Item-2 Use of Time Prepositions ACTIVITY - 1 Look, Listen and Say. Look at the lines. Listen to your teacher and say. Circle the coloured words, which are time prepositions. My name is Aruna. I am six years old. I study in grade two. I was born on Sunday. I was born in July. I was born in 2010 A.D. I was born on the first July. So I celebrate my birthday on the first July. I wake up early in the morning. I wake up at seven o’clock. I take my breakfast at 7:30. I read my books for two hours. I go to my school at 9:30. I come back home at 4 o’clock. I watch TV from 4:30 to 5:30. I do my homework from 5: 30 to 7:30. I take my dinner at 7:30 and go to bed at 8 o’clock. ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. A. Read the above text and answer the following questions in the complete sentences. Circle the prepositions which you use. On which day was Aruna born? She was born on Sunday. 1. In which month was Aruna born? 2. In which year was Aruna born? 3. When does she wake up? 4. How long time does she study? 5. When does she celebrate her birthday? 6. When does she go to school? 7. When does she come back home? 8. When does she go to bed? Leading English Grammar - 2 | 151
B. Read the above text again and write about your own life. Circle the prepositions you use in the sentences. C. Choose the appropriate preposition on, in, at, from, to, or for to fill in the blank spaces. She was born ________________ 2nd April ________________ 2007. She was born ________________ 7 o’clock in the evening. She celebrates her birthday ________________ the 2nd April. She goes to school ________________ 8:30. She studies in school ________________ nine to three. She gets holiday ________________ Saturdays. D. Use at, in or on before the following nouns. ______ Sunday ______ night ______ the evening ______ 2075 ______ April ______ Saturday ______ Monday ______ 9 o'clock ______ June ______ August ______ the morning ______ 4 o'clock at,in,on Item-3 Use of Prepositions of Direction and Movement ACTIVITY - 1 Look and learn. Look at the pictures and use of prepositions. going into going round/around 152 | Leading English Grammar - 2
going through coming out of walking along jumping over coming down going up jumping onto walking across Leading English Grammar - 2 | 153
STEP 3 USE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. Use capital letters, full stops and question marks in the following sentences where necessary. 1. we study smart english grammar daily 2. what is your school’s name 3. mahesh is sick let’s help him 4. our principal is hemant kuamr joshi 5. are you helping suraj to improve his english grammar 6. my mother’s name is chandra kala rai STEP 4 PRACTICE OF PRONUNCIATION ACTIVITY - 1 Let's listen and learn Listen to the teacher and say aloud after him/her. between in front of above opposite preposition among over beside for behind by along near through from after under below to before STEP 5 RULES OF SPELLINGS ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. A Student has made some spelling mistakes while writing the following sentences. Find the mistakes and rewrite them correctly. 154 | Leading English Grammar - 2
1. My perents love me very mach. 2. There hause is new and grend. 3. She is stending behind her bother. 4. I don’t like anion and patatoes. 5. Do you wear trusers or pents ? 6. When do you selibrate your berthday? STEP 6 WORD POWER ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. Making compound words Read the following words after your teacher. rain + bow tea + pot black+bird our + selves rainbow teapot blackbird ourselves can + not foot + ball some + thing sun + flower cannot football something sunflower tooth + paste to + day no + thing every + thing toothpaste today nothing everything ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. A. Choose the following words from Group -A with their appropriate words from Group-B and make new words. Group A nail grand tea moon base super Leading English Grammar - 2 | 155
Group B father table light ball man polish New Words STEP 7 CHOICE OF WORDS ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. Use the appropriate word from the brackets to fill in the blanks. 1. We eat ___________________ spoons and forks. (by/with). 2. The dolls are ___________________ the table.(in/on) 3. The baby is sitting ___________________ father and mother. (between/among). 4. I go to bed ___________________ eight o’clock.(at/on) 5. She was absent ______________ the class yesterday.(in/from) 6. We are waiting ___________________ the bus.(for/to). STEP 8 LISTENING ACTIVITY - 1 Let's Listen and learn. Look at the lines, listen to the teacher and say. 1. They’re waiting for the plane. 2. Wild animals live in the forest. 3. They are going through the forest. 4. The moon is among the stars. 156 | Leading English Grammar - 2
5. The cow is sitting under the tree. 6. The leader is in front of the followers. STEP 9 READING ACTIVITY - 1 Act and learn. A : What is a preposition? B : A preposition is a word. A : Where do you use a preposition? B : We use a preposition before a noun. A : What does a preposition show? B : It shows a relation between two nouns. A : Why do you use a preposition? B : We use a preposition to show a relation between two nouns. A : Can you give an example? B : Yes. The cat is sitting on the table. The preposition on shows the relation between the cat and the table, which are nouns. STEP 10 GRAMMAR COMPREHENSION ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. Look, listen and say after your teacher. Do the activities after reading it. A preposition is a word. It is a part of speech. There are eight parts of speech. A preposition is used before a noun. It shows the relation between two nouns. The meaning of a preposition Leading English Grammar - 2 | 157
