My Way Science Health and Physical Education 5

Science, Health & 5
Physical Education

Authors & Editor

Dr. Chandra Bahadur Singh
Balaram Khadka

Anuj Kumar Tandukar
Minu Basnet

Symphony Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal

Web : www.symphonypub.com I E-mail : [email protected]

Name : ....................................................
Class : .................... Roll No. : ...............
Subject Teacher : ...................................
School : ...................................................

Book : My Way

Science, Health & Physical Education - 5

Published by : Symphony Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Authors : Balaram Khadka

Anuj Kumar Tandukar

Minu Basnet

Editor : Dr. Chandra Bahadur Singh

Language Editor : Dr. Binod Luitel

Edition : First, 2074

Copyright : Publisher

Cover : Rajan Maharjan

Graphics : Rajan Maharjan

Printed in Nepal 978-9937-659-04-8
ISBN

Preface

My Way is a series of Science, Health and Physical Education textbooks
for primary level 1 to 5 English medium schools. It is based on the premise
that children are motivated to learn and engage themselves actively. The
variety of activities in it encourage participatory and innovative learning.
It is designed according to the latest syllabus prepared by Curriculum
Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal.

The series of books has been structured in a special pattern, different
from traditional text books. They aim to develop a realization in children
that science is not only a subject to study but a way of life. Following the
objectives and purpose of each lesson, we have presented a paragraph
that demonstrates cultural, historical and environmental importance or daily
life events. It takes the students to unknown and unfamiliar regime from easy,
lucid and known surrounding along with simple example and explanations.
In this regard, the books can be very good baseline to trace the path of
interactive learning. Quick Test are given to children for immediate testing.
They also denote the end of a teaching period. The exercises given towards
the end of each lesson test major cognitive skills required for the particular
age-group. Besides, the books provide ample opportunities for children to
engage in experimental and fun-based activities.

The text and presentation are supported by attractive and accurate colour
illustration. They make the concept clear, child-friendly, communicative
and lively. The language is simple, concise and lucid.

Suggestions and feedbacks are highly appreciated and warmly
welcomed. There is no restriction for creative comments and compliments
for betterment, improvement and making the series up to date.

Cognitive Skills from Blom’s Taxonony:

K Knowledge C Comprehension Ap Application

A Analysis E Evaluation S Synthesis

- Authors

CONTENTS

UNIT 1 ANIMALS WORLD 5
Chapter 1 Types of Vertebrates 6
Chapter 2 Types of Invertebrates 14
23
UNIT 2 UNIT OF LIFE 24
Chapter 3 The Cell: Unit of life 34
35
UNIT 3 LIFE CYCLE 43
Chapter 4 Life cycle of Insects 44
56
UNIT 4 THE WORLD OF PLANTS 57
Chapter 5 Flowering Plants 70
71
UNIT 5 LIFE PROCESS 83
Chapter 6 Life Process 93
94
UNIT 6 OUR ENVIRONMENT 101
Chapter 7 Impact of Human activities on Environment 109
Chapter 8 Conservation of Environment 110
116
UNIT 7 MATTER AND ENERGY 121
Chapter 9 Matter 122
Chapter 10 Energy 131
137
UNIT 8 WEATHER AND CLIMATE 144
Chapter 11 Weather and Climate 145
Chapter 12 Clouds 151
157
UNIT 9 ASTRONOMY AND GEOLOGY 158
Chapter 13 Planets, Star and Solar system 164
Chapter 14 Shadow and Eclipse 170
Chapter 15 The Earth 178
187
UNIT 10 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY 194
Chapter 16 Information and Communication 200
Chapter 17 Local Technology 210
211
UNIT 11 HEALTH EDUCATION 220
Chapter 18 Personal Hygiene 224
Chapter 19 Environmental Sanitation 228
Chapter 20 Balance Diet 236
Chapter 21 Diseases 241
Chapter 22 Safety and First Aid 245
Chapter 23 Health Services 249
Chapter 24 Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs

UNIT 12 PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Chapter 25 Locomotor Skill
Chapter 26 Static Skills
Chapter 27 Drill
Chapter 28 Physical Training
Chapter 29 Local and Minor Games
Chapter 30 Creative Games
Chapter 31 Ball Games
Chapter 32 Gymnastic

1UNIT

ANIMAL WORLD

Unit Highlights

You are going to learn about
Types of Vertebrates
• Pisces
• Amphibians
• Reptiles
• Mammals
Types of Invertebrates
• Porifera
• Coelenterata
• Platyheminthus (Flatworm)
• Aschelmintheses (Round worm)
• Annelida
• Arthropoda
• Mollusca
• Echinodermata

Visit : www.symphonypub.com for further learning

1Chapter

TYPES OF VERTEBRATES

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to Dividing animals into groups helps to
 classify vertebrates into five groups on make their study easier.

the basis of their characteristics.
 list the characteristics of groups of

vertebrates.

