200 Conversational Latin
Ren§ta Eratne Tiberis fl»men n§vig§bile Was the Tiber a navigable river in
Magistra aet§te R«m§n§? Roman times?
Ita, sed supr§ R«mam ratibus Yes, but north of Rome it was
tantum n§vig§bilis erat. Inter navigable only to rafts. But
R«mam autem et «stium between Rome and its mouth
omnibus n§vibus n§vig§bilis the Tiber was navigable to all
erat. ships.
Ren§ta Qu§ longit»dine est Tiberis? What is the length of the Tiber?
Magistra Circiter centum qu¿nqu§gint§ Around one hundred fifty miles.
m¿lia passuum.
Ren§ta Quantum abest R«ma § Tiberis How far is Rome from the mouth
Magistra «sti«? of the Tiber?
Circiter qu¿ndecim m¿lia passuum About fifteen miles. There it
distat. Ibi in mare Tyrrh¡num s¡ empties into the Tyrrhenian
effundit. Sea.
Ren§ta Quae g¡ns supr§ Tiberim What nation lived north of the
Magistra habit§bat? Tiber?
Etrusc¿, qu«rum pr¿nceps urbs erat The Etruscans, whose chief city
V¡i¿. was Veii.
Ren§ta Estne R«ma cl¿v«sa an pl§na? Is Rome hilly or flat?
Magistra R«ma est quidem cl¿v«sa;
Rome is indeed hilly; it takes in
complectitur ill«s inclut«s the famous seven hills. The city
septem mont¡s. Urbs apposita is located at the bend in the
est flexu¿ fl»minis. river.
Ren§ta Quis m«ns est proximus Tiber¿? Which hill is closest to the Tiber?
Magistra M«ns Avent¿nus est proximus; The Aventine is closest; but the
sed m«ns P§l§t¿nus est item Palatine Hill is likewise close to
prope fl»men. the river.
Ren§ta Utinam aliquand« aspiciam How I wish to see the Tiber
Magistra Tiberim! someday!
Aspici¡s. You will.
Chapter XXIII: Geography and Topography 201
LEVEL III Traveling from Rome to Greece.
Galfridus Magister, qu§ vi§ R«m§n¿ Jeffrey: Teacher, by what way did
Magister ant¿quitus in Graeciam iter the Romans in antiquity travel
faci¡bant? to Greece?
In ‡tali§ ips§, via Appia § port§ Teacher: In Italy itself, the Via
Cap¡n§ d»cit r¡ct§ ad montem Appia leads from the Porta
Alb§num, deinde per pal»dem Capena in a straight line to the
Pompt¿nam ad urbem Capuam. Alban Mount, then through the
Pomptine marshes to the city of
Capua.
Galfridus Estne Capua in Lati« an in Is Capua in Latium or in
Magister Camp§ni§? Campania?
Capua est profect« pr¿nceps urbs Capua is, in fact, the principal
Camp§niae. city of Campania.
Galfridus Quantum R«ma abest Capu§? How far is Rome from Capua?
Magister Abest paul« amplius quam
It’s a little more than a hundred
centum et v¿gint¿ m¿lia and twenty miles, as the crow
passuum, m¡ns»r§ currente. flies. Then the road leads past
Deinde via d»cit praeter Beneventum in the interior
Beneventum in mediterr§ne« across the Apennines to the
tr§ns montem Apenn¿num ad harbor at Brindisi.
portum apud Brundisium.
Galfridus Tenditne m«ns Apenn¿nus ad Does the Apennine Range extend
Magister mer¿di§n§s regi«n¡s ‡taliae? to the southern regions of Italy?
Ita. M«ns Apenn¿nus, ‡taliae Yes. The Apennines, the largest
amplissimus, tendit perpetu¿s (mountains) of Italy, extend in
iug¿s ab Alpibus ad Siculum an unbroken chain from the
fr¡tum. Alps to the Strait of Messina.
Galfridus N«nne f¿n¿tur via Appia ad Does the Via Appia end at the
Magister portum? harbor?
Ita. Etiamnum duae columnae Yes. Even today two high columns
altae ante portum indicant in front of the harbor mark the
f¿nem Viae Appiae. end of the Via Appia.
Galfridus N§vig§bantne R«m§n¿ per Did the Romans sail in a direct
Magister d¿r¡ctum ad sinum line to the Gulf of Corinth?
Corinthiacum?
No. You see, the passage across
N«n. Nam tr§nsitus tr§ns Hadri§ti- the Adriatic Sea was shortest
cum mare erat brevissimus inter between Brindisi and Apollonia
Brundisium et Apoll«niam, quae in Illyria.
in Illyric« est.
202 Conversational Latin
Galfridus Vi§t«r¡s deinde terr¡n« itinere Did the travelers then head
Magister Ath¡n§s pet¡bant? overland for Athens?
Pr¿m« n§vig§bant in mer¿diem First they sailed southward close
versus, secundum «ram Illyric¿; to the shore of Illyria; then they
deinde intr§bant sinum entered the Gulf of Corinth.
Corinthiacum. Postr¡m« Finally, they traveled overland
veh¡bantur terr¡n« itinere per along the isthmus to Attica and
isthmum in Atticam et Ath¡n§s. Athens.
TOPICAL VOCABULARY______________________________
about (approximately) circiter, ferm¡ Athens Ath¡n·ae |§rum fpl
accommodations hospiti·um |¿ n Attica Attic·a |ae f
across tr§ns (+ acc); across from ex bank r¿p·a |ae f; the Tiber having
advers« (+ gen), exadversum (+ acc) overflowed its banks Tiberis super
r¿p§s eff»sus
adjacent to contermin·us |a |um (+ dat)
bay sin·us |»s m, recess·us |»s m
adjoin adiung·or |¿ adi»nctus sum (+
dat) before (in front of) ante (+ acc)
adjoining i»nct·us |a |um; adjoining begin at incip·i« |ere inc¡p¿ ab (+ abl)
nations i»nctae n§ti«n¡s
Beneventum Benevent·um |¿ n
Adriatic Hadri§tic·us |a |um; the
Adriatic Hadri§ticum mar·e |is n big ampl·us |a |um
Africa ×fric·a |ae f behind (in the rear of) § terg« (+ gen)
along per (+ acc), secundum (+ acc) bend s (of a river) flex·us |»s m
Alps Alp·¡s |ium fpl bend intr s¡ flect·« |ere flex¿ flexus
Alpine Alp¿n·us |a |um; Alpine chain beyond ultr§ (+ acc)
×lpium iug·a |«rum npl
border on atting·« |ere (+ acc)
America Americ·a |ae f; North
America America Septentri«n§lis; border f¿n·is |is m, conf¿ni·um |¿ n
South America America Mer¿di§na
boundary f¿n·is |is m; (dividing line)
American Americ§n·us |a |um discr¿m·en |inis n; at the boundary
between Italy and Switzerland ad
Apennines, Apennine Range discr¿men ‡taliae et Helv¡tiae
Apenn¿nus m«n·s |tis m
bounded: on the east it is bounded by
Appian Way vi·a |ae f Appia … ab oriente clauditur (+ abl)
area tract·us |»s m breadth l§tit»d·« |inis f; in breadth
l§tit»dine, in l§tit»dinem
Asia Asi·a |ae f
Brindisi Brundisi·um |¿ n
at apud (+ acc)
brook r¿vul·us |¿ m
Atlantic Atlantic·us |a |um; Atlantic
Ocean Atlanticus «cean·us |¿ m, business district empori·um |¿ n
Atlanticum mar·e |is n
Chapter XXIII: Geography and Topography 203
called dict·us, appell§t·us, vocit§t·us, crow: as the crow flies m¡ns»r§
voc§t·us, nuncup§t·us |a |um currente [lit: in a running
measurement]
Campania Camp§ni·a |ae f
current fl»m·en |inis n (in the sense of
canal foss·a |ae f “the flow”); against the current
advers« fl»mine; strong current v¿s
Capua Capu·a |ae f f (no gen; acc: vim; abl: v¿)
fl»minis; with the current s¡cund«
cape pr«mont«ri·um |¿ n fl»mine
capital cap·ut |itis n curve (in a road, coast) §nfr§ct·us |»s m
cave spec·us |»s m Danube river Dan»vius amn·is |is m
cavern sp¡lunc·a |ae f densely populated region r¡gi«
uberrimae multit»dinis
causeway pedestris tr§nsit·us-»s m
desert d¡sert·a |«rum npl
chain: the Apennines extending in an
unbroken chain from the Alps to dimensions m¡ns»r·a |ae f or
… Apenn¿nus m«ns perpetu¿s iug¿s m¡ns»r·ae |§rum fpl
ab Alpibus tend¡ns ad (+ acc)
directly r¡ct§, per d¿r¡ctum
circumference circuit·us |»s m; its
crater measures 500 feet in distance spati·um |¿ n; its distance
circumference eius cr§t¡r patet from the sea is three miles abest §
circuit» qu¿ngent«s ped¡s mar¿ tria m¿lia passuum
city urb·s |is f distant longinqu·us |a |um; to be
distant from abesse ab (+ abl),
climate cael·um |¿ n dist§re ab (+ abl)
cluster (of islands, etc.) celebrit·§s district tract·us |»s m, ag·er |r¿ m
|§tis f
dotted: the river is dotted with towns
coast «r·a |ae f (maritima); on the coast on the right and left bank amnis
in «r§ (maritim§) accolitur (or frequent§tur) dextr§
laev§que cr¡br¿s oppid¿s
confluence c«nflu·¡ns |entis m; at the
confluence of the Tiber and the earthquake terrae mot·us |»s m
Anio inter c«nfluent¡s Tiberim et
Ani«nem east ori·¡ns |entis m; on the east (side)
ab oriente; to the east in orientem
course curs·us |»s m; along a winding versus (versus is an adverb)
course meante curs»
eastern orient§l·is |is |e
continent par·s |tis f mund¿ (or orbis
terr§rum) eastward in orientem versus (versus is
an adverb)
Corinth Corinth·us |¿ f; gulf of Corinth
sin·us |»s m Corinthiacus (or empty (into) s¡ effund·« |ere eff»d¿
Corinthius) eff»sus
crater cr§t·¡r |¡ris m end s f¿n·is |is m
creek r¿v·us |¿ m end intr d¡sin·« |ere, f¿n·ior |¿r¿
crest (of a hill) iug·um |¿ n estuary aestu§ri·um |¿ n
crossing (passage) tr§nsit·us |»s m Etruria Etr»ri·a |ae f
204 Conversational Latin
Europe Eur«p·a |ae f how: how far is … from quantum
European Eur«pae·us |a |um distat (or abest) … ab (+ abl)
extend (of land, body of water) tend·«
Illyria Illyric·um |¿ n
|ere, pr«tend·« |ere, pat·e« |¡re; the increase tr aug·e« |¡re aux¿ auctus ¶
region extends from … to … regi«
tendit ab (+ abl) ad (+ acc); to intr aug·eor |¡r¿ auctus sum
extend over (to cover) obtin·e« |¡re inland adv intus; towns inland from
face spect§re; to face north (south,
east, west) spect§re in (or ad) Tarentum oppida per continentem §
septentri«n¡s (mer¿diem, orientem, Tarent«
occidentem) inland adj interi·or |or |us; inland seas
famous for inclutus, n«bilis (+ abl) mar·ia |ium npl interi«ra
far long¡; farthest to the south interior s: in the interior in
longissim¡ in mer¿diem; (not) far mediterr§ne«, intus; toward the
from (haud) procul ab (+ abl) interior intus
field ag·er |r¿ m interior adj interi·or |or |us
flat pl§n·us |a |um Ireland Hiberni·a |ae f
flow flu·« |ere fl»x¿ fl»xus; to flow by island ¿nsul·a |ae f; islands off the
adlu·«, adluere; to flow down from coast of Greece ¿nsulae ante
d¡fluere d¡ (+ abl); to flow into Graeciam
¿nfluere in (+ acc); to flow out from isthmus isthm·us |¿ m (f)
effluere ab (+ abl); to flow past Italy ‡tali·a |ae f
praefluere (+ acc), praeterfluere (+ jut out see project
acc) lagoon st§gn·um |¿ n
foot of a mountain r§d·¿x |¿cis m lake lac·us |»s m
montis; at the foot of the mountain land terr·a |ae f
r§d¿ce montis lead (of a road) d»c·« |ere d»x¿ ductus
foothills r§d¿c·¡s |um mpl montis left sinist·er |ra |rum, laev·us |a |um;
forest silv·a |ae f on the left laev§, § laev§; (to the)
formerly ante§ left sinistr«rsum, laev«rsum
front: in front of ante (+ acc) length longit»d·« |inis f; in length
frontier f¿n·is |is m, termin·us |¿ m longit»dine, in longit»dinem
geography ge«graphi·a |ae f lengthwise per longit»dinem
Gibraltar Calp·¡ |¡s f; strait of lie iac·e« |¡re |u¿; to lie in the direction
Gibraltar G§d¿t§num fr¡t·um |¿ n of verg·« |ere ad (+ acc)
Greece Graeci·a |ae f line l¿ne·a |ae f; in a straight line per
gulf sin·us |»s m d¿r¡ctum
harbor port·us |»s m live (dwell) habit§re; to live near, (in
head for pet·« |ere pet¿v¿ pet¿tus the case of a river) to live on the
hill coll·is |is m banks of accol·« |ere |u¿ accultum
hilly cl¿v«s·us |a |um long long·us |a |um; fifteen miles long
qu¿ndecim m¿lia passuum (often
written: p.) in longit»dinem or
Chapter XXIII: Geography and Topography 205
qu¿ndecim m¿lia passuum in north § septentri«ne; on the north
longit»dinem pat¡ns (side) latere septentri«n§l¿
mainland contin·¡ns |entis f northern septentri«n§l·is |is |e
map of the world orb·is |is m terr§rum northward in septentri«n¡s versus
p¿ctus (versus is an adverb)
meander me§re ocean «cean·us |¿ m; the Atlantic
Ocean «ceanus Atlanticus or mare
measure pat·e« |¡re, collig·« |ere; Atlanticum
measuring ten miles in
circumference pat¡ns (or collig¡ns) off (said of an island) ante (+ acc), apud
decem m¿lia passuum circuit» (+ acc); off (the coast of) Italy ante
‡taliam
Mediterranean Sea Internum mar·e |is
n, Tuscum mare, Tyrrh¡num mare opposite prep versus (+ acc) (often
postpositive), adversum (+ acc),
mine metall·um |¿ n; gold (lead, iron, contr§ (+ acc); opposite of ex
copper, silver, tin) mine metallum advers« or exadvers« (+ gen)
aur¿ (plumb¿, ferr¿, aeris, argent¿,
plumb¿ alb¿) pass (defile) salt·us |»s m
moderate: of moderate size modic·us past praeter (+ acc)
|a |um
peninsula paen¿nsul·a |ae f
mountain m«n·s |tis m
plain camp·us |¿ m; open plains camp¿
mountain chain mont·¡s |ium mpl patent¡s
perpetu¿
Pomptine Marshes pal·»s |»dis f
mountainous montu«s·us |a |um, Pompt¿na
mont§n·us |a |um
pond st§gn·um |¿ n
mouth (of a river) «sti·um |¿ n
pool st§gn·um |¿ n
narrow angust·us |a |um
population multit»d·« |inis f; the total
nation g¡n·s |tis f number of the population numer·us
|¿ m omnis multit»dinis
navigable n§vig§bi·lis |is |e
port port·us |»s m
near v¿c¿n·us |a |um (+ dat), prope (+
acc) previously ante§
next adv proxim¡; next comes, then … principal (chief) pr¿nc·eps |ipis
then … after that unde … dein …
dein … inde … productivity (of fields, mines, etc.)
