STEP 2 LEARNING ITEMS OF PRONOUNS 1. Pronouns Rhyme 2. Use of Personal Pronouns : he, she, it, I, we, you, they 3. Forms of Personal Pronouns: I, me, my, mine, 4. Reflexive Pronouns: myself, himself, herself 5. Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those 6. Interrogative Pronouns: what, which, who, whom 7. Indefinite Pronouns: someone, none, anyone Item-1 Pronouns Rhyme ACTIVITY - 1 Let's sing. Pronouns, pronouns what you are? I, we, you, and he, she itAll you are, all you are. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 51
Clap your handsPat, pat, pat. Beat your feetTap, tap, tap. Open your mouthHa…ha…ha…! Do you know what they are? Yes, I know- yes, I know. Pronouns come for the nouns. Clap your handsPat, pat, pat. Beat your feetTap, tap, tap. Open your mouthHa…ha…ha…! Item-2 Use of Personal Pronouns ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. A. Look, listen and say. Underline the coloured words, which are personal pronouns. I am Sonia Yadav. I study in grade one. I have an elder sister. She studies in grade three. We study in the same school. My father is an officer. His name is Krishna Yadav. He goes to office at 9am. It is at Darmapath, Kathmandu. My mother is a teacher. She teaches in my school. Our parents love us. They always take care of us. Our teachers also love us. They always say to me,’ ‘You are a very good student. Your voice is very sweet.’ I say to them, ‘Thank you.’ 52 | Leading English Grammar - 2
B. Note down all the coloured words from the text. These are pronouns. Don’t repeat the same word. _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ A pronoun is a word, which is used in place of a noun to remove the repetition of the noun in the sentences. Points to Remember ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. A. Choose the appropriate pronoun to complete each blank. I me My We us Our your His He them They She You Him It Her Its Their I am Sonia ______________ study in grade one. ______________ father is a farmer. ______________ works in the field. ______________ mother is a house-wife. ______________ cooks food for ______________ I have a younger brother. ______________ is very small. ______________ is one -year old. We have a dog .______________ colour is white. We have a cat. They are our pets. We love ______________ . I go to school daily. My school is very big. ______________ is at Bauddha. ______________ parents love ______________ very much. Do ______________parents love you? What do ______________ do after ______________school? Leading English Grammar - 2 | 53
B. Replace the following coloured nouns with the appropriate pronouns. 1. Mohan is a student. Mohan studies in grade one. Mohan is Shyam’s friend. 2. Sita is my sister. Sita is beautiful and cute. Sita studies in a nursery class. 3. Gopal and Krishan are good friends. Gopal and Krishana help each other. Gopal and Krishana study in the same school. 4. If Karuna helps me, I will also help Karuna. 5. Dog is a domestic animal. Dog is very faithful animal. 6. Sarita and Goma are my friends. Sarita and Goma study with me. C. Use the following pronouns in your own sentences. they me he we you them Kinds of Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns are used for persons. There are three kinds of personal pronouns. They are given below: First Persons Second Persons Third Persons I and we You He she, it and they 54 | Leading English Grammar - 2
Item-3 Forms of Personal Pronouns ACTIVITY - 1 Let's learn. Subject Object Possessive form Self-form First Persons I me my, mine myself We us our, ours ourselves Second Persons You you your, yours yourself, yourselves Third Persons He him his himself She her her, hers herself It it its itself They them their, theirs themselves Item-4 Use of Reflexive Pronouns ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. We use reflexive pronouns to show reflection of work on subjects. We make reflexive pronouns by adding self ( with singular) or selves (with plural) to personal pronouns. Look at the following examples: I write my homework myself. We do our work ourselves. He cooks his food himself. She walks herself. It rains itself. They play football themselves. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 55
Trees grow themselves. The sun shines itself. People suffer themselves. Good students read themselves. ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do exercise. Use -self forms and complete the following sentences. 1. I love my country ___________________________________ . 2. We save our Nepal ___________________________________ . 3. She runs ___________________________________ . 4. He cleans his room ___________________________________ . 5. We develop our country ___________________________________ . 6. Air blows ___________________________________ . 7. Water flows ___________________________________ . 8. They destroy their lives ___________________________________ . 9. Birds fly in the sky ___________________________________ . 10. You are responsible ___________________________________ . Item-5 Use of Demonstrative Pronouns ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. A demonstrative pronoun indicates the persons and things where they are or whether they are near or far. This, that, these and those are demonstrative pronouns. Look at the following. This This shows things near. This is used to show singular person and thing. 56 | Leading English Grammar - 2
