Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 151 Please, use the art of wire sculpture and prepare the following things. a. Sun b. Star c. Flower d. Tree e. Ball 3.1 3.3. Paper Can and Construction The paper box, can and packet can be used for the construction of different models. These paper items are comparatively hard and strong. The paper items can be obtain from the tooth paste, electronic goods, food items and others. These paper boxes, cans and packets are useful for the construction of toys, decorative items, Khuttrukes, etc. Ways of Construction 1. Select the appropriate size of any one of paper box, can and packet. 2. Modify (cutting, tearing, folding, pasting, etc.) it according to your concept or design. 3. Give it an appropriate size and shape. 4. Use an appropriate color and dry it. Construction of Paper Models
152 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Please, collect some paper can from the shops and construct the variety of items as per your interest. Demonstrate all the items in the classroom. 3.2 3.4. Collection of Old / Expired Materials and Construction We should not dispose the old and expired materials. Match box, juice can, bottle, old clothes, pencil dust, wooden piece, etc. can be materials for the construction of different items. We can construct new and attractive items by using them. The following activities are helpful for the construction works: a. Pasting and Cutting b. Folding c. Fixing by using nail or rubber band and thread Use of Old and Expired Materials
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 153 Please, prepare the following items by using the old newspapers, book cover, cardboard paper, etc. a. Paper Kite b. Paper Ball c. Paper Bag d. Paper Fir-fire (Paper Fan) and e. Paper Boat and Aeroplane 3.3 Key Points: The skill in making things especially with the hands is known as craft. Match box, juice can, bottle, old clothes, wooden piece, etc. can be the materials for the construction of different items. A. Write short answer of the following questions. (1) What is craft? Define in your own words. (2) What is the meaning of wire sculpture? Write. (3) Make a list of models that can be constructed by the use of paper can.
154 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Project Work Minute Craft with bottle: Manage all the required materials and prepare a craft of old or expired plastic bottle. Required Materials: 1. Old plastic bottle 2. Color / Paints 3. Marker pen 4. Scissors Procedures 1. Cut the plastic bottle into two parts. 2. Using scissors, cut shape as seen in the picture. 3. Paint the bottle in white and draw faces on it with the marker pen. 4. Allow the paint to dry. 5. You can organize and store your pens or toothbrushes and paste in them.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 155 Estimated Teaching Hours: 10 Hours (Working Hours) Singing and Playing 12 Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Topics National Anthem and Singing Practice Class Song /Child Song and Singing Practice Local Song / Song of Mother Tongue and Singing Practice Swar Rehearsal Counting, Clapping, and practise with Rhythm Kaharawa Taal and Jhyaure Taal Local Instrument and Introduction
156 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Lesson 1 Singing 1.1. Singing All the people love music and songs. However, few people have the skills of singing. Singing is an art of vocal (swar). The use of musical instruments and claps make the singing tuneful and artistic. Madal, Murali, Bansuri, Sarangi, Guitar, Khainjadi, Harmonium, etc. are popular folk musical instruments. 1.2. Song and Singing We are going to practise the songs of different genre in this unit. a) National Anthem -/fli6«o ufg_ Please, read the lyrics of our national anthem and remember it. ;of}F y'Fuf k"mnsf xfdL, Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL ;fj{ef}d eO{ km}lnPsf, d]rL–dxfsfnL . k|s[ltsf sf]6Lsf]6L ;Dkbfsf] cfFrn . jL/x¿sf] /utn] :jtGq / c6n . 1fge"ld, zflGte"ld t/fO{, kxf8 lxdfn cv08 of] Kof/f] xfd|f] dft[e"ld g]kfn . ax'n hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt 5g\ ljzfn . cu|ufdL /fi6« xfd|f] ho ho g]kfn ¤¤¤ Atithi Gautam KC (3 years), Lalitpur, the youngest singer in the world (2010)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 157 Please, listen the audio / video (MP3 or MP4) of our national anthem and do the following task: 1.1 (a) Practise the national anthem to sing as solo, duet or chorus with clap in the class or assembly. (b) Who is the author of the national anthem? ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. (c) Who is music composer of our national anthem? ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. (d) How many letters are there in our national anthem? ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. (e) Who are the singers of our national anthem? ................................................................................................. .................................................................................................
