharp object? Is it safe to trim our nails? If not, why? ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 1.1 e) Hand Wash and Technique We eat many food stuffs with the help of our hands. So, we should keep our hands clean and neat. The hands may get the dust, dirt and harmful substances while doing works. The harmful substances may enter into our body along with eating of foods and respiration. Our hands must be free from these things to prevent the diseases and infections. We should wash our hands, fingers and nails properly with clean water and soap at least twenty seconds after doing these activities: returning from toilet / latrine playing and touching the wastes / pet animals cleaning works such as nose cleaning, ear cleaning, etc. touching some animals such as dog, cat, rabbit, hen, pig, etc. Hand Wash
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 15 We should apply the proper hand-wash technique for the removal of dirt and prevention of the diseases. The proper or safe hand wash techniques include the following steps. Step 1: Wet the hand and use the soap. Rub both palms. Step 2: Rub and wash the fingers and bottom by making interlock. Step 3: Wash the back of hands. Step 4: Wash the whole thumbs one by one. Step 5: Wash the back of fingers. Step 6: Wet the finger tips and nails. Step 7: Wash the wrist. Step 8: Rinse the hands and wipe with clean and soft towel. Make different groups consisting 5 to 8 members and practise all the steps of hand wash under the supervision of your subject teacher. 1.2
16 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) f) Cleaning of Teeth The teeth break and chew the foods. The small particles of food may trap between the teeth and gum. The regular cleaning of teeth is very essential to remove these particles (plaque). These food particles may cause bad smell, cavity, toothache and breaking if they remain for long time to decay. The tooth brushing and gargle of mouth with clean water cleans teeth, tongue and whole mouth. The regular cleaning of teeth makes them bright, attractive, strong and healthy. We should brush teeth twice a day after eating foods at morning and evening after eating. We should gargle our mouth after eating chocolates, biscuits, sweets, ice-cream, cheese balls and others. 1.3 Put the tick mark ( ) to the right ones. Activity Morning Evening My daily brushing time Before Meal ( ) After Meal ( ) Before Dinner ( ) After Dinner ( ) I use to clean teeth Brush ( ) / Sand ( ) / Tooth Paste ( ) / Ash ( ) / Twig of Neem ( ) / Brick ( ) / Charcoal ( ) I replace my brush when it Breaks ( ) Becomes old of 3 months ( ) Brushing of teeth
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 17 g) Bathing We must take bath regularly. We should bath daily in summer and once or twice in winter. We should not use extreme cold or hot water to bath. The bathing makes our whole body clean, makes us fresh and maintains the excretion process of skin. We should wipe the body by using clean and soft towel after bathing and should wear clean and neat clothes. Put the tick ( ) cross mark inside the brackets ( ). a. I take bath everyday in summer. ( ) b. I take bath everyday in winter. ( ) c. I never take bath everyday in summer. ( ) d. I take bath two times everyday in winter. ( ) 1.4 1.3. Menstruation and Hygiene Menstruation is a bleeding process that takes place in young girls and women. /hZjnf or g5'g] ePsf] is a Nepalese translation of this process. The blood is drained out from the uterus. Uterus is an internal organ of female body. The bleeding occurs 4 to 5 days. It is a simple physical process of human body. This process occurs following the physical growth and development. The drained out blood is dirty and contains lot of waste materials too. It makes the body wears dirty. That may cause infection, wound and itching of sexual organ, bad smell and mood off. So, proper hygiene is required.