fertilit·§s |§tis f
next to proxim·us |a |um (+ dat), iuxt§
(+ acc) project (of a promontory or cape)
excurr·« |ere; to project far out into
north adj super·ior |ior |ius, the sea excurrere long¡ in mare
septentri«n§l·is |is |e
race g¡n·s |tis f
north adv ad septentri«n¡s; north of
supr§ (+ acc), super (+ acc) raft rat·is |is f
north s septentri·« |«nis m or rapids vad·um |¿ n candic§ns
septentri«n·¡s |um mpl; on the
reach (arrive at) perven·i« |¿re ad or in
(+ acc)
206 Conversational Latin
region regi·« |«nis f size magnit»d·« |inis f, amplit»d·« |inis
f
ridge iug·um |¿ n
slope s cl¿v·us |¿ m; steep (gentle) slope
right dexter |(e)ra |(e)rum; on the right arduus (l¡nis) cl¿vus
dextr§, § dexter§; (to the) right
dextr«rsum; to turn right slope intr verg·« |ere; sloping toward
dextr«rsum s¡ vertere the sea verg¡ns ad mare
rise (of a mountain) surg·« |ere; (of source f«n·s |tis m
several mountains) c«nsurgere; (of a
river, have its source) (ex)orior south adj ¿nfer·ior |ior |ius, mer¿di§n·us
(ex)or¿r¿; the Tiber rising in the |a |um; on the south side latere
Apennines Tiberis monte Apenn¿n« mer¿di§n«
(ex)ori¡ns
south adv ad mer¿diem; south of infr§
river fl»m·en |inis n, amn·is |is m (with (+ acc)
no distinction as to size)
south s mer¿di·¡s |¡¿ m, mer¿di§n·um |¿
river bed alve·us |¿ m n; in the south § mer¿di¡
Roman R«m§n·us |a |um southern s mer¿di§n·us |a |um, ¿nfer·ior
|ior |ius
Rome R«m·a |ae f (often referred to
simply as urbs) southward in mer¿diem versus (versus
is an adverb)
rugged asp·er |era |erum
spring f«n·s |tis m
sail n§vig§re, (n§ve) vehor veh¿ vectus
sum state stat·us |»s m, c¿vit·§s |§tis f
sea mar·e |is n strait fr¡t·um |¿ n; Strait of Messina
fr¡tum Siculum
seacoast «r·a |ae f maritima, l¿t·us
|oris n stream r¿v·us |¿ m
seashore act·a |ae f stretch see extend
separate s¡par§re, discern·« |ere, suburb suburbi·um |¿ n; suburbs
distingu·« |ere; it is separated from continent·ia |ium npl
Gaul by the Rhine River discernitur
(or distinguitur or s¡par§tur) § Galli§ summit cac»m·en |inis n
amne Rh¡n«
swamp pal·»s |»dis f
shallow tenu·is |is |e
then (next) dein, inde; (at that time) tum
short brev·is |is |e
Tiber Tiber·is |is m; (acc: Tiberim)
side lat·us |eris n; on the other side of
ultr§ (+ acc); on the right (side) of § tide aest·us |»s m
latere dextr« (+ gen); on this side of
cis or citr§ (+ acc) topography loc«rum d¡scr¿pti·« |«nis f
site sit·us |»s m, loc·us |¿ m (pl: loc·a town oppid·um |¿ n; small town
|«rum npl) oppidul·um |¿ n
situated on, near apposit·us |a |um (+ travel iter fac·i« |ere f¡c¿ factus; (by
dat); to be situated on a hill ¿ns¿d·« sea) (n§ve) veh·or |¿ vectus sum
|ere collem
tributary fluvi·us |¿ m
Tyrrhenian Sea Tyrrh¡nicum mar·e |is
n, Tyrr(h)¡num mare
Chapter XXIII: Geography and Topography 207
Umbria Umbri·a |ae f western occident§l·is |is |e
United States (of America) Ûn¿t¿ westward in occidentem versus (versus
Stat·»s |uum mpl (Americae), is an adverb)
C¿vit§t¡s Foeder§tae Americae fpl widen intr (of a country) s¡ pand·« |ere
universe »nivers·um |¿ n, »niversit·§s width l§tit»d·« |inis f; in width
|§tis f
valley vall·¡s |is f l§tit»dine, in l§tit»dinem
Veii V¡i·¿ |«rum mpl winding flexu«s·us |a |um; winding
village v¿c·us |¿ m
west occid·¡ns |entis m; in the west ab route ambit·us |»s m
occidente; to the west in occidentem world mund·us |¿ m, orb·is |is m
versus (versus is an adverb)
terr§rum
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA_____________________
Ûn¿t¿ Stat»s Americae/C¿vit§t¡s Foeder§tae Americae
[Note—The name of each State is given, followed by the name of its capital (cap),
sometimes another large city or two, the adjective form and the substantive (s) for
the inhabitant of the State.]
Alabama Alab§m·a |ae f; (cap) California Californi·a |ae f; (cap)
Montgomery M«n·s |tis m Sacramento Sacr§ment·um |¿ n; Los
Gomeric¿; Mobile M«bil·is |is f; adj Angeles Angelopol·is |is f;
Alab§m¡ns·is |is |e Hollywood ×crif«li«rum Silv·a |ae
f; San Diego Didacopol·is |is f; San
Alabaman s Alab§m¡ns·is |is (gen pl: Francisco Franciscopol·is |is f; adj
|ium) mf Californi¡ns·is |is |e
Alaska Alasc·a |ae f; (cap) Juneau Californian s Californi¡ns·is |is (gen
Iunell·um |¿ n; Anchorage pl: |ium) mf
Ancor§ri·a |ae f; adj Alasc§n·us |a
|um Colorado Col«r§t·um |¿ n; (cap)
Denver Denveri·um |¿ n; Durango
Alaskan s Alasc§n·us |¿ m (·a |ae f) D»rang·um |¿ n; adj Col«r§t¡ns·is
|is |e
Arizona Ariz«n·a |ae f; (cap) Phoenix
Phoen·ix |icis f; adj Ariz«n¡ns·is Coloradan s Col«r§t¡ns·is |is (gen pl:
|is |e |ium) mf
Arizonan s Ariz«n¡ns·is |is (gen pl: Connecticut Connectic»t·a |ae f; (cap)
|ium) mf Hartford Hardifordi·a |ae f; adj
Connectic»t¡ns·is |is |e; s
Arkansas Arc§nsi·a |ae f; (cap) Little Connectic»t¡ns·is |is (gen pl: |ium)
Rock Petricul·a |ae f; adj mf
Arc§nsi¡ns·is |is |e
Delaware Delev§ri·a |ae f; (cap) Dover
Arkansan s Arc§nsi¡ns·is |is (gen pl: Dubr·is |is f; adj Delavari§n·us |a
|ium) mf |um
208 Conversational Latin
Delawarean s Delev§ri§n·us |¿ m (·a Lexington Lexint«ni·a |ae f; adj
|ae f) Kentuki§n·us |a |um
Florida Fl«rid·a |ae f; (cap) Kentuckian s Kentuki§n·us |¿ m (·a
Tallahassee Tellahassi·a |ae f; |ae f)
Miami Miami·a |ae f; Palm Beach
ør·a |ae f Palmaria; adj Fl«ridi§n·us Louisiana Ludov¿ci§n·a |ae f; (cap)
|a |um Baton Rouge Rubrobast·um |¿ n;
New Orleans Nov·a Aur¡li·a |ae f;
Floridian s Fl«ridi§n·us |¿ m (·a |ae f) adj Ludov¿ci§n¡ns·is |is |e
Georgia Georgi·a |ae f; (cap) Atlanta Louisianan s Ludov¿ci§n¡ns·is |is mf
Atlant·a |ae f; Athens Ath¡n·ae
|§rum fpl; Savannah Savann·a |ae f; Maine Cenomannic·a |ae f; (cap)
adj Georgi§n·us |a | um Augusta August·a |ae f; adj
Cenoman¡ns·is |is |e
Georgian s Georgi§n·us |¿ m (·a |ae f)
Mainer s Cenomannic·us |¿ m (·a |ae f)
Hawaii Havai·¿ |«rum mpl; (cap)
Honolulu Honol»l·um |¿ n; Pearl Maryland Terr·a |ae f Mar¿ae; (cap)
Harbor Port·us |»s m Margar¿t§rius Annapolis Ann§pol·is |is f;
Baltimore Baltim«r·a |ae f; adj (use
Hawaiian adj Havai§n·us |a |um; s genitive Terrae Mar¿ae)
Havai§n·us |¿ m (·a |ae f)
Massachusetts Massaciusset·a |ae f;
Idaho Idah·um |¿ n; (cap) Boise (cap) Boston Bost«ni·a |ae f; adj
Xylopol·is |is f; adj Idah¡ns·is |is |e Massaciuset§n·us |a |um; s
Massaciusset§n·us |¿ m (·a |ae f)
Idahoan s Idah¡ns·is |is (gen pl: |ium)
mf Michigan Michigani·a |ae f; (cap)
Lansing L§nsing·a |ae f; Detroit
Illinois Illinoesi·a |ae f; (cap) Detroit·um ¿ n; adj Michigan¡ns·is
Springfield Campif«n·s |tis m; |is |e
Chicago Chic§g·um |¿ n; adj
Illinoesi§n·us |a |um Michigander Michigan¡ns·¿s |is (gen
pl: |ium) mf
Illinois s Illinoesi§n·us |¿ m (·a |ae f)
Minnesota Minnes«t·a |ae f; (cap) St.
Indiana Indi§n·a |ae f; (cap) Paul Paulopol·is |is f; Minneapolis
Indianapolis Indi§n§pol·is |is f; adj Minne§pol·is |is f; adj
Indi§n¡ns·is |is |e Minnes«t§n·us |a |um
Indianian s Indi§n¡ns·is |is mf Minnesotan s Minnes«t§n·us |¿ m (·a
|ae f)
Iowa Iov·a |ae f; (cap) Des Moines
Monachopol·is |is f; adj Iov§n·us |a Mississippi Mississippi·a |ae f; (cap)
|um Jackson Iacs«ni·a |ae f; adj
Mississippi§n·us |a |um
Iowan s Iov§n·us |¿ m (·a |ae f)
Mississippian s Mississippi§n·us |¿ m
Kansas C§nsi·a |ae f; (cap) Topeka (·a |ae f)
Top¡c·a |ae f; Kansas City
C§nsiopol·is |is f; adj C§nsi§n·us |a Missouri Miss»ri·a |ae f; (cap)
|um Jefferson City Ieffers«ni·a |ae f; adj
Miss»ri§n·us |a |um
Kansan s C§nsi§n·us |¿ m (·a |ae f)
Missourian s Miss»ri§n·us |¿ (·a |ae f)
Kentucky Kentuki·a |ae f; (cap)
Frankfort Francofurt·um |¿ n;
Chapter XXIII: Geography and Topography 209
Montana Mont§n·a |ae f; (cap) Helena Ralei·a |ae f; adj Carol¿n¡ns·is
Helenopol·is |is f; adj Mont§ni§n·us Septentri«n§l·is |is |e
|a |um
North Carolinian s Carol¿n¡ns·is |is
Montanan s Mont§ni§n·us |¿ m (·a |ae mf Septentri«n§lis
f)
North Dakota Dac«t·a |ae
Nebraska Nebrasc·a |ae f; (cap) Septentri«n§l·is |is f; (cap) Bismark
Lincoln Lincolni·a |ae f; adj Bismarcopol·is |is f
Nebrasc§n·us |a |um
North Dakotan Dac«t§n·us |¿ m (·a |ae
Nebraskan s Nebrasc§n·us |¿ m (·a f) Septentri«n§lis
|ae f)
Ohio Oh¿·um |¿ n; (cap) Columbus
Nevada Niv§t·a |ae f; (cap) Carson Columbopol·is |is f; Cincinnati
City Cars«ni·a |ae f; Reno R¡n·um Cincinn§topol·is |is f; adj Ohi¡ns·is
|¿ n; adj Niv§t¡ns·is |is |e |is |e
Nevadan s Niv§t¡ns·is |is (gen pl: Ohioan s Ohi¡ns·is |is (gen pl: |ium) mf
|ium) mf
Oklahoma Oclah«m·a |ae f; (cap)
New Hampshire Nova Hantesc¿r·a |ae Oklahoma City Oclah«m·a |ae
f; (cap) Concord Concordi·a |ae f; Urb·s |is f; adj Oclah«m¡ns·is |is |e
adj Novohantescir§n·us |a |um; s
Novohantescir§n·us |¿ m (·a |ae f) Oklahoman s Oclah«m¡ns·is |is (gen
pl: |ium) mf
New Jersey Nova Caesar¡·a |ae f; (cap)
Trenton Trent«ni·a |ae f; Newark Oregon Oreg«ni·a |ae f; (cap) Salem
Nov·a Arc·a |ae f; adj Salem indecl n; adj Oreg«ni¡ns·is
Novocaesari¡ns·is |is |e |is |e
New Jerseyite s Novocaesari¡ns·is Oregonian s Oreg«ni¡ns·is |is (gen pl:
|is mf |ium); mf
New Mexico Nov·um Mexic·um |¿ n; Pennsylvania Pennsilv§ni·a |ae f; (cap)
(comp) Santa Fe Fidepol·is |is f; adj Harrisburg Harrisburg·um |¿ n;
Novomexic§n·us |a |um Philadelphia Philadelphi·a |ae f;
Pittsburgh Pittsburg·um |¿ n; adj
New Mexican s Novomexic§n·us |¿ m Pennsilv§ni¡ns·is |is |e
(·a |ae f)
Pennsylvanian s Pennsilv§ni¡ns·is |is
New York (state) Nov·um Ebor§c·um (gen pl: |ium) mf
|¿ n; (cap) Albany Alban·um |¿ n;
Rochester Rucup·ae |§rum fpl; Rhode Island Rhod¡ns·is |is Insul·a |ae
Buffalo Bufal·um |¿ n; adj Neo- f; (cap) Providence Pr«videnti·a |ae
Ebor§c¡ns·is |is |e f; adj Rhod¡ns·is |is
New York (city) Nov·um Ebor§c·um |¿ Rhode Islander s Rhod¡ns·is |is (gen
n; Bronx Bronxi·a |ae f; Brooklyn pl: |ium) mf
Bruclin·um |¿ n; Long Island
Long·a Insul·a |ae f; Manhattan South Carolina Carol¿n·a |ae
Manhattan·um |¿ n Mer¿di«n§l·is |is f; (cap) Columbia
Columbi·a |ae f; adj Carol¿n¡ns·is
New Yorker s Neo-Ebor§c¡ns·is |is mf |is |e
North Carolina Carol¿n·a |ae South Carolinian s Carol¿n¡ns·is
Septentri«n§l·is |is f; (cap) Raleigh |is (gen pl: |ium) mf Mer¿di«n§lis
210 Conversational Latin
South Dakota Dac«t·a |ae Virginia Virgini·a |ae f; (cap)
Mer¿di«n§l·is |is f; (cap) Pierre Richmond Ricmondi·a |ae f; adj
Petropol·is |is f; adj Dac«t§n·us |a Virgini¡ns·is |is |e
|um
Virginian s Virgini¡ns·is |is (gen pl:
South Dakotan s Dac«t§n·us |¿ m (·a |ium) mf
|ae f) Mer¿di«n§l·is |is
Washington Vashint«ni·a |ae f; (cap)
Tennessee Tennesi·a |ae f; (cap) Olympia Olympi·a |ae f; adj
Nashville Nasburg·um |¿ n; adj Vashint«niens·is |is |e
Tennesi§n·us |a |um
Washingtonian Vashint«ni¡ns·is |is
Tennesseean s Tennesi§n·us |¿ m (·a (gen pl: |ium) mf
|ae f)
West Virginia Virgini·a |ae f
Texas Texi·§ |ae f; (cap) Austin Occident§lis; (cap) Charleston
Austinopol·is |is f; Dallas Carolopol·is |is f
Dallasi·um |¿ n; Houston
Hustopol·is |is f; adj Texi§n·us |a West Virginian Virgini¡ns·is |is (gen
|um pl: |ium) mf Occident§l·is
Texan s Tex·§s |¿ m (·a |ae f) Wisconsin Visconsini·a |ae f; (cap)
Utah Ûta |ae f; (cap) Salt Lake City Madison Madisoni·a |§e n; adj
Visconsi§n·us |a |um
Urb·s |is f Lac»s Sals¿; adj Ût¡ns·is
|is |e Wisconsinite Visconsi§n·us |¿ m (·a
Utahan s Ût¡ns·is |is m (gen pl |ae f)
-ium) mf
Vermont M«n·s |tis m Viridis ; (cap) Wyoming Vyomin·a |ae f; Casper
Montpelier M«n·s |tis m Pessul§nus Casperi·a |ae f; Cheyenne
adj (use genitive Montis Viridis) Cheyenn·a |ae f; adj Vyomin§nus |a
|um
Wyomingite Vyomin§n·us |¿ m (·a |ae
f)
Chapter XXIV: Travel
CONVERSATIONS ___________________________________
LEVEL I At the New York train station.