is used before. There are two words in the preposition: pre and position. Pre means before and position means place. There are different types of prepositions. A preposition shows place, time, direction, etc. in a sentence. Look at the examples. The parrot is in the cage. The cage is on the wall. The parrot sings songs in the morning. Students go to school. We use prepositions in, at, on, between, among, over, under, beside etc. to show the position and place of nouns. We use prepositions on, at, in, by, for etc. for time. We should be very careful while using prepositions. ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. A. Match the following words with their similar meanings. 1. speech 2. before 6. student 3. different 4. position 5. beside Group -A a. scholar, learner b. next to, at the side of f. unlike, diverse c. location, place d. word, language e. prior to, previous to Group-B B. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the above text. 1. A preposition is a part of ____________________________________ . 2. There are _________________________________ parts of speech. 3. A preposition is used _____________________________a noun. 158 | Leading English Grammar - 2
4. A preposition shows the ____________________________________ between two nouns. 5. The meaning of pre is ____________________________________ C. Answer the following questions. 1. What is a preposition? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. How many parts of speech are there? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Where is a preposition used? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4. What does a preposition show between two nouns? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 5. Write three examples of place preposition and three time preposition and use them in your own sentences. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ STEP 11 WRITING ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. Use the appropriate preposition to complete the following story. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 159
There was a tree near a river. It was a black plum tree. A monkey lived ______________ (on/in) the tree. There lived a crocodile ___________(in/on)the river. The monkey and the crocodile were good friends. There was a good relationship ______________ (between/among) these two friends. The monkey used to give sweet blackberries to the crocodile. The crocodile used to bring some black plums to his wife who lived ______________ (under/ in)the water. One day the crocodile’s wife said to him, "The monkey eats very sweet black plums. His heart must be very sweet. I want to eat his heart. Bring him to me. "The crocodile tried to convince his wife that it was not good to deceive a good friend, but the wife insisted on her demand. Next morning, the crocodile went ______________ (to/towards)the river side and praised the monkey. He said that his wife wanted to give him a special treat. The monkey was ready to go with the crocodile but said to him, "How can I go under the water? The crocodile said to him to sit on his back. The monkey sat ______________ 160 | Leading English Grammar - 2
(on/upon) the back of the crocodile and went ______________ (with/for)him. In the middle of the river, the crocodile said to the monkey, "My wife wants to eat your heart. So I am carrying you to her." The monkey was shocked hearing it and thought for a while. He said to the crocodile, "It’s a good idea, but you didn’t tell me it before. I have left my heart on the tree. Let’s go back to the tree to fetch the heart." The crocodile swam happily to the black plum tree. The monkey jumped to the tree and said, "You stupid and selfish creature! How can a monkey leave his heart on the tree? Go back to your selfish wife ______________ (with/ without) any sweet black plums." STEP 12 WORDS IN USE ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. Use the following prepositions in your own sentences. Don’t copy from the book. to for on at between under over with in among STEP 13 DICTATION A. Learn the following words and spellings for dictation. across through between among along beside nearby around below beneath Leading English Grammar - 2 | 161
STEP 14 UNIT REVIEW Unit Test-6 Full Marks : 25 Marks Obtained Time : 45 Minutes Grade ___________________ __________________ Guardian's Signature Teacher's Signature Read the following story and do the activities that follow. Once upon a time, there was a crow in a forest. It was very wise. One day, it was flying in the sky searching for food over a dense city. It was a summer day. The crow was very thirsty. It searched for water here and there but it did not find anywhere. At last, it saw a pitcher on the roof of a house. It flew over there and saw into the pitcher. The water level was very low. It could not drink water. It thought for a while. It saw some pebbles on the roof. The crow picked up the pebbles and dropped into the pitcher. The water level came up and the crow drank water and quenched its thirst. It flew back to its forest. 162 | Leading English Grammar - 2
1. Match the following words in Set –A with their similar meanings in Set-B. (6) 1. wise 2. search 6. dense 3. pitcher 4. pebbles 5. quench Set-A a. thick, crowed b. jug, pot f. stones, shingles c. seek, look for d. satisfy, slake e. clever, intelligent Set-B 2. Write T for true statements and F for false ones. (4) 1. The crow was searching for its food flying in the sky. 2. It was very cold. 3. The pitcher was full of water. 4. The crow drank water after dropping pebbles into the pitcher. 3. Use the appropriate prepositions from the brackets to fill in the gaps. (10) 1. Our school begins ___________ 10 o’clock. (on/in/at) 2. She is fond ___________ ice cream.(of/by/to) 3. The aeroplanes fly ____________ the sky. (in/on/over) Leading English Grammar - 2 | 163