18 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) There is no role of god, goddess and divine power for the menstruation. It is not resulted by any kind of sin. This process cleans the internal reproductive organs of female body. This natural process does not make the body dirty itself. The lacking of proper hygiene during the period makes the body quitely dirty. Menstruation is a sign of young stage and appears in cycle of every 28 days. This process commences at the age of nine / ten years. In somebody, it may take place earlier or delay. However, it is not a serious disorder. The Hygiene Activities Personal hygiene is an important act during menstruation. The cleaning of reproductive organs (vulva) and underwear are most important to be refreshing, clean and healthy as well to get happy mood. The use of sanitary pad is also beneficial to be active in daily life. The whole body bath is a basic hygiene work during the period. The use of Dettol or Savlon is advantageous to rinse underwear. It helps to control the infection. The girls should not be ashamed and can talk and share their problems, if support needs. Dettol, Anti-septic Solution Washable Sanitary Pads Disposable Sanitary Pads
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 19 Key Points: Personal hygiene includes bathing, care of face, trimming nail, care of hair, hand wash, brushing of teeth, rest and regular exercise. Personal hygiene means the science of preserving and promoting health through the individual active efforts of a person. We should clean all external organs regularly with clean water and soap. The proper hygiene is essential to be free from diseases, germs and dirt. Our hands must be free from these things to prevent the diseases and infections. The tooth brushing and gargle of mouth with clean water is essential to clean our teeth. We should gargle our mouth after eating chocolates, biscuits, sweets, ice-cream, cheese balls and others. The bathing makes our whole body clean, makes us fresh and maintains the excretion process of skin. Menstruation is a bleeding process that takes place in young girls and women. There is no role of god, goddess and divine power for the menstruation. Personal hygiene is an important act during menstruation. Menstruation is a simple physical process of human body that occurs following the physical growth and development. (A) State either true or false against the following statements. (1) Nose and eye are external organs of our body. ( ) (2) The hand wash removes the dust, dirt and harmful substances. ( )
20 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) (3) The irregular cleaning of teeth cannot prevent the dental problems. ( ) (4) We should not go with bare foot into the toilet that is unsafe. ( ) (5) We should bath daily in summer and winter. ( ) (6) Menstruation is caused by our god, goddess and devil. ( ) (B) Please read the following statements and put the tick ( ) mark inside the brackets if you do not have such habit. (1) I do not suck the fingers. ( ) (2) I do not bite the fingers. ( ) (3) I do not bite / suck pen and pencil. ( ) (4) I do not poke the fingers into the nose. ( ) (5) I do not poke the fingers into the ear. ( ) (6) I do not paste the chewing gum on the chair, hair and wall. ( ) (C) Write short answer of the following questions. (1) What is personal hygiene? Define in your own words. (2) Give any four activities of the personal hygiene. (3) Write any two advantages of hand wash. (4) Why is it necessary to wash our hands after use of toilet? (5) What are the problems caused by decayed food particles trapped in teeth? Write any two only. (6) Are chocolates and biscuits friendly to our teeth? If not, why? (7) What is menstruation? Define. (8) What are the ways to clean the teeth and mouth? Write.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 21 (9) Why should we trim our nail and hair? Write. (10) Why is sucking of finger bad habit? Write the reason. (D) Write long answer of the following questions. (1) Explain the hand wash techniques or steps. (2) What are the ways to care hair? Write. (3) What hygiene activities should be followed during menstruation? Write in points. (E) Method of Brushing: Please write the steps of brushing of teeth with the help of the given pictures. 3 4 5 1 2 (1) ________________________________________________ (2) ________________________________________________ (3) ________________________________________________ (4) ________________________________________________ (5) ________________________________________________
22 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) (F) Observe the photo and write the appropriate reasons. a. b. This is very dirty habit because ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... This is a dirty and danger habit because ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 23 Estimated Teaching Hours: 6 Hours (Working Hours) Environmental 2 Sanitation Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1 Environmental Sanitation 2 Environmental Pollution and Waste Matters
