My Way Science Health and Physical Education 5

Corolla
Corolla is present inside the calyx. It consists of petals of
different colours. Corolla differ in shape, size and colour in
different flowers. They protect reproductive part of flower. They
also attract insect, human etc.

Androecium
Androecium is present inside the corolla. This
is the male reproductive part of flower. It has
long stamen and pollen a sacs on its tips. Pollen
sacs contain pollen grains which are powdery in
nature.

Gynoecium
Gynoecium is present in the inner most whorl
of a flower. It is female reproductive part of
any flower. It has stigma, style and ovary.
Stigma is the upper most part which has a
tube-like structure. Style is the middle part
and ovary is the swollen base of gynoecium. Ovary develops into
fruit which also produces seeds at its maturity.

Quick Test 5: From our understanding
The green part of flower is
___________________________________________________
The colourful part of flower is
___________________________________________________
Female part of flower is
___________________________________________________

50 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Fruits
Flowers produce fruits. Fruits protect
seeds inside them.

Seeds

Seeds are present inside the fruit.
Seeds also differ in shape and size. Fruits like mango, litchi
contain only one seed while orange, watermelon contain many
seeds. When these seeds get favourable condition like soil,
water and warmth they germinate to produce new plants.

Depending on the basic structure of seeds, Did YOU know ?
flowering plants are classified into two
groups. 1. Monocotyledon 2. Dicotyledon Palm plant has biggest
seed in the world.

Monocotyledon
Plants having only one cotyledon in their
seed are called monocotyledon plants
or monocot. These seeds cannot be
divided into cotyledons. Monocots have
fibrous root and their leaves have parallel
venation. Examples of monocotyledonous plant are wheat, rice,
sugarcane, onion, maize, etc.

Maze Sugarcane Paddy

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 51

Dicotyledon

Pumpkin Beans Pea

Plants having two cotyledons in their seeds
are called dicotyledon plants or dicots.
These seeds can be divided into cotyledons.
Dicots have taproots and their leaves have
reticulate venation. Beans, peas, pumpkin,
gram, etc. are dicotyledonous.

Quick Test 6: From your surrounding

Any two monocots in your surrounding are
a. ______________________ b. _____________________
Any two dicots in your surrounding are
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

Quick Test 7: All in one

Write True or False. Correct the false statements.

1. Flowering plants can distinctly be divided into three parts.
2. Part of a plant that lies above the ground is called the root system.
3. Primary root is the main root going vertically down into the soil.
4. Trees have weak and thin stems.
5. Green-leaf plants make their food by photosynthesis.
6. Androceum is the male reproductive part of a flower.

52 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Work Further

Do the following activities : K

1. Fill in the blanks with the given words: C
gynoecium/petiole/stem/mid rib/lamina/corolla/ K
A
leaf/primary/fibrous/root

a. Part of a plant that lie below the ground is called
the ....................................... .

b. ............................ root again contains thinner roots.
c. Cluster of thinner and thinner roots spreading in all

directions are ................................................. roots.
d. .................................. is the aerial part of a plant.
e. ..................... contains petiole, lamina and mid rib.
f. ................................ is the region through which it is

attached to the stem.
g. Petiole that extends to the leaf through main vein

called .........................................................................
h. ............................. is present inside the calyx.
i. The flat and green portion of a leaf is called ......... .
j. ................................ is the female reproductive part

of a flower.
2. Answer the following questions.
a. Why do climbers need support to stand ?
b. State the three functions of a root.
c. What are the different parts of a shoot system ?
d. State the three functions of a stem.
e. What are the four different parts of a flower ?
f. Differentiate between tap root and fibrous root.

Also draw the diagrams.

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 53

3. Choose the correct option : A
a. Main function of roots is that :
i. They fix the position of a plant in soil.
ii. They absorb water and minerals for plant to prepare

food.
iii. They keep plant erect and upright.
iv. They transport the prepared food on leaves to

different parts of plant.
b. Main function of stem:
i. Stem keeps plant green.
ii. Stem keeps plant upright.
iii. Stem transports water and minerals from root to

different parts of plant.
iv. Stem also transports the prepared food on leaves

to different part of plant.
c. Function of leaves:
i. Leaf throws away excess water from plant body.
ii. Leaf prepares food by photosynthesis.
iii. They take in oxygen and take out carbon dioxide

during breathing.
iv. They attract insects for pollination.

My way of doing science Ap

1. Collect any one flower from the garden. Separate all
parts and identify which one is sepal, petal, calyx,
corolla, androecium, gynoecium, stamen, and anther.
Show your work to your teacher.

54 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

2. Collect some seeds available at your home. Peel the
cover of the seed and identify whether it is
monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. Compare your
result with your friends.

Fun Science

Draw a diagram of a flower. Also colour it
and name its different parts.

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 55

5UNIT

LIFE PROCESS

Unit Highlights

You are going to learn about
Life process
• Life Process in living things
• Nutrition
• Excretion
• Movement
• Animals and plants depend

on each other

Visit : www.symphonypub.com for further learning
56 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

6Chapter

LIFE PROCESS

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to You will be able to know the process that
 identify the simple life process of plants has to be maintained for development of
living things.
and animals.
 explain the interrelationship between

plants and animals.