Di§na Salv¡! Velim compar§re tesseram Diane: Hello! I’d like to buy a
itiner§riam pr¿mae classis. first-class ticket.
Tesser§rius Qu«, quaes«? Ticket agent: Where to, please?
Di§na In Californiam. To California.
Do you want a one-way ticket or
Tesser§rius V¿sne tesseram un¿us curs»s an
tesseram it»s redit»sque? a round-trip ticket?
Di§na Tesseram it»s redit»sque. Quot§ A round-trip ticket. At what time
h«r§ tr§men meum absc¡dit? does the train depart?
Tesser§rius H«r§ »ndecim§. At eleven o’clock.
Di§na × quot§ crep¿dine tr§men From which platform does the
absc¡dit? train depart?
Tesser§rius × crep¿dine qu§rt§, in orbit§ From platform 4, on track 10.
decim§.
Di§na Estne tr§men d¿r¡ctum? Is it a through train?
Tesser§rius Minim¡. M»t§bis tr§mina in No. You will change trains at the
stati«ne Chic§g¡ns¿. Qu§s Chicago station. What luggage
sarcin§s t¡cum hab¡s? do you have with you?
Di§na Ûnum riscum, »nam bulgam, One suitcase, a handbag, and a
»nam p¡ram. shoulder bag.
Tesser§rius C»r§ti« sarc¿n§rum est ill¿c, iuxt§ The baggage check is over there
oecum praest«l§t«rium. near the waiting room.
Di§na Suntne b§iul¿ in prompt»? Are there porters available?
Yes. They are standing there near
Tesser§rius Ita. Ill¿ ill¿c stant prope sc§l§s
m«bil¡s. the escalator.
Di§na Suntne currus c¡n§t«rius et currus Are there a dining car and a
dorm¿t«rius in h«c tr§mine? pullman car on this train?
Tesser§rius Cert¡. 211 Certainly.
212 Conversational Latin
Di§na Quam mox mihi licet tr§men How soon may I board the train?
ferrivi§rium ¿nscendere? In twenty or at most thirty
Tesser§rius V¿gint¿ aut summum tr¿gint§ minutes. Here, take this train
min»t¿s. En, cape hoc h«r§rium schedule.
tr§minum.
Di§na Gr§ti§s. Quant¿ c«nstat tessera Thanks. How much is the ticket?
itiner§ria? $185.00.
Tesser§rius Centum oct«gint§ qu¿nque
dollar¿s.
Di§na Ecce vect»ram. Here’s the fare.
Thanks. Have a good trip!
Tesser§rius Gr§ti§s. Bene ambul§!
LEVEL II At the airport.
Rosa Salv¡! Velim tesseram itiner§riam Rose: Hello! I’d like to buy a
(ad urbem) Vindobonam in ticket to Vienna, Austria.
Austriam compar§re.
Ticket agent: Did you make a
Tesser§rius Hab¡sne s¡dem reserv§tam? reservation?
Rosa N«n habe«. I have not.
Lucky for you, there are still some
Tesser§rius Contingit tibi ut aliquot s¡d¡s
vacuae restent. Opt§sne s¡dem empty seats. Do you want a
pr¿mae classis? first-class seat?
Rosa S§n¡. Of course.
In what section of the plane do
Tesser§rius In qu§ parte §ëroplan¿ v¿s sed¡re?
you want to sit?
Rosa Me§ n¿l interest. Vol« autem It makes no difference to me; but I
prope exitum sed¡re, s¿ fier¿ want to sit near an exit if
potest. possible.
Tesser§rius Prob¡. Habe« forte vacuam s¡dem Fine. I happen to have an empty
in «rdine decim« quart«. seat in row fourteen.
Rosa Praefer« s¡dem fenestr§lem. I prefer a window seat.
That’s fine.
Tesser§rius Bene hoc habet.
Chapter XXIV: Travel 213
Rosa N«nne poter« vol§re r¡ct§ in Can I fly directly to Austria?
Austriam? You will have to fly either by way
Tesser§rius Tibi volandum erit aut per of Paris or Frankfurt.
Par¿si«s aut Francofordiam.
Rosa Mihi opus erit §ëroplana m»t§re? Will I have to change planes?
Tesser§rius Ita, apud utrumque §ëroportum. Yes, at either airport.
Rosa Apud quem §ëroportum est At which airport is there the
coni»ncti« melior? better connection?
Tesser§rius Commor§ti« apud §ërportum The layover at the Frankfurt
Francofordi¡nsem est satis airport is fairly short: two
brevis: du§s h«r§s summum. hours at most.
Rosa Bene. Capiam vol§tum per Good. I’ll take the flight by way of
Francofordiam. Frankfurt.
Tesser§rius Prob¡. Fine.
Rosa Licetne hanc sarcinulam May I take my hand luggage with
manu§lem m¡cum in me on the plane?
§ëroplanum port§re?
You may. Just put it in the
Tesser§rius Licet tibi. Modo rep«ne eam in luggage rack over your seat.
retin§cul« sarcin§l¿ supr§ s¡dem
tuam.
Rosa Qu§nt¿ c«nstat tessera? How much is the ticket?
Here’s your ticket. The price is
Tesser§rius Ecce tesseram tuam. Pr¡tium est
octingent¿ tr¿gint§ dollar¿. $830.00.
Rosa Praesent§riam pec»niam n«n I don’t have the cash. But here’s
habe«. Ecce autem meam my credit card.
tabellam tr¿b»t§riam.
That’s fine. Thanks. So long.
Tesser§rius Bene est. Gr§ti§s. Bene val¡!
LEVEL III Getting ready to go by car.
Uxor Heus, t», estne autoc¿n¡tum Wife: Hey, you, is our car still at
Mar¿tus nostrum adh»c in offic¿n§ the repair shop? As you well
repar§t«ri§? Ut satis sc¿s, mihi know, I have to go shopping
hodi¡ obs«nandum est. today.
Minim¡. Ego id iam ex offic¿n§ Husband: No. I’ve already
repar§t«ri§ pet¿v¿. fetched it from the repair shop.
214 Conversational Latin
Uxor
Mar¿tus Estne proinde iste currus tandem That car, then, is finally repaired?
Uxor repar§tus? Yes, the motor is in good shape
Mar¿tus
Uxor Ita, mot«rium r»rsus in bon« stat» again.
est.
Mar¿tus
Et quid d¡ cumme¿s canth¿s? And what about the tires?
Uxor Cumme¿ canth¿ iam § mechanic« The mechanic has already
Mar¿tus
Uxor opifice m»t§tae sunt. changed the tires.
Mar¿tus D§ operam e¿s r¡bus continu«! See to those things immediately! I
N«n »niversum diem habe« don’t have all day to waste.
quem abs»mam.
I will all right. But remember that
D§b« profect«. Sed mement«, we will have to stop at the
necesse hab¡bimus c«nsistere in service station to get gas.
stati«ne benz¿n§ri§ ad benz¿num
comparandum.
R»rsus? Again?
R»rsus quidem! Benz¿num enim Yes, again! The gas, you see, is
iam d¡ficit. running low.
D¿ immort§l¡s! Ecquand« mihi Good heavens! When will I ever
erit locus obs«n§nd¿! Istuc have a chance to shop? That
autoc¿n¡tum est ing¡ns car is a big pain in the neck!
molestia!
(To himself) And so are you!
(S¡cum) Et s¿c t» quoque!
Chapter XXIV: Travel 215
TOPICAL VOCABULARY______________________________
accelerator acceler§tr·um |¿ n drive a car currum or autoraedam
gubern§re or ag« agere ¡g¿ §ctus; to
accident c§s·us |»s m; an accident get (buy) a car currum or
happened on the way c§sus fortu¿t« autoraedam compar§re; to get into a
¡v¡nit in itinere car currum or autoraedam
intr«·gredior |gred¿ |gressus sum; to
airbag §erius foll·is |is m get out of the car d¡ curr» or
autoraed§ ¡gredior ¡gred¿ ¡gressus
airline tr§m·es |itis m §erius sum; to go by (or in a) car curr» or
autoraed§ e« ¿re ¿v¿ or i¿; to go to
airplane §ëroplan·um |¿ n town by car autoraed§ in urbem s¡
confer« |ferre |tul¿; to head for
airport §ëroport·us |»s m someplace in a car autoraed§
aliquem locum pet·« |ere |¿v¿ |¿tus;
air pressure pressi·« |«nis f §eria to put the car into the garage
autoraedam in recept§cul« colloc§re;
aisle (of bus, plane, train) to rent a car autoraedam cond»c·«
ambul§tiuncul·a |ae f |ere cond»x¿ conductus; to ride in a
car autoraed§ vehor veh¿ vectus
ambulance autoarcer·a |ae f sum; to stop the car autoraedam
sist« sistere stit¿; to take a ride in a
arrival advent·us |»s m car gest§ti«nem autoraed§ facere; to
take s.o. by car aliquem autoraed§
arrival time temp·us |oris n adveniend¿ d»c·« |ere d»x¿ ductus; to take s.o.