4. Where do you go ____________ Sunday?(on/in/at) 5. There is a new watch __________ the wall.(at/on/over) 6. My father was born __________ October. (in/at/on) 7. Have you kept your books _________ the bag?(at/in/on) 8. They came to Nepal ___________ 1990.(at/in/on) 9. We don’t go out ___________ the evening.(in/at/on) 10. Our school runs from ten ________ four o’clock.(on, at, to) 4. Use capitals, full stops, commas and question marks in the following sentences and rewrite them. (3) 1. there are four books one pencil and a box in my bag _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why do you bring a ball a bat and a net to school daily _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 5. Write the following sentences correctly. (2) 1. There is a bufallo in the grasland. _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Septembar is the nineth month of the year. _________________________________________________________________________ Good Luck! 164 | Leading English Grammar - 2
USE OF CONJUNCTIONS UNIT 7 OBJECTIVES define conjunctions and identify them use different conjunctions like and, but, because, etc. correctly make nouns from verbs like teach-teacher, make- maker, etc. pronounce the word ending with -tion correctly After the completion of this unit, students will be able to: " Recite the rhyme with action and ask your students to follow you. Learners learn definition and function of the conjunctions easily and joyfully. It is an easy way of making students learns definition easily. " Let them recite the poem with action and ask question to check their understanding such as ‘What are conjunctions and what do they do?’ " Show the use of conjunctions with practical examples and in communicative way. " Apply read-peer-share technique for sustainable learning. " The activities should be discussed before writing. Let the students converse in pairs. " Explain to the students how to use different conjunctions in different situations. " Get the students to practice punctuation marks regularly. " For grammar comprehension, read out the text aloud and ask your students to follow you. Let them read the text again and discuss. " Do oral activities and conversation before you ask the students to do writing work. " At the end, evaluate students’ learning outcome through the given test. TEACHING TIPS Conjunctions are called joining words. They joins words, phrases, clauses. KEY CONCEPT Leading English Grammar - 2 | 165
STEP 1 STARTER ACTIVITY - 1 Cross word puzzle Complete the following crossword puzzle with the given words. because therefore after that which hence where when either neither w t t a b t h e w i h e e r n r 166 | Leading English Grammar - 2
STEP 2 CONJUNCTIONS RHYME ACTIVITY - 1 Let's sing and learn. Hello conjunction! How are you? I am fine and how do you do? Can you tell us what do you do? Of course, of course I join words. Clap your handsPat, pat, pat. Beat your feetTap, tap, tap. Open your mouthHa…ha…ha…! I join sentences, I join words, I join phrases and more. And, but, because, or and so, Let’s read connectives more and more. Clap your handsPat, pat, pat. Beat your feetTap, tap, tap. Open your mouthHa…ha…ha…! Leading English Grammar - 2 | 167
ACTIVITY - 2 Let's read and learn. Look, listen and say after your teacher. Circle the coloured words. These are conjunctions. 1. There is a laptop and a mobile on the table. 2. Do you have a book, a diary and a purse? 3. Seema has long hair but her sister has short hair. 4. A dog is sitting under the table but a cat is sitting on the table. 5. Birds live in the tree but fish live in the water. 6. My father and mother love me very much. Conjunctions are joining words. They join two or more words, phrases, clauses or sentences. Points to Remember ACTIVITY - 3 Let's do and learn. A. Look at the following pictures. Make sentences using conjunction as shown. The conjunction and joins words or sentences adding them while the conjunction but joins words or sentences showing a difference. Points to Remember A : What things do you have in your bag? B : There are books, pencil box and snack box in my bag. A : What kinds of balloons does the girl have? B : The girl has ___________________________________. 168 | Leading English Grammar - 2
A : How many fingers and eyes do you have? B : I have ___________________________________________ . A : How many goats and sheep are there in the field? B : There are _____________________________________ . B. Look at the pictures and complete the sentences using the conjunction but as shown in the examples. A : What are the tortoise and the rabbit doing? B : The tortoise is walking, but the rabbit is napping. A : What are the boys and girls doing? B : The boys are singing, but the girls are dancing. A : What is difference between two boys? B : Kalu is fat but _____________________________ Sete Kalu A : What are the bulls and the cows doing? B : ________________________________________________ Leading English Grammar - 2 | 169
A : What kinds of balloons do the boy and the girl have? B : ________________________________________________ A : What are the children and their father doing? B : The children are ____________________________ _________________________________ . C. Look at the following conversation and act. Son : Mum, can I take both candies of chocolate? Mom : No dear, you can’t take both. Son : Which one can I take, mum? Mum : Take either coffee chocolate or mango chocolate. Student : Should we do both questions? Teacher : No. Do either question no. A or B. ACTIVITY - 4 Act and learn A. Look at the pictures and answer the questions using and, but, either…or A : What can you see, and what can’t you see at night in the sky? B : We can see the stars and the moon in the sky at night, but we can’t see the sun in the sky at night. 170 | Leading English Grammar - 2