Importance of Bamboo
Bamboo is one of the fastest growing
plants. It is used to make sustainable
and eco-friendly product. Re-planting
bamboo is fairly easy due to swift growth
rate of this plant. The spreading roots
structure allows to produce several other shoots. Some species of
this plant can even grow 10cm per day. People of our country use
bamboo to make Doko, Nanglo etc. Bamboo-houses are also popular
these days in Nepal. This plant can be grown on the bank of river to
prevent flood and soil erosion. The baby bamboo is known as Tama.
it is used to make delicious curry known as “aalu- tama”.

Have you seen bamboo ?
_____________________________________________________
Have you eaten “aalu- tama” curry ?
_____________________________________________________
Name one bamboo product at your home.
_____________________________________________________

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 57

All living things, whether plants or animals, have certain common
processes which keep them alive and make different from
non-living things. These processes are known as life processes.
The following processes are necessary for the development and
survival of all living things:
Nutrition: Taking in food to get energy
Respiration: The act of breathing
Growth: Increase in shape and size
Feel: Response to change in the environment
Reproduction: Giving birth to baby of its own kind
Excretion: Removing waste out from the body
Movement : Locomotion in search of food, water and shelter
Internal transport : Transportion of water, oxygen and glucose
different body parts in
Non-living things do not have these processes in them. Your toy
dog may look like a dog but it cannot do these processes to
be counted as alive. Living things, whether they are unicellular
like protozoan or multicellular like trees or tiger, perform all the
processes of nutrition, respiration, growth, sense, reproduction,
excretion, movement and internal transport. If either of these
processes is absent, then it cannot be a living thing. A car
needs energy. It throws out waste gases but it cannot grow and
reproduce. So it is not a living thing.

Quick Test 1: From yourself
Name a life process you perform most frequently.
___________________________________________________
Name a life process you perform only few times a day.
___________________________________________________

58 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Nutrition Did YOU know ?

All living things need food. It gives them Tortoise is the longest
energy to do work. The life process by living animal in the world.
which an animal and a plant take in
and utilize food substance is known as nutrition. Animals and
plants have different modes of nutrition. All animals directly or
indirectly depend on plants for their food. Herbivores eat plants
only. Carnivores eat other animals only, whereas omnivores eat
both plants and other animals. The living things which cannot
prepare their own food are called heterotrophs.

Green plants can make their own food. They are said to have
autotrophic nutrition and known as autotrops. They look green
due to the presence of chlorophylls in their cells. They use water
and carbondioxide to make their food in the presence of sunlight.
They take in carbondioxide from the atmosphere with the help
of stomata in leaves. This food making process of plants in the
presence of sunlight is called photosynthesis. Chlorophylls help
in absorbing the energy from sunlight in photosynthesis. The
green plants convert the water and carbondioxide into glucose
and oxygen in the presence of sunlight. The photosynthesis can
also be expressed in the equation:

Carbondioxide+ water Sun light glucose + oxygen

Animals cannot make their food. They depend on plant for food.
Hence, they are said to have heterotrophic nutrition. Non-green
plants like orchid, mucor and mushroom also cannot make their
own food. They do not have chlorophylls to capture the energy
from the sun light. Hence they cannot perform photosynthesis.

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 59

They are also called heterotrophs. They have to depend on other
plants and animals for their food.

Autotroph (Plants) heterotrophs (Animals) heterotrophs (Mucor)

Quick Test 2: From your surrounding

Name any two heterotrophs in your surrounding.
a. ______________________ b. _____________________
Name any two autotrophs in your surrounding.
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

Respiration
Living things inhale and exhale air into their body which is called
breathing. It helps them to get oxygen for respiration. The life
process of burning the food particles in our body to release energy
in the presence of oxygen is known as respiration. It takes place
within cell in mitochondrion. During respiration oxygen gas is
used up and carbondioxide is released out as there is breakage
of glucose in the cell. The equation to represent respiration is
Glucose + oxygen → water + carbondioxide + energy
The energy released in respiration is used to perform various
works in our body. Animals have different organs to breathe.
Developed animals like humans, horses, birds breathe through
lungs. They have nose to take the air into the lungs. Fish uses

60 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

gills to get oxygen in water. Frogs can breathe through their skin.
Insects use their spiracles to take in oxygen. Plants also take in
oxygen through stomata for breathing. But in photosynthesis,
plants take in carbondioxide and release oxygen.

Without oxygen, plants and
animals cannot respirate
and hence they die. Let’s put
a small frog in a glass bottle
and cover it airtight. What do
we see in a few days? The
frog will die due to a lack of oxygen. You can perform the same
experiment using a small plant in the same bottle. The plant will
turn yellow in a few days. What does this experiment indicate ?

Quick Test 3: From your understanding

a. Frog breathes through _________________________
b. Insect breathes through _________________________
c. Plants breathe through _________________________

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 61

Growth
All living things grow over time. They need energy to grow which
they get from foods. Some amount of food particles is converted
into muscles, fat and tissues which help in growth. This process
of change of food we eat is into body tissues known as anabolic
process. Animals cannot grow for all the times. They stop growing
after their adulthood. Plants grow throughout their life. Each
year, a growth ring is added in their stem. The insects grow faster
in its pupa stage to become adult. All invertebrates including
unicellular or multicellular show growth up to their adulthood.