158 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) b) Class Song -sIffut uLt_ lstfasf kfgf x]/, xfdLeGbf ;fgf -tL kfgfdf jL/tf /, uf}/jsf ufgf_ @ sndsf 6'Kkf cem}, cf}FnfeGbf ;fgf -To} 6'Kkfn] 1fgL s'/f, n]V5f}F kfgf kfgf_ @ xfdL dfG5] ;fgf ;fgf -kfP ;xL 1fg_ @ kf}/vn] p7fpF5f}F, -g]kfnsf] ;fg_ @ ;a}eGbf zLtn 5fof, -lxdfnsf] 5fof_ @ -hlt a9\5f}F plt a9\5, :jb]zsf] dfof_ @ xfdL /f]K5f}F af]6lap -xfdL wtL{ sf]5f{}F_ @ ;a} ldnL g]kfndf, -gofF /ª e5f}F_ @ k9L n]vL l;k l;Sg], -k}nf] xfd|f] sfd_ @ -h] h] l;S5f}F r9fOlbG5f}F o} b]zsf] gfd_ @ uLtsf/ M e"kfn /fO{ ÷ ;ª\uLtsf/ M k|bLk aDhg a) Please, attempt to sing the class song in group, solo or duet. The use of clap or instruments makes the singing tuneful. b) Please, search and attempt to sing a song fabulous in local places. If you have any cultural, ethnical and communal background, please show your effort to sing folk and modern songs of community. 1.2
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 159 c) Child Song -afnuLt_ af]nM n]ssf xfdL j]m6fj]m6L :j/ M :jl0f{d :s'n, sf7df8f}+sf afnaflnsf -sf]/;_ zAb M cfef; ÷ ;+uLt M /fd]z >]i7 n]ssf xfdL j]m6fj]m6L n]ssf xfdL j]m6fj]m6L, j'mlx/f]leq :s'n 5 rf}F/LnfO{ r/fpFb} lbg laT5, k9\g' / n]Vg' d'l:sn 5 n]ssf xfdL j]m6fj]m6L, j'mlx/f]leq :s'n 5 rf}F/LnfO{ r/fpFb} lbg laT5, k9\g' / n]Vg' d'l:sn 5 . -lxpFdf sf]/]sf] cIf/ t, Psl5gdf lanfO{ hfOhfG5_ @ -lbgel/ x]g{' 5 ufO{j:t', gx]/] efn'n] vfOhfG5_ @ n]ssf xfdL j]m6fj]m6L, j'mlx/f]leq :s'n 5 rf}F/LnfO{ r/fpFb} lbg laT5, k9\g' / n]Vg' d'l:sn 5 . -gfuLdf p8]sf] w'Fjf t, afbn aGg hfOhfG5_ @ -afbnsf] cIf/ cfsfzdf, b]v]/ of] dg sNkG5 _ @ n]ssf xfdL j]m6fj]m6L, j'mlx/f]leq :s'n 5 rf}F/LnfO{ r/fpFb} lbg laT5, k9\g' / n]Vg' d'l:sn 5 . -sndn] n]Vg] dg lyof], lxpFn] kf] cf}+nf vfOlbof]_ @ -s'lx/f]df n's]sf] :s'nn], 6f9} a;]/ af]nfof]_ @ Ramesh, Legendary Singer / Musician
160 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) n]ssf xfdL j]m6fj]m6L, j'mlx/f]leq :s'n 5 rf}F/LnfO{ r/fpFb} lbg laT5, k9\g' / n]Vg' d'l:sn 5 . n]ssf xfdL j]m6fj]m6L, j'mlx/f]leq :s'n 5 rf}F/LnfO{ r/fpFb} lbg laT5, k9\g' / n]Vg' d'l:sn 5 . (a) Please, listen the audio / video (MP3 or MP4) of the fabulous child song æn]ssf xfdL j]m6fj]m6L, =============Æ and practise the song in the class / music room with the help of your teacher. (b) Please, practise to clap in the count of 4/4, 6/6 and 8/8 along with ordinary rhythm and song. You can practise in a team. 1.3 1.3. Count, Clap and practise with Rhythm and Activity Use the khali, tali, count and title (bol) to practise the clap along with the count of 1to 8. Also play the madal in khali. ! @ # $ % ^ & * tfnL tfnL tfnL tfnL vfnL tfnL tfnL tfnL !,@ #,$ %,^ &,* lw+ ù glt gs lw+gf jf lw+ ù kmt\tfª tslw+ lw+tfª
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 161 1.4. Rehearsal of Swar (Vocal) and Alankar Look at the adjoining musical instrument. You may recognize this traditional and classical musical instrument. The instrument is in wide practise of various Swar. Swar is a word of Sanskrit language and connotes simultaneously a breath, a vowel, the sound of a musical note and the successive steps of the octave or Saptak. There are altogether twelve Swar in music. Swar Note Please, learn the following Swar and practise them under the monitoring of your music teacher. You should play the harmonium along with your practices. cf/f]x – ;f /] u d k w lg ;f+ cj/f]x – ;f+ lg w k d u /] ;f . cf/f]x – ;f;f /]/] uu dd kk ww lglg ;f+;f+ cj/f]x – ;f+;f+ lglg ww kk dd uu /]/] ;f;f . Harmonium
162 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) cf/f]x – ;f/]u /]ud udk dkw kwlg wlg;f+ cj/f]x – ;f+lgw lgwk wkd kdu du/] u/];f cf/f]x – ;f/] ud /]udk udkw dkwlg kwlg;f+ cj/f]x – ;f+lgwk lgwkd wkdu kdu/] du/];f cf/f]x – ;f/] ;f/]u /]u /]ud ud udk dk dkw kw kwlg wlg wlg;f+ cj/f]x – ;f+lg ;f+lgw lgw lgwk wk kd kdu kdu du du/] /] uu/];f Please, play the above Swar in harmonium or keyboard and practise to sing any child song along with the rhythm and bhaka of the instrument. You can clap and count in your singing. 