Ramro Nepali 6

zAbe08f/;DaGwL cEof;

!= tnsf zAb z4' ;“u pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

cfljisf/, j}1flgs, :s6NofG8, Pl8gau{, cn]Sh]G8/, ljBfjfl/lw, ;ª\s6,

d]sflgs, cg';Gwfg, hf]u|flkms, a;fO“, efifflzIf0f, efifflj1fg, cxf]/fq

@= cy{ lbOPsf] 5 . ldNg] zAbdf ufn] f] 3]/f - _ nufpm / k9 M

w]/} sfd nfUg] pkof]uL sfd

gofF s'/f cfljisf/ ug]{ JolQm 1fgL j}1flgs

;dfrf/ jf ;Gb]z cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ sfo{ k|;f/0f k|df0f

cfZro{n] rlst cfZro{rlst cfwl' gs

Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf hfg' a;fOF ;g'{ a:g'

sg' } gofF s/' f kQf nufpg] sfd cfljisf/ cfsf/

#= s] elgG5, nv] M

klxnf] 5f]/f] ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ klxnf] 5f]/L ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

bf];|f] 5f]/f] ÖÒÒdflxnf]ÒÒ bf];|f] 5f]/L ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

t];|f] 5f]/f] ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ t];|f] 5f]/L ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

rf}yf] 5f]/f] ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ rf}yf] 5f]/L ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

clGtd 5f]/f] ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ clGtd 5f]/L ÖÒÒsfG5LÒÒ

$= p:t} cy{ cfpg] zAb 5fg]/ nv] M

?lr ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cg';Gwfg ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

;ª\s6 ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ d[To' ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

Ogfd ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ :ki6 ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

/ftlbg ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k|f]km];/ ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

k/' :sf/, vfh] , bM' v, k|fWofks, k:| 6, lgwg, rfv, cxf]/fq

%= kf7df cª\u|h] Ldf ko| f]u x'g] zAb g]kfnLdf 5g\ . vfh] / sfkLdf nv] .

146 /fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^

afw] / cleJolSt;DaGwL cEof;

!= ;'gfO kf7–!% ;g' / l7s zAb 5fgL jfSo k/" f u/ M

-s_ cr]n t tf//lxt df]afOn kmf]gsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ g} 5 .

-v_ :df6{ kmf]gsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfF}nfn] rnfP/ sDKo'6/sf] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 .

-u_ :df6{ kmf]gdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ jf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ g]6js{dfkm{t OG6/g]6 rnfOG5 .

-3_ :df6{ kmf]gsf] k|of]ustf{x¿n] OG6/g]6dfkm{t ljleGg ÒÒÒÒÒÒ /fVg ;S5g\ .

-ª_ :df6{ kmf]gdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ jf PKkn Pk :6f]/af6 ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ug{
;lsG5 .

l:jm| gdf, uu' n Kn] :6f/] , jfO{ kmfO,{ huhuL, ;ˆjo/x¿sf] 8fpgnf8] , ;n] n' /

@= ;g' fO kf7–!% kg' M ;'g / pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ 6]lnkmf]gsf] cfljisf/ s;n] u/]sf 5g\ <

-v_ s:tf] kmf]gnfO{ :df6{ kmf]g elgG5 <

-u_ :df6{ kmf]gdf cfkmn" fO{ rflxg] ;ˆ6j]o/ -PK;_ x¿ s]dfkm{t\ /flvG5 <

-3_ :df6{ kmf]gdf /flvPsf jf 8fpgnf]8 ul/Psf PlKns];gx¿dfkm{t s]s:tf sfd
ug{ ;lsG5 <

#= ltdLnfO{ ;aeGbf dxŒjk"0f{ nfUg] cfljisf/ s] xf] < sf/0f;lxt sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{
atfpm .

$= dflysf] kf7 Ps hgfn] 7n' f] :j/df k9 . c¿n] Wofgk"j{s ;'g .
%= l7s pQ/df l7s lrgf] nufpm M

s_ cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]n u|fxd bDktLsf sg' 5f]/f xg' \ <

c_ h]7f cf_ dflxnf O_ ;flx“nf O{_ sfG5f

v_ cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]nsf bfhs' f] s] sf/0fn] d[To' eof] <

c_ SofG;/ cf_ b3' {6gf O_ Ifo/f]u O{_ g;f/f]u

u_ dlN6kn 6]lnu|fkmL s;sf gfddf btf{ eof] <

c_ d]sflgs cf_ cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]n

147/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^

O_ cWoIf O{_ cn]Sh]G8/ d]nefOn a]n

3_ g];gn hf]u|flkms ;f];fO6Lsf cWoIf sf] x'g\ <

c_ u|fxd a]n cf_ d]nefOn a]n

O_ Pln;fu|]; ;fOdG;\ a]n O{_ da]n xAaf8{

^= Ps jfSodf kl/ro b]pm M

s_ cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]n v_ Pl8gau{

u_ cn]Sh]G8/ d]nefOn a]n 3_ Pln;f u|]; ;fOdG8 a]n

ª_ a'hau{ ljZjljBfno r_ yf]d; jf6\;g

5_ da]n xAaf8{ h_ ef]N6f k/' :sf/

em_ gf]ef :sl6of

&= lgDg ldltdf s] ePsf] lyof] < kf7 k9L nv] M

s_ ;g\ !*$& dfr{ # v_ ;g\ !*^! u_ ;g\ !*&)

3_ ;g\ !*&@ ª_ ;g\ !*&# r_ !*&% lt/

5_ clk|n !*&% h_ ;g\ & dfr{ !*&^ em_ ;g\ !*&&

`_ cu:6 @, !(@@

*= pQ/ bp] m M

s_ 6]lnkmf]gsf cfljisf/s sf] xg' \ <

v_ cn]Sh]Gh/ u|fxd a]nsf aa' f s] uy]{ <

u_ cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]nn] slt jif{sf] pd]/df :s'n] lzIff k"/f u/] <

3_ cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]nn] cfˆgf] cWoogkZrft\ klxnf] sfd s] u/] <

ª_ da]n xAaf8{ s:tL s]6L lyOg\ <

r_ u|fxd a]nn] 6]lnkmf]gsf cnfaf s]s] s'/fsf] cfljisf/ u/] <

5_ cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]nnfO{ s'g k/' :sf/åf/f ;Ddfg ul/of] <

148 /fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^

Jofs/0f;DaGwL cEof;

!= kf7af6 …aÚ / …jÚ ko| fu] ePsf zAb gbf]xf]¥ofO{ nv] .

@= pbfx/0fdf b]vfPh;/L jfSo kl/jtg{ u/ M

s_ d u[xsfo{ u5'{ . cfdf dnfO{ u[xsfo{ u/fpgx' G' 5 .

v_ d syf k9\5' . bfh' dnfO{ syf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .

u_ efO v]N5 . d efOnfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .

3_ 5f]/L ;'T5] . cfdf 5f]/LnfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .

ª_ r/f] p8\of] . efOn] r/f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .

#= pbfx/0fdf lbPh;/L tnsf lqmofkb abn M

;fdfGofy{ cf1fy{ ;Defjgfy{

k9\5 k9\ k9\nf

vfG5 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ n]v\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;T' nf

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;G' nf

$= a:5, x]/, ;'Gnf, hf, cfpF5, sb' n\ f lqmofkb /fvL jfSo agfpm .

%= hGdldlt nv] M

s_ ltd|f aa' fsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fn ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dlxgf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ut]

v_ ltd|L cfdfsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fn ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dlxgf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ut]

u_ sg' } u'?u'?dfsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fn ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dlxgf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ut]

3_ sg' } ;fyLsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fn ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dlxgf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ut]

ª_ ltd|f] cfˆgf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fn ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dlxgf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ut]

^= hf8] f ldnfO{ jfSo agfpm M

/fdn] n]vL .

aa' fn] n]v] .

;Ltfn] n]Vge' of] .

xfdLn] n]Vof] .

pgLx¿n] n]Vof}“ .

&= kf7af6 …zÚ / …;Ú ko| f]u ePsf zAb gbfx] f]¥ofO{ n]v .

149/fd|f] gk] fnL sIff ^

cEof;leqsf] kf7

6l] nkmfg]

;;+ f/df ljleGg lsl;dsf ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿
5g\ . To:tf dfWodx¿dWo] 6]lnkmfg] cToGt nfs] lko|
dfWod ag]sf] 5 . o;sf] cfljisf/ cnS] h]G8/ uf| xd
a]nn] ;g\ !*&^ df u/]sf lyP .