Look at the following examples. This is a cat. This is Kabita, my friend. This is a dog, my pet. That The pronoun that is used to show the things and persons at distance. It is used to show a singular noun. That is a cat. That is an apple tree. That is my pen. That is our school. These The pronoun these is used to show things and persons near. It shows plural nouns. Look at the examples. These are apples. These are ducks. These are sheep. These are mobiles. Those The pronoun those is used to show things at distance. It is used with plural nouns. Those are pigeons. Those are monkeys. Those are doves. Those are owls. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 57
Look at the following diagram and find the difference. This shows near. That shows far. These shows near. Those shows far. This is a teddy bear. That is a panda. These are apples. Those are bananas. ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do practice. Look at the following pictures and use the appropriate demonstrative pronouns this, that, these or those. 58 | Leading English Grammar - 2
This is a glass. That is a cup. These are spoons. Those are forks. This is a cap. That is a hat. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 59
These are doves. Those are parrots. These are my marbles. Those are my brother’s marbles. This is a Dhaka Topi (cap). That is a Bhdgaule Topi (cap). 60 | Leading English Grammar - 2
Item-6 Use of Interrogative Pronouns ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. What, Whose, Whom, Who, Which ask questions Look at the following examples. What is your name? Who is your class teacher? Which is your bag? Which is your school? Whom do you love? Whose book is this? ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. Use the interrogative pronouns and make questions as shown. This is a laptop. (What) That is my bag. (Which) What is this? Which is your bag? 1. Hemant is their Principal. (Who) _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Seema is in Kathmandu now. (who ) _________________________________________________________________________ 3. The boys were shouting against the boss. (Who) _________________________________________________________________________ 4. Rita was late due to traffic jam. (who ) _________________________________________________________________________ 5. Her bag is red. (which) _________________________________________________________________________ 6. Rahul’s bag is on the table. (Whose) _________________________________________________________________________ Leading English Grammar - 2 | 61
7. She loves Ramesh. (Whom) _________________________________________________________________________ 8. This is a new brand laptop. (What) _________________________________________________________________________ 9. Those were Gore's goats and sheep.(Whose) _________________________________________________________________________ 10. Our parents look after us.(who) _________________________________________________________________________ Item-7 Use of Indefinite Pronouns ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns don't show any particular person or thing. They are vague(unclear). Indefinite pronouns are: someone,somebody, none, all, everyone, anything, something, nothing, each, few, several,many,etc. Look at the examples. Someone is knocking at the door. Nobody has come to see me. Nothing is impossible. Nobody has done homework. Somebody has stolen his purse. All are present today. 62 | Leading English Grammar - 2
Everyone loves their motherland. Many are shouting in the class. Few are listening to the teacher. ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do exercise. Use the following indefinite pronouns in your own sentences. Many _______________________________________________ Few _______________________________________________ Some _______________________________________________ Anything _______________________________________________ Nothing _______________________________________________ Everybody _______________________________________________ Nobody _______________________________________________ All _______________________________________________ Someone _______________________________________________ None _______________________________________________ STEP 3 USE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. A. Use of Full Stops[.] A full stop is used at the end of a sentence. Look at the following examples. 1. Parents love their children. 2. We study for knowledge. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 63