Bird found only in Nepal
Nepal is rich in animal diversity.
There are about 867 species of
birds which is about 8% of the total
species of birds worldwide. “Spiny
Babbler” also known as “Kande
Bhyakur“ is found only in Nepal.
It is a medium sized bird with
sharp beak. This bird is commonly
seen in Kathmandu valley around
Godawari and Phulchoki area.

Name any two birds you have seen at your locality.
_____________________________________________________
Name an animal you have seen in wetland.
_____________________________________________________
Write name of an animal that gives milk to its young one.
_____________________________________________________

6 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Animals with a backbone in them are called vertebrates. They
have well developed body and skeletal system. Cows, birds,
snakes, frogs and sharks are some examples of vertebrates that
live in different habitats.

We have seen many vertebrates around us. Can you name some
of them? They are domestic as well as wild. There are around
4000 species of vertebrates in the world which is only 3 percent
of the total animal species in the world. But they are superior to
the rest of the animals due to their well developed brain.
Most vertebrates have some common features and it is always
useful to categorize them into different groups. This process of
grouping helps us to study their behaviors easily.
The entire vertebrate can be classified into five groups. They are
Pisces, Amphibians, Reptiles, Aves and Mammals.

Quick Test 1: From our surrounding

Name the most common vertebrate around your locality.
___________________________________________________
Name any two vertebrates seen around your school.
___________________________________________________

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 7

Pisces

This group of vertebrates lives in water. They are aquatic animals.
All of them have scales throughout their body. They have gills
to take oxygen from water for breathing. Females lay eggs on
water. These eggs hatch into their young ones later. This group
of animals can swim in water with the help of fins and have
a boat-shaped body. Pisces come under the category of cold
blooded animals.

Sea horse Shark Trout Snake fish Rahu

Some examples are Sea horse, Shark, Trout, Sanke fish, Rahu,
etc.

Quick Test 2: From our surrounding

Name most common type of fish you have seen.
___________________________________________________
Name a type of fish people usually eat.
___________________________________________________

Amphibians Did YOU know ?
Some vertebrates can live both on
land and water. They are known as Paedocypris progentica is the
amphibians. They spend their life in smallest fish in the world.
water at young stage. When they are

8 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

matured, they can live on land. They have to keep their skin
wet to breathe hence they are found near water resources. The
female lays eggs in water. The eggs are covered with jelly. When
they are in water, they use their gills to take oxygen from water.
They swim with the help of webbed feet but they do not have
claws on toes. On the land, they breathe through wet skin and
lungs. Amphibians are also cold-blooded animals. Some of the
amphibians are frogs, toads, salamanders, newts and golden
mantilla.

Frog Toad Salamander Mantilla

Golden mantilla is a kind of frog found in Madagascar.

Quick Test 3: From our surrounding

Name a season or month when amphibians are seen in your
surrounding.
___________________________________________________

Reptiles
Reptiles are also cold-blooded vertebrates. They can crawl on
the land. Some of them are lizards, crocodiles, snakes, tortoises,
etc. They have lungs to breathe. They can even swim in water
pretty well but lay eggs on land. They have internal fertilization.
They have hard scales throughout their body. They bear claws
on toes.

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 9

Lizard Crocodile Snake Tortoise

Alligators and Geckos also come under this category.

Quick Test 4: From our surrounding

Name a poisonous reptile you have seen.
___________________________________________________

Aves (Birds)
Aves have wings and a beak but no teeth. They have feathers
in their body. They can fly with the help of the wings. However,
penguins and ostriches cannot fly. They lay eggs in the nest
and incubate until they hatch into baby birds. These eggs are
covered with a hard shell. All birds are warm-blooded vertebrates.

Vulture Penguin Ostrich Parrot

Some examples of Aves are vultures, penguins, ostriches,
parrots, etc.

Quick Test 5: From your locality

Name an ave that cannot fly higher.
___________________________________________________

10 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Mammals THINK Critically

This group of vertebrate gives birth to Which one of the
young ones. They have fur in their body. following animals is
They also possess teeth. They are the different ?
most developed animals and breathe i. Vulture ii. Penguin

iii. Parrot iv. Bat

through well developed lungs. They also give milk to their young
ones. Whales and Bats also give birth to the young ones without
eggs and breathe through lungs. Hence, they are also mammals.

Cow Whale Bat Dog

Mammals are warm-blooded animals. They have internal
fertilization. Blue whale is the largest of all animals in the world.
Elephant is the largest among terrestrial animals. Some common
examples are cows, horses, elephants and tigers.

Quick Test 6: All in one

Fill in the blanks with the correct words given below.
babies / lungs / scales / amphibian / skeleton
1. Vertebrates have a well developed body and ................... .
2. Pisces have .................................... throughout their body.
3. Vertebrates that can live both on land and water are

known as ........................................ .
4. Reptiles have ..................................................... to breathe.
5. Mammals give milk to their ............................................... .