A : What do you see in the sky? B : _________________________________________ . A : Where is the rat and where is the cat? B : _________________________________________ . A : Does your father cook food? B : A : Does your father wash his dresses? B : _________________________________________ . A : Do the animals fly in the sky? B : _________________________________________ . A : Can you write with both hands? B : _________________________________________ . A : What things can you see outside from your classroom? B : _________________________________________ . Leading English Grammar - 2 | 171
B. Read and act in pair. A : Were you absent from your class yesterday? B : Yes, I was. A : Why were you absent? B : Because I was sick. A : Why are you sad today? B : Because I got a punishment. A : Why did you get the punishment? B : Because I did not complete my homework. We use the conjunction because to give a reason. Points to Remember ACTIVITY - 5 Let's do and learn. A. Answer the following questions. Give answer using the words given in the brackets. A : Why are you so happy today(birthday) B : _____________________________________________________________ . A : Why is he begging?(poor) B : _____________________________________________________________ . A : Why is she so slim(exercise)? B : _____________________________________________________________ . A : Why is he in hospital?(fell from the steps) B : _____________________________________________________________ . 172 | Leading English Grammar - 2
A : Why are you angry ?(tease) B : _____________________________________________________________ . A : Why are you crying?(stomach pain) B : _____________________________________________________________ . B. Fill in the blank spaces using the conjunctions but, and, because or or where appropriate. Our teacher told us to bring a colour box _____________ a drawing paper. I went to market to buy them. I asked the shopkeeper _____________ he had only colour box _____________ he did not have any drawing paper. I went to the next shop to buy them. The shopkeeper showed me a white _____________ a pink drawing papers _____________ I did not know whether I should use a pink _____________ a white paper _____________ I didn’t ask the teacher. STEP 3 USE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. A. Use capital letters, full stops (.), apostrophe (’s), commas (,) or question mark (?) where necessary in the following sentences. A : how are you kapil B : i am fine thank you and you A : I am also fine B : nice to meet you A : What do you do in the morning B : I go on morning walk and complete my homework in the morning Leading English Grammar - 2 | 173
A : when do you go to school B : I go to school at nine o’clock A : what is your schools name B : my schools name is A : what is your fathers name B : my fathers name is A : what is your class teachers name B : my class teachers name is STEP 4 PRACTICE OF PRONUNCIATION ACTIVITY - 1 Listen and learn. Look, listen and say. conjunction either …or neither …nor because therefore and but so whether while when what what’s where why STEP 5 RULES OF SPELLINGS ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. Look at the following words. They have -tion at the end. Conjunction Punctuation Pronunciation Preposition Relation Connection Interjection Reaction Tuition Motivation 174 | Leading English Grammar - 2
ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. Write six words, which have -tion at the end. _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ STEP 6 WORD POWER ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. We can make new words by adding e or er at the end of the verb. These verbs change into nouns. Look at the following examples. Verb+r- er New Words (Nouns) Verb+r-er New Words (Nouns) teach+er teacher make+r maker write+r writer follow+er follower learn+er learner give+r giver read+er reader help+er helper ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. Add e or er at the end of the following verbs and make new words. Verbs +er-r New words Verbs +er-r New words Verbs +er-r New words do speak train clean lead paint Leading English Grammar - 2 | 175
wipe hold shoot fight keep drive STEP 7 CHOICE OF WORDS ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. Read the following sentences and use the appropriate word from the brackets to fill in the gaps. 1. I could not come to school yesterday ___________________ . I was suffering from a headache.(and/but/because) 2. I was suffering from a headache yesterday _________________ I could not come to school.(because/so/but) 3. She is very beautiful ______________________ she is very lazy. (and/but/because) 4. They tease me ______________________ I don’t tease them. (because/so/but) 5. You can go out __________________ you can sit silently here __________________ you can’t disturb me.(and/but/or) 6. You should read, write ______________ play _____________ you should not do always one thing.(but/or/and) STEP 8 LISTENING ACTIVITY - 1 Listen and learn. Listen to the teacher and say. There are two ears and one mouth in our body. Do you know why? We should listen more, so God has given us two ears. But 176 | Leading English Grammar - 2