3. They work hard for progress. 4. Nepal is our country. We love it. 5. She is not dishonest. She is not lazy. ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. B. Use full stops where necessary. 1. She is a doctor Her husband is a teacher 2. We live in Nepal We are the Nepalese 3. There is a river Its name is the Panaha River. 4. There were two boys They were Kalu and Ramu 5. Bidur is an English teacher He teaches us English 6. Nepal is a country It lies between India and China STEP 4 PRACTICE OF PRONUNCIATION ACTIVITY - 1 Let's listen and say. A. Listen and repeat after your teacher. S as a /z/ sound S is pronounced as a/z/after the letters b, d, g, r, ng, v, l, y, m, the, n and vowels. b: crabs, rubs ng: kings, belongs, sings d: cards, words, rides, ends r: wears, cures g: rugs, bags, begs v: gloves, wives, shelves, drives l: deals, calls, falls, hills y: plays, boys, says m: plums, dreams the: clothes, bathes, breathes n: fans, drains, runs, pens vowel sounds: sees, fleas 64 | Leading English Grammar - 2
STEP 5 RULES OF SPELLINGS ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. Write the names of five flowers, five fruits, five wild animals, five domestic animals, five birds and five musical instruments. flowers fruits wild animals domestic animals birds musical instruments STEP 6 WORD POWER ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. A. Use a prefix re-before words and make new words. Look at the example. re+use reuse re+turn return do ply re Leading English Grammar - 2 | 65
ACTIVITY - 2 Let's play word game and learn. Your teacher will tell you to do and you have to complete it first to be the star. You can write any types of things and their names that we eat. The first letter is given. Your answer and your friend’s answer might be different. Names of the things we eat p p b water rice c c m m s STEP 7 CHOICE OF WORDS ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. A. When to use is and are? We use is with he, she, it, that, this and a singular noun. We use are with you, we, they and plural nouns. Read the examples. is He is a teacher She is a nurse. It is a cat. Suresh is a student. are You are a doctor. We are students. They are soldiers. Girls and boys are equal. ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. Use is or are where appropriate. 1. Sayami _______ a pilot. 2. You _________ my best friend. 66 | Leading English Grammar - 2
3. They _______ not singers. 4. Birds and animals _________ our friends. 5. It _______ raining outside. 6. He ______ counting money. 7. This _______ a new glass. 8. That _______ a parrot. 9. Boys _______ active. 10. She _______ dancing. 11. We ______ not swimming. 12. They _______ talking. STEP 8 LISTENING ACTIVITY - 1 Listen and learn. Look, listen and repeat after your teacher. Good bye Pilots Sanitation Comfort Good morning Benches Practice Doctors Flowers Welcome you Gardener Excellent Hungry Thank you Goes Library STEP 9 SPEAKING ACTIVITY - 1 Act in pairs and learn A : Who are you? B : I am a student. A : What do you do? B : I study. A : Who is he? B : He is a player. A : What does he do? B : He plays games. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 67
A. Use the following nouns and act in pairs as shown in the examples. cricketer carpenter postman painter teacher typist singer sweeper woodcutter farmer cook engineer B. Act in pairs using the following nouns as shown in the examples. drivers teachers nurses tourists chefs tailors A : Who are they? B : They are players? A : What do they do? B : They play football. STEP 10 GRAMMAR COMPREHENSION ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. A. Look, listen and say after your teacher. Then do the activities that follow. Pronouns are words. They are used in place of nouns. They are known as replacing words. Nouns are naming words. Pronouns replace the repetition of nouns in sentences. Repetition means using the same again and again. It does not look nice. So we use pronouns. Pronouns he, she, it and I are singular pronouns. We, you, and they are plural pronouns. Plural pronouns take are and singular pronouns take is. But the pronoun I takes am. Pronouns have their different forms as well. 68 | Leading English Grammar - 2
ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. B. Match the following words in Set- A with their similar meanings in Set-B. 1. in place of 2. replace 6. again 3. nice 4. take 5. different Set-A a. another time, once more b. get, receive f. unlike, dissimilar c. change, substitute d. instead of , representing e. pleasant, good Set-B C. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the above text. 1. Nouns are __________________________________ words 2. Pronouns replace the _____________________________of nouns. 3. The pronoun __________________________________ takes am. 4. Pronouns are used __________________________________ nouns. 5. ___________________ means using the same again and again. 6. We, you, and they are ___________________________ pronouns. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 69