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 11

Work Further

Do the following activities : A
K
1. Answer the following questions. C
a. Why do vertebrates overpower the rest of animals ?
b. In what ways are pisces different from amphibians ? K
C
c. What helps pisces to swim in water ? A
d. Categorize the vertebrates into different groups.
e. Why are amphibians found near water resources ?
f. Whales and bats are mammals. Why ?
2. Answer the following questions in detail.
a. What are the characteristic features of pisces?
b. What are the characteristic features of amphibians ?

c. Describe how amphibians breathe in water and land.

d. Differentiate between reptiles and mammals.

My way of doing science Ap

You have seen many animals at your home. Observe
one of them. Make report on the basis of your

observation.

1. Name of animal .....................................................
2. Its features a. .................................................
b. .................................................
c. ..................................................
3. Types of animal .....................................................
4. Group of the animal .....................................................

12 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Fun Science

Write any two features of the given animals
each. Also colour them.

features
………….....................……......
………….....................……......

features
………….....................……......
………….....................……......

features
………….....................……......
………….....................……......

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 13

2Chapter

TYPES OF INVERTEBRATES

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to There are many invertebrates around us.
 classify the invertebrates into nine phyla Some of them are useful to us whereas some
others are harmful to us. You can separate
on the basis of their characteristics. useful and harmful invertebrates.
 list the main characteristics of phyla of

invertebrates

Juju Dhau: Famous yugart made in Bhaktapur
Juju Dhau is a sweetened yugart that comes
from Bhaktapur. It is important component
of all feasts and festivals specially in Newari
culture. Cow milk or buffallo milk is needed
to make yugart.
“Lactobacillus” is a micro-orgaism that helps
to convert milk in to yugart. Lactobacillus is
a bacteria but it does not harm us. It has added beauty in our food
culture by helping to make yugart.
A visit to Bhaktapur is not considered complete without tasting
Jujudhau.

Have you tasted yugart ?
_____________________________________________________
Name a local food item made in your locality ?
_____________________________________________________
Name a food item made from fruit.
_____________________________________________________

14 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Many animals do not have backbone. They do not have their
internal skeleton. These animals are known as invertebrates.
Due to the lack of the skeleton, their body is soft and less
developed in comparison to vertebrates. They cannot stand
upright, for they are not supported by their backbone. Almost
97 percent of the animals in the world fall under this category.
A large number of invertebrates are found in the ocean. Some
of them are jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, starfish, sea
cucumbers, crabs, etc. Some invertebrates are found on land.
They are butterflies, dragonflies, bees, houseflies, etc.
Some invertebrates are parasites. Parasites are the animals
that live in and on the body of the host. External parasites live
on the surface of the host for their food. They are leeches, bugs,
mosquitoes, ticks, etc. Internal parasites live within the body of
the host. They are roundworms, tapeworms, coccidian and fluke.
They are responsible for causing many diseases to the host.
All the invertebrates can be categorized into nine phyla(groups)
on the basis of their features. They are Protozoa, Porifera,
Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelmenthes, Annelida,
Arthropoda, Mollusca and Echinodermata.

Quick Test 1: From your home

Name any two invertebrates you have seen at your home.
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

Protozoa
Protozoa are found both in moist land and water. On the land,
they are found in decaying matters. Some of them are parasites
and found inside plants and animals. Protozoa are unicellular

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 15

micro organism i.e. their body is just a single cell. They cannot be
seen through our naked eyes. These animals have wide variety of
shapes. They move with the help of flagella, cilia or pseudopodia.

Amoeba Paramecium Euglena

Amoeba, paramecium and euglena are some common
examples. Entamoeba and plasmodium cause diseases in us.
They are parasitic protozoa.

Quick Test 2: From your surrounding

Any two things that help protozoa to move are
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

Porifera
The word porifera implies pore bearing animals. They live in
aquatic habitat. Most of them are found in the sea water. They
are multicellular animals i. e. their body is made of many cells.
They have water spaces (pores) throughout the body and they
do not have true body cavity. All of them are sessile (they remain
attached to the base). Sponge is a common example of this
phylum. Other examples are euspongia and spongilla.

Euspongia Spongilla Sponge

16 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Quick Test 3: From your surrounding
Write the names of any two porifera
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

Coelenterata
The word coelenteron implies the hollow body. All animals in this
phylum have body cavity which opens to a mouth (also called
hypostome) at one end. They are marine animals and either
sessile or free swimming. They bear long hollow structure in their
body which is known as tentacles. Tentacles help them in moving
and capturing food. Hydra and Coral are common examples in
this phylum. Other examples are Sea anemone and Aurelia.

Hydra Coral Sea anemone Aurelia

Quick Test 4: From your understanding

Write any two features of phylum “Colenterata”.
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

Platyhelminthes
The word “platy” implies flat and helminthes implies worm.
They are also known as “flatworm” since their body is flat like a
ribbon. Most of them are parasites. They are found on the wall
of intestine of the host. Some common examples of this phylum

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 17

are tapeworm, liver fluke and planaria. They cause diseases in
animals.