Feel
All living things have senses and they respond to the change
in the environment. We also can sense different tastes and
feel cold or hot. Developed animals have well developed sense
organs to feel the change. Ears, eyes, skin, tongue and nose are
our sense organs.

Quick Test 4: From your surrounding
a. Fastest growing plant is _________________________
b. Plants breathe through _________________________

62 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Feeling hot Sunflower faces the sun Touch-me-not

Some plants also have sense of touch and light. You may have
seen sunflower plants facing towards the sun. The leaves of
touch me not close when we touch the plant. Butterflies use
their feet and antennae to sense the change in the environment.

Quick Test 5: From your surrounding

a. Animals feel sense of touch through _________________
b. Touch-me-not shows sense of touch in _______________
c. Sunflower shows sense of light by ___________________

Reproduction

Animals produce babies. Babies are alike their parents. The
characteristic feature of living things to give birth to their
young ones is known as reproduction. It ensures the continued
existence of living things. Plants and animals which cannot
produce enough offspring disappear from the world over time.
Some animals produce many babies at a time whereas some
others reproduce a single baby. Some animals are oviparous
whereas others are viviparous in nature.
Flowering plants reproduce through flower. They produce seeds.
Non- flowering plants reproduce through roots, stem and leaves.

Good manner : We should not kill small animals for pleasure and entertainment.

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 63

Quick Test 6: From our surrounding
Name an oviparous animal at your surrounding.
___________________________________________________
Name an animal that gives birth to a single baby at a time.
___________________________________________________
Name an animal that gives more than one baby at a time.
___________________________________________________

Excretion
Living things need food and air to get energy to do work. They
take necessary nutrients from food and excrete waste materials
formed in this process. Such waste materials are not good for our
body. Hence they should be removed. The process of releasing
the waste materials out from the body of living things is known
as excretion. We release waste materials in the form of stool,
urine and sweat. This process continues till our death. What
happens when you run faster for some time in summer heat?
Plants also release excess of water from their leaves. This
process is known as transpiration. You can cover a potted plant
by a thin plastic and put it in the sun for few days. You will find
some water drops within the plastic. Where has the water come
from ?

Good manner: We should not trap and kill animal.

64 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Quick Test 7: From your surrounding
a. Animals excrete waste in the form of _________________
b. Plants excrete waste in the form of __________________

Movement
Animals move from place to place to get food, water and shelter.
They do so through out their life. Some animals migrate to warm
places in winter to get enough food and shelter. Some fish and
crabs migrate for mating. Plants do not show movement like
animals but they can move their parts. Roots go deep into the
soil in search of water and minerals. The flower of the sunflower
plant faces towards the sun.

Quick Test 8: From your surrounding

Fastest animal in your surrounding is
___________________________________________________
Slowest animal in your surrounding is
___________________________________________________

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 65

Animals and plants depend on each other
The total sum of living things and non-living things form
environment. There are different types of plants and animals
which form the living world. Both plants and animals depend on
each other for their life processes.
Animals get food, oxygen and shelter from the plants. We also
get medicine and fibres from plants. Medicines are used to cure
disease. We use fibres to make cloths and ropes. Thus, all animals

depend on plants for their food directly
or indirectly. Plants are also benefited
from animals. They get carbondioxide
during the respiration process of living
things which is necessary for plants
in photosynthesis.
Thus, the process of respiration and
photosynthesis help to balance the amount of oxygen and
carbondioxide in our atmosphere.
Animals also help in pollination and dispersal of seeds. Many
insects and birds fly from flowers to flowers for nectar and help
to transfer pollen grains to stigma of a flower. The process of
transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of the flower is
known as pollination.

66 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Anther stigma Pollen grains

Many birds and animals eat fruits. When they move to another
places, the seeds are also dispersed to the lands. This process
is also known as dispersal of seeds.

Animals also supply THINK Critically
nutrients to plants. The
excreta as well as the dead Which one of the following life
body of all animals easily processes is not common in plant ?
decay into fertilizers. i. Growth ii. Feel iii. Food iii. Excretion

Quick Test 9: From your home and family

Name an activity that you or family do for the development of
plant.
___________________________________________________
Name two things that you or your family get from plants.
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 67

Quick Test 10: All in one

Write True or False. Correct the false statements.
1. The life processes are necessary for the development and

survival of all living things.
2. The green plants which can prepare their own food are

known as heterotrophs.
3. The process of releasing excess of water from leaves by

plants is known as respiration.

Work Further

Do the following activities : K

1. Fill in the blanks with the given words: A
stomata/breathing/heterotrophs/feel/energy C
a. Food gives living things ........................ to do works.
b. Living things which cannot prepare their own food

are called ...........................................................
c. Plants take in carbondioxide from the atmosphere

with the help of ................................ in leaves.
d. Living things inhale and exhale air into their body

which is called ...........................................................
e. Developed animals have well developed sense

organs to ............................. the change.