STEP 11 WRITING ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and write. A. Read and write as shown using different pronouns. This is Sanjay. He is a player. He plays games. My name is Ruby. I am a student I go to school. painter sweeper carpenter waiter chef farmer 70 | Leading English Grammar - 2
ACTIVITY - 2 Act and write. B. Read, act and write as shown using different pronouns. A : What is this? B : This is a bag. A : Whose bag is this? B : This is my bag. A : What are these? B : These are books. A : Whose are these books? B : These are our books. my pencil his pencil box her doll my eraser our computer their ball Leading English Grammar - 2 | 71
STEP 12 WORDS IN USE ACTIVITY - 1 Use and learn Use the following pronouns in your own sentences as shown in the examples. we our ourselves You your yourselves He his himself She her herself They their themselves It its itself I am a student. I go to my school. I carry my bag myself. STEP 13 DICTATION Look, listen and repeat after your teacher. Learn the words for dictation. ourselves themselves pleasant their theirs ours carpenter her painter our yours hers sweeper your patients 72 | Leading English Grammar - 2
STEP 14 UNIT REVIEW Unit Test-2 Full Marks : 25 Marks Obtained Time : 45 Minutes Grade ___________________ __________________ Guardian's Signature Teacher's Signature 1. Use the appropriate pronoun from the box. (6×1=6) a. We work _______________ (ourself/ourselves/themselves) to get success. b. She is writing a letter to___________ friend.(his/her/hers) c. They have ____________________ (their/theirs/them) new books to read. d. Boys and girls are equal. We should behave ____________ (them/us/they ) equally. e. We have a parrot at home. ________________ (It/Its/His) name is Pettu. f. ____________________ speaks very sweet. (You/It/They) 2. Use the appropriate reflexive pronoun from the box. (5) herself yourself themselves ourselves itself himself a. Richa washes her dress………………………. b. The babies are playing ………………………. c. We should do our work ………………………. d. All creatures live on the earth ………………………. e. She helps us ………………………. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 73
3. Use the following pronouns in your own sentences. (4) they ourselves himself itself 4. Answer the following questions. (2) a. What are pronouns? ________________________________________________________________ b. Why do we use a pronoun in a sentence? ________________________________________________________________ 5. Answer the following questions using pronouns. (3) a. Who are you and where do you go in the morning? __________________ ______________________________________________ b. What does your father do? ________________________________________________________________ c. What does your mother do? ________________________________________________________________ 6. Use the following pronouns in your own sentences. (5) Someone Somebody What Where Why Good Luck! 74 | Leading English Grammar - 2
USE OF VERBS UNIT 3 OBJECTIVES define verbs and identify them define tense and identify different tenses use different ‘be verbs’ in different tenses use helping verbs is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had and will correctly make forms of verbs and use them correctly use commas correctly After the completion of this unit, students will be able to: " Recite the rhyme with action and ask the students to follow you. " Explain the meaning and types of verbs to the students with examples. " Explain to them how verbs are used in different tenses. " Explain to the students how ‘be verbs’ are used in different tenses. " Make pair discussion on given activities and apply read-peer-share technique. " Focus on oral activities and conversation as much as possible. " Test your students asking direct questions such as tell the forms of be verbs. " Let your students read and share with peers and groups for sustainable learning. " At the end, give unit test to evaluate students’ knowledge. TEACHING TIPS A verb is a word that expresses an action, condition, or experience in a sentence. A verb is called doing word. KEY CONCEPT Leading English Grammar - 2 | 75
STEP 1 STARTER ACTIVITY - 1 Cross word puzzle Complete the following crossword puzzle with the verbs given below. write talk sleep listen laugh like read respect dance love w r r t l e d s l p d k l h e e n 76 | Leading English Grammar - 2
STEP 2 LEARNING ITEMS OF VERBS 1. Verbs Chant 2. Verb and tense 3. Use of is, am and are 4. Use of was and were 5. Use of will and will be 6. Use of -ing form with is, am and are 7. Use of -ing verb with was and were 8. Forms of verbs 9. Use of different forms of verbs Item-1 Rhyme LET ’S CHANT! Verbs are doing wordsDoing words, doing words. Verbs are action wordsAction words, action words. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 77