Tapeworm Liver fluke Planaria

Quick Test 5: From your understanding

Name a flatworm found in animal
___________________________________________________

Aschelmintheses
Animals in this phylum have a round, unsegmented and
cylindrical body of which both ends are pointed. They are also
known as round worms. These animals are parasites and found
inside tissues and cause diseases. Male and female are distinct.
Ascaris, hookworm and pinworm are some common examples.

Ascaris Hookworm Pinworm

Quick Test 6: From your understanding

Write any two features of roundworm.
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

Health tip: We should not drink and play in dirty water as it may contain large number of disease causing protozoan.

18 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Annelida Did YOU know ?
The invertebrates in this phylum have
an elongated, cylindrical and segmented Entamoeba causes
body. These animals have moist skin. They dysentery in us.

contain both mouth and anus. Their body cavity starts from the
mouth and ends at the anus.

Leech is commonly known external parasite.
Other common examples are earthworm and neeri.

Earthworm Neeri Leech

Arthropoda

Animals in this phylum have three distinct body parts. These
parts are head, thorax and abdomen. They have segmented legs
in pair. Their body is covered with hard
matters known as exoskeleton. These THINK Critically
animals have antennas on the head.
This phylum contains a large number Find the odd one:
i. Snail ii. Amoeba
iii. Praun Octopus

of animals.

Some examples are mosquitoes, scorpions, ants, shrimps, etc.

Mosquito Ant Scorpion

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 19

Quick Test 7: From your home and surrounding
Name any two arthropodes seen at your home.
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

Mollusca
Animals in this phylum have soft body. They are aquatic and
have muscular feet. They also have a hard shell to protect
them. Some examples in this phylum are snails, slugs, pilla and
octopus.

Snail Slug Pilla Octopus

Echinodermata
These are marine animals. Their body is covered with a hard
matter. Their skin contains many spikes. Some examples are
starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sea lily, etc.

Starfish Sea urchin Sea lily

Quick Test 8: From your understanding

Name any two animals you have seen in your surrounding
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

20 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Quick Test 9: All in one

Fill in the blanks using the words given below:
micro-organisms/tentacles/roundworms/pores/skeletons
1. ……. are hard part which form the framework of our body.
2. Protozoa are unicellular ................................. .
3. Porifera have ..................................... throughout the body.
4. Coelenterata bear long hollow structure in their body

which is known as …………………………….
5. Aschelmintheses are also known as ………………………….. .

Work Further

Do the following activities : K
K
1. Write the correct phylum of the following animals.

a. Earthworm and neeri ................................................
b. Amoeba, paramecium and euglina .........................
c. Hydra and coral ........................................................
d. Tapeworm and liver fluke .........................................
e. Mosquitoes, scorpion, ant, shrimp ..........................
f. Snail, slug, pilla and octopus ...................................
g. Sponge, euspongia and spongilla ...........................
h. Star fish, sea anemone, sea urchin .........................
i. Ascaris, hookworm and pinworm ............................

2. Answer the following questions.

a. What are the major two catagories of animals ?
b. Write the names of Phyla of invertebrates ?

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 21

c. Write the main features of Phylum arthropoda ? C
d. What are Parasites ? Write the names of any three of A

them.
e. In what way a snake is different from an earthworm ?
f. Write the differences between Mollusca and

Echinodermata.

My way of doing science Ap

Visit your school garden. Find an animal and record

the following characteristics:
a. Number of legs, hands …………………....……………………..
b. Whether it has wings …………………....…………………….....
c. Whether it has a tail …………………....…………………….......
d. Whether it has fins …………………....…………………….........
e. Whether its body is segmented ...…………………………….
f. Vertebrate or invertebrate ………………………………………

Fun Science

Colour the following diagram and fill in the
blank given below.

Name ........................................
Division .....................................
Phylum ......................................
Properties .................................

22 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

2UNIT

UNIT OF LIFE

Unit Highlights

You are going to learn about
The cell : Unit of life
• Introduction
• Cell Components
• Unicellular and Multicellular animals

Visit : www.symphonypub.com for further learning 23
MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

3Chapter

THE CELL : UNIT OF LIFE

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to All living beings are made up of cells.
 identify different cell components.
 mention the functions of cell components.

Stem cell : Introduction
“Stem cell research” is one of
the hot test topics these days.
Scientists believe that these
cells can be a milestone to study
different types of diseases
and their treatment. The stem
cells come from embryos that
are three or five days old. At
this stage, the embryo has
approximately 150 cells. The
stem cells can divide into any
types of cells in our body. Due
to this, scientists hope to regenerate any types of cells needed to
repair the body to recover from diseases.

What do you want to be in future ?
_____________________________________________________
Why do you want to be that ?
_____________________________________________________

24 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

A brick is a basic unit of a wall.

wall as a whole a brick as the basic unit.

living being cell as a basic unit

Like a brick in a wall, the cell is the basic Microscope
unit of all living things. Growth means
increase in the number of cells in the
living things.
It is the smallest unit in the living
things which is capable to integrate
all the essential life processes. Do you
remember the life processes you studied
in the 4th grade ?