24 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Lesson 1 Environmental Sanitation 1.1. Introduction We live in environment. The environment is our common home. We need clean and safe environment for the healthful living. Healthy environment is a source for pure and fresh air, water and safe living place. Environment is a condition of air, water and land of the surroundings. Healthy environment upgrades the health of people, family and the community. The regular sanitation of the environment is the best way to create clean, healthy and beautiful environment or surroundings. The beautiful houses and surroundings In healthy and beautiful environment, houses, buildings, school, college, temple, market, road, square, well, pond and many public places are kept in clean and neat state.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 25 1.2. The Sanitation at Home and Surroundings The home is our shelter. It should be clean, neat and safe for the living. The kitchen, rooms, bathroom, toilet, tap, kitchen garden and yard all should be neat and clean. Clean house provides fresh air, water and place. We become healthy in the clean house. The surroundings around our home should be clean and neat. The road, chowk, well, taps and temple around the home should be clean and neat. We should keep them clean and safe to be free from germs and infection. The greenery environment is also required in the surroundings. We can follow these measures to maintain the sanitation in the home and surroundings: a) Regular cleaning of toilet / bathroom, tap, yard and rooms of home b) Use of dustbin and safe disposal of wastes c) Making the public toilet / bathroom in the community d) Making the toilet for the pet animals e) Cleaning the street, drainage, chowk and water resources regularly f) Provision of safe disposal system of wastes in the community Please, use the tick mark ( ), if you do these works to maintain cleanliness your home. a. I clean my room myself. ( ) b. I / we use dustbin to collect rubbish at home. ( ) c. I flush toilet or washroom after use. ( ) d. I / we do not take my poppy to the street or open area for the urination. ( ) 1.1
26 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 1.3. The Sanitation at School and Surroundings School is a place where children, teachers and personnel stay for long time. The environment of school and surroundings should be clean, neat and safe. The classrooms, office, library, laboratory, cafeteria, toilet / bathroom, playground and garden should be clean and attractive. The school’s surroundings should also be very beautiful. We can do the following activities to make our school and surroundings clean, neat and healthy: a) Use the dustbin / bag to collect the waste materials. b) Stop to litter everywhere and dispose the wastes safely. c) Develop the habit to use the toilet / bathroom. d) Clean periphery of school regularly. e) Clear the bushes and herbs around the school’s block. f) Organize the sanitation program in the school and community regularly. What are the sanitation activities to clean your school? Please, write any four. a. ..................................................................................................... b. ..................................................................................................... c. ..................................................................................................... d. ..................................................................................................... 1.2
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 27 Key Points: Environment is a state of air, water and land of surroundings around us. Healthy environment upgrades the health of people, family and community. Healthy environment is a source for pure and fresh air and water and safe living place. Clean environment is a basic requirement for the healthy life. Kitchen, room, bathroom, toilets, taps, kitchen garden and yard, all should be neat and clean. Environment of the school and surroundings should be clean, neat and safe. (A) Select the best alternatives from the given options and tick ( ) inside the brackets. (1) The pure and clean drinking water has not color, odor and ______ Taste ( ) Air ( ) Smoke ( ) (2) The amoeba and bacteria may present in ............................ water. Clean ( ) Polluted ( ) Filtered ( ) (3) We should not go to ................. for the passing of stool and urine. Toilet ( ) Washroom ( ) River ( ) (4) The uncivilized men take their pet animals to ........................... for the passing of stool and urine. Toilet ( ) Street ( ) Everywhere ( )
28 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) (B) Write short answer of the following questions. (1) What is an environment? Define. (2) State an importance of environmental sanitation. (3) Why should we clean our home? Mention a reason. (4) Why should we maintain sanitation in our school? Mention a reason. (C) Write long answer of the following questions. (1) Write any four characteristics of clean environment. (2) Write any four methods to make your home clean. (3) Write any four methods to make your school and surroundings clean. a) Draw a clean and neat figure of beautiful environment and exhibit in the classroom. b) Organize a meeting to prepare a calendar for the sanitation of school and surroundings in the presence of your class teacher or ECA co-ordinator. Note Please use A4 size plain paper or practical copy to complete your activity / assignment.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 29 Lesson 2 Environmental Pollution and Waste Matters 2.1. Environmental Pollution: An Introduction There is close relationship between human life and the environment. We need clean and neat environment to be healthy. The air, water and land are the basic components of the environment. These environmental components are also connected with our health and life. Air Pollution The environment should be clean, neat and pure for the living. However, the environment is being impure or polluted nowadays.