6]lnkmfg] ljleGg :j¿k / u0' f:t/sf xG' 5g\ . sg' }
3/ jf sfof{nosf] lglZrt 7fp“df tf/df hfl] 8P/
/xs] f] xG' 5 . o:tf] 6l] nkmf]gsf] cfsf/ sx] L 7n' f] xG' 5 .
s'g}rflx“ dfG5]n] ufh] L jf emf]nfd} af]s/] lx“8g\ ldNg]
;fgf] cfsf/sf] x'G5 . o:tf] tf//lxt 6]lnkmfg] nfO{ dfa] fOn kmfg]
jf ;n] kmf]g eGg] ul/G5 . cfhsnsf 6l] nkmfg] n] dfG5s] f] cfjfh
dfq} otfaf6 ptf k;| f/0f ub{g} , ;;fgf lnlvt ;Gb]zx¿ klg
k|;f/0f u5{ . Tolt dfq sxf“ xf] / < 6l] nkmfg] ;“u hf]l8Psf]
ºofS; d]l;gx¿n] t lrqx¿ klg k;| f/0f u5{ . cem sltko
6]lnkmfg] df t Od]n, OG6/g]6 k|ofu] ug{ ;Sg] ;'ljwf klg xG' 5 .

eGg] ul/G5, 6l] nkmfg] n] ;;+ f/nfO{ v'DRofPsf] 5 . x'g klg
6l] nkmfg] df /xs] f ;–;fgf a6dx¿nfO{ bafP/ ;;+ f/sf hg' ;s' }
sg' fdf /xs] f dflg;x¿;“u t'?Gt s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] klg cfhsnsf w/] h} ;f]
dflg;x¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{ cfjZostfsf] ¿kdf o;n] cfºgf] :yfg agfPsf] 5 .

!= tnsf zAb / cy{sf lar ;xL cIf/ /fvL hf]8f ldnfpm M

s_ ;~rf/ - _ ljleGg u0' f / Ifdtf ePsf]

v_ dfWod - _ tf/lagfsf]Ù tf/ gePsf]

u_ nf]slk|o - _ ;fwg

3_ :j¿k - _ ;Gb]z cf];f/k|;f/ ug]{ sfd

ª_ u0' f:t/ - _ cf];f/k;f/

r_ tf//lxt - _ hglk|oÙ ;a}n] dg k/fPsf]

5_ k|;f/0f - _ cfsf/k|sf/

150 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff ^

@= pQ/ n]v M
s_ 6]lnkmf]gafx]ssf sg' } kfFr cf]6f ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿sf] gfd n]v .
v_ s:tf] 6]lnkmf]gnfO{ df]afOn kmf]g elgG5 <
u_ 6]lnkmf]gdf c¿ s]s:tf ;l' jwfx¿ x'g ;S5g\ <
3_ …6]lnkmf]gn] ;;+ f/nfO{ vD' RofPsf] 5 .Ú s;/L <

#= cEof;leqsf] kf7sf] clGtd cg'R5]b ;kmf;u“ ;f/ .

$= tnsf jfSox¿sf] kb;ªu\ lt ldnfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M

s_ xfdL 3/df a:5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

v_ ltdL sxfF sfd ug'{xG' 5 < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

u_ alxgLn] u[xsfo{ ae' mfPsf] 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

3_ ;fyLx¿ ;ft sIffdf k9\5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ª_ p;sf] cfdf clkm;df sfd ugx{' G' 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

r_ bfhs' f] 5f]/fx¿ ljb]zdf 5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

%= kf7df k|of]u ePsf / gePsf lgDgfg';f/sf kfrF kfFr cf]6f zAbx¿ nv] M

…UoÚ ko| fu] …1Ú ko| fu] …`Ú ko| fu] …0fÚ ko| fu] …gÚ ko| fu]
ePsf ePsf ePsf ePsf ePsf

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

151/fd|f] g]kfnL sIff ^

;fdl" xs lqmofsnfk

õ sIffsf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyLx{ ¿ % b]lv * ;dx" df ljeflht xfc] f] . ca k|Tos] ;d"xn]
sDtLdf !) cf6] f cfljisf/ / To;sf cfljisf/ssf] gfd nv] . cfºgf] ;dx" n] nv] ]sf]
cfljisf/ / cfljisf/ssf] gfd Ps hgfn] ;g' fpm M

cfljisf/ cfljisf/s cfljisf/ cfljisf/s

!= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ^= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ &= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ *= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ (= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

%= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ !)= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

l;hg{ fTds n]vg

õ tLg cgR' 5b] df cn]Sh]G8/ uf| xd an] sf] 5f]6f] hLjgL n]v . klxnf] cg'R5]bdf
hGd, hGdldlt, aa' fcfdf / lzIffsf] af/]df atfpm . bf];f| ] cg'R5b] df pgn] u/s] f
dxŒjk0" f{ sfdx¿af/] atfpm / clGtd cgR' 5b] df pgsf] d[To' / d[To':yfgsf af/]df
atfpm M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

152 /fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^

kf7 !^

nf} eg gfgL d sf] xF' <

kf7 ;?' ugc{' l3

õ dflysf dWo] sg' s'g hnr/ k|f0fL x'g\ < c¿ tLg cf]6fsf] gfd yk .
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

õ dflysf dWo] sg' sg' ynr/ k|f0fL xg' \ < c¿ tLg cf]6fsf] gfd yk .
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

õ dflysf dWo] s'gs'g peor/ kf| 0fL xg' \ < c¿ tLg cf]6fsf] gfd yk .
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

zAb / cy{

rfgr'g] – ;fdfGo bi' 6 – bh' g{ Ò g/fdf| ] :jefj ePsf]
cgs' "n – pko'QmÒ ;l' jwfhgs grkfO{sg – bftF n] 6q' mf6q' mf gkf/Lsg
cfxf/f – vfg]s'/f t;' f/f] – hf8fsf] ;dodf aflx/ hds] f] kfgL
hjfg – oj' fÒ pd/] k'us] f] hl' Qm – pkfoÒ o'lQm
n]l;P/ – 6flF ;P/

153/fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^

d"n kf7

nf} eg gfgL d sf] x“' < –wj'| l3ld/]

d ;+;f/sf] w/] }h;f] 7fpd“ f kfOg] k|f0fL x'“ . t/ dnfO{ rfgr'g] g7fg . c¿ kf| 0fLeGbf d
a]Un} lsl;dsf] 5' . hf] kfgLleq a:g ;S5 Tof] hldgdf af“Rg ;Sbg} . hf] hldgdf a:5
Tof] kfgLleq afR“ g ;Sbg} . t/ d eg] hldg / kfgL b'a}df cf/fd;“u a:g ;S5' .

xg' t clxn] d/] f rf/} xftv'§f knfPsf 5g,\ t/ rf/v'§] ufO{, afvf| , afb“ /h:tf] d b"w r';]/
xs' {s] f] xfO] g . ha d/] L cfdfn] kfgLdf kmn' kfg{e' of], d ToxL km'nleq lyP“ . d ;“u;u“ } d/] f
w]/} bfh'efO, lbbLalxgL klg lyP . ;]tf,] s}nf], lrKnf] kmn' leq d ltnsf] u]8fh:tf] ;fgf] /
sfnf] yf]Knf lyP“ . h]7c;f/sf] cgs' n" df;} d kfP/ d a9\b} uP“ / Pp6f ;fgf] e'/f ag]/
d otfplt 8N' g yfn“] . d ;fg} lyP“ . d/] f] k'R5/ klg ;fg} lyof] . t/ klg oxL k'R5/n]
ubf{ hds] f] kfgLdf kf8} g ;Sg] eP“ . s'jfdf kfgL eg{, g'xfpg cfpg] dflg;x¿ dnfO{
b]Vgl] alQs} …r]kf uf8“ f . r]kfuf8“ f †Ú eGg] uy{] . dnfO{ l/; p7Y\ of], t/ afN] g ;lSbgy]“ .

To;kl5 d a9\b} uP“ . d/] f] lhp klg clxns] f] eGbf s]xL 7'nf] / df]6f] eof] . ;fy} k'R5/
klg . ca t d df5feGbf sd eOg“ . t/ cgf}7f] s'/f s] eof] eg] To;kl5 d]/f] kR' 5/
t a9\g'sf] ;f6f] lvOb“ } kf] uof] . k'R5/sf] ;f6f] kl5lNt/ bO' { cf]6f v§' f kf] knfpg yfn] .
t/ oL v§' fsf cf“n} fx¿ 5l' §Psf lyPgg\ . xf;“ sf] kt} fnfh:t} kftnf] 5fnfsf] hfnfn] ] ;a}
cf“}nfx¿ h]lnPsf lyP . To:tf v§' fn] kfgLleq kf}8g dnfO{ emg\ ;lhnf] eof] . o;kl5
d/] f] cufl8sf b'a} xft klg knfP, t/ cufl8sf xftsf kGhf v§' fsf h:tf lyPgg\ . o;df
rf/} cf}“nf 5'l§Psf lyP .