Clap your handsPat, pat, pat. Beat your feetTap, tap, tap. Open your mouthHa…ha…ha…! Has and have, is, am areDo you know what they are? Yes I know-yes I knowVerbs they are, verbs they are. Clap your handsPat, pat, pat. Beat your feetTap, tap, tap. Open your mouthHa…ha…ha…! Item-2 Verb and Tense ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. Verbs are used according to time. Time is called tense. Different forms of verbs express different times. They are present time, past time and future time. The present time is the running time. The activities related to today is present time. The activities related to yesterday is past time. The activities which will come tomorrow 78 | Leading English Grammar - 2
are related to future time. Future time is coming time. We use different verbs to express present, past and future time. Look at the examples. Today is Friday. We are at the picnic spot. Yesterday was Thursday. We were at school. Tomorrow is Saturday. We will be at home. You can say like this: Yesterday was Thursday. Today is Friday. Tomorrow will be Saturday. Verbs Showing Tense(time) is, am, are, has, have =present time (today) will = future time tomorrow (coming time) was, were, had = past time (yesterday) Item-3 Use of is, am, are in the present tense ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. You are an actor. He is a teacher. You are players. We are students. She is a director. She is a lawyer. I am a student. They are teachers. He, She, it and singular noun = is This is a cow. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 79
I = am I am a student. You, we,they and plural nouns = are They are students. Read the following sentences. Use of is: This is a dog. Dinesh is a surgeon. That is a cat. Gamvir is a singer. He is a doctor. It is a stick. She is a nurse. It is a pencil. Use of are: We are students. You are a pilot. They are teachers. They are passengers. These are pencils. The farmers are in the field. Those are erasers. The birds are in the sky. Use of am: I am a football player. I am a farmer. I am a doctor. I am a teacher. ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. Complete the sentences using is, am or are. There ____________ a cat. There ____________ many cats. I ____________ an engineer. They ____________ Australians. We ____________ the Nepalese. They ____________ the Indians. This ____________ a laptop. That ____________ a mobile set. You ____________ handsome. She ____________ beautiful. This ____________ a book. Those ____________ books. There ____________ tigers. There ____________ an elephant. 80 | Leading English Grammar - 2
She ____________ at school. He ____________ at home. It ____________ red. That ____________ black. You ____________ honest man. They ____________ singers. Item-4 Use of was and were: ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. Use of was and were I, He, She, It, and singular noun in the past tense= was You, We, They and plural nouns in the past tense= were Read the following sentences. He was at home yesterday. She was at school yesterday. We were in grade one last year. They were at picnic yesterday. She was a teacher before. He was in the army last year. You were in America yesterday. The boys were in the playground. The girls were on the stage. The teachers were in the office. ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. Use was or were to complete the following sentences. 1. She ________ an honest girl. 2. They ________ honest men. 3. We ________ in the meeting. 4. They ________ in the forest. 5. The boys______in the class. 6. The girls ________ in the cinema hall. 7. You ________ with her. 8. They ________ with us. 9. The cows _______ in the shed. 10. The birds _______ in the nest. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 81
11. I ________ busy. 12. Marbles ________ in the bag. 13. He ________ talkative. 14. It ________ fine day. 15. Those ________ apples. 16. These ________ elephants. 17. He ________ interested. 18. She ________ cunning. 19. We ________ in the forest. 20. They ________ in the city. Item-5 Use of has, have and had ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. We use has, have and had to show possession, belonging or ownership. We use has with he, she, it and singular noun in the present tense. He has a pen. It has a tail. She has a pen. Rita has a purse. We use had in the past tense with all subjects. I had a new car. They had umbrellas. She had a pen. We had lots of money. We use have with I, we, you, they and plural nouns in the present tense. I have a ball. They have bats. You have a ball. We have books. ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. A. Use has or have to complete the following sentences. 1. They ________ a dog. 2. She ________ a new frock. 3. We ________ a new building. 4. They _______ a new school. 82 | Leading English Grammar - 2