30 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) The environmental pollution is a great challenge to our health. The environmental pollution means mixing of harmful substances into the environment. The dust particles, smoke, ash, poisonous gas, plastics, metallic items, old medicines, etc. are some examples of harmful substances. They are mixing into the air, water and land causing contamination and known as pollutants. The air, water and land lose their natural qualities due to the pollution. The pollution creates the trouble to get fresh air, pure drinking water and safe living places. What kind of activities are going on to control pollution in your surroundings? Write any two. 2,1 2.2. Waste Matters The wastes The waste matters are useless or expired matters. The waste matters are produced in our home, school, office, temple, market
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 31 and other places. These waste materials can be found in the form of solid and liquid. We should manage them safely. The scatter or dumped waste materials ruin the environment around us. 2.3. Classification of Solid Waste Matter Paper, glass, plastic, plastic products, tin, wastage of vegetable, fruit, stale foods, wrappers, paper cartoon, old clothes, radio, mobile phone, etc. are some examples of waste matters. These waste materials can be classified into two groups. a) Degradable Waste b) Non- Degradable Waste a) Degradable Waste The solid wastes that can be decomposed are known as degradable wastes. Their life period is short and easy to manage. These solid wastes can be decay or degrade by biological process. These solid wastes are also called decomposable wastes. These solid wastes are useful to prepare compost manure. The wastes of fruits, vegetables, food stuffs from kitchen, paper, parts of plants, dead body of animals, dung and human excreta all are degradable solid wastes. b) Non-Degradable Waste These solid wastes mean the wastes that cannot degrade. They are also called non-decomposable wastes. These solid wastes are difficult to manage and dispose. They can exist for long period in the environment. These solid wastes bring many environmental and health hazards. Plastic and their products, metallic product, glass and expired electronic goods and devices are major non-degradable solid wastes.
32 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Solid Wastes Degradable Wastage of foods Glass and products Fruits waste Plastic and products Vegetables waste Metallic goods Excreta Electronic goods Plant's and animal's parts Non- degradable Chart 1: Classification of Solid Wastes 2.4. Poor Disposal of Waste and Hazards The waste materials should be disposed wisely. The unmanaged waste matters bring hazards in the community. The scattered wastes are harmful to human health. The harms of waste matters are given below: The wastes spread bad smell and difficult to breathe. The wastes support to spread insects, flies, rats, snakes and worms. The wastes cause the lack of pure water by making the water body dirty. The wastes support to spread various air and water borne diseases for example: diarrhea, cholera, jaundice, common cold, etc.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 33 2.5. Toilet, Usages and Importance The toilet /latrine is a place for urination and passing of stool. Our home, school, office and public places must have toilets. Rest room, washroom and bathroom are other names to the toilet. We should not use yard, kitchen garden, field, road, river, stream, lake and bushes for urination and passing of stool. It (open defecation) pollutes our surroundings and causes the communicable diseases like dysentery, diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, jaundice and worm infestation. Toilet helps to manage the human excreta and to control insects, flies, rats, snakes and worms. It keeps the surroundings beautiful and clean. We should cultivate the habits to use toilet. We should not go with bare foot into the toilet. It is our duty to flush the toilet and urinal after use. Toilet is equally needed to pet animals like dog, cat, etc. There is no trend to build toilet for the pets in the community. This trend is very bad and a kind of challenge for the sanitation. Read the following statements and put the tick mark ( ) against the right ones. i. A toilet should have a facility of water. ( ) ii. A toilet should have a facility of soap. ( ) iii. A toilet should have a facility of light and ventilation. ( ) 2.2 A toilet