o;/L rf/} xftv§' f knfPkl5 dnfO{ kfgLleq dfq} al;/xg dg nfu]g . d/] f] k'R5/ klg
x/fof], To;n} ] aflx/ cfP“ . d;u“ }sf] df5f]
;fyL kfgLaflx/ kgl]{ alQs} ;f; kmg] { g;sL
lg;fl;GYof] . t/ dnfO{ To;f] ePg d/] f]
kmfS] ;fn] kfgLaflx/ klg ;f; kmg] { ;Sof] .
kfgLaflx/ hldgdf k|z:t ls/fkm6\ofªu\ |f,
lem“uf kfO“bf /x]5g\ . d}n] logLx¿nfO{ g}
cfºgf] cfxf/f agfP“ . d]/f] nfdf] lha|fn]
;dfTg]lalQs} ls/fx¿ pDsg kfp“bg} y] .

ha d b'Ot{ Lg dlxgfsf] eP“ ta cfºgf]
hftcg;' f/ hjfg eO;s]sf] lyP“ . dnfO{
sg' } s/' fsf] klg Tolt 8/ lyPg . k5fl8sf]
l:k|ª h:tf] b'O{ v§' fsf] ;xofu] n] d tLgrf/
xft k/;Dd pkm| g ;Sy“] . To:t} 6fpsf]

154 /fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^

g3d' fO{sg} d b'O6f cf“vfn] b'O{lt/sf] lrh /fd/| L x]g{ ;Sy]“ . To;n} ] lrn, afh jf To:t}
df;' vfg] r/f b]Vgl] alQs} d kfgLdf xfd kmfNy“] . k5fl8sf] b'O{ v§' fn] kfgL sf6\b} 6fpsf]
tnlt/ kf/]/ kf}8b“ } kfgLd'lg lxnf]df n]l:;P/ a:y“] .
o;/L km]l/ klg kfgLleq a:bf d lg:;fl;Og“ . lsgeg] d]/f] lhpel/ ;;fgf Kjfn ePsf]
5fnf lyof] . d ltg} Kjfnaf6 kfgL ;f:] b} vfGy“] . o;/L kfgL ;f:] bf kfgLdf ldl;Psf] xfjf
d]/f] lhpleq kU' Yof] / d ToxL xfjf ;f;sf] ¿kdf lnGy]“ . o;ks| f/ kfgLleq df5f;u“ ;u“ }
a:g] ePsfn] df5f dfgx{] ¿ db]lv va' em'lSsGy] . kfgLleq df5f] † df5f] † eg/]
;dfTy] . aflx/ NofP/ xb] f{ d kf] ;dfltPsf] x'Gy]“ / pgLx¿ …l5 † emS' ofof]Ú eGb} dnfO{
5f]l8lbGy] .
dnfO{ ;fpg / ebf}sf] dlxgf va' dgk5{ . xfdL kfgL hds] f] 7fp“df jf kf]v/Ldf a;/] }
6j\ f/{===6\jf/={ == u/]/ uLt ufp“b} cfsfzsf] kfgL afn] fpg] u5f}“{ . xfdf| ] :j/df :j/ ldnfP/
s]6fs6] Lx¿ …dfdf efGhf e“};L b'G5g,\ tf/{ t'/{ tf/{ t'/Ú{ eGg] u5{g\ .
;;+ f/sf c¿ kf| 0fLx¿ h:tM} ;k{ d]/f] ;aeGbf bi' 6 zq' xf] . o;n] t xfdLnfO{ kfgLleq
/ aflx/ hxf“ bv] ] klg nv]6\5 . e§] fof] eg] grkfO{sg ;n' S' s} lgN5 . To:t} s]xL rsrs]
s]6fs]6Lx¿ dnfO{ ;dfTg vfH] 5g\ / d pgLx¿sf] lhpdf l5l/Ss dt' /] eP klg pDsG5'
lsgeg] d]/f] lk;fa ljiffn' xG' 5 .
To;kl5 ;a} dfG5]n] b;}“ ltxf/ dgfPsf] klg d}n] x/] ]“ . t/ ca kfgL klxns] f] h:tf] tftf]
lyPg . aflx/sf] xfjf klg lr;f] x'b“ } lyof] . /flt zLt / t';f/f] kg{ yfNof] lsgeg] hf8f]
cfO;s]sf] lyof] . To;}n] of] hf8fd] f kfgLdfly / aflx/ vn' f hldgdf klg a:g g;lsg]
bv] ]/ dn} ] Pp6f hl' Qm ;f]r]“ . kfgLdl' g lxnf] df6fd] f Pp6f Kjfn agfP“ . o;leq aflx/sf]
lr;f] xfjf ;fe] m} gcfpg] x'gfn] of] Kjfn Gofgf] lyof] . To;}n] o;} Kjfnleq d nk' 'Ss
6fl“ ;P/ a;]“ . aflx/ hf8f]df l6Sg} g;lsg] ePsfn] d}n] cfºgf] cfxf/f vfH] g hfg ;lsg“ .
To;n} ] h] xfn] f xf]nf eg/] sx] L klg gvfO{ hf8fe] l/ ToxL Kjfnleq xfjf dfq vfP/ a;“] .
sD' es0f{n] h:tf] 55 dlxgf;Dd ;t' k] l5 hldg tfTb} uof] . ca t hf8f] uof] xf]nf eg]/
d Kjfnaflx/ cfP“ . rf/l} t/ 9sdSs km"n kmn' s] f] /x5] . dflg;x¿ …gof“ ;fn cfofÚ] eGb}
lyP . oltsf dlxgf;Dd vfg gkfPsfn] d bA' nf] ePsf] lyP“ . To;}n] dn} ] kz| :t cfxf/f

vfh] ]/ k]6el/ vfP“ . olt an] f lbp“;f] Hofb} udL{ ePsfn] d
;f“emkv dfq} 3D' g lg:sGy“] . To;n} ] kfgL kg{] dlxgf slxn]
cfpnf / uLt ufpn“ f eg/] klv{g yfn]“ .
crn] sf ljBfyLx{ ¿ d/] f] syf ;G' g, k9\g va' dg k/fp“5g\ .
To;}n] d}n] cfºgf] ;f/f syf ltdLnfO{ ;g' fP“ . ltdLn] t
dnfO{ kSs} bv] ]sf 5f,} lrgs] f klg xf]cfn“} f .
…nf} eg t gfgL d sf] x“' <Ú
…:ofaf; † xf], d ToxL x'“ .Ú

155/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^

zAbe08f/;DaGwL cEof;

!= tnsf zAbx¿ kf7 x]/L z4' u/ / z'4;u“ pRrf/0f u/ M

;G;f/, kflg, cgs' n' , r]kfuf8f, sL/fk6\ofª\u/f, hafg, grkfOsg,

la;fn', 6';f/f], h'QmL, sD' esg{, Kafn, Zofaf;

@= tn cy{ 5g\ . tL cy;{ u“ ldNg] zAb kf7af6 vfh] /] n]v M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÖ ;fdfGo

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÖ vfg] s'/f

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÖ pd]/ ku' ]sf]

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÖ bfFtn] 6q' mf gkf/Lsg

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÖ hf8fsf] ;dodf aflx/ hd]sf] kfgL

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÖ pko'Qm jftfj/0f

#= tnsf zAbsf] kofo{ jfrL zAb n]v M

o'jf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xTs]nf] ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

6fFl;P/ ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ w]/} ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

bi' 6 ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ bn' f] ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

hl' Qm ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ wGojfb ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-kGhf, pkfo, k|z:t, bh' {g, Kjfn, n]l:;P/, hjfg, :ofaf;_

$= s;sf aRrfnfO{ s] elgG5 < n]v M

df5fsf aRrf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Eofut' fsf aRrf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ufO{sf aRrf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ e}“;Lsf aRrf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

dfG5]sf aRrf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ u}“8fsf aRrf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

s's/' sf aRrf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ la/fnfsf aRrf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

r/fsf aRrf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xfQLsf aRrf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

uwfsf aRrf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;F'u/' sf aRrf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª\ofp/f, 5fjf, r]kfufF8f, e/' f, af5faf5L, 5f]/f5f]/L, aR' rfaR' rL, s]6fs]6L,
kf8fkf8L, kfhL, ar]/f, 5fp/f5fp/L_

%= tnsf cg's/0ffTds zAbsf] hf]8f ldnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

6\jf/{6\jf/{ 3fd nfUg' 6x6x lk6\g'

;n' S' s lgNg' uNof{Dd 9Ng'

9sdSs s/fpg' 7\ofDd 6fFl;g'

emndNn km'Ng' n'k'Ss hg" nfUg'
cfh emndNn 3fd nfus] f] 5 .

156 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff ^

af]w / cleJolSt;DaGwL cEof;

!= ;'gfO kf7–!^ ;g' / tnsf cª\sx¿ s'g ;Gbe{df cfPsf 5g\ < atfpm M
s_ %)))
v_ @)))
u_ !(
3_ Ps OGrsf] PsltxfO
ª_ t/ OGr

@= ;g' fO kf7–!^ kml] / ;'g / pQ/ bp] m M
s_ s:tf] k|f0fLnfO{ peor/ k|f0fL elgG5 <
v_ rf/ cf]6f peor/ k|f0fLsf] gfd atfpm .
u_ Eofu'tfsf] pTklQ slxn] ePsf] cg'dfg 5 <
3_ Eofu'tfx¿ s:tf] 7fpFdf a:5g\ <
ª_ ;aeGbf ;fgf] Eofu'tf] sxfF kfOG5g\ <

#= ltdL dflg;afxs] c¿ k|f0fL aGgk' g{] eP ltdL s] aGYof} < lsg < sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{
atfpm .