5. Dika and Dilmaya ________ some books. 6. You ________ novels. 7. Richa, Rekha and Hamid ____ flowers. 8. It ________ its tail. 9. I ______ some money for food. 10. They ______ some pencils. 11. The boys ________ jackets. 12. The girls _______ trousers. 13. It ________ a basket. 14. That ________ a leg. 15. Kanchan ________ a bag. 16. Riya ________ a pocket. 17. Goma and Gauri ________ chocolate. 18. I ________ a mobile. 19. They ________ a buffalo. 20. You ________ an elephant. B. Use has or have or had in the blanks to complete the sentences. 1. Kumar ________ a new eraser before. 2. We ________ some books. 3. I ________ the latest dictionary. 4. Gopal ________ a scale. 5. She ________ a black dog. 6. His father ________ a car. 7. Deepen ________ a rose. 8. They ________ a glass. 9. Kripa ________ an apple. 10. We ________ a novel. 11. They ________ a function yesterday. 12. We ______ a meeting before. 13. It ________ white fur. 14. They ________ horns. 15. She ________ a long nose before surgery. 16. I ________ a new note yesterday. 17. The dog ________ long tail. 18. Teachers ________ chalks. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 83
19. The boys ________ balls in their bags yesterday. 20. The hen ________ chicks yesterday. 21. Karina ________ a mobile. 22. The students ________ books. 23. It ________ beautiful colour. 24. She ________ a spoon. 25. He ________ a new belt. 26. I ________ a knife yesterday. C. Use has or have. He ________ Taj ________ Sahara ________ We ________ She ________ I ________ Sanjaya ________ Boys ________ Deve and Sony ________ You and I ________ Nepal and India ________ The lions _______ We ________ Monkey ________ You ________ The girls _______ Nepal ________ Monkeys _______ Mahesh ________ The sky ________ Karuna ________ Jenny ________ Sarmial ________ They ________ You ________ He and she ________ You and I ________ We ________ Boy and girl ________ Sister and brother ________ Father and mother ________ Dev and Del ________ Item-6 Use of will and will be ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. We use will and will be to show future time. Look at the following sentences. I will be a teacher. You will be a leader. She will be a nurse. He will be a pilot. We will be players. They will be actors. The boys will be present. 84 | Leading English Grammar - 2
The girls will be absent. We use will +verb to show future action. I will go to school. She will come to me. He will read a book. We will fly to Tokyo. ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. Make ten sentences using will and will be of your own. Item-7 Use of -ing form with is, am, are ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. She is reading a book. I am reading a book. They are reading books. A. Make sentences as shown. Look at the pictures and say what is happening. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 85
ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. A. Use is, am, are and -ing form of the verbs and make complete sentences using the given verbs. read I am reading a book. write She is writing a letter. rain It ________________________________________________________ . fly Birds ___________________________________________________ . graze Cows ___________________________________________________ . teach Teachers _______________________________________________ . learn Students _______________________________________________ . move Clouds _________________________________________________ . talk They ____________________________________________________ . go He ______________________________________________________ . play They ____________________________________________________ . sing We ______________________________________________________ . B. Use is, am, or are to complete the following sentences. 1. They _________________ digging the field for paddy. 2. We _________________ cleaning our classrooms now. 3. They _________________ sleeping for a rest. 4. Ishu and Gautam _____________ going to market today. 86 | Leading English Grammar - 2
5. Hari _________________ painting a picture . 6. You _________________ telling a joke. 7. They _________________ shouting and fighting. 8. The monkeys _________________ chattering in the forest. 9. It _________________ raining heavily outside. 10. The dog _________________ barking at the man. Item-8 Use of was and were with - ing verb ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. It was raining heavily yesterday. We were sitting in the restaurant. She was playing with a doll. The sky was thundering and lighting. The peon was ringing a bell. We use was with I,he,she,it and singular noun. We use were with we, you, they and plural nouns. Use of was and were Look at the following sentences. Was Were I was reading a book with my friend. You were fighting and shouting. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 87