34 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Key Points: There is close relationship between human life and the environment. The environmental pollution means mixing of harmful substances into the environment. The air, water and land lose their natural quality due to the pollution. The waste matters are useless or expired matters. The scatter or dumped waste materials ruin the environment around us. The wastes support to spread various air and water borne diseases for example: diarrhea, cholera, jaundice, common cold, etc. Toilet is equally needed to pet animals like dog, cat, etc. We should not use yard, kitchen garden, field, road, river, stream, lake and bushes for urination and passing of stool. (A) Complete the following statements with the correct words given in the box. cholera compost manure longest dung diarrhea pet animals tin stool urine bleeding (1) The degradable wastes are useful to prepare ................................ . (2) The non-biodegradable wastes have the ................................ life. (3) The human excreta includes ......................... and ........................ . (4) One example of a metallic waste is ................................ (5) The road and open space is not toilet for ................................ (6) The waste materials can transmit .......................................... and ...................................... in the community.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 35 (B) Write short answer of the following questions. (1) What is pollution? Define. (2) Write any two examples of pollutants. (3) What is waste matter? Define. (4) What is degradable waste? Define. (5) What is non-degradable waste? Define. (6) Why do we need toilet? Write. (7) Differentiate between degradable and non- degradable materials. (8) Why do pet animals need toilet like human beings? (C) Long answer questions. (1) Enlist any five degradable waste materials. (2) Enlist any five non-degradable waste materials. (3) What are the harms of waste materials? Write. (4) Write the ways to clean the toilet. Also make a list of toilet cleaning items.
36 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Project Work Find the degradable and non-degradable wastes produced from the different sources and write in the following table. Sources of Wastes Wastes Degradable Non- degradable Kitchen Classroom Canteen/Cafeteria Your Locality
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 37 Estimated Teaching Hours: 6 Hours (Working Hours) Food and Nutrition 3 Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1 Food, Functions and Sources 2 Balanced Diet and Junk food
38 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Lesson 1 Food, Functions and Sources 1.1. Introduction Food is a basic element of life like air and water. Our foods are found in the form of solid, semi-solid and liquid. We can consume these foods by cooking. There are some foods which can be consumed as raw or without cooking. Radish, carrot, cucumber, sweet potato, etc. can be used without cooking. Food and nutrition are related with each other. Nutrition means eating a healthy and balanced diet. Food contains various nutrients. Carbohydrate, protein, mineral, vitamin and fat / oil are the food nutrients. These nutrients are essential for the proper growth and development of human body. Our body gets all nutrients from the balanced food. Food nourishes the body. We should consume fresh and healthy foods to be healthy, strong and active. Complete the following table with suitable examples. Types of Food and Examples Solid Semi-Solid Liquid 1.1 Nepali Food
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 39 1.2. Classification of Foods by Source We consume different types of foods in our daily life. These foods come from different sources and supply all the required nutrients to maintain the nutrition. These foods are classified into categories. Plants and animals are the big food sources to human beings. These food sources are also termed as vegetarian and non- vegetarian food (sources). Some sources of Plant and Animal Foods a. Plant Sources Plants are big sources of foods. We can get almost foods from the plants. Fruits, flowers, stem, leaves and roots are used as foods. 1. Cereals They are main sources of food and nutrition. Rice, wheat, maize, millet, barley and buckwheat are examples of cereals. They are rich in carbohydrate and generate energy. 2. Pulse /Legume Pulse or Legume are the sources of protein. Lentil (Musuro), black gram (Maas), green gram (Syaltung), horse gram (Gahat), Rice: A plant food Pulse /Legume
40 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) etc. are pulse or legume. We can produce pulse (dal) from these food crops. 3. Beans These food crops are important for the production of pulse. They supply protein. Pea, gram, soybean, runner bean, pigeon pea, etc. are some types of bean. 4. Vegetables and Fruits They are great sources of food and nutrition. We can obtain varieties of vegetables and fruits according to season and climate. Radish, carrot, cauliflower, green leaves, latte, Sisno, Niuro, potato, tomato, pumpkin and sponge gourd are some common of vegetables. Orange, apple, Amala, mango, papaya, guava, litchi, Chutro, etc. are fruits. We can get vitamins and minerals from all vegetables and fruits. 5. Oil Mustard, sunflower, maize, coconut, etc. are the sources for the oil. b. Animal Sources Animals give us food like plants. We can get different food items from the different animals. Beans Oil Vegetables and Fruits