2. Answer the following questions.
a. Why is oxygen very important for plants and animals ?
b. Why do animals move from one place to another ?
c. Why do some plants look green ?
d. Give two examples to illustrate that plant can move

their parts.

68 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

e. What helps plants in absorbing the energy from K
sunlight in photosynthesis ? A

3. Differentiate between
a. Autotrophs and heterotrophs
b. Respiration and transpiration

My way of doing science Ap

Take a potted plant and cover it completely with a

plastic bag. Make it airtight. Leave it for one week.
What do you observe ? ..........................................................
................................................................................................
What do you learn from this experiment ?
................................................................................................

Fun Science

Put a cross mark or tick mark and then
identify it and fill in the last column.
Things Move Breathe Eat Reproduce Feel Non-living/plant/animal

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 69

6UNIT

OUR ENVIRONMENT

Unit Highlights

You are going to learn about
Impact of human activities on
Environment
• Our surrounding
• Our activities affect environment
• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Land pollution
• Landslide and soil erosion
Conservation of Environment
• Environment is important for us
• Afforestation
• Scientific farming method
• Management of waste
• Planned and managed urbanization
• Protection of wild life
• Protection of water resources
• Changing our habit and 3R-principle

Visit : www.symphonypub.com for further learning

70 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

7Chapter
IMPACT OF
HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON ENVIRONMENT

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to Human activities affect air, water and
 list the different human activities that land. We need to keep them clean and
unexploited to have quality life. Hence you
affect the environment. can have quality life once the environment
 explain the causes of pollution in the around you is clean.

environment.
 categorise the types of pollution.

"Safa Tempo" in Kathmandu
In Kathmandu city “safa tempos” have
somehow replaced the old polluting
vehicles. Safa tempos are electric vehicles
without smoke and have contributed to
maintain the quality of air in Kathmandu.
These tempos play an important role in
transportation system. Approximately 100000 passengers get direct
benefit from this clean form of transport. These tempos have proved
to be the viable substitute when the heavily polluting Diesel ‘vikram’
tempos were banned in 1999.

What do you use to go to school ?
_____________________________________________________
What do you use to cook food at your home ?
_____________________________________________________
Write a cause of environmental pollution at your locality.
_____________________________________________________

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 71

Environment
Everything in the surrounding that affects an organism
throughout its lifetime is collectively known as environment.
All living things form a biotic environment which is also known
as biological environment. It includes animals and plants. In
the same way, the non-living things form abiotic environment
or physical environment which includes air, water, land and
man-made objects like houses, vehicles, bridge, road, etc. There
exists complex interrelationship between biotic and abiotic
environment which help in creating the balance in the nature.
For example, If there is an excess of plants but no animals
then there would be an excess of oxygen in the atmosphere
and plants would not be able to get carbondioxide for photo
synthesis. Ultimately all plants would die. In the absence of
plants, there would be lack of oxygen and all animals would
have become extinct just because they could not breathe at all.
Hence the presence of plants and animals balances oxygen and
carbondioxide in the atmosphere.

Quick Test 1: From your home
Name any two biotic components at your home.
a. ______________________ b. _____________________
Name any two abiotic components at your home.
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

Our activities affect environment
We use many things just to make benefit and fulfil our unending
desires. We try to make this place favourable only for ourselves

72 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

without thinking how it affects others and ultimately ourselves
in the long run. We haphazardly cut down trees for agriculture,
settlement, cloths and papers, furniture and firewood. We kill
many animals for meat and leather. We overuse pesticides
and chemical fertilizers just to produce enough crops without
thinking how it will affect the quality of land, water and air and
ultimately quality of environment. There are lots of factories and
billions of vehicles producing tons of poisonous gases into the
atmosphere. Will it not affect us? We also make hills of waste,
dump them haphazardly and deteriorate the environment.
Most of our activities have adverse effects on the environment
by emission of pollutants, change of land or habitat and overuse
of resources. Now, we need to understand how these activities
cause air pollution, water pollution and land pollution.

Air pollution
Air is necessary for us. We need fresh air to breathe. However, the
presence of unwanted particles and harmful substances make
air polluted. Such matters can change physical, biological and
chemical property of air. The physical, biological and chemical
change in the air in atmosphere is known as air pollution. It
occurs when harmful gases, dust and smoke enter into the

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 73

Quick Test 2: From ourselves
Mention any two of our activities that have adverse effect on
environment are:
___________________________________________________
atmosphere and make it difficult for plants and animals. There
are many indoor and outdoor activities responsible for making
air polluted.

Some major causes of air pollution
1. Burning of fuels by vehicles and machines: The burning of

fuels like petrol, diesel, and coal produces harmful gases
like carbon monoxide and sulphur oxide which degrade the
quality of air.
2. Exhaust from factories and industries: Factories and
industries emit vast amount of unwanted gases like
hydrocarbon, chemicals and carbondioxide which pollutes
air intensely.
3. Agricultural activities: Use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers
containing ammonia pollutes all air, water and land.

74 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

4. Mining operations: Mining operations emit large amount
of chemical and poisonous gases in the earth surface. It
severely makes air polluted.

5. Indoor air pollution: At home, we use different cleaning
products, painting and refreezing coolant. They produce
harmful chemicals and degrade the quality of air.