She was singing a song on the stage. They were running and jumping. It was blowing hard yesterday. We were sitting and gossiping. Lieu was cutting grass. You were playing basketball. She was colouring a picture. The teachers were teaching the students. ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. A. Make complete sentences using verbs was and were with -ing form of verbs from the box as shown. weep She was weeping bitterly. cry He ______________________________________________________ . bath They ____________________________________________________ . talk We ____________________________________________________ . listen You _____________________________________________________ . sweep They ___________________________________________________ . swim Boys ___________________________________________________ . sing Girls ___________________________________________________ . eat Monkeys ______________________________________________ . sit A bird __________________________________________________ laugh Rita and Deepa ______________________________________ . 88 | Leading English Grammar - 2
B. Use the verbs given below and make sentences as shown. is am are was were I I am a writer. I am writing a novel. We ____________________________________________________________ . He ____________________________________________________________ . She ____________________________________________________________ . It ____________________________________________________________ . You ____________________________________________________________ . They ____________________________________________________________ . Boys ____________________________________________________________ . Students ____________________________________________________________ . Teacher ____________________________________________________________ . Teachers ____________________________________________________________ . Leading English Grammar - 2 | 89
Air ____________________________________________________________ . Water ____________________________________________________________ . Leaves ____________________________________________________________ . Leaf ____________________________________________________________ . Pilot ____________________________________________________________ . Drivers ____________________________________________________________ . Player ____________________________________________________________ . Players ____________________________________________________________ . Sofia ____________________________________________________________ . Sibuna ____________________________________________________________ . Kapila ____________________________________________________________ . 90 | Leading English Grammar - 2
Item-9 Forms of Verbs ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. There are five forms of verbs. Look at the following examples. help helped helped helping helps go went gone going goes write wrote written writing writes look looked looked looking looks break broke broken breaking breaks ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. We make different forms of verbs by adding -d or -ed Change the following verbs into different forms by adding d, ed, ing, and s hate hated hated hating hates like hand close open type trust save look Leading English Grammar - 2 | 91
book kick A. Use of is, am, are and – ing verbs Look, listen, say and act in pairs as shown. A : Who are you? B : I am a student. A : Where are you going? B : I am going to school. A : Who is he? B : He is a painter. A : What is he doing? B : He is painting. A : Who are they? B : They are players. A : What are they doing? B : They are playing football. A : Who are you? B : We are dancers A : What are you doing? B : We are dancing. Look at the pictures. Who are they and what are they doing? Perform pair conversation as shown above. 92 | Leading English Grammar - 2
B. Use of was and were and ing-verb A : Who was she? B : She was a tailor. A : What was she doing? B : She was sewing a dress. A : Who were they? B : They were players. A : What were they doing? B : They were playing football. A : Who were you? B : We were farmers. A : What were you doing? B : We were working in the field. C. Look at the pictures. Read and act as shown in the examples. After conversation, write them in sentences. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 93
D. We use is, am, are in the present time (for today) but we use was and were for yesterday (past time). Read the examples. Today Yesterday I am reading English today. I was reading English yesterday. He is playing cricket today. He was playing football yesterday. We are basking today. We were swimming yesterday. ACTIVITY - 3 Let's do and learn. a. Use the following verbs to fill in the gaps. You can use the same verb more than once. is am are was were 1. She _________ bathing now but she _________ washing yesterday. 2. He _________ eating an apple today but he _________ eating a mango yesterday. 3. I _________ fine today but I _________ sick yesterday. 4. They _________ here with us today but they _________ out yesterday. 5. You ________ looking so handsome today but you ________ looking sick yesterday. 6. The girls _________ cleaning classroom today but they _________ reading yesterday. 94 | Leading English Grammar - 2