home in a car aliquem domum
arrive adven·i« |¿re adv¡n¿ advent»rus; autoraed§ add»cere; car door
arrive at perven·i« |¿re perv¡n¿ ad autoraedae «stiol·um |¿ n; car key
or in (+ acc) clav·is |is acc¡ns¿va |ae f
automobile autoraed·a |ae f, carry (luggage) b§iul§re
autoc¿n¡t·um |¿ n (used
interchangeably) car wash autoc¿n¡t·¿ lav§ti·« |«nis f;
(place) autoc¿n¡t¿ lav§t«ri·um |¿ n
baggage cart ch¿ramaxi·um |¿ n
sarcin§rum change (buses, trains, planes) m»t§re
(autoraed§s long§s, tr§mina,
baggage check c»r§ti·« |«nis f §ëroplana)
sarcin§rum
check into a hotel n«men in tabul§s
board ¿nscend·« |ere |¿ d¡vers«ri¿ refer·« referre retul¿;
check out of a hotel § d¡vers«ri«
bicycle birot·a |ae f disc¡d·« |ere disc¡ss¿ (post rati«nem
comp«nendam)
brake s suffl§m·en |inis n; to apply the
brake rot§s suffl§min§re check luggage sarcin§s mand§re
brake lights (autoraedae) l»min§r·ia class: first-class seat s¡d·¡s |is f pr¿mae
|ium npl post¿ca classis; second-class seat s¡d·¡s |is f
secundae classis; tourist-class seat
bumper cont·us |¿ m t»t«rius s¡d·¡s |is f t»risticae classis
bus autoraed·a |ae f longa,
coenautoc¿n¡t·um |¿ n
bypass circuit·us |»s m
can v§scul·um |¿ n stanneum
car curr·us |»s m, autoraed·a |ae f; to
climb into a car in currum or in
autoraedam ¿nscend·« |ere |¿; to
216 Conversational Latin
clutch ped§l·e |is n i»ncti«nis (or fuel m§teri·a |ae f pr«puls«ria
c«pul§ti«nis)
gallon gall·on |«nis m
cockpit cellul·a |ae f §ëroplan¿
garage autoc¿n¡t¿ (autoc¿n¡t«rum)
collision coll¿si·« |«nis f recept§cul·um |¿ n; (repair garage)
offic¿n·a |ae f repar§t«ria
concourse oec·us |¿ m praest«l§t«rius
gas benz¿n·um |¿ n; to step on the gas
conductor (of a train) tr§minis acceler§re
¿nspect·or |«ris m
gas pedal ped§l·e |is n acceler§ti«nis
connection coni»ncti·« |«nis f
gas pump antli·a |ae f benz¿n§ria
depart absc¡d·« |ere abscess¿
abscess»rus gas station stati·« |«nis f benz¿n§ria
departure abscess·us |»s m gas tank immiss§ri·um |¿ n benz¿n§rium
detour flex·us |»s m gate (at airport) adit·us |»s m
diesel engine D¿seli§num m«tr·um |¿ n gearshift iuncti·« |«nis f v¡l«cit§tum
diesel fuel D¿seli§num benz¿n·um |¿ n get off (a bus, plane, ship, train)
¡gredior ¡gred¿ ¡gressus sum d¡ (+
dining car curr·us |»s m c¡n§t«rius abl)
drive (a car, truck, bus) gubern§re, ag·« get on (a bus, plane, ship, train)
|ere ¡g¿ §ctus; to drive s.o. home ¿nscend·« |ere |¿ in (+ acc)
aliquem domum autoc¿n¡t« (or
autoraed§) add»cere grease ung·« ungere »nx¿ »nctus
driver autoraed§ri·us |¿ m (·a |ae f), grease job »ncti·« |«nis f
autoc¿n¡tist·¡s mf
handbag bulg·a |ae f; (of leather and
driver’s license autoraed§ri¿ dipl«m·a bigger than a bulga) vidul·us |¿ m
|atis n
hand luggage sarcinul·ae |§rum fpl
engine m§chin§ment·um |¿ n, m«tr·um manu§l¡s
|¿ n
hangar recept§cul·um |¿ n
escalator sc§l·ae |§rum fpl m«bil¡s §ëroplan«rum
exhaust ¡miss§ri·um |¿ n headlight autoraedae l»min§r·e |is n; to
turn on (turn off) the bright (dim)
exhaust pipe tub·us |¿ m ¡miss§rius lights l»min§ria praecandentia
(candentia) accend·« |ere |¿
exit exit·us |»s m (exstingu·« |ere exst¿nx¿)
express train tr§m·en |inis n helicopter helicopter·um |¿ n; to be
rapidissimum taken by helicopter to per
helicopterum tr§ns·vehor |veh¿
fare vect»r·a |ae f |vectus sum; to fly a helicopter
helicopterum gubern§re; to fly in a
ferry n§v·is |is f tr§iect«ria helicopter helicopter« vehor veh¿
vectus sum
fill it up, please! immiss§rium
benz¿n§rium repl¡ t«tum, quaes«! highway vi·a |ae f autoc¿n¡tica
flight vol§t·us |»s m hood ploxen·um |¿ n
fly tr fly a plane §ëroplanum gubern§re
¶ intr vol§re; (of a passenger)
§ëroplan« vehor, veh¿, vectus sum
Chapter XXIV: Travel 217
horn b»cin·a |ae f; to blow the horn motorcyclist autobirot§ri·us |¿ m (·a
b»cin§ clang·« |ere |ae f)
hostess hospit·a |ae f §eria motorist autoraed§ri·us |¿ m (·a |ae f),
autoc¿n¡tist·¡s |ae mf
information ¿ndici·um |¿ n
motor oil ole·um |¿ n m«t«ri¿
interchange coniuncti·« |«nis f vi§rum no parking cav¡ statu§s vehiculum!
no stopping n¡ sistit«!
intersection compit·um |¿ n no passing cav¡ praeveh§ris!
pack (luggage) collig·« |ere coll¡g¿
jet plane §ëroplan·um |¿ n
pyrauloc¿n¡ticum coll¡ctus
park tr statu·« |ere |u¿ ¶ intr
kilometer ch¿liometr·um |¿ n
autoc¿n¡tum statuere
land (of a plane) deorsum appell·« |ere parking fee tax·a |ae f stat¿va
appul¿, d¡scend·« |ere |¿; (of a ship) parking lot §re·a |ae f stat¿va
ad terram appellere; (of a passenger parking-lot attendant cust·«s |«dis mf
on a ship) in terram ¡gredior |¿
¡gressus sum §reae stat¿vae
passenger vect·or |«ris m, vectr·¿x |¿cis
layover commor§ti·« |«nis f
f
lead: does this road lead to … ? passenger train tr§m·en |inis n
d»citne haec via ad (+ acc)?
comm»ne
license (to drive) dipl«m·a |atis n passing: no passing! cav¡ praeveh§ris!
gubern§ti«nis passport comme§t»s dipl«m·a |atis n
pilot s gubern§t·or |«ris m, gubern§tr·¿x
license plate not§cul·um |¿ n autoc¿n¡t¿
|¿cis f
liter l¿tr·a |ae f pilot tr gubern§re
plane §ëroplan·um |¿ n
locomotive curr·us |»s m tract«rius platform (in a train station) crep¿d·«
lost: get lost aberr§re |inis f
porter b§iul·us |¿ m
lubrication »ncti·« |«nis f autoc¿n¡t¿ pullman car curr·us |»s m dorm¿t«rius
railroad ferrivi·a |ae f
luggage sarcin·ae |§rum fpl; piece of railroad car curr·us |»s m ferrivi§rius
luggage sarcin·a |ae f; (small) railroad station stati·« |«nis f
sarcinul·a |ae f
ferrivi§ria
luggage rack retin§cul·um |¿ n reach (arrive at) perven·i« |¿re perv¡n¿
sarcin§le; put up into the luggage
rack in retin§cul« rep«n·« |ere perventus ad or in (+ acc)
reposu¿ reservation reserv§ti·« |«nis f
reserve reserv§re
luggage tag pittaci·um |¿ n sarcin§le restaurant caup«n·a |ae f
mechanic mechanicus op·ifex |ificis m
moped autobirotul·a |ae f
motel d¡vers«ri·um |¿ n vehicul§rium
motor m«t«ri·um |¿ n, m«tr·um |¿ n
motor boat scaph·a |ae f automat§ria
motorcycle autobirot·a |ae f
218 Conversational Latin
restroom loc·us |¿ m s¡cr¡tus stop (come to a stop) c«nsist·« |ere
c«nstit¿; does the bus (train) stop in
return red·e« |¿re |i¿ reditus … subsistitne autoraeda longa
(tr§men) in (+ abl)?; make a stop
ride (a car, plane, train) vehor, veh¿, (of a bus, plane, train) commor·or
vectus sum (autoc¿n¡t«, §ëroplan«, |§r¿ |§tus sum
tr§mine)
stop-over commor§ti·« |«nis f
ride vecti·« |«nis f; to go for a ride street (paved) str§t·a |ae f
gest§ti«nem autoc¿n¡t« facere streetcar curr·us |»s m ¡lectricus
street map tabul·a |ae f vi§ria
route certus curs·us |»s m subway ferrivi·a |ae f subterr§nea
suitcase vidul·us |¿ m, risc·us |¿ m;
row «rd·« |inis m
(small one) riscul·us |¿ m
runway §erodrom·us |¿ m taillight l»min§r·e |is n post¿cum
take off (of a plane) s»rsum in §ëra
sail n§vig§re, n§ve veh·or |¿ vectus sum
ascend·« |ere |¿
schedule: bus schedule h«r§ri·um |¿ n take-off (of a plane) §vol§ti·« |«nis f
autoraed§rum long§rum; flight taxi raed·a |ae f merit«ria
schedule h«r§ri·um |¿ n terminal stati·« |«nis f termin§lis
§ëroplan«rum; train schedule ticket tesser·a |ae f (itiner§ria); first-
h«r§ri·um |¿ n tr§minum
class (second-class) ticket tessera
seat s¡d·¡s |is f; aisle seat s¡d¡s pr¿mae (secundae) classis; one-way
andr«n§lis; back seat s¡d¡s ticket tessera »n¿us curs»s; punch
posterior; front seat s¡d¡s anterior; the ticket tesseram perfor§re; return
reserved seat s¡d¡s reserv§ta; ticket tessera redit»s; round-trip
window seat s¡d¡s fenestr§lis ticket tessera it»s redit»sque
ticket agent tesser§ri·us |¿ m, (·a |ae f)
seatbelt cinct»r·a |ae f s¡c»r¿t§tis; ticket window «stiol·um |¿ n tesser§rum
fasten (unfasten, take off) the time table h«r§ri·um |¿ n
seatbelt cinct»ram s¡c»rit§tis tire cummeus canth·us |¿ m; to put air
adstring·« |ere adstr¿x¿ adstr¿ctus in the tire cummeum canthum
(lax§re, lev§re) ¿nfl§re
toll rot§ri·um |¿ n, vect¿g·al |§lis n
service station stati·« |«nis f benz¿n§ria rot§re
toll booth tabern·a |ae f rot§ris
shoulder bag per·a |ae f toll road vi·a |ae f rot§ris
tour peregr¿n§ti·« |«nis f
side street vi·a |ae f later§lis tour bus coenautoc¿n¡t·um |¿ n
perig¡ticum
skycap b§iul·us |¿ m tour guide mystag«g·us |¿ m (·a
|ae f)
sleeping car curr·us |»s m dorm¿t«rius
slow down cursum reprim« reprimere
repress¿
spark plug cand¡l·a |ae f acc¡ns¿va
speed limit mod·us |¿ m v¡l«cit§tis
steer gubern§re
steering wheel rot·a |ae f moder§tr¿x
steward hos·pes |itis m §erius
stewardess hospit·a |ae f §eria
Chapter XXIV: Travel 219
tourist peregr¿n§·tor |t«ris m (·tr¿x trolley curr·us |»s m ¡lectricus
|tr¿cis f) truck autoc¿n¡t·um |¿ n oner§rium,
tourist class class·is |is f t»ristica autocarr·um |¿ n
track (rail) orbit·a |ae f truck driver, trucker autoc¿n¡t¿
traffic celebrit·§s |§tis f viae,
oner§ri¿ gubern§t·or |«ris m
vehicul«rum frequenti·a |ae f trunk (of a car) recept§cul·um |¿ n
traffic cop vigil |is mf viat«ri·us (-a)
traffic jam affluenti·a |ae f vehicul§ria sarcin§rum; (for clothes) cist·a |ae f
traffic light s¡maphor·um |¿ n (red tunnel (for trains, cars) spec·us |»s m
rubrum; yellow fl§vum; green (ferrivi§rius, autoc¿n¡ticus)
viride) turn s (in the road) flex·us |»s m viae;
train tr§m·en |inis n; a through train
tr§men d¿r¡ctum take a wrong turn perperam vert·or
train schedule h«r§ri·um |¿ n ferrivi§le |¿ versus sum
train station stati·« |«nis f ferrivi§ria turn intr vert·or |¿ versus sum; turn
train ticket tesser·a |ae f ferrivi§ria around convert·or |¿ conversus sum
transfer to (another train, etc.) turn-off d¡verticul·um |¿ n
tr§nscend·« |ere |¿ in (+ acc) turnpike str§t·a |ae f autoc¿n¡tica
transportation vect»r·a |ae f, quadripert¿ta
comme§t»s vehicul·a |«rum npl turn signal ind·ex |icis m d¿r¡cti«nis
travel iter fac·i« |ere f¡c¿ factus; travel way vi·a |ae f, it·er |ineris n; what is
by car (train, plane, ship) the quickest (best) way to … ?
autoc¿n¡t« (tr§mine, §ëroplan«, n§v¿) quae est via brevissima (optima) ad
vehor veh¿ vectus sum (+ acc)?
travel agency s¡d·¡s |is f peri¡g¡tica waiting room oec·us |¿ m
travel agent itinerum pr«c»r§·tor |t«ris praest«l§t«rius
m (·tr¿x |tr¿cis f) window (of bus, car, etc.) fenestell·a
traveler vi§t·or |«ris m, vi§tr·¿x |¿cis f; |ae f
(abroad) peregr¿n§·tor |t«ris m (·tr¿x window seat s¡d·¡s |is f fenestr§lis
|tr¿cis f) windshield vitr·um |¿ n anti§erium
trip iter, itineris n; take a trip iter windshield wiper vitritergi·um |» n
facere
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin
CONVERSATIONS ___________________________________
[Note 1—In this chapter on teaching and learning Latin grammar in Latin, in place
of the usual model conversations, there will be questions by the teacher (Magistra,
Magister) and answers by the student (Stud¡ns). Using these exchanges as
models, Latin classes can be conducted in Latin. If some of the responses by the
student seem overly long, they may easily be reformulated into several shorter
questions. The grammatical terms and structures are based on the writings of the
Roman grammarians.
Note 2—It is possible to proceed directly to “The Parsing of Words” which follows
the section on principal parts, although it is better to at least read carefully the
discussion of the principal parts in order to become familiar with the grammatical
terminology before beginning to parse.]
D¡ Partibus ør§ti«nis The Parts of Speech
Magist. Part¡s «r§ti«nis quot sunt? How many parts of speech are
Oct«. there?
Stud¡ns
Eight.
Magist.
Stud¡ns Quae? Which (are they)?
N«men, pr«n«men, verbum, Noun, pronoun, verb, adjective,
adiect¿vum, adverbium, adverb, conjunction,
coni»ncti«, praepositi«, preposition, interjection.
interiecti«.
D¡ N«mine The Noun
[Note—When declining nouns, Roman grammarians used “hic, haec, hoc” as
definite articles, meaning “the,” and not as demonstrative adjectives; they called
them “pr«n«mina articul§ria praeposit¿va”, that is, “prepositive pronouns serving
as articles.” Therefore, they will be translated as “the” in the declensions.]
Magist. D¿c [or d§] n«men proprium. Give a proper noun.
Stud¡ns Caesar. Caesar.
Magist. D¿c n«men appell§t¿vum. Give a common noun.
Stud¡ns Puella. Girl.
220
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin 221
Magist. D¿c n«men collect¿vum. Give a collective noun.
Stud¡ns Populus. People.
Magist.
Stud¡ns Qu§r¡ “populus” d¿citur n«men Why is “people” called a
collect¿vum? collective noun?
Magist.
Stud¡ns Quia “populus” est numer¿ Because “people” is singular in
Magist. singul§ris at multit»dinem number, but indicating plural.
Stud¡ns signific§ns.
Magist. Genera n«minum quot sunt? How many genders do nouns
Stud¡ns Tria. have?
Magist.
Stud¡ns Three.
Magist. Quae? Which (are they)?
Stud¡ns Genus mascul¿num, ut “hic
Magist. Masculine gender, for example,
Stud¡ns magister”; genus f¡min¿num, ut “the teacher”; feminine gender,
“haec m§tr«na”; genus neutrum, for example, “the lady”; neuter
ut “hoc d«num.” gender, for example, “the gift.”
Numer¿ n«minum quot sunt? How many numbers are there of
Duo. nouns?
Two.
Qu¿? Which (are they)?
Singul§ris, ut “hic magister”; Singular, for example, “the
pl»r§lis, ut “h¿ magistr¿.” teacher”; plural, for example,
“the teachers.”
C§s»s n«minum quot sunt? How many cases of nouns are
Sex. there?
Six.
Qu¿? What (are they)?