Effect of air pollution
There are both short-term and long-term effects of air pollution
on human beings and other animals.
1. Headache, eye diseases, suffocation and cough: These are

the short term effects of air pollution on human beings.
2. Respiratory and heart diseases: When exposed to air

pollution for a long time, people get affected by asthma,
heart diseases, lungs diseases and brain damage.
3. Global warming: Due to the increase of toxic gases in the
atmosphere, the heat energy cannot escape out from the
earth. So, the average temperature of the earth is increasing.
The increase in average temperature of the earth and
surrounding is known as global warming.
4. Ozone layer depletion: Poisonous gases like carbon mono-
oxide, hydrocarbon and sulphur oxide deplete the ozone
layer of our atmosphere. Due to the depletion, harmful rays
of the sun can directly enter to the earth surface which can
damage the environment here.

Quick Test 3: From your surrounding
Write any two causes of air pollution in your locality.
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 75

Water pollution
All living things need water. There are different water resources
on the earth surface. When unwanted and harmful waste is
mixed or thrown in the water resources, the water gets polluted.
Drinking polluted water causes different types of water-borne
diseases in living things.

Causes of water pollution
1. Industrial waste : Water gets severely polluted when
industrial waste is directly discharged into the water resources.
It is very dangerous. It degrades the quality of water. This waste
consists of harmful materials like mercury, lead, sulphur and
nitrate. These chemicals change colour and mineral content of
the water.
2. Sewage and waste water : Sewage and waste water are
produced in every household. Sewage water contains harmful
bacteria and chemicals. These micro organisms cause many
water-borne diseases like chlorea, typhoid, dysentery, diarrhoea,
etc. Sewage water from a whole city pollute water resources.
Hospital waste is very much dangerous. It destroys even the

76 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

aquatic life. Washing clothes and throwing garbages in the water
resources also pollute the water resources.
3. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides : Farmers use fertilizers
and pesticides in their farming. Due to heavy rain, these chemicals
are swept and thrown into the nearby water resources. The
chemicals contaminate water and kill the water animals. Dead
and decayed animals further degrade the quality of water.

Effect of water pollution

Some major effects of water pollution are given below:

1. Contamination of our food : Overuse of chemical and
pesticides contaminates food materials which may not be
removed by simply washing the raw food. Such food can cause
many diseases in our kidney, heart and digestive system. It also
affects wild lives as well as whole ecosystem.

2. Death of aquatic animals : Pollutants make a layer on the
water surface which causes deficiency of oxygen in water. Many
aquatic animals die and become extinct due to lack of oxygen
in water. Dead animals further enhance water pollution. It also
affects the water ecosystem.

3. Effect on human health : Polluted water contains toxic
chemicals like arsenic, mercury and lead. Arsenic poisoning
causes serious nerves damage in our body. Mercury and lead
can cause severe diseases like
cancer and brain damage. Further, THINK Critically

drinking polluted water can be the Which one is odd in the
main cause of outbreak of water- following set ?
i. Water vapour ii. Soil
iii. Smoke iv. Oxygen
borne diseases.

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 77

Quick Test 4: From your surrounding
Mention any two causes of water pollution in your area:
a. ______________________ b. _____________________
Mention any two effects of water pollution in Nepal is:
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

Causes of land pollution
Land pollution implies degradation or destruction of earth’s
surface and soil, directly or indirectly, by human activities. The
main causes of the land pollution are given below:
1. Unmanaged dumping of waste materials : We produce
different types of waste materials every day from our household.
A city produces tons of waste materials every day. The waste
consists of biodegradable as well as non-biodegradable waste.
Non-biodegradable wastes like metal pieces, plastic, brick and
concrete block, etc. degrade the quality of soil. If they are not
managed properly, they also degrade the beauty of the locality
and city.
Biodegradable wastes decay and convert into compost. However,
when they are left open in the field, they can attract animals like
rats mice and rabbits which can spread diseases.
2. Deforestation : Deforestation means cutting down trees
haphazardly and making land bare. Land that is once converted
into a dry or barren land, can never be made fertile again. Dry
and barren land undergoes soil erosion as there are not enough
plants to hold the soil during rain. Soil erosion degrades the
quality of the land.

78 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

3. Agricultural activities : Human population has increased.
Hence demand for food has also increased considerably. In order
to enhance production, farmers often use highly toxic fertilizers
and pesticides. These chemicals can accelerate the production
by killing insects and germs but at the same time, they result in
contamination and poisoning of soil.

4. Construction work : Fast and huge urbanization has forced
heavy construction works in many parts of the world. As such
works increase, the amount of wastes like bricks, metal pieces,
and plastic also increase. If these wastes are not managed
properly the degree of land pollution increases.

5. Industrialization : Due to the increase in demand for food,
shelter and house, more goods are to be produced. This results
in creation of more waste materials that need to be disposed of.
Mostly, such waste materials contain harmful chemicals which
badly affect the quality of soil.

6. Volcano and mining activities : Volcanoes eject hot and
harmful chemicals out from the earth. It damages the vegetation
and makes the land bare and unfertile.
People make deep trenches and use Did YOU know ?
some explosives in mining activities
There is huge deposition
of solid carbondioxide in
which also increases land pollution. Antarctica.