Animal cells A cell

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 25

An egg is also a big Yes, they are.
cell. Have you seen
its different parts?

Quick Test 1: From your school and home

Have you seen hand lens ?
___________________________________________________
Have you seen microscope ?
___________________________________________________

Can we see the cell with our naked eyes? Of course, not. They
are very small. We can see them with the help of a microscope.
When you observe the peel of a piece of an onion under the
microscope, you will see the following arrangement of cells.
Here, each compartment is a cell.

Onion cells Plant cell

Cell Components
A cell contains nucleus, cytoplasm, protoplasm, vacuole,
mitochondria, plastid and many other organelles. All of them
have specific functions which keep a cell alive.

26 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Animal cell Plant cell

1. Cell wall

Cell wall is a thick and rigid structure that surrounds the plant
cell. It is made up of cellulose and is absent in an animal cell.
It forms the framework of a plant cell and also protects the cell.
There are pores in it to allow the transportation of water and
other soluble substances within the cell.

2. Cell membrane
It is a thin and flexible envelope of a cell with small pores in
it which enclose the cell contents. These pores regulate the
transportation of necessary matters in and out of the cell. Cell
membrane is present both in animal cell and plant cell. It is also
known as plasma membrane.

Quick Test 2: From your understanding

Write a function of each of the following:

a. Cell membrane ________________________________

b. Cell wall ________________________________

3. Nucleus
It is big and approximately round structure in a cell which controls
all the cellular mechanisms. It also carries the genetic character

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 27

and transfers to a new cell. Without
nucleus, a cell cannot work and it
becomes a dead cell. Both animal and
plant cells have nucleus in them.

4. Mitochondria
Mitochondrias are small bean-shaped
organelles found in a nucleus. They
take in nutrients, break them and
release energy. Hence it is also known
as powerhouse of a cell. Depending on
the energy needs of a cell, there can be
large number of mitochondria in a cell. Both animal cell and
plant cell contain mitochondria.

Quick Test 3: From your understanding

Name a part that carries genetic information.
___________________________________________________
Name a part that works as power house.
___________________________________________________

5. Protoplasm Did YOU know ?
All the cellular materials inside
the cell membrane including solid, Marine animals in deep sea
use sound wave to identify
things near them. This process
semi-solid and liquid are collectively is known as echo-location.
known as protoplasm. It is also
known as the body fluid and basis of life. It protects and provides
nutrients to all organelles to perform their actions.

28 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

6. Cytoplasm
All the protoplasmic materials apart from nucleus in a cell are
known as cytoplasm. It is the site for all metabolic activities to
take place under the control of nucleus. The whole process of
transportation, energy production and management of cell-
waste takes place in the cytoplasm.

Quick Test 4: From your understanding
Write a function of each.
a. Protoplasm ______________ b. Cytoplasm ___________

7. Ribosomes
Ribosomes are found floating in cytoplasm within a cell. They
make protein which is needed to carry out various functions in
cell organelles. Ribosomes also produce chemicals to fight with
micro organism in cells and tissues. They are found in both plant
cell and animal cell.

8. Plastids
Plastids are found only in plant cells. They are of three types:
chloroplast, chromoplast and leucoplast. The green colour
of a plant is due to the presence of chlorophyll in chloroplast.
Chromoplast gives different colours in petals of a flower.
Photosynthesis takes place within chloroplast. Leucoplast is
almost colourless and mostly found in roots of a plant.

9. Vacuoles
Vacoules are the space in cytoplasm which is filled with the cell

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 29

sap. Some vacuoles also store sugar and
water. Some of them also dump waste
material which is later expelled out
from a cell. The membrane surrounding
a vacuole is known as tonoplast.
Vacuoles are found in both plant cell
and animal cell. In animal cell, there are more number of small
vacuoles but the vacuoles in plants are big and few in number.

Quick Test 5: From your understanding

Write the function of each of the following.
a. Plastid ________________ b. Vacuole ______________

10. Lysosomes

Lysosomes are sack-like structures containing digestive liquids.
They capture the cell waste and break them down into simpler
substances. When a cell is about to damage, lysosomes digest
it and help to throw out from tissues. Hence, lysosomes are also
called the suicidal bag.
THINK Critically

11. Endoplasmic Reticulum Find out two components
The endoplasmic reticulum is the that are found in plant cells
network of membranes found in
but not in animal cell.

the cell. It is connected to the nucleus. The function of a cell
determines the size and structure of this organelle. The cells that
synthesize and release a lot of proteins need a large amount of
endoplasmic reticulum.

12. Centrosomes
Centrosomes are small and bright dots found on the surface of

30 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

the nucleus. When a cell is mature, the centrosome converts
into two centrioles and they help in cell division process. They
are found only in animal cell.