N«min§t¿vus, ut “hic magister”;
Nominative, for example, “the
genit¿vus, ut “h»ius magistr¿”; teacher”; genitive, for example,
dat¿vus, ut “huic magistr«”; “of the teacher”; dative, for
acc»s§t¿vus, ut “hunc example, “to the teacher”;
magistrum”; voc§t¿vus, ut “« accusative, for example, “the
magister”; abl§t¿vus, ut “ab h«c teacher”; vocative, for example,
magistr«.” “oh teacher”; ablative, for
example, “from the teacher.”
222 Conversational Latin
Magist.
D§ d¡cl¿n§ti«nem n«minis, Give the declension of a noun of
Stud¡ns generis f¡min¿n¿, numer¿ the feminine gender, singular
singul§ris. number.
Magist.
Stud¡ns N«min§t¿v« c§s»: “haec puella”; In the nominative case: “the
Magist. genit¿v« c§s»: “h»ius puellae”; girl”; in the genitive case: “of
Stud¡ns dat¿v« c§s»: “huic puellae”; the girl”; in the dative case:
Magist. acc»s§t¿v« c§s»: “hanc “to the girl”; in the accusative
Stud¡ns puellam”; voc§t¿v« c§s»: “« case: “the girl”; in the vocative
puella”; abl§t¿v« c§s»: “ab h§c case: “oh girl”; in the ablative
Magist. puell§.” case: “from the girl.”
Stud¡ns
Magist. Quae part¡s «r§ti«nis e«dem What parts of speech are declined
Stud¡ns mod« d¡cl¿nantur? in the same way?
Magist. N«mina, pr«n«mina, adiect¿va, Nouns, pronouns, adjectives,
Stud¡ns participia, gerundia. participles, and gerunds.
Magist. D¡cl¿n§ti«n¡s n«minum quot How many declensions of nouns
Stud¡ns sunt? are there?
Qu¿nque. Five.
Pr¿ma quae est? What is the first (declension)?
Pr¿ma d¡cl¿n§ti« est n«minis, The first declension is of a noun
c»ius genit¿vus singul§ris in whose genitive singular ends in
“ae” diphthong« termin§tur. the diphthong “ae.”
D§ exemplum. Give an example.
haec puella the girl
h»ius puellae of the girl
Secunda d¡cl¿n§ti« quae est? What is the second declension?
Secunda d¡cl¿n§ti« est n«minis, The second declension is of a
c»ius genit¿vus singul§ris in “¿” noun whose genitive singular
long§ termin§tur. ends in a long “¿.”
D§ exemplum. Give an example.
hic magister
h»ius magistr¿ the teacher
vel hoc d«num of the teacher
h»ius d«n¿ or the gift
of the gift
Tertia d¡cl¿n§ti« quae est? What is the third declension?
Tertia d¡cl¿n§ti« est n«minis,
The third declension is of a noun
c»ius genit¿vus singul§ris in whose genitive singular ends in
“is” brev¿ termin§tur, ut “hic a short “is,” for example, “the
pater”, “h»ius patris.” father,” “of the father.”
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin 223
Magist. Qu§rta d¡cl¿n§ti« quae est? What is the fourth declension?
Stud¡ns Qu§rta d¡cl¿n§ti« est n«minis, The fourth declension is of a noun
Magist. c»ius genit¿vus singul§ris in whose genitive singular ends in
Stud¡ns “»s” long§ termin§tur, ut “hic a long “»s,” for example, “the
exercitus,” “h»ius exercit»s.” army,” “of the army.”
Magist.
Stud¡ns Qu¿nta d¡cl¿n§ti« quae est? What is the fifth declension?
Qu¿nta d¡cl¿n§ti« est n«minis, The fifth declension is of a noun
c»ius genit¿vus singul§ris whose genitive singular ends in
termin§tur in “¡¿” d¿v¿s¿s, ut “¡¿” as separate letters, for
“h¿c di¡s,” “h»ius di¡¿.” example, “the day,” “of the
day.”
D¡scr¿be propriet§t¡s “magister” Parse the noun “teacher.”
n«minis. “Teacher” is a common noun,
“Magister” est n«men masculine gender, singular
appell§t¿vum, mascul¿n¿ generis, number, in the nominative case.
numer¿ singul§ris, c§s»
n«min§t¿v«.
Magist. D¡ Pr«n«mine The Pronoun
Stud¡ns
Pr«n«men quid est? What is a pronoun?
Magist. Pars «r§ti«nis quae pr« n«mine A part of speech which is used in
Stud¡ns
Magist. p«nitur. place of a noun.
Stud¡ns Numer¿ pr«n«minum quot sunt?
How many numbers do pronouns
Magist. Duo. have?
Stud¡ns Qu¿?
Magist. Singul§ris, ut “ille”; plur§lis, ut Two.
Stud¡ns
“ill¿.” Which (are they)?
Singular, for example, “that
Genera pr«n«minum quot sunt?
one”; plural, for example,
Tria. “those.”
Quae?
Genus mascul¿num, f¡min¿num, How many genders do pronouns
have?
neutrum.
Three.
Which (are they)?
Masculine, feminine, and neuter
gender.
224 Conversational Latin
Magist.
Pr«n«mina sunt aut f¿n¿ta aut Pronouns are either definite or
Stud¡ns ¿nf¿n¿ta. D§ exempla indefinite. Give examples of a
Magist. pr«n«minis f¿n¿t¿. definite pronoun.
Stud¡ns
Magist. Ego, t», ille. I, you, he.
Stud¡ns
Magist. D§ exempla pr«n«minis ¿nf¿n¿t¿. Give examples of an indefinite
Stud¡ns Qu¿, aliquis. pronoun.
Magist.
Stud¡ns Who, someone.
Magist.
Stud¡ns D§ exempla pr«n«minis Give examples of a demonstrative
Magist. d¡m«nstr§t¿v¿. pronoun.
Stud¡ns
Hic, ille. This one, that one.
Magist.
Stud¡ns D§ exempla pr«n«minis rel§t¿v¿. Give examples of a relative
Magist. Qu¿, quae, quod. pronoun.
Stud¡ns Who, who, which.
Magist.
Stud¡ns D§ exempla pr«n«minis Give examples of an interrogative
interr«g§t¿v¿. pronoun.
Quis, quid. Who, what.
D§ exempla pr«n«minis Give examples of an intensive
intenti«nis. pronoun.
Ipse, ipsa, ipsum. Himself, herself, itself.
D§ exempla pr«n«minis reciproc¿. Give examples of a reflexive
S¡, sibi. pronoun.
Himself (herself, itself), to himself
(herself, itself).
D§ exempla pr«n«minis Give examples of a personal
pers«n§lis. pronoun.
Ego, n«s, t». I, we, you.
Pr«n«men est aut simplex aut A pronoun is either simple or
compositum. D§ exemplum compound. Give an example of
pr«n«minis simplicis. a simple pronoun.
Quis. Who.
D§ exemplum pr«n«minis Give an example of a compound
composit¿. pronoun.
Quisnam. Just who.
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin 225
Magist. Ex quibus “quisnam” comp«nitur? Of what is “just who” composed?
Stud¡ns
Magist. Ex “quis” pr«n«mine et ex “nam” Of the pronoun “who” and the
particul§. particle “just.”
Stud¡ns
Magist. Estne fig»ra “quisquis” Is the form of the pronoun
Stud¡ns pr«n«minis simplex an “whoever” simple or
composita? compound?
Magist.
Stud¡ns Est composita. It is compound.
D¡scr¿be propriet§t¡s “ego” Parse the pronoun “I.”
pr«n«minis. “I” is a definite pronoun,
“Ego” est pr«n«men f¿n¿tum, masculine and feminine,
generis mascul¿n¿ et f¡min¿n¿, first person, singular,
pers«nae pr¿mae, numer¿ in the nominative case.
singul§ris, c§s» n«min§t¿v«.
D¡scr¿be propriet§t¡s “qu«rum” Parse the pronoun “of whom.”
pr«n«minis. “Of whom” or “whose” is a
“Qu«rum” est pr«n«men relative or interrogative
rel§t¿vum aut interr«g§t¿vum, pronoun, third person, plural,
pers«nae tertiae, numer¿ masculine and neuter, in the
pl»r§lis, generis mascul¿n¿ et genitive case.
neutr¿us, c§s» genit¿v«.
D¡ Verb« The Verb
[Note—Roman grammarians recognized five moods; modern Latin grammars
recognize three: indicative, subjunctive, and imperative.]
Magist. Verbum quid est? What is a verb?
Stud¡ns Pars «r§ti«nis cum tempore et A part of speech with tense and
pers«n§ sine c§s». person, without case.
Magist. Mod¿ quot sunt? How many moods are there?
Stud¡ns Qu¿nque. Five.
Magist. Qu¿? Which (are they)?
Stud¡ns Indic§t¿vus, ut “leg«”;
Indicative, for example, “I read,
subi»nct¿vus, ut “cum legam”; am reading”; subjunctive, for
imper§t¿vus, ut “lege”; example, “although I read”;
¿nf¿n¿t¿vus, ut “legere”; imperative, for example,
impers«n§lis, ut “legitur.” “read!”; infinitive, for example,
“to read”; impersonal, for
example, “people read.”
226 Conversational Latin
Magist.
Stud¡ns Numer¿ verb«rum quot sunt? How many numbers do verbs
Magist. Duo. have?
Stud¡ns
Magist. Two.
Stud¡ns
Magist. Qu¿? Which (are they)?
Stud¡ns Singul§ris et pl»r§lis. Singular and plural.
Magist. Pers«nae verb«rum quot sunt? How many persons of verbs are
Stud¡ns Tr¡s. there?
Magist.
Stud¡ns Three.
Magist. Quae? Which (are they)?
Stud¡ns Pr¿ma, ut “leg«”; secunda, ut
Magist. First, for example, “I read, am
Stud¡ns “legis”; tertia, ut “legit.” reading”; second, for example,
“you read, are reading”; third,
for example, “he, she reads, is
reading.”
Tempora in d¡cl¿n§ti«ne How many tenses are there in the
verb«rum quot sunt? conjugation of verbs?
Sex. Six.
Quae? Which (are they)?
Praes¡ns, ut “leg«”; praeteritum
Present, for example, “I read, am
imperfectum, ut “leg¡bam”; reading”; imperfect, for
fut»rum, ut “legam”; example, “I was reading, used
praeteritum perfectum, ut to read”; future, for example,
“l¡g¿”; praeteritum “I shall read”; perfect, for
pl»squamperfectum, ut example, “I read, have read”;
“l¡geram”; fut»rum perfectum, pluperfect, for example, “I had
ut “l¡ger«.” read”; future perfect, for
example, “I shall have read.”
Coniug§ti«n¡s verb«rum quot How many conjugations are
sunt? there?
Quattuor. Four.
Quae? Which (are they)?
Pr¿ma, secunda, tertia, qu§rta. First, second, third, fourth.
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin 227
Magist. D¡cl¿n§ verbum §ct¿vum pr¿mae Conjugate an active verb of the
Stud¡ns coniug§ti«nis, indic§t¿v« mod«, first conjugation, in the
Magist. tempore praesent¿, numer« indicative mood, present tense,
Stud¡ns singul§r¿. singular.
Magist.
Stud¡ns am« I love
Magist. am§s you love
Stud¡ns amat he or she loves
D¡cl¿n§ verbum §ct¿vum secundae Conjugate an active verb of the
coniug§ti«nis, indic§t¿v« mod«, second conjugation, indicative
tempore praeterit« imperfect«, mood, in the imperfect tense, in
pl»r§liter. the plural.
doc¡b§mus we were teaching
doc¡b§tis you were teaching
doc¡bant they were teaching
D¡cl¿n§ verbum §ct¿vum tertiae Conjugate an active verb of the
coniug§ti«nis, indic§t¿v« mod«, third conjugation, indicative
tempore fut»r«, numer« mood, future, singular.
singul§r¿.
I shall rule
regam you will rule
reg¡s he or she will rule
reget
D¡cl¿n§ verbum §ct¿vum qu§rtae Conjugate an active verb of the
coniug§ti«nis, indic§t¿v« mod«, fourth conjugation, indicative
tempore praeterit« mood, pluperfect tense, plural.
pl»squamperfect«, pl»r§liter.
we had heard
aud¿ver§mus you had heard
aud¿ver§tis they had heard
aud¿verant
[Note—genus in connection with nouns means “gender”; in connection with verbs it
means “voice.”]
Magist. Genera verb«rum quot sunt? How many voices of verbs are
there?
Stud¡ns Quattuor. Four.
Magist. Quae? Which (are they)?
Stud¡ns ×ct¿va, pass¿va, neutra vel Active, passive, intransitive,
neutr§lia, d¡p«nentia. deponent (verbs).
228 Conversational Latin
Magist.
Stud¡ns D§ exempla verb¿ neutr§lis. Give (me some) examples of an
Magist. Sede«, st«, cub«. intransitive verb.
Stud¡ns
Magist. I sit, am sitting; I stand, am
standing; I lie down, I am lying
Stud¡ns down.
Magist. D§ exempla verb¿ d¡p«nentis. Give (me some) examples of a
Stud¡ns Loquor, sequor, fruor. deponent verb.
Magist. I speak, am speaking; I follow, am
Stud¡ns following; I enjoy, am enjoying.
Magist. D§ d¡cl¿n§ti«nem verb¿ §ct¿v¿ Give the conjugation of the active
“leg«” indic§t¿v« mod«, verb “leg«” in the indicative
Stud¡ns tempore praesent¿, singul§riter. mood, present tense, in the
singular.
D¡cl¿n§tur:
leg« It is conjugated:
legis I read, am reading
legit you read, are reading
he or she reads, is reading
D¡cl¿n§ idem verbum §ct¿vum, Conjugate the same verb in the
tempore praeterit« imperfect«, imperfect tense, in the plural.
pl»r§liter.
It is conjugated:
D¡cl¿n§tur: we were reading
leg¡b§mus you were reading
leg¡b§tis they were reading
leg¡bant
D§ d¡cl¿n§ti«nem eiusdem verb¿ Give the conjugation of the same
§ct¿v¿, tempore praesent¿, mod« active verb in the present tense,
subi»nct¿v«, singul§riter. subjunctive, singular.
D¡cl¿n§tur: It is conjugated:
legam I may read
leg§s you may read
legat he or she may read
D¡cl¿n§ idem verbum §ct¿vum Conjugate the same active verb in
tempore praeterit« the pluperfect subjunctive
pl»squamperfect«, mod« plural.
subi»nct¿v«, pl»r§liter.
It is conjugated:
D¡cl¿n§tur: we would have read
l¡giss¡mus you would have read
l¡giss¡tis they would have read
l¡gissent
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin 229
Magist. D¿c imper§t¿vum modum eiusdem Give the present imperative of the
verb¿, tempore praesent¿, same verb in the singular and
Stud¡ns singul§riter et pl»r§liter. the plural.
Magist.
“Lege!,” “legite!” Read! (singular), read! (plural)
Stud¡ns
D¿c imper§t¿vum eiusdem verb¿, Give the future imperative of the
Magist. tempore fut»r«, secund§ et same verb in the second and
Stud¡ns terti§ pers«n§, singul§riter et third person singular and
Magist. pl»r§liter. plural.