1.4 Key Points: All the people of the world love music and songs. The use of musical instruments and claps make the singing tuneful and artistic. Swar is a word of Sanskrit language and connotes simultaneously a breath, a vowel, the sound of a musical note and the successive steps of the octave or Saptak. A. Write short answer of the following questions. (1) What is Swar? (2) What is the meaning of singing? (3) Draw a nice picture your musical instrument.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 163 Lesson 2 Playing 2.1. Rhythm: Count and Clap (Ganti ra Taali) Rhythm is an ordered, repeated and alternation of strong and weak elements in the flow of sound and silence in speech. The aspect of music comprising all the elements (such as accent, meter and tempo) that relate to forward movement is rhythm. The count and clap in rhythm and music is an integral act. They are in use of all music genres. a) Counting Rhythm In traditional way, we learn to count rhythms by using numbers along with some other words or sounds. Now, we would count the beat 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, and so on. Inbetween, we would fill in the word 'and' for the eighth note subdivisions of each beat. Chart No 2: Counting Rhythm and Meaning of Note
164 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) b) Clapping Rhythm Human’s clap with the palms of their hands, often quickly and repeatedly to express appreciation or approval (applause). In rhythm as a form of body percussion (relation) to match the sounds in music, dance, chants, hand games and clapping games. The clapping is used in many forms of music. The clapping rhythm follows the pattern in music. The patterns are 1/2, 4/4, 6/6, 8/8 and so on. (a) Please, listen various child rhymes, folk, Dohori, modern, pop song and practise the counting and clapping patterns of rhythm. You can do solo or chorus practice. Your music teacher may assist you. (b) These instruments are categorized as Panchebaja in Nepal. Please, recognize each of them with the help of clues and write their name inside the boxes. 2.1 Clues Jhyali Narsingha Dholak Sanai Damaha Tyamko
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 165 2.2. Folk Rhythm: Jhyaure and Kaharawa All the people love music and songs. However, few rhythm of folk music are discussed in this unit. a) Jhyaure Bhaka -em\ofp/]_ Jhyaure has 6-beat musical rhythm as well 16 syllables in a line known as Jhyaure Taal. In Jhyaure, poetic language, final /a/ in words is not pronounced, like: tin (three). Jhyaure is not connected to any particular season, festival or ceremony. It is independent and popular in all seasons. It includes Sringaar ras and spreads the theme of romance and love. The Jhyãure songs use the Jhyãure poetic meters and variations of the following Jhyaure taãls (for the mãdal): Chart No: 3 Fast Jhyaure tãl Bol Ghin Ti Na Ghin Na || Beat 1 2 3 4 5 6 || Strong Beats X (X) || Slow Jhyaure tãl Bol Ghin Ghin Tang Khat Ghin Tang || Beat 1 2 3 4 5 6 || Strong Beats X (X) || Barta Gandharva, Musician
166 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Please, listen various Jhyaure folk songs and practise to sing them by using instruments. You can visit You Tube channel to find these songs. 2.2 b) Kaharawa -sx/jf_ Kaharwa is an 8-beat (taal) pattern used in rags of classical music. In Kaharawa, the audience claps on the first beat and then shows that fifth beat is waved (not clapped). It is most used taal in Nepali music. Chart No: 4 /]zd lkml/l/ -sx?jf tfn_ ;f ;f/] u w k — — w k u/] ;f /]u /] — /]u /];f ;f ;f/] u w k kd+ u/] u /] /];f w /] ;f — — — Folk song: Resham firiri………….. by Buddhi Pariyar Play the Madal and Murali and practise to sing “Sim Sime Panima ...............” based on Kaharawa . .............................. 2.3 2.3. Local / Traditional Instrument There are so many local and traditional musical instruments used in folk music. Sarangi, madal, murali, damaha (nagara), harmonium,