$= d"n kf7 kfn}kfnf] k9 .
%= kf7af6 rGbl| aGb' nfu]sf zAbx¿ gbf]xf¥] ofO{ ;f/ M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

157/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^

^= l7sa]l7s 56' \ofpm . a]l7s ePsf jfSonfO{ l7s agfO{ nv] M

s_ Eofut' f] kfgLdf dfq a:g] k|f0fL xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

v_ Eofu'tfn] cfˆgf aRrfnfO{ bw' r';fpF5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

u_ Eofu'tfsf aRrfnfO{ r]kfufF8f elgG5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

3_ e'/f eg]sf Eofut' fsf aRrf xg' \ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ª_ Eofut' f] a9\b} uPkl5 p;sf] kR' 5/ nfdf] x'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

&= tnsf zAb ePsf jfSo kf7af6 vfh] ]/ nv] M

kftnf], hjfg, ;n' S' s}, l5, 9sdSs, gfgL, cfxf/f, bA' nf], bi' 6

*= kf7sf] kf“rf}“ cgR' 5b] k9L pQ/ bp] m M

s_ Eofu'tf] slt dlxgfdf hjfg x'G5 <

v_ Eofu'tfsf] k5fl8sf] v§' f s:tf] x'G5 <

u_ Eofut' f] slt a]nf kfgLdf xfd kmfNYof] <

3_ Eofut' f] s;/L kfgLdl' g lxnfdf kU' Yof] <

r_ tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M

8/, ;xof]u

(= pQ/ bp] m M

s_ Eofu'tf] c¿ k|f0fLeGbf s;/L leGg 5 <

v_ Eofut' fnfO{ s] eg]sf] dg kbf]{/x]g5 <

u_ Eofu'tfnfO{ kfgLdf kf}8g s]n] ;xof]u u¥of] <

3_ Eofut' fn] s]sf] ;xfotfn] cfˆgf] cfxf/f ;dfT5 <

ª_ Eofut' fn] kfgLleq s]sf] ;xfotfn] ;f; km]5{ <

r_ Eofut' fsf] ;aeGbf 7n' f] zq' s] xf] <

5_ dfG5]n] ;dfpg vf]Hbf Eofu'tf] s;/L cfˆgf] arfp u5{ <

!)= nfdf] pQ/ bp] m M

s_ df5f / Eofu'tfdf s]s:tf ;dfgtf / s]s:tf c;dfgtf kfOG5g\ <

v_ lxpFbsf ;dodf Eofut' f] s;/L afFR5 <

158 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff ^

Jofs/0f;DaGwL cEof;

!= tnsf kT| oo nufP/ gof“ zAb agfpm M

ljif ± cfn' Ö ljiffn' dfof ± cfn' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

Ov ± cfn' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ b'w ± cfn' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

emu8f ± cfn' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ nfh ± cfn' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

lav ± cfn' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ s[kf ± cfn' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

vr{ ± cfn' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ O{iof{ ± cfn' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= kf7af6 kf], t ko| f]u ePsf b'Ob{ 'O{ jfSo vf]h/] nv] .

#= l7s 7fpd“ f tnsf lgkft e/ M

s_ ltdL ÒÒÒÒÒ cfPsf /x]5f} . -kf]÷Sof_

v_ pgLx¿ ÒÒÒÒÒ cfPg5g\ . -nf}÷t_

u_ ltdL l5§} cfpm ÒÒÒÒÒ . -kf]÷n_

3_ ltdL klg v]Ng hfg] ÒÒÒÒÒ † -/÷P_

ª_ ÒÒÒÒÒ a; t 5'6]5 lg . -nf÷/]_

$= l7s ;j{gfd /fvL vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

s_ ÒÒÒÒÒ dfdf3/ hfG5' .

v_ ÒÒÒÒÒ dnfO{ k9fpgx' G' 5 .

u_ ÒÒÒÒÒ v]Ng hfG5f}F .

3_ ÒÒÒÒÒ /fd|/L k9\5;\ .

ª_ ÒÒÒÒÒ ot} cfof] .

r_ ÒÒÒÒÒ /fd|f cIf/ n]V5g\ .

%= tnsf ;jg{ fd /fvL jfSo agfpm M

d, xfdL, tF, pm, tkfO{“, Tof], ltgLx¿

^= l7s lqmofkb /fvL jfSo k"/f u/ M

s_ tkfO{“ otf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -cfof]÷cfpge' of]_

v_ ltdL dnfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -af]nfpF5÷af]nfpF5f}_

u_ xfdL l;g]df ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -x]5f}{“÷x]5f}{_

3_ tF /fd|/L ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -k9\5÷k9\5;\_

ª_ pgLx¿ d]/f] 3/df ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -cfof]÷cfP_

159/fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^

cEof;leqsf] kf7

kf| 0fLx¿

hLjj1} flgsx¿sf cg;' f/ o; ;+;f/df
tLg s/f8] eGbf klg a9L kf| 0fLx¿ 5g\ .
To:tf k|f0fLx¿dWo] s'g} cToGt ;fgf,
xfdf| ] gfª\uf] cf“vfn] ;lhn} bV] g g;lsg]
x'G5g\ eg] sg' }rflx“ cToGt 7'nf xG' 5g\ .
kf| 6] f]hf]jf ;;+ f/s} ;aeGbf ;fgf] hLj
xf] eg] lgnf] Xj]n ;+;f/s} ;aeGbf 7n' f]
hLj xf] .

kf| 0fLx¿nfO{ To;sf] jf;:yfgsf
cfwf/df hnr/, ynr/ / peor/ u/L
tLg jud{ f af“l8Psf] 5 . kfgLlagf nfdf]
;do afR“ g g;Sg] kf| 0fLx¿ hnr/ kf| 0fL
xg' \ . df5f, Xjn] , 8lNkmg, :6f/lkm;,
cS6fk] ; cflb o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . kfgLleq w/] }a]/ afR“ g g;Sg] k|f0fLx¿ ynr/ k|f0fL
xg' \ . dfG5], xfQL, r/f, af3 cflb o;sf pbfx/0f xg' \ . kfgL / hldg ba' }lt/ /xg ;Sg]
kf| 0fLnfO{ peor/ kf| 0fL elgG5 . Eofut' f,] ;fnfdfG8/, Go6' , l;l;lnogh:tf kf| 0fLx¿
peor/ k|f0fL x'g\ . w/] h} ;f] peor/ kf| 0fLx¿ hldgd} w/] h} ;f] ;do latfp5“ g\ t/ km'n
eg] kfgLdf kf5{g\ .

k|f0fLx¿nfO{ c¿ klg w]/} jud{ f af“8\g ;lsG5 . kv6] f ePsf] kf| 0fLnfO{ kv?] , aRrf
hGdfP/ bw' vj' fpg] k|f0fLnfO{ :tgkfoL / 3;|/] lx“8\g] k|f0fLnfO{ ;/L;k[ elgG5 . To;u} /L
d?] b08 ePsf / d]?b08 gePsf eg]/ klg kf| 0fLx¿nfO{ bO' { ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

!= cEof;leqsf] kf7 k9L tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M

k|f]6f]hf]jfM ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

hnr/M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ynr/M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

160 /fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^

peor/M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

kv]?M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

:tgkfoLM ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

;/L;[kM ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= l7s / al] 7s 5'6\ofpm M

s_ o; ;+;f/df tLg s/f]8eGbf a9L hLjx¿ 5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

v_ xfQL ;;+ f/s} ;aeGbf 7n' f] hLj xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

u_ 8lNkmg peor/ k|f0fL xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

3_ peor/ k|f0fLx¿ km'n kfg{ kfgLdf hfG5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ª_ 3;|]/ lxF8\g] k|f0fLnfO{ :tgkfoL hLj elgG5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= cEof;leqsf] kf7 ;:j/ jfrg u/ .

$= sfi] 7ssf ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿ kl/jt{g u/ M

s_ pgLx¿ 3/df a:5g\ . -OR5fy{_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

v_ ltdL lrq agfp“5f} . -cf1fy{_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

u_ cfh kfgL k5{ . -;Defjgfy{_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

3_ ;fyLx¿ ahf/ hfG5g\ . -Psjrg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ª_ uf]? le/df rb}{ 5 . -:qLlnª\u_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

%= tnsf zAbhf8] Lx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ / ltgsf cyu{ t leGgtf klg atfpm M

s/ r/f 6fnf] 8/ kn
u/ h/f 8fnf] b/ an

3/ kl;{ af6f] rfn tftf]
v/ km;L{ df6f] hfn 6f6f]

^= kbof]u / kbljofu] ldnfP/ kg' nv]{ g u/ M
s_ lgnf] Xj]n ;;+ f/ d} ;aeGbf 7'nf] hLj xf] .
v_ k|f0fLx¿nfO{ c¿ klg w]/} ju{df afF8\g ;lsG5 .