Stud¡ns
Magist. Pers«n§ secund§: “legit«!,” Second person: you will read!
Stud¡ns “legit«te!”; pers«n§ terti§: (singular); you will read!
Magist. “legit«!,” “legunt«!” (plural); third person: let him
Stud¡ns or her read!; let them read!
Magist.
Stud¡ns D¿c participium h»ius verb¿, Give the present participle of this
Magist. praesent¿ tempore. verb.
Stud¡ns Leg¡ns. Reading.
Magist.
D¿c participium h»ius verb¿, Give the future participle of this
Stud¡ns fut»r« tempore. verb.
L¡ct»rus. About to read.
D¿c participium h»ius verb¿, Give the perfect participle of this
praeterit« perfect« tempore. verb.
L¡ctus. Having been read.
D¿c ¿nf¿n¿t¿vum §ct¿vum h»ius Give the present active infinitive
verb¿, praesent¿ tempore. of this verb.
Legere. To read.
D¿c ¿nf¿n¿t¿vum pass¿vum h»ius Give the present passive infinitive
verb¿, praesent¿ tempore. of this verb.
Leg¿. To be read.
D¿c ¿nf¿n¿t¿vum §ct¿vum h»ius Give the perfect active infinitive
verb¿, praeterit« perfect« of this verb.
tempore.
To have read.
L¡gisse.
D¿c ¿nf¿n¿t¿vum pass¿vum h»ius Give the perfect passive infinitive
verb¿, praeterit« perfect« of this verb.
tempore.
To have been read.
L¡ctus esse.
230 Conversational Latin
Magist.
Stud¡ns D¡scr¿be propriet§t¡s “leg«” Parse the verb “leg«.”
verb¿. “Leg«” is an active verb, used in
Magist.
Stud¡ns “Leg«” est verbum §ct¿vum the indicative mood, first
Magist. indic§t¿v¿ mod¿, pr¿mae person, singular, present tense,
Stud¡ns pers«nae, numer¿ singul§ris, third conjugation.
Magist. temporis praesentis, tertiae
Stud¡ns coniug§ti«nis.
Magist.
Stud¡ns D§ exempla verb¿ inaequ§lis. Give (me some) examples of an
Magist. Fi«, sole«, fer«, gaude«, n«l«. irregular verb.
Stud¡ns
I become, I am wont, I bear, I am
Magist. glad, I do not want.
Stud¡ns
Qu§r¡ inaequ§lia d¿cuntur? Why are they called irregular?
Magist. Quia d¡cl¿n§ti«n¡s extr§ r¡gulam Because they are conjugated
Stud¡ns
sunt. outside the (normal) pattern.
D§ exempla verb¿ d¡fect¿v¿. Give (some) examples of a
Pudet, «d¿. defective verb.
It shames, I hate.
Qu§r¡ d¡fect¿va d¿cuntur? Why are they called defective?
Quia haec verba quibusdam Because these verbs lack certain
fig»r¿s egent. forms.
Quibus fig»r¿s “pudet” eget? What forms does “pudet” (it
Eget pers«n§ pr¿m§ et secund§. shames) lack?
D¿citur etiam verbum It lacks the first and second
impers«n§le. person. It is also called an
impersonal verb.
Quibus fig»r¿s “«d¿” eget? What forms does “«d¿” (I hate)
Habet neque tempus praes¡ns, lack?
neque praeteritum imperfectum It doesn’t have a present,
neque fut»rum. imperfect, or future tense.
D§ part¡s pr¿ncip§l¡s “doce«” Give the principal parts of the
verb¿. verb “doce«.”
Doce«, doc¡re, docu¿, doctus. I teach, am teaching; to teach; I
taught, have taught; taught,
having been taught.
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin 231
Magist. D¡ Adverbi« The Adverb
Stud¡ns
Adverbium quid est? What is an adverb?
Magist. Pars «r§ti«nis quae verb« adicitur The part of speech which modifies
Stud¡ns et verbum expl§nat atque the verb and explains and
implet. completes it.
Magist.
Stud¡ns Cui dicti«n¿ adverbium adicitur? What word does an adverb
Vel verb« vel adverbi« vel modify?
Magist.
Stud¡ns adiect¿v« adiicitur. It modifies a verb, an adverb, or
Magist. an adjective.
Stud¡ns
D§ adverbia loc¿. Give (some) adverbs of place.
Magist. H¿c, ibi, intus, for¿s, ill¿c, inde. Here, there, inside, outside, there,
Stud¡ns
Magist. from there.
Stud¡ns
Magist. D§ adverbia temporis. Give (some) adverbs of time.
Hodi¡, n»per, aliquand«, mox. Today, recently, sometime, soon.
Stud¡ns
Magist. D§ adverbia numer¿. Give (some) adverbs of number.
Stud¡ns Semel, bis, ter, deci¡s.
Magist. Once, twice, three times, ten
Stud¡ns times.
Magist.
Stud¡ns D§ adverbium affirmand¿. Give an adverb of affirmation.
Etiam. Yes.
D§ adverbium negand¿. Give an adverb of negation.
N«n. No.
D§ adverbia interr«gand¿. Give (some) interrogative
C»r, qu§r¡, quamobrem. adverbs.
Why, why, why.
D§ adverbia «rdinis. Give (some) adverbs of a series.
Pr¿mum, deinde, postr¡m«. First, then, finally.
D§ adverbia quantit§tis. Give (some) adverbs of quantity.
Multum, parum. Much, little.
D§ adverbia qualit§tis. Give (some) adverbs of quality.
Pulchr¡, bene, male. Beautifully, well, badly.
232 Conversational Latin
Magist.
Stud¡ns Quot grad»s compar§ti«nis sunt How many degrees of comparison
Magist. adverbi¿s? do adverbs have?
Stud¡ns
Tr¡s. Three.
Magist.
Stud¡ns Qu¿? What (are they)?
Posit¿vus, ut “saepe”; The positive, for example,
compar§t¿vus, ut “saepius”; “often”; the comparative, for
superl§t¿vus, ut “saepissim¡.” example, “more often”; the
superlative, for example, “very
often.”
Suntne adverbia decl¿n§bilia an Are adverbs declinable or
ind¡cl¿n§bilia? indeclinable?
Sunt ind¡cl¿n§bilia. They are indeclinable.
Magist. D¡ Adject¿v« The Adjective
Stud¡ns
Adiect¿vum quid est? What is an adjective?
Magist. Pars «r§ti«nis est quae n«min¿
Stud¡ns It is a part of speech that modifies
Magist. adicitur. a noun.
Stud¡ns
Quot grad»s compar§ti«nis sunt How many degrees of comparison
Magist. adiect¿v¿s? do adjectives have?
Stud¡ns
Magist. Tr¡s grad»s compar§ti«nis. Three degrees of comparison.
Stud¡ns
Qu¿? Which (are they)?
Posit¿vus, ut “doctus”;
The positive, for example,
compar§t¿vus, ut “doctior”; “learned”; the comparative, for
superl§t¿vus, ut “doctissimus” example, “more learned”; the
superlative, for example, “most
learned.”
Quot termin§ti«n¡s sunt How many endings do adjectives
adiect¿v¿s, grad»s posit¿v¿? have in the positive degree?
Tr¡s. Three.
Quae? Which (are they)?
Mascul¿na, ut “doctus”; f¡min¿na, Masculine, for example,
ut “docta”; neutra, ut “doctum.” “learned”; feminine, for
example, “learned”; neuter, for
example, “learned.”
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin 233
Magist. Quot termin§ti«n¡s sunt How many endings do adjectives
adiect¿v¿s, grad»s compar§t¿v¿? have in the comparative
Stud¡ns degree?
Magist. Duae.
Stud¡ns Two.
Magist. Quae? Which (are they)?
Stud¡ns Mascul¿na et f¡min¿na, ut Masculine and feminine, for
Magist. “doctior”; neutra, ut “doctius.” example, “more learned”;
Stud¡ns neuter, for example, “more
Magist. learned.”
Stud¡ns
Magist. Quot termin§ti«n¡s sunt How many endings do adjectives
Stud¡ns adiect¿v¿s, grad»s superl§t¿v¿? in the superlative degree have?
Magist.
Stud¡ns Tr¡s, s¿cut in grad» posit¿v«. Three, just as in the positive
Magist. degree.
Stud¡ns
D¿c adiect¿vum possess¿vum. Give a possessive adjective.
Meus. My.
D¿c adiect¿vum qu§lit§tis. Give an adjective of quality.
Bonus. Good.
D¿c adiect¿va quantit§tis. Give (some) adjectives of
Magnus, parvus. quantity.
Big, small.
D¿c adiect¿va numer¿. Give (some) adjectives of number.
Ûnus, duo, tr¡s. One, two, three.
D¿c adiect¿va numer¿ «rdin§lis. Give (some) adjectives of ordinal
Pr¿mus, secundus, tertius. numbers.
First, second, third.
Magist. D¡ Participi« The Participle
Stud¡ns
Participium quid est? What is a participle?
Pars «r§ti«nis partem adiect¿v¿ A part of speech assuming the
capi¡ns, partem verb¿. role of an adjective and the role
of a verb.
234 Conversational Latin
Magist.
Stud¡ns Tempora participi«rum quot sunt? How many tenses do participles
Praes¡ns, ut “leg¡ns”; praeteritum, have?
Magist.
Stud¡ns ut “l¡ctus”; fut»rum, ut The present, for example,
Magist. “l¡ct»rus.” “reading”; the perfect, for
Stud¡ns example, “read, having been
read”; the future, for example,
Magist. “about to read.”
Stud¡ns
Magist. Quot participia ab §ct¿v« verb« How many participles come from
Stud¡ns veniunt? the active verb?
Duo. Two.
Quae? Which (are they)?
Praes¡ns, ut “leg¡ns” et fut»rum The present, for example,
ut “l¡ct»rus.” “reading”, and the future, for
example, “about to read.”
Quot participia § pass¿v« verb« How many participles come from
veniunt? the passive verb?
Ûnum. One.
Quod? Which one?
Praeteritum perfectum, ut The perfect, for example, “read,
“l¡ctus.” having been read.”
Magist. D¡ Gerundi« The Gerund
Stud¡ns
Magist. Gerundium quid est? What is a gerund?
Stud¡ns Est n«men verb§le. It is a verbal noun.
Magist. Qu§r¡ s¿c voc§tur? Why is it called that?
Stud¡ns Quia partem n«minis capit, Because it assumes the role of a
Magist.
partem verb¿. noun and the role of a verb.
Stud¡ns
D§ exemplum gerundi¿. Give an example of a gerund.
Legend¿ libr«s caus§. For the sake of reading books.
Qu«modo capit partem n«minis? How does it assume the role of a
E« quod habet c§s»s obl¿qu«s, noun?
perinde ut n«mina. In that it has oblique cases, just
as nouns do.
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin 235
Magist. Qu«modo capit partem verb¿? How does it assume the role of a
Stud¡ns E« quod adiungitur c§su¿ verb?
acc»s§t¿v«, perinde ut verba. In that it takes the accusative
case, just as verbs do.
Magist. D¡ Gerund¿v« The Gerundive
Stud¡ns
Magist. Gerund¿vum quid est? What is a gerundive?
Stud¡ns Est adiect¿vum verb§le. It is a verbal adjective.
Magist. Qu§r¡ s¿c voc§tur? Why is it called that?
Stud¡ns Quia partem adiect¿v¿ capit, Because it assumes the role of an
Magist.
partem verb¿. adjective and the role of a verb.
Stud¡ns
D§ exemplum gerund¿v¿. Give an example of a gerundive.
Legend«rum libr«rum caus§. For the sake of reading books.
Qu«modo partem adiect¿v¿ capit? How does it assume the role of an
E« quod “libr«s” n«min¿ adicitur. adjective?
In that it modifies the noun
“books.”
Magist. D¡ Coni»ncti«ne The Conjunction
Stud¡ns
Coni»ncti« quid est? What is a conjunction?
Magist. Pars «r§ti«nis connect¡ns A part of speech connecting and
Stud¡ns
Magist. «rdin§nsque sententiam. arranging a sentence.
Stud¡ns D§ coni»ncti«n¡s copul§t¿v§s.
Magist. Give (some) coordinate
Stud¡ns Et, atque, ac. conjunctions.
D§ coni»ncti«n¡s disi»nct¿v§s.
And, and, and.
Aut, |ve, vel.
D§ coni»ncti«n¡s advers§t¿v§s. Give (some) disjunctive
conjunctions.
Sed, at.
Or, or, or.
Give (some) adversative
conjunctions.
But, but.
236 Conversational Latin
Magist.
Stud¡ns D§ coni»ncti«n¡s concess¿v§s. Give (some) concessive
Magist. Quamquam, quamv¿s. conjunctions.
Stud¡ns
Magist. Although, although.
Stud¡ns
D§ coni»ncti«n¡s tempor§l¡s. Give (some) temporal
Cum, antequam, postquam. conjunctions.
When, before, after.
D§ coni»ncti«n¡s condici«n§l¡s. Give (some) conditional
S¿, nisi. conjunctions.
If, unless.
Magist. D¡ Praepositi«ne The Preposition
Stud¡ns
Praepositi« quid est? What is a preposition?
Magist. Pars «r§ti«nis quae, ali¿s partibus A part of speech which, placed
Stud¡ns
Magist. «r§ti«nis praeposita, before other parts of speech,
Stud¡ns signific§ti«nem e§rum implet completes or changes their
Magist. aut m»tat. meaning.
Stud¡ns
Quibus c§sibus praepositi«n¡s What cases do prepositions take?
Magist. serviunt? The accusative and the ablative.
Stud¡ns
Magist. Acc»s§t¿v« et abl§t¿v«.
Stud¡ns
D§ praepositi«n¡s c§s»s Give (some) prepositions taking
acc»s§t¿v¿. the accusative.
Ad, apud, ante, adversum, erg§. To, at, before, against, toward.
D§ praepositi«n¡s c§s»s abl§t¿v¿. Give (some) prepositions taking
Ab, cum, c«ram, clam, d¡, ex, the ablative case.
pr«. From, with, in the presence of,
without the knowledge of,
concerning, out of, for.
Give (some) prepositions taking
D§ praepositi«n¡s utr¿usque c§s»s. both cases.
In, sub, super, subter. In(to), under, above, below.
“In” et “sub” quand« abl§t¿v« When do “in” and “under” take
serviunt? the ablative case?
Quand« signific§mus qu«slibet When we mean that someone or
aut quaelibet in loc« esse. something is in a place.
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin 237
Magist. “In” et “sub” quand« acc»s§t¿v« When do “in” and “under” take
Stud¡ns serviunt? the accusative?
Magist. Quand« signific§mus qu«slibet When we mean that someone or
Stud¡ns aut quaelibet in locum ¿re. something is going into a place.