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 41 1. Milk and Products Animals like buffalo, cow, goat, sheep, etc. give us milk. The milk is highly nutritious and delicious to eat. It can be used to produce other products. Curd, ghee, butter milk, butter, cheese (Paneer and Chhoorpi), etc. are other milk products. 2. Meat and Fat Animals are the sources for the egg, meat and fat. Birds, fish, animals like goat, buffalo, etc. are the source of meat, fat and egg. Meat supplies the protein to our body. 1.3. Functions of Food We eat many foods in daily life. There are various foods and sources to us. Dal, Bhat, Tarkari, Roti, Dhindo, Pitho and Aanto are the most common and chief foods in our home. We also eat other food stuffs. They are highly nutritious and yummy. We enjoy while eating foods. These foods perform several functions in our body. Let’s read about the functions of food: 1. They yield energy to work. 2. They maintain our sound growth and development. 3. They protect our body from disease and infection. 4. They develop our brain and its power. Meat and Fat Milk and Products Dhindo
42 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 5. They heal wound and injury of the body. 6. They make our body strong, robust, active and healthy. 7. They maintain temperature and warmness in the body. 8. They save us from mal-nutrition. Find the sources of the following food and mention inside the box: 1.2 Key Points: Food is a basic element of life like air and water. Food contains various nutrients. Nutrition means eating a healthy and balanced diet. Food contains various nutrients. Carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, vitamins and fat or oil are food nutrients. Food diversity includes the various types of food sources that we eat. Energy giving foods provides the energy to the body. The increment in height and weight of the body is possible by body building foods. Dal, Bhat, Tarkari, Roti, Dhindo, Pitho and Aanto are the most common and main foods we eat in our home.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 43 (A) State the following statements either true or false inside the brackets. (1) Food, air and water are the basic elements of life. ( ) (2) We should consume fresh and healthy foods to be healthy, strong and active. ( ) (3) A single food source contains all nutrients. ( ) (4) The development of our brain depends upon the consumption of body building foods. ( ) (B) Complete the following sentences with the help of options given in the box. (1) Cereal is the source of ...................................... (2) Beans supply ...................................... (3) Legume supplies ...................................... (4) Vegetables and fruits are the sources of vitamins and .................. protein fat carbohydrate minerals oil salt (C) Short questions. (1) What is food? Define. (2) Why food called a basic element of life? (3) Write any four examples of animal foods. (4) Write any four examples of plant foods. (5) Why should we consume healthy food? Write. (6) State any two plant sources of protein. (7) Differentiate between rice and milk in a point.
44 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) (C) Long question. (1) What are energy giving foods? Explain. (2) Explain body building foods. (3) Write about body protecting foods. (D) Find the name of different food items in the following Crossword of Food with the help of the given image and circle each of them. p o t a t o a b s t p b s a o i c h i c k e n s h e z a t g i c i g z r o g o u p n a r n h n i s h o o r b u t r h e t r i c e
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 45 Please complete the following table finding the plant and animal food sources available in your community. You can also mention the locally cultivated foods in the table. SN Plant Sources Animal Sources Food Food 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
46 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Lesson 2 Balanced Diet and Junk Food 2.1. Balanced Diet We need diet (food) to live and work. The food should be balanced for the good health. The balanced diet can only maintain good health, proper growth and development of the body. Consumption of balanced diet is vigorous for the development of our mind and intellectual growth of the children. The amount of food stuffs can be varied to infant, toddler, children, teens, youth and others. The work load of people can also fix the amount of foods and variety. The balanced diet is a right amount of food that contains all the food nutrients required for the good health, proper growth and development of the body. The food nutrients consist of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and fat or oil. The balanced diet can be prepared from different sources of food which we get from plants and animals. 2.2. Use of Balanced Diet The balanced diet should be use regularly. It needs to the people of all age groups. It is highly essential for the infants and children of fast growing stage too. Regular consumption of balanced diet makes us healthy and strong. It controls the malnutrition in the Chart No 2: A model to prepare balanced diet