Cell organelles
The parts of cell which perform their certain specific function
within cell are known as organelles. They perform various
life processes to make a cell alive. Nucleus, mitochondrion,
lysosome, centrosomes etc are cell organelles. Water, lipid,
sugar, carbohydrate and protein found in the cytoplasm are also
known as cell inclusion. Cell inclusions are non-living things in
the cell.

Unicellular and multi cellular animals
Unicellular animals
A single cell is capable to perform all the life processes. An
animal which completes all its life processes within a single
cell is known as unicellular animal. All protozoa are unicellular
animals. For example, amoeba, paramecium and euglina are
unicellular animals.

Multi-cellular animals
These animals have billions of cells in them. They are well
developed animals. All vertebrates are multi-cellular animals.
Humans are also multi-cellular animals.

Amoeba Paramecium Bacteria

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 31

Quick Test 6: From your understanding

Write the name of
a. Unicellular organism ____________________________
b. Multicellular organism ____________________________

Quick Test 7: All in one

Write the differences between plant cell and animal cell
by filling up the blanks.

Animal cell Plant cell

1. It is approximately round 1. It is …...…………... in shape.

in shape. 2. There is cell wall in plant

2. No ……...…. in animal cell cell.

3. Small and large vacuoles 3. ……........ are large and few

are found in number.

4. Centrosome is present. 4. Centrosome is ………....……

5. ……………………………...….. 5. ............................................

Work Further C
K
Do the following activities :

1. Answer the following questions.
a. Why cannot we see the cell with our naked eye ?
b. What is a cell ?
c. What are the different parts of a cell ?
d. What is the function of protoplasm ?

32 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

2. Answer the following questions in detail. A
a. Differentiate between plant cells and animal cells. C
b. Why is Mitochondria also known as powerhouse of K
C
a cell.
c. Why are lysosomes called suicidal bags ? A

d. Write the functions of nucleus in a cell.

3. Write the functions of following organelles.

a. Nucleus b. Mitochondria

c. Ribosomes d. Centrosomes

e. Plastids f. Cytoplasm

4. Write differences between.

a. Protoplasm and Cytoplasm
b. Vacuoles and Lysosones
c. Unicellular and Multicellular
d. Organelles and Inclusion

My way of doing science Ap

Peel an onion and see its cells with the help of microscope.
Draw the picture to show what you observe. You can get
help from your teacher.

Fun Science

Draw a well labeled diagram of an animal
cell and a plant cell in an A4 paper. Paste it on the wall of
your classroom.

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 33

3UNIT

LIFE CYCLE

Unit Highlights

You are going to learn about
Life cycle of insects
• Life cycle
• Life cycle of a butterfly
• Egg stage
• Larva stage
• Pupa stage
• Adult
• Life cycle of mosquito

Visit : www.symphonypub.com for further learning
34 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

4Chapter

LIFE CYCLE OF INSECTS

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to Some insects are useful to us. They give us
 identify the different stages of the life silk and honey. However, some other insects
spread diseases. Growth of these insects can
cycle of butterflies and mosquitoes. be stopped by cleaning the environment.

Silk Farming
Silk farming is popularly known as seri
culture. It is the cultivation of silk worms
to produce silk. The silk thread is used
to knit clothes. Sericulture has become
cottage industry in many countries.
However, china and india are two major
silk producers in the world that produce almost ninety percent of silk.
The silkworms are fed with mulberry leaves. In few days, the worm
spins silk filament as cocoon. A cocoon is made of approximately
one mile long silk filament. The silk filaments are in fact ,one type of
protein. These filaments are used to make silk thread. Silk threads
are used to make many types of clothes and bags.

Have you seen silk cloths ?
_____________________________________________________
Have you seen any caterpillar on leaf ?
_____________________________________________________
Which season do the butterflies appear in your locality ?
_____________________________________________________

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 35

Living things have different stages in their lives. They reproduce
their offsprings to continue their presence in the animal world
before they die. This process is known as life cycle. These animals
start their lives and become adult. Oviparous and viviparous
animals have different stages in their life cycle.

A hen lays an egg. The Yes ! You are
egg hatches into a chick. right. It is life
The chick grows into hen cycle of a hen.
and it again lays an egg. But the hen is
not an insect.
Is it life cycle?

All insects are oviparous. They belong to the phylum Arthropoda.
These insects have four different stages in their life cycle. They
are eggs, larva, pupa and adult. Have you seen a butterfly? It
has beautiful wings. Here, we study the life cycle of a butterfly.
It is an insect.

Quick Test 1: From your surrounding
a. An oviparous animals is _________________________
b. A viviparous animals is _________________________

Life cycle of a butterfly
Butterflies have four different stages in their life cycle. Let’s see
the diagram below:

36 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Egg stage Eggs on leaf
A female butterfly lays eggs on the plants or
near the plant. These eggs are sticky and
can easily stick to plants. These eggs can
hatch within a few days or a week. In some
cases, it may take a month depending
upon the nature of the butterfly.