“Super” quam vim habet? What is the sense of “super”?
Ubi locum significat, magis When it indicates place, it takes
acc»s§t¿v« c§su¿ servit quam the accusative rather than the
abl§t¿v« loc¿; ubi menti«nem ablative of place; when we
alic»ius facimus, abl§t¿v« c§su¿ make mention of someone or
dumtaxat servit, ut “Multa something, it takes only the
super Priam« rogit§ns.” ablative, for example: “Asking
many questions about Priam.”
D¡ Interiecti«ne
The Interjection
Magist. Interiecti« quid est? What is an interjection?
Stud¡ns Pars «r§ti«nis signific§ns mentis A part of speech indicating an
Magist. affectum v«ce incondit§. emotion with inarticulate
Stud¡ns sound.
Interiecti« quid signific§re potest? What can an interjection
Vel laetitiam, ut “evax”; vel indicate?
dol«rem, ut “heu”; vel Either joy, for example,
adm¿r§ti«nem, ut “papae”; vel “hurrah!”; or grief, for
metum, ut “attat.” example, “oh no!”; or
astonishment, for example,
“wow!”; or fear, for example,
“oh!”
D¡ Accent» The Accent
Magist. In qu§ syllab§ accentum p«nimus? On which syllable do we place the
Stud¡ns Aut in antepaenultim§ aut in accent?
Magist. paenultim§. On the antepenult or the penult.
Stud¡ns
Quand« accentum in paenultim§ When do we place the accent on
syllab§ p«nimus? the penult?
Quand« paenultima syllaba est When the penult is long, for
longa, ut “am§mus.” example, “am§mus” (we love).
238 Conversational Latin
Magist. In qu§ syllab§ accentum p«nimus On which syllable do we place the
Stud¡ns s¿ paenultima syllaba est brevis? accent if the penult is short?
Magist.
Stud¡ns In antepaenultim§ syllab§. On the antepenult.
Quand« accentus p«nitur in ultim§ When is the accent placed on the
syllab§? last syllable?
Numquam aut utique r§rissim«. Never or, in any event, very
rarely.
D¡ Propriet§tibus The Parsing of Words
Dicti«num D¡scr¿bend¿s
[Note—The genitive of quality, or better, of description, is generally used in parsing
words, for example; “C»ius generis est ‘puella’? (Of) what gender is “girl”?
“F¡min¿n¿ generis” (of the) feminine gender. But when indicating the case of a
noun or adjective, the ablative is generally used, e.g., “homine” qu« c§s» est? (In)
what case is “the man”? “Abl§t¿v«.” (In) the ablative case. The Romans also
reverse our order of apposition, for example, “s¿ ultima syllaba in ‘a’ litter§
termin§tur . . . .” (if the last syllable ends in the letter “a”).]
Magist. D¡scr¿b§mus nunc propriet§t¡s Let’s now parse the words of this
dicti«num in h§c sententi§: Ego sentence: I sing of war and a
arma virumque can«, qu¿ hero who once upon a time
«lim § Tr«iae «r¿s longinqu¿s came from the distant shores
v¡nit. “Ego” quae pars «r§ti«nis of Troy. What part of speech is
est? “I”?
Stud¡ns Pr«n«men. A pronoun.
Magist. C»ius est numer¿? What number is it?
Stud¡ns Numer¿ singul§ris. Singular.
Magist. C»ius est generis in h«c loc«? What gender is it in this passage?
Stud¡ns Mascul¿n¿. Masculine.
Magist. C»ius est pers«nae? What person is it?
Stud¡ns Pr¿mae pers«nae. First person.
Magist. Qu« est c§s»? In what case?
Stud¡ns C§s» n«min§t¿v«. In the nominative case.
Magist. Estne pr«n«men f¿n¿tum an Is it a definite or indefinite
Stud¡ns ¿nf¿n¿tum? pronoun?
Pr«n«men f¿n¿tum. A definite pronoun.
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin 239
Magist. “Arma” quae pars «r§ti«nis est? What part of speech is “arms”?
Stud¡ns N«men. A noun.
Magist. Qu§le? N«men proprium an What kind? Proper or common?
appell§t¿vum? A common noun.
Stud¡ns
N«men appell§t¿vum.
Magist.
Stud¡ns C»ius est generis? What gender is it?
Neutr¿us. Neuter.
Magist.
Stud¡ns C»ius est numer¿? What number is it?
Pl»r§lis. Plural.
Magist.
Stud¡ns Qu« c§s» est in h«c l«c«? What case is it in this passage?
Acc»s§t¿v«. Accusative.
Magist.
Stud¡ns Unde hoc certum est? How is that certain?
× syntaxe; “can«” enim verbum From the syntax; for the verb
Magist.
Stud¡ns acc»s§t¿v« adiungitur. “can«” takes the accusative
case.
Magist.
Quotae d¡cl¿n§ti«nis est “arma”? What declension is “arms”?
Stud¡ns
Secundae. Second.
Magist.
Stud¡ns P«niturne “arma” propri¡ an Is “arms” used literally or
fig»r§t¡? figuratively?
Magist.
Stud¡ns Fig»r§t¡. Figuratively.
Magist. Qu§r¡? Why?
Stud¡ns Quia pr« “bell«” p«nitur. Because it is used for “war.”
Magist. “Virum” quae pars «r§ti«nis est? What part of speech is “hero”?
Stud¡ns N«men. A noun.
Magist. C»ius est generis? What gender is it?
Stud¡ns Mascul¿n¿. Masculine.
C»ius est numer¿? What number is it?
Singul§ris. Singular.
Qu« c§s» est? What case is it?
Acc»s§t¿v«. Accusative.
240 Conversational Latin
Magist.
Stud¡ns D¿c c§sum n«min§t¿vum. Give the nominative case.
Vir. Vir (hero).
Magist.
Stud¡ns Quotae d¡cl¿n§ti«nis est “virum”? What declension is “the hero”?
Magist. Secundae. Second.
Stud¡ns
C»ius est numer¿? What number is it?
Magist. Singul§ris. Singular.
Stud¡ns Qu§le? Proprium an What kind? Proper or common
appell§t¿vum? (noun)?
Magist.
Stud¡ns N«men appell§t¿vum. Common (noun).
Magist. “Que” quae pars «r§ti«nis est? What part of speech is “and”?
C«ni»ncti«. A conjunction.
Stud¡ns
C»ius est potest§tis? Copul§t¿vae (Of) what function is it?
Magist. an disi»nct¿vae? Coordinate or disjunctive?
Stud¡ns Copul§t¿vae. Coordinate.
Magist. C»ius «rdinis? Praeposit¿v¿ an What is its word order?
postposit¿v¿? Prepositive or postpositive?
Stud¡ns
Postposit¿v¿; itaque d¿citur It is postpositive; and so it is
Magist. encliticum. called an enclitic.
Stud¡ns
Fac compositum ab e« quod est Form a compound from “que.”
Magist. “que.” And so, neither, too.
Stud¡ns
Itaque, neque, quoque.
Magist.
Stud¡ns “Can«” quae pars «r§ti«nis est? What part of speech is “sing”?
Verbum. A verb.
Magist.
Stud¡ns C»ius mod¿ est? In what mood is it?
Indic§t¿v¿. The indicative.
C»ius pers«nae est? What person is it?
Pr¿mae. First (person).
D¿c tertiam pers«nam. Give the third person.
Canit. He or she sings, is singing.
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin 241
Magist. C»ius numer¿ est? What number is it?
Stud¡ns Singul§ris. Singular.
Magist. D¿c pl»r§lem pr¿mae pers«nae. Give the first person plural.
Stud¡ns Canimus. We sing.
Magist. C»ius generis est? ×ct¿v¿ an What voice is it? Active or
pass¿v¿? passive?
Stud¡ns
×ct¿v¿. Active.
Magist.
Stud¡ns D¿c pass¿vum. Give the passive.
Canor. I am sung of.
Magist.
Stud¡ns C»ius temporis est? What tense is it?
Praesentis. The present.
Magist.
Stud¡ns D¿c praeteritum imperfectum. Give the imperfect.
Can¡bam. I was singing, used to sing.
Magist.
Stud¡ns D¿c praeteritum perfectum. Give the perfect.
Cecin¿. I sang, have sung.
Magist.
Stud¡ns D¿c participium praes¡ns. Give the present participle.
Can¡ns. Singing.
Magist.
Stud¡ns D¿c participium fut»rum. Give the future participle.
Cant»rus. About to sing, going to sing.
Magist.
Stud¡ns D¿c ¿nf¿n¿t¿vum §ct¿vum. Give the active infinitive.
Canere. To sing.
Magist.
Stud¡ns D¿c gerundium. Give the gerund.
Canend¿. Of singing.
Magist.
D¿c gerundium c§s» n«min§t¿v«. Give the gerund in the nominative
Stud¡ns Gerundium eget c§s» n«min§t¿v«. case.
Magist. The gerund lacks a nominative
Stud¡ns case.
“Qu¿” quae pars «r§ti«nis est? What part of speech is “who”?
Pr«n«men. A pronoun.
242 Conversational Latin
Magist.
Stud¡ns Qu§le pr«n«men? What kind of pronoun?
Magist. Rel§t¿vum pr«n«men. A relative pronoun.
Stud¡ns
Magist. Quid est eius n«men antec¡d¡ns? What is its antecedent?
Stud¡ns
Magist. Virum. A hero.
Stud¡ns
Magist. “Qu¿” c»ius est generis? What gender is “who”?
Stud¡ns Mascul¿n¿. Masculine.
Magist. C»ius numer¿ est? What number is it?
Stud¡ns Singul§ris. Singular.
Magist.
Stud¡ns Qu§r¡ numerus singul§ris p«nitur? Why is the singular number used?
Magist. Quia n«men antec¡d¡ns est Because the antecedent is
numer¿ singul§ris. singular.
Stud¡ns
Magist. Qu« c§s» est “qu¿”? In what case is “who”?
C§s» n«min§t¿v«. In the nominative case.
Stud¡ns
Magist. C»ius potentiae est? What is its function?
Est subiectum “v¡nit” verb¿. It is the subject of the verb
Stud¡ns
Magist. “came”.
Stud¡ns
Magist. “ølim” quae pars «r§ti«nis est? What part of speech is “once
Adverbium. upon a time”?
Stud¡ns
An adverb.
Cui dicti«n¿ “«lim” adicitur? Which word does “once upon a
“V¡nit” verb«. time” modify?
The verb “came”.
Estne adverbium loc¿ an temporis Is it an adverb of place or time or
an qualit§tis an quantit§tis? quality or quantity?
Temporis. Of time.
“×” quae pars «r§ti«nis est? What part of speech is “from”?
Praepositi«. A preposition.
Cui c§su¿ servit? What case does it take [lit:
C§su¿ abl§t¿v«. serve]?
The ablative case.
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin 243
Magist. Cui n«min¿ adiungitur? What noun is its object?
Stud¡ns “ør¿s” n«min¿. The noun “shores”.
Magist. “Tr«iae” quae pars «r§ti«nis est? What part of speech is “Troy’s”?
Stud¡ns
N«men. A noun.
Magist.
Qu§le? Proprium an What kind? Proper or common?
Stud¡ns appell§t¿vum? Proper.
Magist. Proprium.
Stud¡ns
C»ius est generis? What gender is it?
Magist. F¡min¿n¿. Feminine.
Stud¡ns
C»ius est numer¿? What number is it?
Magist. Singul§ris. Singular.
Stud¡ns
Qu« est c§s»? In what case is it?
Magist. Genit¿v«. The genitive.
Stud¡ns
“ør¿s” quae pars «r§ti«nis est? What part of speech is “shores”?
Magist. N«men. A noun.
Stud¡ns Qu§le? Proprium an What kind? Proper or common?
appell§t¿vum? Common.
Magist.
Stud¡ns Appell§t¿vum.
Magist. C»ius generis est? What gender is it?
Stud¡ns F¡min¿n¿. Feminine.
Magist. Qu« c§s» est? What case is it?
Abl§t¿v« pl»r§l¿. Ablative plural.
Stud¡ns
D¿c c§sum n«min§t¿vum Give the nominative singular.
Magist. singul§rem. “Shore.”
Stud¡ns øra.
Magist. “Longinqu¿s” quae pars or§ti«nis What part of speech is “distant”?
Stud¡ns est? Adjective.
Adiect¿vum.
Qu« est c§s»? In what case is it?
Abl§t¿v«. The ablative.
244 Conversational Latin
Magist. C»ius est generis? What gender is it?
Stud¡ns F¡min¿n¿. Feminine.
Magist. C»ius est numer¿? What number is it?
Stud¡ns Pl»r§lis. The plural.
Magist. Cui dicti«n¿ adicitur? What noun does it modify?
Stud¡ns “ør¿s.” “Shores.”
Magist. C»ius grad»s compar§ti«nis est? What degree of comparison is it?
Stud¡ns Posit¿v¿. The positive.
Magist. D§ gradum superl§t¿vum. Give the superlative degree.
Stud¡ns “Longinquissim·us |a |um.” “Most distant.”
Magist. “V¡nit” quae pars «r§ti«nis est? What part of speech is “came”?
Stud¡ns Verbum. A verb.
Magist. C»ius est temporis? What tense is it?
Stud¡ns Temporis praeterit¿ perfect¿. The perfect.
Magist. C»ius pers«nae est? What person is it?
Stud¡ns Tertiae. Third (person).
Magist. D¿c pers«nam pr¿mam. Give the first person.
Stud¡ns V¡n¿. “I came, have come”.
Magist. C»ius numer¿ est? What number is it?
Stud¡ns Singul§ris. The singular.
Magist. C»ius mod¿ est? What mood is it?
Stud¡ns Indic§t¿v¿. Indicative.
Magist. C»ius generis est? What voice is it?
Stud¡ns Neutr§lis. Intransitive.
Magist. C»ius coniug§ti«nis est? What conjugation is it?
Stud¡ns Qu§rtae. The fourth.
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin 245
Magist. D¿c part¡s pr¿ncip§l¡s “can«” Give the principal parts of the
Stud¡ns verb¿. verb “sing”.
Can«, canere, cecin¿, cantus. I sing, am singing; to sing; I sang,
have sung; sung, having been
sung.