God has given us only one mouth. Do you know why? Because we should speak less and listen more. We should listen to our teachers and keep silence in the class. We should not disturb the class, but we should try to help the class. We should not speak unnecessary things, but we should speak necessary things. Some students talk much but when they have to speak and say; they don’t speak and say. It is not a good habit. We have two hands and two legs but we have one head. Do you know why? Because our head controls and guides all other organs and body parts. There are many teachers in your school ,but the head teacher is only one. All the teachers follow him/her, and the head teacher guides to all them. B. Listen and answer. 1. Why has God given us two ears and one mouth? 2. What kinds of things should we speak in the class? 3. What does our head do? 4. How many head teachers are there in your school? 5. Whom do the teachers follow? STEP 9 SPEAKING ACTIVITY - 1 Act and learn Ask and answer in turn using the conjunctions and, but, because, or, either…or and so as shown in the examples. A : Do you write with a pen? B : No, I don’t write with a pen, but I write with a pencil. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 177
A : Can you write with a pen? B : No, I can’t write with a pen but I can write with a pencil. A : Do you have two mouths? B : No, I don’t have three mouths but I have one mouth. A : What things do you have on your head? B : I have two eyes, two ears, one nose and one mouth on my head. A : Do you have three legs? (use but) B : ________________________________________________________________________ . A : How many vowel letters and consonant letters are there in the English alphabet? (use but, and) B : There _________________________________________________________________ A : How many sisters and brothers do you have? (use but or and) B : I _______________________________________________________________________ . A : What things are there in your box?(use and) B : There are ___________________________________________________________ . A : What things can you do in the class and what things you can’t do in the class.(use but) B : I can ____________________ but I can’t _________________ STEP 10 GRAMMAR COMPREHENSION ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. Look, listen and say after your teacher. Do the activities after reading it. Have you ever seen building a house in your locality? You might have seen masons building walls of bricks or stones. Do you know what they use to join bricks or stones? Most probably, they 178 | Leading English Grammar - 2
use mud to join two stones or they use cement to join bricks or stones. We join two things using mud, glue, cement, nail, stitch etc. In the same way, we use conjunctions to join two or more words,phrases or sentences. These are called joining words. They join words and sentences. Some joining words are and, but, so, because, or, etc. You have already discussed these joining words. We use the conjunction and to add while we use the conjunction but to show a difference while joining words or sentences. We use the conjunction because to give a reason. We use the conjunction so to show a result. We use the conjunction or to make a choice. There are many conjunctions. ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. A. Match the following words in Set -A with their similar meanings in Set -B. 1. join 2. so 6. reason 3. discuss 4. locality 5. choice Set- A a. cause, explanation b. option, selection f. link, connect c. area, place d. talk about, converse e. as a result, therefore Set-B B. Fill in the gaps with the correct words from the above text. 1. We use ___________________ to join two words or sentences. 2. We use the conjunction ___________________ to show difference. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 179
3. We use the conjunction ___________________ to show a result. 4. We use the conjunction ___________________ to make a choice. 5. We use the conjunction ___________________ to give a reason 6. We use the conjunction ___________________ to add two or more things. C. Answer the following questions. 1. What are conjunctions? 2. What is the use of conjunctions? 3. Which conjunction is used to show reason? 4. Which conjunction is used to make a selection? STEP 11 WRITING ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. Complete the following story filling the conjunction and or but. Once upon a time, there lived a peacock ___________ a crane in a forest. The peacock had very beautiful ___________ colourful wings ___________ the crane had very simple wings. The peacock was proud of its wings. The peacock praised his own wings ___________ thought himself the most beautiful bird in the world. One day, the peacock mocked at the crane. ‘What an ordinary bird you are! You have no wings like mine.’ ‘Of course! said the crane, ‘you have colourful wings ___________ you can’t fly high up like me, can you?’ At this the peacock felt ashamed ___________ realized his weakness. Although he was beautiful, he couldn’t fly as high 180 | Leading English Grammar - 2
as the crane could. This story tells us that we should not hate others. Nothing is perfect ___________ complete itself. So, we should respect others for what they have. STEP 12 WORDS IN USE ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. Use the following conjunctions in your own meaningful sentences. Don’t copy from the book. and but so because therefore or ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ STEP 13 DICTATION Learn the following words and spellings for dictation. therefore although discuss reason because choice selection alphabet vowel consonants Leading English Grammar - 2 | 181