Landslide and soil erosion
Landslide is the sudden flow of huge amount of mass down the
slope. It damages properties and takes many lives as well. Every
year, many people lose their houses and cultivable lands due
to landslide. Soil erosion is a slow process in which the soil is

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 79

gradually moved down the slope. Ultimately, it can induce huge
landslide. Deforestation, overgrazing and unmanaged farming
are the main causes of soil erosion and landslide.

Deforestation Landslide Soil erosion

The main way to stop soil erosion and landslide is to plant trees
and promote forestation in all bare land. We should also stop
overgrazing. Grazing areas must be maintained in safe land.
Haphazard farming must be stopped in the hilly regions.

After planting

Quick Test 5: All in one
Write True or False. Correct the false statements.
1. Biological environment incudes animals and plants.
2. Sewage water contains useful bacteria and chemicals.
3. Demand for food has also increased considerably due to

the increase in human population.
4. Soil erosion is fast process in which the soil is gradually

moved down the slope.
5. The main way to stop soil erosion and landslide is to cut

down trees.

80 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Work Further

Do the following activities : K

1. Fill in the blanks with the given words: K
industrial waste/micro organisms/air C
a. Presence of unwanted particles and harmful C

substances make ........................ polluted.
b. ................................................ is very dangerous and

degrade the quality of water.
c. ........................................... cause many water born

diseases like chlorea, typhoid, dysentery and
diarrhoea.

2. Answer the following questions.
a. State the three effects of air pollution.
b. Write the causes of deforestation.
c. What are the causes of soil erosion ?
d. List any five human activities that degrade the

quality of environment.

e. What happens if fertilizer and pesticide used by
farmer are swept and thrown into the nearby water
resource ?

f. Explain any two ways to reduce water pollution.

3. Explain in brief:
a. Deforestation b. Landslide c. Air pollution

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 81

My way of doing science Ap

Visit your locality and identify the types of working
materials available in your laocality. Also tick (ü) if
they cause the follwing pollution.

Type of waste air pollution water pollution local pollution

smoke ü û û

plastic

....................

....................

....................

Fun Science

Find the article about the effects/impacts
of land pollution, water pollution and air pollution from
newspapers and paste them in the notice board.

82 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

8Chapter

CONSERVATION OF ENVIRONMENT

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to It is high time to keep the environment clean
 list the importance of conservation of from the personnal, local, national and
international level. You can also contribute
the environment. to keep environment clean.
 explain the ways of conserving the

environment.

Bicycle in City-Amsterdan
There are lots of bicycle friendly
cities in the world. Most of them
are in Europe. Amsterdan is
perhaps the first European city
very much suitable for cycling.
Most people there love to ride
bicycle. These days the city has
such a huge number of bicycles
that it is running out of bicycle
parking space.

Where do you live ?
_____________________________________________________
Is the road in your locality cycle friendly ?
_____________________________________________________
Write any two advantages of riding bicycle.
a. ___________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 83

The surrounding where we live in is the environment. It is very
much important to us as it helps us to live. Yet we are damaging
it. Harming the environment means to harm the humanity.
If we do not protect the environment, we will kill not only the
environment but also ourselves. Hence, we must preserve
the environment. These days, there are many concerns both
at national and international level in keeping the environment
clean and balanced. Afforestation and
reforestation, conservation of wild Did YOU know ?
lives, scientific farming, water and land
A person drinks
approximately 3 litres of
conservation are some major steps to water per day on average.
make the environment green.

Quick Test 1: From your family

A step you and your family can take to conserve the environment
is _________________________________________________

Afforestation
Afforestation means planting trees on
a barren land. Reforestation means
planting trees in the forest in which
the number of trees is declining. Both
Aforestation and reforestation help
to conserve evironment. Thus reforestation is the process of
increasing the number of trees in the existing forest whereas
aforestation means creating new forest.
There are many advantages of aforestation. Some of them are
given below:

84 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

1. It provides timber, fruit and fodder for us.
2. It prevents soil erosion and landslide.
3. It helps in the retention of water in the soil.
4. It protects land and crops from excessive wind and sun damage.
Both aforestation and reforestation are necessary for our
country. Most part of our nation is hilly and slopy. Hence there is
always potential danger of soil erosion and landslide. It can be
prevented only by planting trees in scientific ways.

Quick Test 2: From our surrounding
Name a place in your locality where afforestation is necessary.
___________________________________________________

Scientific farming methods
We have lots of slopy land in our nation where agricultural
activities are challenging. Most people use the traditional way
of farming which can trigger landslide. Hence we must adopt
the scientific way of farming to produce enough crops even on a
small area rather than covering large areas. We should not dig
and plough the field deeply in the hilly region otherwise it can
cause soil erosion. People must use terrace style farming in hilly
regions to minimize soil erosion.

Haphazard farming Terrace farming

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 85

Quick Test 3: From your locality

Name a type of land in your locality.
___________________________________________________
Name a type of farming suitable there.
___________________________________________________

Management of waste
There are different types of wastes that are formed at homes,
hospitals and factories. We should not dump them directly into
the water resources. The wastes must be firstly classified as bio-
degradable and non-biodegradable. Non-bio-degradable wastes
like plastic metal pieces, bottles can be sent to recycle and
reuse after proper treatment. Bio-degradable wastes can be
converted into compost in the place away from water resources
and residential areas. Use of compost manure not only increases
the agricultural productivity but also prevents polluting water
and land from harmful chemical fertilizer.