161/fd|f] gk] fnL sIff ^

;fd"lxs lqmofsnfk

õ tLgtLg hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca x/]s ;d"xn] tnsf] tflnsfdf ldNg] hgfj/sf gfdx¿
nv] . cfºgf] ;dx" n] n]vs] f gfdx¿ sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg ;'gfpm M

kv?] :tgkfoL ;/L;[k

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

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ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
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ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
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162 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff ^

;'gfO kf7–!

g]kfn cg]sf}F hflt, efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] ldnglaGb' xf] . oxfF ;of}F hflt hghfltsf !@#
eGbf a9L efiff efifLx¿sf] a;f]af; 5 . of] ;fgf] 5 t/ ;f:+ s[lts ;Dkbfn] el/k0" f{
5 . oxfF ;f]/7L, df?gL / afngsf] ;'l/nf] cfjfh 5 . wfggfr, ;fs]nf l;nL, RofDa|ª'
gfr, tfdfª ;]nf], 3f6' / /f]bL gfr gflrG5 . sf}8f, b]p8f, lemFlemFof nufotsf ;of}F
;+:s[ltsf] hLjg 5 . oxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿ h'g ;+:s[lt ckgfP klg kl/>ddf ljZjf;
u5{g\ . :jfledfgnfO{ k|f0feGbf Kof/f] 7fGb5g\ . / Pstfdf ljZjf; u5{g\ . To;}n] d]/f]
b]z dnfO{ ;fgf] eO{sg klg ;'Gb/ nfU5 . cNk ljsl;t eO{sg klg cfsif{s nfU5 .

;'gfO kf7–@

dnfO{ /f]uLx¿sf] pkrf/ u/L gofF hLjg lbg] 8fS6/x¿nfO{ e]6\bf 8fS6/ ag"F h:tf]
nfU5 . hLjgel/ 1fgsf] Hof]lt afn]/ c¿sf] hLjgsf] cGwsf/ x6fpFb} d}gaQLh:tf]
cfkm}F rflxF klUn/x]sf] u'?u?' cfdfx¿nfO{ x]bf{ lzIfs ag"F h:tf] nfU5 . ;fgf / 7n' f
t/ /fd|f 3/ jf ejgx¿, Jojl:yt / km/flsnf ;8s / k'nx¿sf] l8hfOg b]Vtf /
ltg} ;8s / k'ndf u'l8/x]sf jf cfsfzdf pl8/x]sf ljleGg ;jf/L ;fwgx¿, ljleGg
cfs[ltsf /]l8of], 6]lnkmf]g, 6]lnlehg, sDKo6' / / cGo cfljisf/ b]Vbf OlGhlgo/ jf
j}1flgs agF" h:tf] nfU5 . ;'Gb/ / hLjgbflogL ;flxTo k9\bf / gf6s, lkmNd tyf lrq
x]bf{ ;flxTosf/ jf snfsf/ agF" h:tf] nfU5 . cGwljZjf;, cljsf; / e|i6frf/n]
ufFh]sf] d]/f] b]z b]Vtf ;dfh;]jL jf /fhgLlt1 ag]/ b]zdf r]tgfsf] Hof]lt 5¿F h:tf]
nfU5, ljsf;sf] dn" km'6fpFm h:tf] nfU5 / e|i6frf/sf] h/f] pv]n]/ ;'Joj:yf sfod
ug{ sDd/ s;F" h:tf] nfU5 . To:t}, v]Ng] pd]/ ePsfn] xf] ls, v]nk|ltsf] nufj eP/
xf], dnfO{ v]nf8L ag]/ cfˆgf] b]zsf] gfd ;;+ f/e/ km}nfpmF h:tf] nfU5 .

163/fd|f] gk] fnL sIff ^

;g' fO kf7–#

kfg{ ;alt/ ;G' b/ :jR5
kmf]xf]/ w'nf] wg' ' g} k5{
afnLgfnL lapFemgnfO{
kfgL ge}sg x'G5 / efO .

;fgf la?jf xs' {gnfO{
e'O{Fsf 6f6f v's{gnfO{
l/dlemd l/dlemd kb{5 kfgL
nx/L nx/L emb{5 kfgL .

–o'uslj l;l4r/0f >]i7sf] …jiff{ cfof]Ú sljtfsf] cz+

ufO{ snd ;'gfO kf7–$ uf]kfn ;u' f
3f]8f 6f]kL nfSkf d'gfn
afv|f hQ' f cfFk g]kfn ;l/tf lra]
xfQL emf]nf plQ; rLg dfOsn dh' '/
af3 aFb]n l;;f} aª\unfb]z :ofn s's/'
e'6fg ;'8fg as}gf /l;of >Lnª\sf la/fnf]
l;+x d;' f AjfF;f] d[u ;G' tnf lz/Lif
;ª\uLtf dx]z dª\uf]lnof c:6«]lnof lrn sfu
;fn vo/
9s' /' d}gf

164 /fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^

;g' fO kf7–%

/fdjf0f nfu]/ /fj0f d[To' z}øofdf 56k6fO/x]sf] lyP . nId0f eg] /fdsf] cf1fcg';f/
/fj0fsf ;fd' k'u]sf lyP . cfˆgf] ;fd' nId0fnfO{ b]v]kl5 /fj0fn] eg], ænId0f efO †
d cfˆg} sf/0fn] cfh d[To'zøofdf 5' . ca s]xL a]/kl5 d o; bl' gofFdf /xg]5}g .
hLjgsf] clGtd If0fdf d ltdLnfO{ Pp6f s'/f eG5' .Æ

/fj0f olt eg]/ Psl5g df}g /x] . To;kl5 ;lsg;sL af]Ng yfn]Æ nId0f efO † aNn
cfh dnfO{ yfxf eof], cledfg ljgfzsf] sf/0f /x]5 . To;eGbf klg 7'nf] lzIff cem
csf{] 5 . d dflg;x¿n] slxNo} dg{' gkg{] cd[t agfpg rfxGy]F . cem o; nf]saf6
:ju{nf]s k'Ug] l;F9L klg agfpg] of]hgfdf lyPF . t/ tL sfd ;do 5Fb} 5 . ef]ln kl;{
u?Fnf eGb} 6fb{} u/]F . ¿kdf, wgdf, 1fgdf, snfdf / andf dnfO{ lhTg] o; bl' gofFdf
csf{] sf]xL 5}g eGg] cledfg ddf lyof] . oxL cledfgn] d ;Ltfx/0f h:tf] s'sd{df
klg nfu]F . To;}sf] kl/df0f t ltdLnfO{ k|:6 yfxf 5Fb} 5 . To;}n], nId0f efO †
ef]lnsf] sfd cfh / cfhsf] sfd clxNo} ug{'k5{ . olb d}n] To;f] ug{ ;s]sf] eP d]/f]
hLjg cfh ;dfKt eP klg dflg;x¿n] dnfO{ /fIf;sf] ¿kdf xf]Og b]jtfsf] ¿kdf
;lDem/xGy] .Æ

olt elg;Sgf;fy /fj0fsf] k|f0fkv]? p8\of] .

;g' fO kf7–^

ó ;+;f/sf afFb/x¿nfO{ @^$ k|hfltdf afFl8Psf] 5 .

ó Pl;of / clk|msfdf kfOg] afFb/x¿nfO{ k/' fgf] bl' gofFsf afFb/ elgG5 eg] blIf0f
cd]l/sfdf kfOg] afFb/nfO{ gofF b'lgofFsf afFb/ elgG5 .

ó k'/fgf] bl' gofFsf afFb/x¿sf] #@ cf]6f bfFt x'G5g\ t/ gofF bl' gofFsf afFb/x¿sf] #^
cf]6f bfFt x'G5g\ .

ó ;a}eGbf ;fgf] afFb/ lkUgL ddf{];]6 k|hfltsf] afFb/ xf] . o; k|hfltsf afFb/x¿
rf/b]lv 5 OGr nfdf x'G5g\ / tf}n klg Ps kfpG8eGbf sd x'G5 .

ó ;+;f/sf ;a}eGbf w]/} k|hfltsf afFb/x¿ a|flhndf kfOG5g\ .

ó DoflG8n k|hfltsf afFb/x¿ ;a}eGbf 7'nf afFb/ x'g\ . logLx¿ ;fF9] tLg lkm6
cUnf] / && kfpG8 tf}n;Ddsf xG' 5g\ .