STEP 14 UNIT REVIEW Unit Test-7 Full Marks : 25 Marks Obtained Time : 45 Minutes Grade ___________________ __________________ Guardian's Signature Teacher's Signature Look, listen and say. Do the activities after reading it. Nepal is our country. It is small but beautiful country. We have mountains and hills; valleys and plane areas. Some of us live in the Terai region and some of us live in the Hilly region, but we all are the Nepalese. We love our country and live for it. We are honest and brave, so people of the world respect us. The Buddhists from all over the world come to Nepal because it is the birth place of Lord Buddha. Tourists of the world come to Nepal to see the mountains because Nepal has the highest peaks of the world. 1. Match the following words in Set-A with their similar meanings in Set-B. (6) Set- A 1. beautiful a. value ,admire 2. tourists b. survive, reside 6. respect f. attractive, good-looking 3. world c. arrive, approach 4. come d. earth, globe 5. live e. visitors, travellers Set-B 2. Answer the following questions. (6) a. Where are the highest peak of the world? 182 | Leading English Grammar - 2
b. What are the highest things of Nepal? c. Why do people of the world respect us? 3. Read the sentences and use the appropriate conjunctions from the brackets to fill in the gaps. (8) a. Sameer and Sobit study in grade two _____________their friend, Kalyan studies in grade three. (and/but/so) b. Nepal is not rich _____________it is beautiful country of the world. (so/but/and) c. What do you use to write: a pen ______ a pencil? (but/and/ or)? d. Do you study in the Nepali medium __________ the English medium school? (and/but/or) e. Can you help me _____________not? (but/and/or) f. Her farther _____________ mother work in the same office. (and/but/or) g. I was sick for a long time _____________ I could not pass the exam.(so/because/and) h. Nobody likes him __________ he is proud.(but/because/so) 4. Make new compound words by combining the first words with the second words as shown in the examples. (3) First words house shop super any life text book Second words market time line book keeper hold store New words bookstore 5. Use the following conjunctions in your own sentences. (2) because but Good luck! Leading English Grammar - 2 | 183
USE OF ARTICLES UNIT 8 OBJECTIVES Use articles a and an correctly Ask and answer using articles a and an Use capital letters, commas, full stops, apostrophe, and question marks correctly. Tell the spelling rule of ‘q that is followed by u’ while making words. Complete broken stories using ‘a’ and ‘an’. After the completion of this unit, students will be able to: " Explain when ‘a’ and ‘an’ are used. " Explain the use of ‘a’ and ‘an’ with examples. " Let the students act out the given conversations in pairs. " Let them do the activities and ask them. " Make more exercises to make them understand. " Make them practice on punctuation marks " Read out the grammar comprehension aloud and ask your students to follow you. " Let the students read out the text again and discuss before they attempt writing task. " Let the students complete the story filling ‘a’ and ‘an’ in the blank space. " Let the students read out the story after correction. Let them underline the words with ‘a’ and ‘an’ articles. " Test the students’ knowledge at the end of the unit. TEACHING TIPS Articles a and an are determiners. They are used before nouns to determine them. KEY CONCEPT 184 | Leading English Grammar - 2
STEP 1 STARTER ACTIVITY - 1 Cross word puzzle Complete the following words in the crossword puzzle. articles language alphabet vowels consonants definite indefinite vocabulary speech grammar g d a c v l y r s a e s t i e e s h Leading English Grammar - 2 | 185
STEP 2 USE OF ARTICLES ACTIVITY - 1 Act in pairs and learn A. Underline a and an along with the words after them as shown. A : Do you have a pen? B : No, I don’t have a pen. A : What do you write with? B : I write with a pencil. A : Do you have an apple? B : Yes, I have an apple. A : Where have you kept the apple? B : I have kept it in my bag. A : Do you have an ink pot? B : No, I don’t have an ink pot. A : Why don’t you have an ink pot? B : Because I don’t write with a pen. A : Do you have a pencil box? B : Yes, I have a pencil box. Use a before a singular noun, which has the first letter a consonant, and use an before a singular noun whose first letter is a vowel. Consonant letters are: b c d f g h j k l m z n p q r s t v w x y Vowel letters are: a e i o u Points to Remember 186 | Leading English Grammar - 2
B. Look, listen and say. an ant an elephant an ice cream an umbrella an orange a book a cat a dog a fan a hen ACTIVITY - 2 Act and learn Ask and answer in turn. Use a or an in the blank spaces and complete the following conversation. A : What do you see in the field? B : I see __________ elephant, __________ dog, __________ horse, __________ deer and __________ cow in the field. A : Do you see any bird too? B : Yes, I see __________ dove and __________ owl sitting on the tree. A : Do you have __________ eraser? B : Yes, I have __________ eraser. A : Would you give me for a while? B : Here you are. ACTIVITY - 3 Let's do and learn. A. Use a or an before the following nouns. ________ letter ______ sign board ________ apron ________ purse ________ ink pot ________ fat man ________ eye ________ quilt ________ bulb ________ gun ________ leader ________ rat _______ cell phone ________ hat ________ mat _______ oral test ________ doll ________ jack fruit _______ match box ________ yak Leading English Grammar - 2 | 187