Wrong way of waste management Right way of waste management

Quick Test 4: From your school

Name any two biodegradable wastes at your school.
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

Good manner: We should plant trees in bare land and help them grow green.

86 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Planned and managed urbanization
We must develop cities with a long term vision in which there are
places for trees, gardens, parks, schools, hospitals and other
things in a rightful way. Haphazard urbanization only occupies
land and degrades land severely rather than providing facilities
to peoples. There should not be any hospital, school and
residential area near an industry. People should be encouraged
to plant trees along with the home constructions. Waste materials
should be effectively managed so that it causes less effects on
the environment.

Haphazard urbanization Planned urbanization

Quick Test 5: From your surrounding

Write the type of urbanization in your nearest town.
___________________________________________________

Protection of wildlife THINK Critically

Wild animals are the major part Which one of the following life
of the environment. They also processes is odd to others ?
help to balance the nature. i. Cycle ii. Motorcycle iii. Bus

Unfortunately, it has become difficult for those animals to survive
due to human activities like poaching, cutting down trees for
agriculture and forest fires. These activities degrade both biotic

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 87

and abiotic environment. To protect them, national parks and
wildlife reserves should be declared where people are not
allowed for these activities. Currently, there are three wildlife
reserves, ten national parks and many other conservation areas
in Nepal. This effort not only protects wild animals but also
conserves land, water and air and increases the natural beauty.

Chitwan national park Koshi tappu wild life reserve

Quick Test 6: From your surrounding

Name any one national park or wild life reserve near our home town.
___________________________________________________

Protection of water resources
We should protect our water resources like ponds, lakes, streams
and rivers. We should not connect the drainage directly to the
river or water resources. We should not wash our clothes or
bathe our domestic animals in water resources. Wastage from
hospitals and factories should not be thrown in water resources
because they contain harmful chemicals.

Quick Test 7: From your locality
Any two sources of water pollution in your locality are
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

88 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Changing our habit and the 3R principle
Human beings fulfil all the needs from the environment. But we
need to think that there are other members in the environment
whom we should not harm while benefiting us. An environment is
the sum total of the interrelationship between biotic and abiotic
components in the surrounding. Hence change in quality of one
surely affects the quality of the other. We are major cause to
change the environment. Therefore, we must be responsible to
keep it clean and balanced. The first and important thing we can
do is to change our habit.
The 3 R principles teach us to Recycle, Reuse and Reduce.

Recycle
You have many non-biodegradable wastes at your home. You
need to think creatively to convert them into useful products
instead of throwing them out and creating water and land
pollution. For example, polythene bags can be converted into
ropes or other school bags. Glass bottles can be used to make
bottle houses; or you can decorate your garden using them.

small polythene
can be used to
make carrying bags.

Polythene bag Recyled polythene bags

Bottles can be
used to make bottle

house.

Bottle Bottlehouse

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 89

Reuse
Using second-hand things is not bad. In fact, it is a smart idea.
You can carry your own bag repeatedly instead of bringing
polythene bags every time from the shop while buying things.
You can even buy second-hand furniture. It saves money as well
as our environment. After reading this book, you can donate it
to your juniors next year. Buying new books every time is not a
good idea because the sheets of paper of the book are made
out of plants. Lots of trees have to be cut down to make paper.
Similarly, you can use rechargeable battery at your household
which can be recharged and reused again and again.

Reduce
If we have sufficient time, we can use public vehicles instead of
our private vehicles. A large number of private vehicles creates
air pollution. We can walk or use a cycle instead of using moter
vehicles. Walking and cycling not only promote our health but
also help to make the environment clean. We should make the
habit of less consumption of meat. The habit of enough meat
consumption forces many animals to be killed which can create
imbalance in nature.

Quick Test 8: From your locality
Mention any two things that can be re-used at your home.
a. ______________________ b. _____________________
Name any two things that can be recycled at your home.
a. ______________________ b. _____________________

90 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Quick Test 9: All in one

Write True or False. Correct the false statements.
1. The surrounding where we live in is the environment.
2. Afforestation is the process of decreasing the number of

existing forest whereas reforestation means destroying
new forest.
3. Reforestation helps to improve the quality of the environment.
4. Traditional way of farming does not cause soil erosion.

Work Further

Do the following activities : K
C
1. Fill in the blanks with the given words: K

non-biodegradable/compost/afforestation
a. ..................................... implies the effort of planting

trees on a piece of barren land to create forest.
b. Wastes like plastic metal pieces, bottles are .............
c. Biodegradable wastes can be converted into ...........

2. Answer the following questions.

a. Why should we preserve the environment ?
b. Why must we adopt the scientific way of farming ?

c. What are some major steps to make the environment
green ?

d. Why is there always potential danger of soil erosion
and landslide in our country ?

e. Explain 3R principle.

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 91

My way of doing science Ap

Visit your locality or near the city to identify the major
causes of land, water and air pollution. Present your
answer in the table given below.