165/fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^

ó afFb/, dflg; / Pk Pp6} d"naf6 ljsl;t ePsf] dflgG5 .
ó afFb/ / Pkdf k'R5/ xg' ' / gxg' s' f] leGgtf x'G5 . k|foM ;a}h;f] afFb/sf] k'R5/

xG' 5 eg] Pksf] kR' 5/ x'Fb}g . lrDkfhL, uf]l/Nnf / cf]/fªcf]6fg afFb/ xf]Ogg\, Pk
xg' \ .
ó Dofol' rg k|hfltsf afFb/x¿nfO{ ;a}eGbf rnfv afFb/ dflgG5g\ . logLx¿
cf}hf/ k|of]u ug{, gofFgofF s/' f l;Sg / ljleGg lsl;dsf] ;ts{tf ckgfpg
;S5g\ .
ó rLgsf] /flzzf:q cg;' f/ afFb/ gjf}F /flz xf] .

;g' fO kf7–&

b]zn] /ut dfu] dnfO{ anL r9fpm
?Flbgg\ d]/L cfdf pm g]kfnsL 5f]/L .

dflysf] rlr{t uLtsf n]vs, ;ª\uLtsf/ tyf ufos x'g\– uf]kfn of]Ghg . g]kfnL ;ª\uLtsf
lzv/ JolQm of]Ghgsf] hGd bflh{lnªsf] ldl/s eGg] 7fpFdf lj=;+= @))) df ePsf]
lyof] . pgsf lktfsf] gfd a'l4dfg of]Ghg / dftfsf] gfd 5]s8' f]Ndf lyof] . pgn] g]kfnL
ljifodf Pd=P= ;Ddsf] k9fO k"/f u/] .

uf]kfn of]Ghg @)@) ;fnlt/ sf7df8f}F cfO{ g]kfnL ;ª\uLtsf] If]qdf ;fwgf/t /x] .
pgL @)@* ;fnb]lv sf7df8f}Fsf] kb\ddsGof SofDk;df nf]s ;ª\uLtsf] k|fWofkg uy{] .
o;} ²ddf pgn] yk' |} /fi6«k]|dn] ;lhPsf uLt / ;ª\uLtx¿sf] /rgf u/]sf 5g\ . To:t}
pgn] 8fFkm] r/L, r]nLsf] cfjfhh:tf y'k|} uLlt gf6s klg /r]sf 5g\ / o:tf uLlt
gf6sdf s0f{lk|o ;ª\uLt lbPsf 5g\ . :j/;d|f6 gf/fo0f uf]kfnn] ufPsf w]/} uLtx¿sf
;ª\uLtsf/ klg pgL g} 5g\ .

g]kfnL ;ª\uLtsf dxfg\ k|ltef uf]kfn of]Ghgsf] %$ jif{sf] cNkfod' } lgwg eof] .

166 /fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^

;g' fO kf7–*

cdnfnfO{ ;+:s[tdf >Lkmn, cd[tkmn, lzjf, wfqL cflb gfdn] lrlgG5 . o;nfO{
kmnx¿df >]i7 ePsfn] >Lkmn elgPsf] xf] . To:t} cd[th:t} ePsfn] cd[tkmn,
sNof0fsf/L ePsfn] lzjf / cfdfn] h:t} dfof ug{] ePsfn] wfqL elgPsf] xf] . o:tf]
axu' 0' fsf/L kmnsf] :jfb eg] cldnf] / ul' nof] ldl;Psf] :jfbh:tf] xG' 5 .
cdnf vfgfn] vfgf gkRg], ef]s gnfUg], lb;f gnfUg], dv' af6 cldnf] kfgL cfpg]
h:tf /f]ux¿ lgsf] xG' 5g\ . o;n] /utnfO{ z'4 agfpF5 / /utsf] sdLn] xg' ] /f]uaf6
arfpF5 . cdnfnfO{ c¿ tl/sfn] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] /; / dx ld;fP/ vfgfn]
z/L/ tGb?' :t xG' 5 . o;sf] ;'s6' L agfP/ rkfpgn] klg z/L/nfO{ kmfObf u5{ . o;sf]
wn' f] / dx lkm6]/ rf6] klg jf kfgL;Fu lkP klg z/L/df tGb?' :tL cfpF5 .
To;}n] ax'u'0fsf/L cdnfsf] k|of]u u/f}F .

;g' fO kf7–(

wg ;a}nfO{ rflxG5 . wg k|fKt ug{] cg]s tl/sfx¿ x'G5g\ . s]xL csf{nfO{ em'SofP/
jf km;fP/ wgL x'G5g\ . sf]xL rf]/L u/]/ jf 8fsf 8fn]/ wg k|fKt u5{g\ . sf]xL e|i6frf/
u/]/ klg wgL xG' 5g\ . wg k|fKt u5{g\ . wg k|fKt ug{] o:tf ;a} tl/sfx¿ unt xg' \ .
o:tf tl/sfaf6 cfh{g u/]sf] wgn] dfG5]nfO{ v';L / ;Gt'i6 /fVg ;Sb}g . p;sf]
cfTdf ck/fw af]wn] 56k/fO/x]sf] xG' 5 . o;sf] abnf >d u/]/, kl;gf aufP/
/ c¿nfO{ v';L kf/]/ wg cfh{g ug{] tl/sf pQd tl/sf xf] . o;/L cflh{t wgn]
dflg;nfO{ ;Gt'li6 dfq xf]Og, cfTdljZjf; klg lbG5 . ca|fxd lnª\sgn] To;} eg]sf
xf]Ogg\– æl;Q}df kfPsf] kfFr 8n/eGbf kl/>d u/L sdfPsf] Ps 8n/ dN" ojfg\ x'G5 .Æ

167/fd|f] gk] fnL sIff ^

;g' fO kf7–!)

dflg; w]/} k|f0fLx¿eGbf 7n' f] 5 t/ dflg;eGbf 7'nf k|f0fLx¿ klg w]/} 5g\ . c¿
k|f0fLx¿ dflg;eGbf 7n' f 5g\ jf ;fgf, To;n] s]xL km/s kb{}g . lsgeg] dflg;
;+;f/sf ;a} k|f0fLx¿dfly /fh ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 .

l;+xnfO{ hª\unsf] /fhf elgG5 . af3, efnh' :tf cGo hgfj/x¿ klg lx;+ |s dflgG5g\ .
t/ tL ;anfO{ dflg;n] cfˆgf] jzdf lnPsf] 5 . chª\usf] xfQLdfly dflg; ;jf/
u5{ . 3f]8f xf];\ ls ;fF9], ofs xf];\ ls lh/fkm, dflg;sf] kmGbfdf kl/;s]kl5 tL ;a
dflg;sf] Pp6f lgb{]zgdf v'?v'? rNg yfNb5g\ . ;d'b|sf ljzfnsfoL x\j]n xf];\ of
8/nfUbf] ;fs{, tL ;a dfG5]sf cfxf/f aG5g\ . cfsfzdf :jR5Gb p8\g] afh xf];\ ls
k/]jf, dflg;sf] tflnd kfPkl5 dflg;s} ;]js aGg yfNb5g\ . ;'uf, d}gfh:tf kG5Lx¿
dflg;sf] k|of;n] dfG5]sf] efiff af]Ng yfNb5g\ . To;}n] t dflg; k|f0fLx¿dWo] ;j{>]i7
sxlnG5 .

;g' fO kf7–!!

xf] † of] dfO{ d]nfsf] b[Zo xf] . clxn] xfdL sGsfO{ gbLdflysf] &)# ld6/ nfdf] kn' sf]
klZrdk6\l6 ple/x]sf 5f}F . d l7s kj" { lbzfk6\l6 kms{]sf] 5' . d]/f] bflxg] xftk6\l6 vN' nf
v]tdf ljleGg s'/fx¿ 5g\ . 8fodG8 ;s{;, sfn sj' f / ljleGg v]n v]nfpg] :6nx¿
ot}k6\l6 5g\ . d]/f] b]a|]k6\l6 eg] 7'nf] /f]6]lkª 3l' d/x]sf] 5 . To;sf cunaundf
cgluGtL vfhf k;nx¿, kh" f;fdu|L k;nx¿ 5g\ . gbL lsgf/df >4fnx' ¿ dfO{ gbLsf]
kljq hn :kz{ ub{} k"hf cf/fwgf / ;"o{ pkf;gf ul//x]sf] 5g\ . d]/f] l7s cufl8sf]
sGsfO{ kn' df xhf/f}F dflg;x¿ cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . o; kn' sf] kfl/k6\l6 klg
otfsf h:t} ;s{;x¿, /f]6]lkª / c¿ v]n k|bz{gLsf w]/}w]/} :6nx¿ 5g\ .