________ elbow ________ kilo ________ nail ________ orange tree ________ sister ________ door _______ time-table ________ pump ________ bed ________ door ________ eagle ________ leaf ________ board ________ tube ________ pipe ________ page ________ oven ________ shirt ________ cutter _______ calculator ________ inch ______ oral health ________ astray ______ water pipe ________ grill ________ song ______ underwear _______ zebra ________ onion ________ chair ________ ox ________ tip ________ ticket ________ camera ________ wall B. Complete the sentences using the appropriate article a or an. 1. I saw ________ woman who had ________ comb and ________ ring. 2. _____ man was standing under _______ tree. 3. There was ________ pole of ________ electric wire near the man. 4. I saw ________ dog, which was running after ________ jackal through the forest. 5. She brought ________ iron rod and ________ axe. 6. I asked ________ question to my teacher yesterday. 7. There are seven days in ________ week and twelve months in ________ year. 8. You can see ________ river and ________ banyan tree if you go ahead. 9. Please can you give me ________ eraser and ________sharpener for ________ while? 10. We have ________ head, ________ nose ________ neck and two legs. 188 | Leading English Grammar - 2
STEP 3 USE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. Use capital letters, full stops, commas, apostrophes and question marks to complete the following conversations. A : when do you use capital letters B : we use capital letters to start a special name and a sentence. A : thank you so much B : you’re welcome A : when should we use a full stop B : we use a full stop at the end of a statement A : can you give me some examples,please B : of course there is a cat under a table. I study in grade one. A : when should we use a question mark B : we use a question mark at the end of a sentence while asking a question A : when should we use an apostrophe comma B : we use an apostrophe comma to show possession such as Ram’s house A : thank you so much for helping me B : it’s my pleasure STEP 4 PRACTICE OF PRONUNCIATION ACTIVITY - 1 Listen and learn. Look, listen and say after your teacher. article vowel apostrophe question possession of course pleasure example conversation while Leading English Grammar - 2 | 189
STEP 5 RULES OF SPELLINGS ACTIVITY - 1 Let's look and learn. Look at the following words and underline the letters q and u. U follows q while making a word. It means u comes after q in a word. queen question quarrel quotation quick quacked quiz quality quiet quit ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. Correct the following words with the help of the above rule. eqality eqation mosqito inqiry liqid uniqe uneqal qite aqa qest STEP 6 WORD POWER ACTIVITY - 1 Let's look and learn. We can make new words by rhyming. Look, listen, and say. all ball tall fall pall cat bat hat rat sat 190 | Leading English Grammar - 2
ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. Write at least two rhyming words for the following words. tie write help sit tell but STEP 7 CHOICE OF WORDS ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. Look, listen and say. Circle the words has, have and had. She has a new bag. He has a new bicycle. We have our new car. They have new books. The boys have four balls. The bitch has nine puppies. Yesterday we had a special birthday party. They had caps and umbrellas. * We use has with a singular noun and he, she it. * We use have with plural nouns and we, you, they. * We use had in the past tense with all subjects. Points to Remember Leading English Grammar - 2 | 191
ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. Use has, have or had in the blanks. 1. I _______________ got a new pencil from my mother. 2. You _______________ a beautiful doll. 3. They _______________ a cricket match yesterday. 4. The boys and girls _______ a painting competition today. 5. Last week we _______________ a science test. 6. She _______________ a red ribbon on her head. STEP 8 LISTENING ACTIVITY - 1 Let's Listen and learn. Once there lived a family in Ramnagar. The family had six members. They were father, mother, grandfather, grandmother, son and daughter. The name of the grandfather was Bir Singh and the grandmother was Neelam. Father’s name was Hemlal and mother’s name was Seema. The name of the son was Rahul and the daughter was Sarita. It was a happy family. They helped each other. Listen and answer. 1. What was the name of the village? 2. How many members were there in the family? 3. Who was Neelam? 4. What was the name of the grandfather? 5. What was mother’s name? 6. Who was Rahul? 192 | Leading English Grammar - 2
STEP 9 SPEAKING ACTIVITY - 1 Act and learn. Look at the pictures and ask question using 'What is this?' and answer using This is a… or This is an as shown in the examples. A : What is this? B : This is an animal. A : What is this? B : This is a book. eagle umbrella tiger lion ear phone rose panda cup eye glass onion STEP 10 GRAMMAR COMPREHENSION ACTIVITY - 1 Let's read and learn. Look, listen and say after your teacher. Do the activities given below after reading it. There are three articles. They are a, an and the. Articles are used before nouns. Articles a and an are indefinite articles. The is a definite article. Article a is used before a singular countable noun, which has the first letter a consonant. Article an is used before a singular noun which has starting letter a vowel. There are twenty-six letters. There are five vowel letters. There are twenty-one consonant letters. We have already discussed articles a and an above. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 193
ACTIVITY - 2 Let's do and learn. A. Match the following words in Set- A with their similar meanings in Set -B. 1. indefinite 2. definite 6. respect 3. starting 4. singular 5. live Set- A a. one, particular b. survive, reside f. attractive, good-looking c. exact, specific d. unclear, vague e. visitors, travellers Set-B B. Answer the following questions. 1. Where do we use article a? _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Where should we use article an? _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Give four examples of the use of article an. _________________________________________________________________________ 4. Give four examples of the use of the article a. _________________________________________________________________________ 194 | Leading English Grammar - 2