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 167 etc. are few examples of such instruments. Among them, a short introduction of Sarangi is given here. Sarangi Sarangi has always been famous among the Gandharvas of Nepal. It was introduced into existence by the Gandharva community of Kaski District. Sarangi is a string and taal instrument. In addition to the traditional ‘Gaine Geet’ that the Sarangi is most closely identified with folk, Dohori, modern, classical, pop, rock, blues and jazz, all genres of music. It is being equally popular among the artists of all categories. Sarangi is made up of a single piece of wood from Khirro which is a special type of light wood. Lower part of the Sarangi is covered by dried skin of goat or sheep upon which the bridge is made to rest. Some Sarangi makers also use the skin of Komodo Dragon (Sun Gohoro) which keeps the tune of the Sarangi more stable. It has four string wires which were also traditionally made of dried intestines of goats and sheep. It resembles to a violin of western country. (1) Please, draw a clean and neat figure of traditional instrument Sarangi. (2) Please, practise to play the traditional instrument Sarangi. (3) Please, sing any folk or Dohori song and practise to play the traditional instrument Sarangi. It is better to practise in groups. 2.4 Brown Colored Sarangi
168 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Key Points: The aspect of music comprising all the elements (such as accent, meter and tempo) that relate to forward movement is rhythm. The count and clap in rhythm and music is an integral act. They are in use of all music genres. Jhyaure has 6-beat musical rhythm as well as 16 syllables in a line known as Jhyaure Taal. Kaharawa is an 8-beat (taal) pattern used in rags of classical music. Sarangi has always been famous among the Gandharvas of Nepal. Sarangi is being equally popular among the artists of all categories. Sarangi is a string and taal instrument. Sarangi has four string wires which were also traditionally made of dried intestines of goats and sheep. (A) Write short answer of the following questions. (1) What is rhythm? Write. (2) Write short introduction to the Sarangi. (3) How many strings are there in the Sarangi? (4) What is the most use rhythm in Nepali music? Write. Project Work (1) Please, organize a singing idol competition in your class or school based on Jhyaure and Kaharaha Taal. (2) Please, observe the photo of a folk dance of Nepal. And write names of musical instruments playing in the dance.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 169 Estimated Teaching Hours: 6 Hours (Working Hours) Dance and Acting 13 Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1 Child Song and Dance 2 Class / Local Song / Song of Mother Tongue and Dance 3 Acting
170 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) Lesson 1 Dancing and Acting 1.1. Dance / Nritya Dance is a set sequence of physical steps typically following the rhythm of music. The movement of hands, feet, gestures and expressions following the taal of music are significant in the dance. Khutta ko Taal refers to the movement of legs with the tune of music. The different steps of legs are performed in two, three, four, or six folds. Please, perform your dance with Khutta Ko Taal, Hatko Taal and gesture in the following songs. The count patterns of 6/6 and 8/8 are best to be followed. 1.1 (1) Class Song of Grade 4 lstfasf kfgf x]/, xfdLeGbf ;fgf -tL kfgfdf jL/tf /, uf}/jsf ufgf_ @ sndsf 6'Kkf cem}, cf}FnfeGbf ;fgf -To} 6'Kkfn] 1fgL s'/f, n]V5f}F kfgf kfgf_ @ A school child performing her show with costumes
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 171 xfdL dfG5] ;fgf ;fgf -kfP ;xL 1fg_ @ kf}/vn] p7fpF5f}F, -g]kfnsf] ;fg_ @ ;a}eGbf zLtn 5fof, -lxdfnsf] 5fof_ @ -hlt a9\5f}F plt a9\5, :jb]zsf] dfof_ @ xfdL /f]K5f}F af]6lap -xfdL wtL{ sf]5f{}F_ @ ;a} ldnL g]kfndf, -gofF /ª e5f}F_ @ k9L n]vL l;k l;Sg], -k}nf] xfd|f] sfd_ @ -h] h] l;S5f}F r9fOlbG5f}F o} b]zsf] gfd_ @ uLtsf/ M e"kfn /fO{ ;ª\uLtsf/ M k|bLk aDhg (2) Local Song / Song of Mother Tongue Identify any song that is popular in your local place and perform your dance. If you know your mother tongue’s song, please do not hesitate to sing that song and dance. (3) Child Song Select any child song or rhyme whatever you like and perform your dance. Two children songs of Nepali language are also given below.