168 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff ^

;g' fO kf7–!@

ljBfnodf ljleGg lsl;dsf cltl/Qm l²ofsnfkx¿ xG' 5g\ . o:tf cltl/Qm
l²ofsnfkx¿n] ljBfyL{sf] af}l4s, zf/Ll/s, ;fdflhs / ;+j]ufTds ljsf;df dxŒjk0" f{
;xof]u ub{5 . o;sf ;fy;fy} ljBfyL{leqsf] l;h{gfTdstf, pT;fx, g}lts d"No /
snfsf] efjgfnfO{ psf:5 .

ljBfnodf w]/} lsl;dsf cltl/Qm l²ofsnfkx¿ ul/G5 . ljleGg lsl;dsf v]nx¿,
ufog, ;ª\uLt / g[To, sljtfjfrg, cf]nlDkofª, xflh/Lhafkm, jfbljjfb, lrqsnf,
syfn]vg, lgaGwn]vg, x:tn]vg, gf6s jf clego klg o;cGtu{t cfpF5g\ .
leQ]klqsf k|sfzg, ljleGg s'/fx¿sf] k|bz{gL, kmf]6f]u|fkmL, ljleGg kj{ dgfpg] sfd,
x:tsnf, d"lt{snfh:tf w]/}w]/} ultljlwx¿ klg o;cGtu{t cfpF5 .

cGTodf cltl/Qm l²ofsnfkn] ljBfyL{sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;df 7'nf] ;xof]u u5{ . To;}n]
o;df ;a} ljBfyL{n] ;l²otfkj" {s efu lngk' 5{ .

;g' fO kf7–!#

s;}sf] nf]sdf 5}g Ps}gf; ;d'Gglt .
c¿sf] s] s/' f x]/ ;GWofdf ;o" {sf] ult ..
ldn]/ sfd ugf{n] x'G5 cToGt kmfobf .
Pstf x]/ s:tf] 5 df}/Lsf] dxdf ;bf ..
pksf/L u'0fL JolQm lgx/' G5 lg/Gt/ .
kmn]sf] j[Ifsf] xfFuf] gem's]sf] sxfF 5 / ..
d"v{df dgdf clt{ ufnL tN' o laemfpF5 .
bw' kfg u/L ;k{ vfnL ljif axfpF5 ..

– sljlz/f]dl0f, n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf]
…g}lts b[i6fGtÚ sljtfaf6 ;fef/ ul/Psf]

169/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^

;'gfO kf7–!$

of] Tolt v]/sf] syf xf], hlt v]/ cfhsf] h:tf] df]afOn kmf]g ufpF;x/df cfPs}
lyPg . lyof] t ufpFsf] ;b/ds' fddf Pp6f kmf]g / ;x/lt/ PsbO' { 7fpFdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf .
o:t}df Ps lbg ufpFsf] ;b/d'sfd dª\unaf/]sf] kmf]gsf] 306L aHof] .
kmf]g ;]jfdf a:g] JolQmn] kmf]g p7fof] .
…x]nf] † of] dª\unaf/] xf] <Ú ptfaf6 af]Nof] .
otfsf] JolQmn] eGof], æxf] † sf] sxfFaf6 af]Ng'eof] <Æ
…d kf/fh'FuLsf] lkl;cf]af6 af]Nb} 5' . tkfO{Fx¿sf] ufpFsf] km' nGb] eGg] JolQm ev{/}
6«ssf] 7Ss/af6 k/nf]s x'ge' of] . pxfFsf] emf]nfdf ePsf] pxfFsf] gful/stf x]/]/ d
kmf]g ub{} 5' . pxfFsf] kl/jf/ / cfkmGtnfO{ of] va/ elGbgx' f]nf / t?' Gt kf/fhF'uL
k7fOlbg'xf]nf .Æ olt eg]/ ptfsf] kmf]g 6'6' ug{ yfNof] .
kmf]g ;]jfdf a:g] JolQmn] glhs}sf] ;fOlsn]nfO{ kmn' Gb]sf] 3/df of] va/ ;'gfpg
k7fof] . va/ ;'g]/ kmn' Gb]sL >LdtL a]xf]; eO{ . km'nGb]sf bfh'efO, aa' f, sfsf,
cfkmGt / ufpn]x¿ e]nf eP / kmn' Gb]sf] nf; p7fpg kf/fhF'uL lxF8] . kf/fhF'uL kU' g
/fhdfu{sf] rf]saf6 uf8L r9\g'kYof{] . ;a} hgf 3f/f / 3f]rf lnP/ dnfdL;d]t hfg
eg]/ rf]sdf kU' bf t kmn' Gb] xfF:b}xfF:b} cf]/fnf] kf] emb}{ lyof] .
kmn' Gb]sf] :jefj g} o:t} lyof] . c¿nfO{ pNofpFYof] / dhf lnGYof] t/ s;}n] klg p;n]
o:tf] lsl;dsf] xs{t ug{ ;S5 eg] 7fg]sf] lyPg .

170 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff ^

;'gfO kf7–!%

6]lnkmf]gsf] cfljisf/ cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]nn] u/]sf] s/' f kf7df rrf{ eO;s]sf] 5 .
pgn] agfPsf] 6]lnkmf]gdf cfh w]/} ;'wf/ cfO;s]sf] 5 . /, cr]n t tf//lxt df]afOn
kmf]gsf] huhuL g} 5 .

df]afOn kmf]g klg w]/} lsl;dsf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;dodf :df6{ kmf]gsf] k|rng a9L
5 . :df6{ kmf]g To:tf] df]afOn kmf]g xf], h;sf] l:qmgdf cf}Fnfn] rnfP/ sDKo'6/sf]
;d]t sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df jfOkmfO{ jf ;]n'n/ g]6js{ dfkm{t OG6/g]6 rnfOG5
/ To;}dfkm{t\ bl' gofF xfFlsG5 . o:tf] :df6{ kmf]g ;fgf] uf]hLdf c6\g] lsl;dsf] xG' 5 /
cln 7n' f] l:²g ePsf] 6\ofan]6 jf cfOKof8 klg xG' 5 . o:tf ;]6df k|of]ustf{n]
OG6/g]6dfkm{t\ ljleGg ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ /fVg ;S5g\ / cfkmn" fO{ rflxg] sfd ug{ ;S5g\ .
o:tf ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ uu' n Kn] :6f]/ jf PKkn Pk :6f]/af6 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L
/flvPsf jf ;]6d} cfPsf PlKns];gx¿sf] dfWodaf6 s/' fsfgL ug{, kmf]6f] jf lel8of]
lvRg / x]g{, ;do x]g{, b'/L kQf nufpg, ;dfrf/ ;'Gg, x]g{ / k9\g cflb h] klg ug{
;lsG5 .

;g' fO kf7–!^

kfgL / hldg ba' }lt/ /xg ;Sg] k|f0fLnfO{ peor/ k|f0fL elgG5 . o:tf peor/ k|f0fLx¿
%))) eGbf a9L k|hfltsf 5g\ / tLdWo] Eofut' fx¿ dfq} @))) k|hflt hlt 5g\ .
o;afx]s ;fnfdfG8/, Go6' / l;l;lnogh:tf k|f0fLx¿ x'G5g\ .

w]/}h;f] peor/ k|f0fLx¿ kmf]S;f];Fu} 5fnfaf6 ;f; km]5{g\ . logLx¿ w]/} klxn]b]lv
k[YjLdf 5g\ . Eofut' fx¿ !( s/f]8 jif{b]lv g} k[YjLdf /x]sf] cgd' fg 5 . logLx¿sf]
bfFt x'G5 t/ s]xLsf] x'Fb}g . bfFt klg dflyNnf] dfq x'G5, tNnf] x'Fb}g . logLx¿ k|fozM
kfgLdf, wfkdf, hª\undf tyf cf]l;nf] If]qdf xG' 5g\ . logLx¿ w]/} ;fgf klg xG' 5g\ .
kk'jf Gol' ugLdf kfOg] lk8f]lk|mg PdlG;; eGg] Eofu'tf] Ps OGrsf] Ps ltxfO hlt
nfdf xG' 5g\ . logLx¿ 7'nf klg x'G5g\ . Sofd?glt/ kfOg] uf]lnofy gfds Eofut' f] t]/
OGr;Dd nfdf xG' 5g\ .