Types of pollution causes

Land pollution ..........................................................

Water pollution ..........................................................
Air pollution ..........................................................

Fun Science

Name the activities shown below.

Activity 1 Activity 2

Activity 3 Activity 4

Now, Explain, how these activities conserve the environment.

92 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

7UNIT

MATTER AND ENERGY

Unit Highlights

You are going to learn about
Matter
• State of matter
• Melting
• Freezing
• Evaporation
• Sublimation
• Condensation
Energy
• We need energy
• Forms of energy
• The sun is ultimate source of energy
• Conservation of energy

Visit : www.symphonypub.com for further learning 93
MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

9Chapter

MATTER

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to Substances have three different states. They
 change states by heating and by are soilid, liquid and gas. The things we
use will be in one of these states.You can
cooling. get any state of matter for your purpose like
 define the terms melting, freezing, water, steam and ice.

evaporation, condensation and

sublimation.

Iceberg in the Sea
Icebergs are solid and very hard form
of ice in the sea. Some icebergs are
gigantic and they remain submerged in
the sea. The famous ship Titanic struck
an iceberg in the North Atlantic on April
14, 1912. The ship sank to the depth
of 13000 feet within three hours. More than two third of the 2224
passengers and crew perished at the sea in that accident.

Have you seen a ship in movies or T. V ?
_____________________________________________________
Have you watched the famous movie “Titanic” ?
_____________________________________________________
How do you get very cold water at your home ?
_____________________________________________________
Have you enjoyed boat-riding in a lake ?
_____________________________________________________

94 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

States of matter
Any object around us that has its own weight and occupies space
is called matter. Solid, liquid and gas are three common states
of matter.

Solid state liquid state gas state

States of matter can be changed from one state to another by
heating or cooling.

By heating

Heat Heat

Ice cube Water Water vapour

By cooling

Cool Cool

Solid state liquid state gas state

Quick Test 1: From your kitchen

Name a solid thing that can easily be converted into liquid in
our kitchen.
___________________________________________________

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 95

There are different types of process that THINK Critically
show change in the state of matter.
They are melting, freezing, evaporation, Pick out the odd one.
condensation and sublimation. i. Wood ii. Ice
iii. Ghee

Melting
The process in which matters in solid state are converted into
liquid state with the help of heat energy is called melting. Take
some icecubes in a beaker. When you heat this beaker, the ice
cube slowly melts and changes into water which is liquid state.

Heat

A solid cube of ghee can be converted into liquid form by heating it.

Heat
Butter

Freezing
On cooling, liquid state can be converted into solid state. This
process is called freezing. Take a glass of water. Put it into
refrigerator. After some time water will change into ice.
Similarly, if you burn a candle, wax will fall down on the floor.
Wax is in liquid state of matter. When it touches the floor, it cools
down and slowly changes into solid.

96 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Quick Test 2: From your kitchen

Name a device in kitchen that freezes water into ice.
___________________________________________________
Mention a substance that we liquify to get light.
___________________________________________________

Evaporation Did YOU know ?

On heating liquid, some matters can be The most abundent
changed into gas. This process is called matter in the universe
evaporation. Take a glass of water in a
is Hydrogen.

beaker. Heat the beaker. You can observe water vapor coming
out of the beaker. That is gas state of water. When we boil water,
surface water slowly changes into vapour and comes out of the
beaker.

Diagram of water cycle
The water in the sea gets heated
due to heat energy from the
sun. Due to the heat, the water
evaporates and forms cloud. The
cloud cools up as it moves high
and precipates in the form of rain. This process of forming vapour
in the sea and finally in the form of rain is known as water cycle.

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 97

Sublimation
On heating, some solid substance
directly changes into gas. This process
is called sublimation. When we heat
camphor on Iodine it directly changes
into gas without changing into liquid.
This vapour when cools down again changes into solid directly.
Condensation
On cooling, water vapor changes into liquid. This process is
called condensation.
Put some glasses of water into a beaker. Boil the water. When
water vapor begins to come out, take a plate and put it close to
the beaker. After this, put this plate to cool down. After some
time we can see water on the plate. This water is formed when
water vapour is cooled.

Quick Test 3: From your kitchen
a. Evaporation is useful to us in _______________________
b. Condensation helps in ____________________________

98 MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5

Quick Test 4: All in one

True or False ? If false, correct it.
1. The process in which the solids are converted into the

gaseous state is called melting.
2. Conversion of solid substance directly into gas is called

evaporation.
3. On heating, some solids convert into liquid state.
4. Sublimation is the process of conversion of solid into gas

state directly.

Work Further

Do the following activities : K
C
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct words given below.
heating/freezing/liquid state/condensation

a. State of matter can be changed from one state to
another by ............................... .

b. Conversion of liquid state into solid state is called
............................... .

c. Conversion of  ............................... matter into gas
is called evaporation.

d. On cooling, water vapour changes into liquid. This
is called ....................................... .

2. Answer the following questions.
a. What is boiling ? How does it occur in liquid ?
b. Give an example of sublime compound i.e. a solid

substance that directly changes into gas.

MY WAY Science, Health and Physical Education - 5 99