Larva stage

After a few days, the eggs hatch into worms,
also known as larvae or caterpillars.
Firstly, they start eating their eggshells
and then they eat the leaves of the plant.
Caterpillars are voracious and eat a lot.
Some larvae have colourful stripes on Larva on leaf

their body which is their adaption to be safe. It grows rapidly and
molts its skin five times.

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 37

The larva stops eating in a few days and hangs upside down
beneath the branches or leaves of the plant. The caterpillar
produces sticky fluid which converts into silk-like thread when it
comes in contact with the air. The thread wraps around the larva
and forms hard outer shell, known as cocoon or chrysalis. This
stage of larvae lasts for a month.

Quick Test 2: From your surrounding

Name an animal whose egg is eaten by human as food.
___________________________________________________
Name a season when most larvae are seen in your surrounding.
___________________________________________________

Pupa stage

This stage starts after the larva
is trapped in chrysalis or cocoon.
In this stage, the pupa does not
eat at all. There is fast change
within the cocoon which we do
not see from outside. At the Cocoon

end of the pupa stage, the cocoon becomes transparent and a
butterfly is seen. This transformation of a larva into a butterfly
is known as metamorphosis. The pupa stage lasts for 15 days.

Adult
At the end, a mature and fully grown butterfly comes out breaking
the cocoon. It does not grow further after the pupa stage. At the

Safty tips: We should not touch larva with our naked hand.

38 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

initial stage, the adult butterfly has wet wings. Hence it spends
sometime to dry up its wings and body. The adult butterfly has
clear head, thorax and abdomen. It has six legs attached to the
thorax. Now it does not eat any leaf but sucks nectar through
proboscis. After mating, the female butterfly starts laying eggs.
The adult butterfly tastes with the help of its feet. It uses its
antennae for touch and smell.

Quick Test 3: From your surrounding

Name a place where you have seen a cocoon.
___________________________________________________
Name a place where you have seen a butterfly.
___________________________________________________

Life cycle of a mosquito Did YOU know ?
Mosquitoes also have four stages in
their life cycle. They are eggs, larva, There are about 643
pupa and adult mosquito. species of butterfly in Nepal.

The female mosquito lays eggs in stagnant water. These eggs
convert into the larva stage. After some time, it converts into the

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 39

pupa stage and later adult. The adult mosquito bites us to suck
our blood. In this process, it can transmit diseases like malaria,
fileria, dengue etc. to us.

If we remove the stagnant water around THINK Critically
our home, the eggs cannot become
larva and later mosquitoes. Thus, we Why are butterflies
can stop mosquitoes’ breeding. This is colourful ?

a simple way of preventing diseases like malaria and fileria.

Quick Test 4: From your surrounding

Name a season when mosquitoes are abundantly found.
___________________________________________________
Name a disease transferred by mosquito.
___________________________________________________

40 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Quick Test 5: All in one

Write True or False. Correct the false statements.

1. Insects have three different stages in their life cycle.
2. The four different stages in the life cycle of insects are

egg, larva, pupa and adult.
3. Larva or caterpillers eat their egg shells.
4. Caterpillers grow slowly.
5. A male butterfly lays eggs on the plants or near the plant.

Work Further

Do the following activities : K

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct words given
below.

antennae/caterpillar/eggs/larva/offspring/
larva/arthropoda

a. All insects belong to the phylum …......………………..
b. The egg hatches into …………………...........................
c. The adult butterfly uses its …………………………………

for touching and smelling.
d. Living things reproduce their ....................................

to continue their presence in the world.
e. A female butterfly lays ................................... on the

plants.
f. After few days, the egg hatches into ................... or

caterpillar.
g. The ................................... is voracious.

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 41

2. Answer the following questions. K

a. What is life cycle ? C
b. What are the three different stages in life cycle of insects ? C
c. What is metamorphosis ?
d. What is cocoon ?

e. Describe the features of an adult butterfly.

3. Write short notes on

a. Pupa b. Larva c. Metamorphosis

My way of doing science Ap

Take a plastic bottle and make some small holes in it. Put
some flower, leaves inside it. Collect some pupa (Jhusilkira)
in it with the help of your teacher/parents. Observe each
day for a week and note the changes seen in it. You will
see the larvae developing into adult butterflies.

Fun Science

Write the names of different stages shown
in the figure . Also colour them.

42 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

4UNIT

THE WORLD OF PLANTS

Unit Highlights

You are going to
learn about
Flowering plants
• The root system
• Main function of roots
• The shoot system
• Functions of stem
• Leaves
• Functions of leaves
• Flowers
• Fruits
• Seeds

Visit : www.symphonypub.com for further learning 43
MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

5Chapter

FLOWERING PLANTS

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to We depend on plants for food, medicines,
 categorize plants as flowering and non cloths and decoratives. Plants are useful in
many ways and can be grown in different
flowering. seasons. You can also choose proper plants
 identify parts of plants and their to decorate your home garden.

functions.
 identify the types of flowering plants.