172 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) a) Child’s Song -1 -afn uLt – !_ rnlrq M b'O{ yf]kf cfFz' ÷ uLt M h"g t nUof] tf/fn] uflosf M ef/tL l3ld/] ÷ ;+uLt M /l~ht uhd]/ ÷ zAb M /l~ht uhd]/ -h"g t nUof] tf/fn], dg t nUof] dfofn], of] kxf8 Tof] kxf8 x]bf{ x]b{} ;f/fn]_ @ h"g t nUof] -tf/fn]_ @ -/ª\uL la/ª\uL k"mnsf] y'ª\uf y'ª\uf l6k]/, ltdL lx8\g] uf]/]6f] ;kgfn] e/]/_ @ cfFvfsf] gfgLdf ;hfpg]5g\ ;f/fn] h"g t nUof] tf/fn], dg t nUof] dfofn], of] kxf8 Tof] kxf8 x]bf{ x]b{} ;f/fn] h"g t nUof] -tf/fn]_ @ -k/L 8'Ng] b]zdf k'tnLsf] e]ifdf, ld7f] ld7f] w'gdf sf]onLsf] af]nLdf_ @ ufpg] 5g\ ltd|f] uLt k/Lx¿ ;f/fn] h"g t nUof] tf/fn], dg t nUof] dfofn], of] kxf8 Tof] kxf8 x]bf{ x]b{} ;f/fn] h"g t nUof] -tf/fn]_ @ -ltd|f] ;fgf] d'6'df slt w]/} dfof 5, ltd|f] ;'Gb/ cfFvfdf ddtfsf] 5fofF 5_ @ b]Vg] 5g\ of] dfof, ;a} hu ;f/fn] -h"g t nUof] tf/fn], dg t nUof] dfofn], of] kxf8 Tof] kxf8 x]bf{ x]b{} ;f/fn]_ @ h"g t nUof] -tf/fn]_ #
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 173 b) Child’s Song -2 -afn uLt – @_ af]nM d]/f] ufpF Hofld/] zAbM /fdafa' ;'j]bL ;+uLt M /fd]z >]i7 :j/ M 6]Dbf] l5l/ª u'?ª, cª df / :jl0f{d :s'nsf ljBfyL{x¿ PNad M afn uLt -efu !_ d]/f] ufpF Hofld/], P hd'gLsf] 5f]/f] d sfn] eG5g dnfO{, P t/ dfG5] uf]/f] d . ;a} k9\g uP5g\, hfGg] ;'Gg] eP5g\ d t cem} uf]7df, 5}g xfF;f] cf]7df lsg lsg dg of], b'v] b'v] h:tf] 5 of] Hofld/] ufpFdf, s'/f] dfq ;:tf] 5 . d]/f] ufpF Hofld/], P hd'gLsf] 5f]/f] d sfn] eG5g dnfO{, P t/ dfG5] uf]/f] d ;a} eG5g dnfO{, :s'n lsg guf’sf] s;}n] lg a'em]gg\, sfkL snd gef’sf] d]/f] ;fgf] uf]7 g}, d]/f] ;fgf] :s'n uf]a/sf cIf/, k9\g n]Vg d'l:sn . d]/f] ufpF Hofld/], P hd'gLsf] 5f]/f] d sfn] eG5g dnfO{, P t/ dfG5] uf]/f] d .
174 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 1.2. Acting Acting is an activity in which a story is told by means of its enactment by an actor or actress. A person adopts a character in theatre, street, television, play, film, radio or any other medium. The story or dialogue is a vital component for the drama and cinema. Cinematic dialogue is an oral speech between fictional characters. That makes use of the mimetic mode. The story or dialogue are collected from human life, nature, society, culture, festivals, literature, politics and so on. The Scenes of Dialogue in a Drama (1) Please, write the script for a short drama and prepare a dialogue for the actor / actress. Rehearsal the dialogue and organize a stage show in your school. Your textbook of Nepali, English, Science, Health, Physical Education, etc. may be source for the script writing. (2) Did you watch any drama? If so, please write a couple of paragraph focusing the story of drama. 1.1 Shur Bir Pandit, the famous artist, Radio Drama / Cinema
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) 175 Key Points: Dance is a set sequence of physical steps typically following the rhythm of music. Khutta ko Taal refers to the movement of legs with the tune of music. Acting is an activity in which a story is told by means of its enactment by an actor or actress who adopts a character in theatre, street, television, play, film, radio or any other medium. The story or dialogue are collected from human life, nature, society, culture, festivals, literature, politics and so on. Project Work Which is your favourite Nepali song ? Write the lyrics of the song and attempt to sing in a group. ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................
176 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 4 (Approved by CDC) ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................