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 47 family and community. We should be conscious while preparing our daily food stuffs. We should learn to prepare balanced diet. 2.3. Healthy Food and Selection Eating of food is not at all. The use of healthy food is important to maintain our health and life. The healthy food can nourish both body and mind. It is reliable source for the supplement of nutrients. They are rich in all kinds of food nutrients. The healthy food has the following qualities: They are fresh and have natural color. They are free from any kind of diseases and contamination. They are washed with clean water at hygienic place. They are packed or stored safely at hygienic place. They are cultivated in organic farming methods. They are not highly attractive or dark / dim to look. We should pay the right attention for the selection of healthy foods. The above food qualities can assist for the selection. We should not peel the bark, skin and coat of all the fruits and vegetables. It is a kind of silly work. The bark, skin and coat of some fruits and vegetables contain fiber (roughage) and nutrients. The fiber helps for the excretion of faeces. We should cultivate healthy feeding habits to be healthy. Slices of Cucumber Healthy food: Carrot
48 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Please organize an intra-class quiz contest based on food, nutrition and balanced diet and play in your classroom. 2.1 2.4. Junk Foods and Effects The processed food containing high amount of calorie but having low nutritional value is called junk food. Junk foods contain high amount of salt, sugar and fat but less protein, fiber, vitamin and mineral. They are extremely yummy but unhygienic and innutritious to the body. Some junk foods are attractive and colorful. The food items manufacture by industry or factory are the example of junk foods. Noodles, cheese balls, biscuit, burger, chowmein, chips, sticks, pani-puri, chatpat, hot dog, French fry, ketch up, etc. are some examples of the junk foods. a) Adverse Effects of Junk Foods The regular consumption of junk foods can show the various adverse effects. These effects are as follows: 1. They cause loss of appetite. 2. They cause indigestion and constipation. 3. They make the bones and joints weak. 4. They may cause food poisoning and diarrhea. Junk Foods
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 49 5. They may cause child’s obesity, heart disease and diabetes. 6. They can cause malnutrition to the children and youngsters especially. b) Awareness Against Junk Food Consumption of junk foods is harmful to all. We should control the regular consumption of junk foods in family, school and the community. We should be aware to use the right and wise use of these junk foods. We can follow the following measures to create the awareness in the community: a. We should discuss about junk foods and its effects in the family and community. b. We should give the social message against junk foods through radio, television and social media. c. We should give the education about the junk foods and their harmful effects to the especially to the children and youth. Which of the following food stuffs are good to maintain your good health? Please tick inside the brackets and also mention the appropriate reason. a. Kurkure ( ) b. Dhindo ( ) c. Ice-cream ( ) d. Milk ( ) e. Coca-Cola and Fanta ( ) They are good because _______________________________ ________________________________________________ 2.2
50 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Key Points: Consumption of balanced diet is vigorous for the development of mind and intellectual growth of the children. Balanced diet is a right amount of food that contains all the food nutrients required for the good health, proper growth and development of the body. Use of healthy food is important to maintain health and life. The healthy food can nourish both body and mind. We should not peel the bark, skin and coat of all the fruits and vegetables. The bark, skin and coat of some fruits and vegetables contain fiber (roughage) and nutrients. We should cultivate healthy feeding habit along with the selection and preparation of healthy foods. We should protect our body, mind and whole health from the bad impacts of unhygienic food. The processed food containing high amount of calorie but having low nutritional value is called junk food. Junk foods contain high amount of salt, sugar and fat but less protein, fiber, vitamin and mineral. (A) Read the following items and match correctly. (1) Balanced diet ( ) destroy health (2) Unhygienic food ( ) good health (3) Fiber ( ) proper growth (4) Healthy food ( ) skin and bark ( ) costumes