STEP 11 WRITING ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. Complete the following story using a or an in the blank spaces. There lived two birds and ___________ insect near ___________ river. There was a tree on the side of the river. The birds lived on the tree and the insect lived under the tree. The birds were an eagle and a dove and the insect was ___________ ant. The eagle had ___________ eye because of ___________ injury. One day the ant was carried away by the current of water. The dove saw it and dropped ___________ leaf beside the ant. The ant climbed upon the leaf. After sometime the leaf reached the bank of the river and the ant came out of the river. One day ___________ hunter came there and aimed at the dove, which was sitting on the branch of ___________ tree. The ant saw the danger of the dove's life and stung on the hunter's leg .The hunter missed its aim. The dove flew away and saved its life. In this way, they saved each other’s life. Leading English Grammar - 2 | 195
STEP 12 WORDS IN USE ACTIVITY - 1 Let's do and learn. Use the following words in your own sentences using articles a and an before them. Underline the words along with a and an. tree There is a tree in the ground. orange ____________________________________________________________. egg ____________________________________________________________. diary ____________________________________________________________. computer ____________________________________________________________. pencil ____________________________________________________________. engineer ____________________________________________________________. STEP 13 DICTATION Learn the spellings of the following words for dictation. electricity indefinite definite spelling activities remember forget points following important 196 | Leading English Grammar - 2
STEP 14 UNIT REVIEW Unit Test-8 Full Marks : 25 Marks Obtained Time : 45 Minutes Grade ___________________ __________________ Guardian's Signature Teacher's Signature Look, listen and say after your teacher. Do the activities after reading it. There is a saying, ‘hard work always pays.’ Our laziness is our enemy. An enemy always tries to harm us. We should not be close to our enemy. Hard-working is our great friend. It always helps us. It always gives us a reward. Discipline is an ornament. An ornament makes a person looking good that is called attractive. We should have two qualities: hard-working and discipline. The meaning of hard-working is diligent. We should be diligent. Hard-working and discipline are the keys to success. So let’s be diligent and disciplined. 1. Match the following words in Set -A with their similar meanings in Set-B. (3) 1. always 2. enemy 6. success 3. ornament 4. diligent 5. harm Set- A a. achievement, victory b. hurt, damage f. for all time, forever c. active, meticulous d. foe, opponent e. decoration, adorn Set-B Leading English Grammar - 2 | 197
2. Answer the following questions. (10) a. What is our friend? _________________________________________________________________________ b. What is our enemy? _________________________________________________________________________ c. What does an enemy always try? _________________________________________________________________________ d. What does an ornament make a person? _________________________________________________________________________ e. What are the keys to success? _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Use article a or an in the blank spaces. Use a capital letter where necessary. (10) a. I need ____________ iron piece to make ____________ magnet. b. We have made ____________ arrangement for the party. c. ____________ owl is ____________ wise bird. d. We should be ____________ lamp to light others. e. Have you seen ____________ sea and ____________ ocean? f. ‘B’ is ____________ letter but book is ____________ word. 4. Punctuate the following sentence. (2) hira kaji maharjan is a doctor of our village _________________________________________________________________________. Good Luck! 198 | Leading English Grammar - 2
OBJECTIVES Recap all the taught lessons of grammar identify parts of speech Identify proper nouns, common nouns, material nouns and collective nouns Identify countable and uncountable nouns Identify singular and plural nouns Identify verbs, adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions After the completion of this unit, students will be able to: " Let the students review the related unit before they attempt glossary task. It helps them review the whole lesson. " Conduct oral activities and conversation. " Let them do the activity themselves and share. " Let them exchange their notebook with their peers. " Make correction on the board and ask them to correct the friend’s answer. " It makes them active in learning. " Discuss the things which are not clear to students. TEACHING TIPS SECTION 2 Grammar Glossary Test Leading English Grammar - 2 | 199
Glossary Test-1 Write P for proper nouns, C for common nouns, CT for collective nouns and M for material nouns in the box. ant C class CT staff China hive dove word silver student mobile Prakash book tree band goat salt Jane ring soil Butwal choir friend zoo Anu flock gold Ruby basket wood mouse iron question Komal gold team galaxy pair library singer gang Sarita flower crowd cap album rice herd ink group hat sound audience water sentence bouquet Glossary Test-2 Change the following nouns into plural form. Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural tooth teeth calf mouse chair object branch fly thing dairy wife fairy chip mango key baby sheep country woman monkey story man lion goose story 200 | Leading English Grammar - 2