b. Use the verbs is, am, are, was and were and make two sentences of each. STEP 3 USE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. Use of Comma[,] We use a comma to separate two nouns in a sentence. Look at the examples and understand. I have a book, a pen and a box. She has a mango, an apple and a guava. We have rivers, forests and mountains. There are a cow, a buffalo and a goat in the field. ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. Use a comma where necessary in the following sentences. a. There are ten girls twelve boys and a teacher in the class. b. My father has brought me an eraser a pencil and a cutter. c. I need books notebooks and a new bag for my school. d. My father has a buffalo a cow and two goats. e. Air water food and house are necessary for us. STEP 4 PRACTICE OF PRONUNCIATION ACTIVITY - 1 Listen and learn. Look, listen and say after your teacher. coughing driving sleeping snoring scolding verbs auxiliary yesterday today tomorrow Leading English Grammar - 2 | 95
sound of s as /s/ p taps, chops k barks, harks t sits, beats, f cuffs,chaffs STEP 5 RULES OF SPELLINGS ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. Correct the following spellings. There is one letter which is missing or written incorrectly in each word. prectising writen writting dencing thamselves ourseleves runing sinnging shoting likeing STEP 6 WORD POWER ACTIVITY - 1 Let's play and learn. Find the following words in the crossword puzzle. marigold peacock rhododendron dove lotus buffalo elephant teacher hyena lion 96 | Leading English Grammar - 2
b r o d o d e n d r o n h s b a e l e p h a n t t a i d u b d o v e y w s e e s n s f c f t v a e s a a a l a v f c a u a c n s s c d u a x a c s s s o a v f h f h b d l i o n d c a s a e a g p t o d d r s k v c t r r l s q a m r i g l d m a r i d g l STEP 7 CHOICE OF WORDS ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. A. Use the correct word from the brackets. a. She _____________ reading a book.(is/am/are) b. We _____________ students of this school. (is/are/was) c. Rohul and Gopi _______ playing the flutes.(are/is/was) d. This _____________ a useful book for you.(is/am/are) e. It _____________ raining heavily yesterday.(was/is/were) f. We _____________ good friends in the school.(are/was/is) B. Say whether the use of verbs is, am, was and were are correct or incorrect in the following sentences. Circle the errors and write them correctly. a. You was my best teacher in grade nursery. b. Jenny and David was in the cinema hall yesterday. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 97
c. They were busy today but they are free yesterday. d. We were skipping today but we were playing TT balls yesterday. e. A teacher and a student is talking in the office. f. My sister and brother were coming today from China. STEP 8 LISTENING ACTIVITY - 1 Listen and learn. Kaji lives in a village. The name of his village is Dadagaun. Kaji was in the army. He is retired now. When he was young, he had many friends in his regiment. One of them was Bire. Bire was very helpful. Kaji and Bire were very good friends. They helped each other. But Bire was killed in a war and Kaji was badly injured. Kaji couldn’t meet his friend, Bire after war. He remembers his good friend, Bire. Kaji is very old now. He can’t walk properly. His son Karan looks after him. Although Kaji is very old, he is not hopeless. A. Listen to the teacher or the tape and write True or False in the box. a. Kaji and Bire were in the army. b. Bire was killed in a war. c. The name of Kaji’s village is Badagaun. d. Karan is Kaji’s son and looks after him. e. Kaji had many friends in his regiment. f. Kaji is very hopeless due to age. 98 | Leading English Grammar - 2
STEP 9 SPEAKING ACTIVITY - 1 Let's act and learn. Look at the pictures and act in pairs as shown in the examples. Today Yesterday Tomorrow a. What are you doing now? b. I am doing my home work. a. What were you doing at this time yesterday? b. I was reading English at school. a. What will you do tomorrow? b. I will be reading a novel. a. What is he doing today ? b. He is sleeping. a. What was he doing yesterday? b. He was cutting fire wood. a. What will he do tomorrow? b. He will carry firewood to his home. Today Yesterday Tomorrow sleeping cutting carrying students in the zoo reading playing Leading English Grammar - 2 | 99
checking up accident watching TV tilling planting carrying milking grazing churning teaching reading getting a prize STEP 10 GRAMMAR COMPREHENSION ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. Look, listen and say after your teacher. Verbs are doing words. We use verbs to make sentences. Without a verb, we can’t make a sentence. We need a verb to make a 100 | Leading English Grammar - 2