Medicinal plants in Nepal
Nepal is rich in bio-diversity. There are many
types of plants found in our country. Many
types of medicinal plants are reported to be
available in Nepal since ancient time. Panch
Aunle is a plant with very high medicinal
value. The plant is called so since its roots
are like the five fingers of our hand. This
plant has pink coloured flower. It is available at the altitude of 2300
to 3600 meters in our county. It is protected plant and is illegal to
sell without processing.

Name any two plants at your home.
a. ______________________ b. ______________________
Write a purpose of planting them at your home.
_____________________________________________________
Name the most commonly available plant in your locality.
_____________________________________________________

44 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Depending upon the flower-bearing
capacity, plants around us can be
divided into two types.
1. Flowering plants
2. Non-flowering plants
Plants that bear flowers are called
flowering plants. They are rose,
jasmine, mustard, rice plant, etc.
Plants that do not bear any flower are
called non-flowering plants. They are
mushroom, fern, algae, etc. The body
of a flowering plant can distinctly be divided into two parts. They
are root system and shoot system.

Quick Test 1: From your surrounding

Name a flowering plant you have seen in your locality.
___________________________________________________
Name a non-flowering plant in your locality.
___________________________________________________

The Root System 45
The parts of a plant that lie below the ground are
called roots. Roots are generally white or brown
in colour. Depending upon their structure, they
are classified into two types. They are tap root
and fibrous root.
Tap root
Plants like mustard, apple, peas, gram, etc.

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

have tap roots. These plants have one main root
going vertically down into the soil. This is called
the primary root. Primary root again contains
thinner roots on them.

Fibrous root
Plants like wheat, maize, grass, sugarcane, and
rice have fibrous roots. These plants do not have
one primary root. They have a cluster of thinner
roots spreading in all directions.
Main function of roots
Roots are the important part of plants. They perform the following
functions:
Ø Roots fix the position of a plant in soil.
Ø Roots absorb water and minerals for the plant to prepare food.

Quick Test 2: From your home or school garden
a. A plant with tap root is _________________________
b. A plant with fibrous root is _________________________

The Shoot System
The part of a plant that lies above the ground is called the shoot
system. Stem, leaves, fruits and flowers are the parts of the
shoot system.

Stem
The stem is the aerial part of a plant. It is usually thick at the
base and becomes thinner as it goes towards top. Stems are

46 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

of different shapes and sizes in different plants. Trees have
strong and thick stems which we call trunks. Many branches are
present at the stem of a tree. Shrubs usually have thinner stems
than trees. Herbs have weaker stems and also do not have as
many branches as in tree and shrubs. Climbers have weaker
stems which need support to stand while creeper just creeps
along the ground.

Shrubs Trees Herbs

Functions of the stem
1. Stems keep plants upright.
2. Stems transport water and minerals from roots to different

parts of the plant.
3. Stems also transport the prepared food on leaves to different

parts of the plant.

Quick Test 3: From your surrounding

a. A plant with strong stem is _________________________
b. A plant with weak stem is _________________________

Leaves
Leaves are the green part of a plant that grow from a stem. Most
of the leaves contain chloroplast which gives the green colour
to the leaves. The chloroplasts contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll
helps to trap the light energy during photosynthesis.

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 47

I remember, food making process of the plant
is known as photosynthesis. Plants do it only in

the presence of sun light.

Leaves are of different shapes and
sizes. The main parts of leaf are
petiole, lamina and midrib.
Petiole is the region through which
the leaf is attached to the stem.
Petiole extends to the leaf through
the main vein called mid rib. The flat
and green portion of a leaf is called
lamina.
Depending on the midrib, leaves of flowering plants are classified
into two main types. They are-reticulate venation and parallel
venation.

Parallel venation
Plants like rice, wheat, maize do not
have one main mid rib. They have
parallel ribs in leaves and these leaves
are said to have parallel venation.

Reticulate venation
Some leaves have net-like structure of vein in them. They are
said to have reticulate venation. Leaves of cucumber, pumpkin,
apple, peas have reticulate venation.

Function of leaves:
1. Leaves throw away excess water of the plant.

48 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

2. Leaves contain chlorophyll which
helps them to prepare food by
photosynthesis.

3. They take oxygen in and take
carbon dioxide out while breathing.
During the photosynthesis process
they take in carbon dioxide and
take out oxygen.

Quick Test 4: From your locality

Plant with parallel venation found in rainy season is
___________________________________________________
Plant with reticulate venation found in winter season is
___________________________________________________

Flower THINK Critically

Flowers are beautiful and attractive Similarity and difference
parts of plants. They differ in shape, between the leaves of paddy
size and colour. Flowers have four plant and cucumber plant.

different parts. They are :
(a) Calyx (b) Corolla
(c) Androecium (d) Gynoecium

Calyx
The outermost whorl of a flower is
called the calyx. It is green in colour
and protects flower during the bud
stage.

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 49