TOPICAL VOCABULARY______________________________
abbreviate tr brevi§re clause s membr·um |¿ n; main clause
«r§ti·« |«nis f [Note—«r§ti« can be
abbreviation s not·a |ae f compendi§ria a complete sentence or a main
clause]
ablative adj abl§t¿v·us |a |um; ablative
case c§s·us |»s m abl§t¿vus, collective adj collect¿·vus |a |um
abl§t¿v·us |¿ m; in the ablative case
c§s» abl§t¿v« combination s compreh¡nsi·« |«nis f; a
syllable is a combination of letters
abstract noun s appell§ti·« |«nis f (ut syllaba est compreh¡nsi« litter§rum
“bonit§s” goodness)
combine tr comp«n·« |ere composu¿
accent s accent·us |»s m; to place the compositus; prepositions can be
accent on a syllable accentum in combined with verbs praepositi«n¡s
syllab§ p«nere cum verb¿s comp«n¿ possunt
active adj §ct¿v·us |a |um; active verb come intr (from) ven·i« |¿re v¡n¿
verbum agend¿ or ag¡ns or §ct¿vum; ventum (ab + abl), d¡r¿v§r¿ (ab +
active voice gen·us |eris n §ct¿vum abl)
adjectival adj adiect¿v§l·is |is |e comma s comm·a |atis n
adjective s adiect¿v·um |¿ n common noun s n«m·en |inis n
appell§t¿vum
adverb s adverbi·um |¿ n
comparative adj compar§t¿v·us |a |um;
adverbial adj adverbi§l·is |is |e comparative degree grad·us |»s m
compar§t¿vus; in the comparative
alphabet s alphab¡t·um |¿ n, pr¿mae compar§t¿v¡, in compar§ti«ne
litter·ae |§rum fpl
comparison s compar§ti·« |«nis f
antecedent s n«m·en |inis n antec¡d¡ns
compound adj composit·us |a |um (ut
antepenult s antepaenultima syllab·a “indoctus” uneducated) (opp:
|ae f simplex, ut “doctus”)
article s articul·us |¿ m (hic haec hoc, concrete noun s voc§bul·um |¿ n (opp:
normally demonstrative, serve as appell§ti«)
articles only in declensions)
conjugate tr d¡cl¿n§re
as adv s¿cut, ut; as for instance ut put§
conjugation s d¡cl¿n§ti·« |«nis f (more
capital letter s litter·a |ae f grandis commonly used); coniug§ti·« |«nis f
(opp: littera min»ta)
conjunction s coni»ncti·« |«nis f
case s c§s·us |»s m; a noun in the
genitive case n«men genit¿v« c§s»; consist of c«nst·« |§re c«nstit¿ ex (+
or more rarely n«men c§s»s genit¿v¿ abl)
246 Conversational Latin
consonant s c«nson·§ns |antis f end intr (in) termin·or |§r¿ |§tus sum (in
+ acc or abl)
construction s c«nstr»cti·« |«nis f
ending adj (in) termin§t·us |a |um (in +
coordinate conjunction s coni»ncti·« acc)
|«nis f c«pul§t¿va
ending s termin§ti·« |«nis f
correlative adj rel§t¿vus |a |um (ut
“t§lis . . . qu§lis” such . . . as) error s viti·um |¿ n, mend·um |¿ n
correct adj r¡ct·us |a |um, ¡mend§t·us explain tr expl§n§re, explic§re
|a |um
express tr exprim« exprimere express¿
correct tr ¡mend§re expressus
correction s ¡mend§ti·« |«nis f feminine adj f¡min¿nus |a |um
correctly adv r¡ct¡, ¡mend§t¡ (opp: figurative adj tr§nsl§t¿v·us |a |um
viti«s¡)
figuratively adv fig»r§t¡, tr§nsl§t¿v¡
dative adj dat¿v·us |a |um
final adj f¿n§l·is |is |e
dative s dat¿v·us |¿ m, c§s·us |»s m
dat¿vus form tr fac·i« |ere f¡c¿ factus; form the
imperative of the verb “ven¿re” fac
declension s d¡cl¿n§ti·« |«nis f imper§t¿vum “ven¿re” verb¿
decline tr d¡cl¿n§re form s fig»r·a |ae f; the form is either
simple, like “doctus,” or
defective adj d¡fect¿v·us |a |um compound, like “indoctus” fig»ra
est aut simplex, ut “doctus,” aut
define tr d¡f¿n·i« |¿re |¿v¿ |¿tus composita, ut “indoctus”
definite adj f¿n¿t·us |a |um (opp: function s potenti·a |ae f
¿nf¿n¿tus)
future s temp·us |oris n fut»rum
degree s grad·us |»s m; positive degree
gradus posit¿vus; comparative gender s gen·us |eris n
degree gradus compar§t¿vus;
superlative degree gradus genitive s genit¿v·us |¿ m, c§s·us |»s m
superl§t¿vus genit¿vus
demonstrative adj d¡m«nstr§t¿v·us |a gerund s gerundi·um |¿ n
|um
gerundive s gerund¿v·um |¿ n
deponent s d¡p«n·¡ns |entis n, verb·um
|¿ n d¡p«n¡ns give tr d« dare ded¿ datus; d¿c·« |ere
d¿x¿ dictus; give the plural form of
derive tr (from) d¡riv§re (ab + abl) gaudium d§ (or d¿c) fig»ram
pl»r§lem “gaudium” n«minis
diminutive s d¡minut¿vum n«m·en |inis
n, d¡min»t¿v·um |¿ n grammar s grammatic·a |ae f, ar·s |tis f
grammatica
diphthong s diphthong·us |¿ f
imperative adj imper§t¿v·us |a |um;
double adj gemin§t·us |a |um: double imperative mood mod·us |¿ m
“i” as in “arm§ri¿” “i” littera imper§t¿vus
gemin§ta, ut arm§ri¿
imperfect tense s temp·us |‹ris n
enclitic s enclitic·um |¿ n (ut “-que,” praeteritum imperfectum
“|ve” and, or)
impersonal adj impers«n§l·is |is |e
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin 247
incorrect adj viti«s·us |a |um mark s not·a |ae f (ut “nota longa,”
“nota brevis” long mark, short
incorrectly adv viti«s¡ mark)
indeclinable adj ind¡cl¿n§bil·is |is |e masculine adj mascul¿n·us |a |um
indefinite adj ¿nf¿n¿t·us |a |um (opp: mean tr signific§re
f¿n¿tus)
meaning s signific§ti·« |«nis f
indicate tr signific§re
meter s metr·um |¿ n
indicative adj indic§t¿v·us |a |um ; in
the indicative mood mod« mistake s viti·um |¿ n; to make a
indic§t¿v« mistake vitium facere
infinitive adj ¿nf¿n¿t¿v·us |a |um; modify tr adicior adic¿ adiectus sum (+
infinitive mood mod·us |¿ m dat); which noun does “bonus”
¿nf¿n¿t¿vus modify? cui n«min¿ “bonus”
adicitur?
infinitive s ¿nf¿n¿t¿v·um |¿ n
modifying adj adiect·us |a |um (+ dat)
inflect tr d¡cl¿n§re
monosyllable s monosyllab·a |ae f
inflection s d¡cl¿n§ti·« |«nis f
mood s mod·us |¿ m; imperative mood,
intensive pronoun s pr«n«m·en |inis n e.g., “read!” modus imper§t¿vus, ut
intenti«nis (ut “ipse” himself) “lege!”; indicative mood, e.g., “I
read” modus indic§t¿vus, ut “leg«”;
interjection s interiecti·« |«nis f (ut subjunctive mood, e.g., “although I
“heus t»!” hey you!) read” modus subi»nct¿vus, ut “cum
legam”
intransitive adj intr§nsit¿v·us |a |um (ut
“sede«,” “surg«” I sit, I get up) neuter adj neu·ter |tra |trum, neutr§l·is
|is |e; in the — neutr§liter
irregular adj inaequ§l·is |is |e; an
irregular verb inaequ§le verbum (ut nominative adj n«min§t¿v·us |a |um
“vol«,” “n«l«,” “f¿«” I want, I do
not want, I become) noun s n«m·en |inis n; (of an inanimate
object) voc§bul·um |¿ n
irregularly adv inaequ§liter; “duo” is
irregularly declined “duo” number s numer·us |¿ m
inaequ§liter d¡cl¿n§tur
numeral s n«m·en |inis n numer§le (ut
last adj ultim·us |a |um “»nus,” “duo,” “ tr¡s” one, two
three)
lengthen tr pr«d»c·« |ere pr«d»x¿
pr«ductus (opp: corripere) object s expressed by the verb adiung¿,
for example, “the man” is the
letter s litter·a |ae f; letters form object of the verb “hic hom«” verb«
syllables litterae faciunt syllab§s adiungitur
[Note—Roman grammarians never
literal adj propri·us |a |um (opp: used the word “obiectum” in
tr§nsl§t¿vus) connection with a verb or
preposition. Whereas we would say,
literally adv propri¡, ad verbum (opp: for example, “man is the object of
fig»r§t¡) the verb” the Romans would say
“man is joined to the verb.” See also
long adj long·us |a |um, pr«duct·us |a the definition of “modify” above.]
|um (opp: brevis, correptus); a vowel
is long by nature or by position
voc§lis est longa n§t»r§ aut positi«ne
248 Conversational Latin
ordinal adj «rdin§l·is |is |e (ut principal parts part·¡s |ium fpl
“pr¿mus”, “secundus” first, second) pr¿ncip§l¡s
parse tr propriet§t¡s (+ gen) d¡scr¿bere pronoun s pr«n«m·en |inis n
part of speech s par·s |tis f «r§ti«nis pronounce tr pr«n»nti§re; to
pronounce a vowel short or long
participle s participi·um |¿ n; past or voc§lem corrept¡ aut pr«duct¡
perfect participle praeterit¿ temporis pr«n»nti§re
participium; present participle
praesentis temporis participium proper noun s proprium n«m·en |inis n
(ut “Hector” Hector) (opp:
particle s particul·a |ae f (namely, the appell§t¿vum n«men (ut “hom«”
four parts of speech that are man)
indeclinable: adverb, preposition,
conjunction, interjection) punctuation s interp»ncti·« |«nis f
passive adj pass¿v·us |a |um punctuation mark s interp»nct·um |¿ n,
p»nct·um |¿ n
past s praeterit·um temp·us |‹ris n
relative adj rel§t¿v·us |a |um
pattern s r¡gul·a |ae f
repeat tr repet·« |ere |¿v¿ |¿tus
penult s paenultima syllab·a |ae f
rule s r¡gul·a |ae f; to follow (observe)
perfect tense s temp·us |‹ris n the rule r¡gulam serv§re
praeteritum perfectum
sentence s sententi·a |ae f, «r§ti·« |«nis
period s p»nct·um |¿ n f
person s pers«n·a |ae f short adj brev·is |is |e, corrept·us |a
|um
personal adj pers«n§l·is |is |e
singular adj singul§r·is |is |e (opp:
phrase s loc»ti·« |«nis f (also used of a pl»r§l·is |is |e); in the singular
single word) singul§riter
pluperfect tense s temp·us |‹ris n sound s son·us |¿ m
pl»squamperfectum
speak tr & intr loquor loqu¿ loc»tus
plural adj pl»r§l·is |is |e; in the plural sum; to speak Latin, to speak
pl»r§liter correct Latin Lat¿n¡ loqu¿
plural s multit»d·« |inis f; signifying a spell tr scr¿b·« |ere scr¿ps¿ scr¿ptus; to
plural multit»dinem signific§ns spell correctly r¡ct¡ scr¿bere; to
spell with scr¿bere per (+ acc); some
positive s grad·us |»s m posit¿vus spell “cum” with a “q” if it
signifies time qu¿dam scr¿bunt
possessive adj possess¿v·us |a |um “cum” per “q” litteram, s¿ tempus
significat
prefix s praepositi·« |«nis f per
compositi«nem spelling s orthographi·a |ae f, scr¿pt»r·a
|ae f
preposition s praepositi·« |«nis f (per
appositi«nem); prepositions take subject n (gram) subiect·um |¿ n; (topic
(lit: serve) either the accusative or studied) gen·us |eris n studi«rum,
the ablative case praepositi«n¡s aut doctr¿n·a |ae f
acc»s§t¿v« aut abl§t¿v« c§su¿ serviunt
present adj praes·¡ns |entis; present
tense praes¡ns temp·us |‹ris n
Chapter XXV: Teaching Grammar in Latin 249
subjunctive adj subi»nct¿v·us |a |um; should say, “Sum philosophus.”
subjunctive mood subi»nct¿vus subaud¿tur “ego” s¿ d¿cam “sum
mod·us |¿ m philosophus.”
use tr p«n« p«nere posu¿ positus; Use
subjunctive s subi»nct¿v·us |¿ m “leg«” in a sentence. P«ne “leg«” in
subordinate conjunction s subi»nct¿va sententi§.
utter tr pr«fer« pr«ferre pr«tul¿ pr«l§tus
coni»ncti·« |«nis f verb s verb·um |¿ n
superlative adj superl§t¿v·us |a |um verbal adj verb§l·is |is |e
superlative s grad·us |»s m vocative s voc§t¿vus |¿ m, c§s·us |»s m
voc§t¿vus
superl§t¿vus; in the superlative voice s v«x, v«cis f; (of a verb) gen·us
superl§t¿v¡; give me “laetus” in the |eris n; What voice is “aud¿mur”?
superlative d¿c “laetus” superl§t¿v¡ Passive. C»ius generis est “aud¿tur”?
supine s sup¿n·um |¿ n Pass¿v¿. [Note—“genus,” in
syllable s syllab·a |ae f; syllables form connection with nouns and adjectives
words syllabae faciunt dicti«n¡s means “gender”, and in connection
syntax s (pure Latin) «rdin§ti·« |«nis f; with verbs means “voice.”]
syntax·is |is f vowel s voc§l·is |is f
take tr accip·i« |ere acc¡p¿ acceptus, word s (gram) dicti·« |«nis f; syllables
recip·i« |ere rec¡p¿ receptus; names form words syllabae faciunt
of cities don’t take prepositions, dicti«n¡s; word for word verbum
for instance, “I’m going to Rome” pr« verb« [Note—In Roman
n«mina civit§tum n«n accipiunt grammars, “verbum” is used only for
praepositi«n¡s, ut “R«mam v§d«”; “verb”; Quintilian says: “Verbum,
the preposition “ad” takes the of course, has two meanings; in one
accusative case “ad” praepositi« sense, “verbum” covers all parts of
c§su¿ acc»s§t¿v« servit; this verb which language is composed; in
takes the accusative case hoc another sense, it is restricted to the
verbum coniungitur (or adiungitur) part of speech such as “leg«” and
c§su¿ acc»s§t¿v« “scr¿b«”. To avoid this ambiguity,
tense s temp·us |‹ris n some have preferred to say “v«c¡s,”
transitive tr§nsit¿v·us |a |um “loc»ti«n¡s,” “dicti«n¡s.”]
translate tr convert·« |ere |¿ conversus, write tr scr¿b« scr¿bere scr¿ps¿ scr¿ptus;
transfer« tr§nsferre tr§nstul¿ to write Latin Lat¿n¡ scr¿bere
tr§nsl§tus; to translate from Latin wrong adj viti«s·us |a |um; adv
to English ex Lat¿n« in Anglicum perperam
convertere
translation s tr§nsl§ti·« |«nis f
understood tr it is understood
subaud¿tur; “ego” is understood if I
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