171/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^

sIff–^

l;sfO pknlAwsf] lj:tt[ Ls/0f

kf7qmd kf7 zLif{s ;g' fO k9fO
!= ufp“5 uLt
™ zAbx¿df k|oS' t pRrfo{ j0f{x¿ ;'gL ltgsf] ™ lnlvt ;fdu|LnfO{ ult, olt / no ldnfO{ z'4 / :ki6;Fu
g]kfnL leGgtf klxNofpg jfrg ug{

™ c¿n] eg]sf] s/' f Wofgk"j{s ;'Gg / eGg ™ dV' o dV' o s'/f atfpg ;Sg] u/L ljleGg kf7 k9\g
™ sljtf, uLt, syf, j0f{g / hLjgL ;'g]/ k|ltlqmof ™ kl| tlqmof lbg ;Sg] u/L ljleGg ljwfsf kf7x¿ ;:j/ jfrg ug{
™ ljleGg ljwfsf kf7x¿ k9L zAb e08f/ j[l4 ug{
hgfpg ™ vfnL 7fpF eg{

@= OR5faxfb/' sf] ™ zAbx¿sf] z'4 / :ki6 pRrf/0f ug{ ™ ljleGg ljwfsf kf7x¿ cfzocg';f/ k9\g

OR5f ™ ;fdfGo df}lvs j0f{gx¿ ;g' L dV' o s'/f atfpg ™ ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu lnlvt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] df}g jfrg ug{

™ sljtf, uLt, syf, j0f{g / hLjgL ;'g]/ k|ltlqmof ™ kf7df k|o'St zAbx¿sf] cy{ al' em k9\g

hgfpg ™ ljleGg dl' b|t tyf ljB'tLo ;fdu|L ?lrkj" {s k9\g

™ ;–;fgf s/' fsfgL, ;+jfb, k|Zgf]Q/ cflbdf ™ l7sa]l7s 5'6\ofpg

k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] efu lng

#= kfgL ™ zAbx¿df k|oS' t pRrfo{ j0f{x¿ ;g' L ltgsf] ™ lnlvt ;fdu|LnfO{ ult, olt / no ldnfO{ z'4 / :ki6;Fu

leGgtf klxNofpg jfrg ug{

™ ;~rf/ dfwodsf ;r" gfx¿ ;G' g / eGg ™ ljleGg ljwfsf kf7x¿ k9L zAb e08f/ j[l4 ug{

™ cge' jsf cfwf/df ;Gbe{ / k|;ª\u ldnfO{ df}lvs ™ vfnL 7fpF eg{

¿kdf k|Zgf]Q/ ug{ ™ jStf klxNofpg

$= lbdfu a9fpg] ™ cfkm"n] b]v];'g]sf, cge' j u/]sf j:t', jftfj/0f / ™ ljleGg ljwfsf kf7x¿ cfzocg';f/ k9\g

cf]vtL 36gfsf ljifodf j0f{g ug{ ™ l7sa]l7s 56' \ofpg

™ jStf klxNofpg

™ 36gfqmd ldnfpg

%= cfhnfO{ dfof ™ c¿n] eg]sf] s'/f Wofgk"j{s ;G' g / eGg ™ lnlvt ;fdu|LnfO{ ult, olt / no ldnfO{ z4' / :ki6;Fu

u/ ™ l;nl;nf / xfpefp ldnfO{ af]Ng jfrg ug{

™ cge' jsf cfwf/df ;Gbe{ / k|;ª\u ldnfO{ df}lvs ™ ljleGg dl' b|t tyf ljBt' Lo ;fdu|L ?lrk"j{s k9\g

¿kdf k|Zgf]Q/ ug{

^= af“b/af“bgL{ ™ zAbx¿sf] z'b\w / :ki6 pRrf/0f ug{ ™ ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu lnlvt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] df}g jfrg ug{

™ eflifs df}lnstf klxrfg ug]{ u/L jStfx¿sf] ™ l7sa]l7s 5'6\ofpg

cleJolSt ;'Gg

&= hggfos ™ ;~rf/ dfwodsf ;r" gfx¿ ;'Gg / eGg ™ lnlvt ;fdu|LnfO{ ult, olt / no ldnfO{ z4' / :ki6;Fu

ljZj]Zj/k|;fb ™ ;–;fgf s/' fsfgL, ;j+ fb, k|Zgf]Q/ cflbdf jfrg ug{

sf]O/fnf k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] efu lng ™ dV' od'Vo s/' f atfpg ;Sg] u/L ljleGg kf7 k9\g

™ cfkmn" ] b]v];g' ]sf, cge' j u/]sf j:t,' jftfj/0f / ™ ljleGg ljwfsf kf7x¿ k9L zAb e08f/ j[l4 ug{

36gfsf ljifodf j0f{g ug{ ™ ljleGg d'lb|t tyf ljB'tLo ;fdu|L ?lrk"j{s k9\g

*= SofG;/ / ™ c¿n] eg]sf] s'/f Wofgkj" {s ;G' g / eGg ™ d'Vo dV' o s'/f atfpg ;Sg] u/L ljleGg kf7 k9\g

o;sf] hf]lvd ™ ;fdfGo df}lvs j0f{gx¿ ;g' L d'Vo s'/f atfpg ™ ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu lnlvt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] df}g jfrg ug{

(= ul/a ™ sljtf, uLt, syf, j0f{g / hLjgL ;'g]/ k|ltlqmof ™ k|ltlqmof lbg ;Sg] u/L ljleGg ljwfsf kf7x¿ ;:j/ jfrg

hgfpg ug{

™ cfkmn" ] b]v];g' ]sf, cg'ej u/]sf j:t', jftfj/0f / ™ l7sa]l7s 56' \ofpg

36gfsf ljifodf j0f{g ug{ ™ vfnL 7fpF eg{

™ l;nl;nf / xfpefp ldnfO{ af]Ng

172 /fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^

nv] fO sfod{ n" s Jofs/0f zAbe08f/
™ kof{ojfrL
™ cfkmn" ] ;g' ]b]v]sf, cg'ej u/]sf 36gf, j:t' ™ zAbju{ -s_ gfd -v_ ;j{gfd -u_ ljz]if0f -3_ lqmofkb ™ ljk/LtfyL{
tyf jftfj/0fsf] lnlvt j0f{g ug{ ™ pRrf/0f -j0f{ut_ -s÷u, r÷h, 6÷8, t÷b, k÷a, s÷v, r÷5,

™ ljlzi6 c+zsf] efj lj:tf/÷JofVof ug{ 6÷7, t÷y, k÷km_
™ ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg

™ lxHh] ldnfO{ ;kmf / z'4;Fu n]Vg ™ zAbju{ -s_ gfd -v_ ;j{gfd -u_ ljz]if0f -3_ lqmofkb ™ kof{ojfrL
™ ;g' ]sf, k9]sf ljifoj:t'sf] ;f/ n]Vg ™ j0f{ljGof; -s_ x|:jbL3{ -O, O{, p, pm_ ™ ljk/LtfyL{
™ cg'R5]b, lr7L / lgj]bg l;nl;nf ldnfO{ n]Vg ™ z÷if÷; ™ cg's/0ffTds
™ cfºgf] ?lrcg;' f/sf ljifodf ;–;fgf ef}lns

/rgf ug{

™ cfºgf] ?lrcg';f/sf ljifodf ;–;fgf ef}lns ™ zAbju{ -s_ gfd -v_ ;j{gfd -u_ ljz]if0f -3_ lqmofkb ™ sf]l6sf/
/rgf ug{ ™ pRrf/0f -j0f{ut_ -s÷u, r÷h, 6÷8, t÷b, k÷a, s÷v, r÷5,
™ kof{ojfrL
™ ljlzi6 cz+ sf] efj lj:tf/÷JofVof ug{ 6÷7, t÷y, k÷km_ ™ ljk/LtfyL{
™ kToo -xLg, –O{o, –Onf], cfO_
™ lxHh] ldnfO{ ;kmf / z4' ;Fu n]Vg ™ pk;u{ -k|, c, ;d, kl' /, kl/, cf, ;,' pg, lj_ ™ kof{ojfrL
™ cfºgf] ?lrcg';f/sf ljifodf ;–;fgf ef}lns ™ ljk/LtfyL{
™ zAbju{ -s_ gfd -v_ ;j{gfd -u_ ljz]if0f -3_ lqmofkb
/rgf ug{ ™ n]Vo lrGx ™ kof{ojfrL
™ ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg ™ -s_ k"0f{lj/fd, -v_ k|Zg lrGx, -u_ cNk lj/fd -3_ pb\uf/ lrGx ™ ljk/LtfyL{
™ zAb, jfSo / kf7sf cz+ x¿ ;'g]/ n]Vg ™ kToo -xLg, –O{o, –Onf], cfO_ ™ kof{ojfrL
™ cfºgf] ?lrcg';f/sf ljifodf ;–;fgf ef}lns
™ cy{ jf efj -s_ cf1fy{÷OR5fy{
/rgf ug{ ™ jfSo kl/jt{g -lnª\u, jrg, k'?if, cfb/ / s/0f÷cs/0fsf
™ ljlzi6 c+zsf] efj la:tf/÷JofVof ug{
™ ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg cfwf/df_
™ lqmlj, ;+of]hs, gfdof]uL, lgkft
™ lxHh] ldnfO{ ;kmf / z'4;Fu n]Vg ™ o÷P -u_ a÷j
™ cg'R5]b, lr7L / lgj]bg l;nl;nf ldnfO{ n]Vg ™ kToo -xLg, –O{o, –Onf], cfO_
™ ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg
™ zAb, jfSo / kf7sf cz+ x¿ ;g' ]/ n]Vg -™ jrg
™ ljlzi6 c+zsf] efj la:tf/÷JofVof ug{ ™ cy{ jf efj -s_ cf1fy{÷OR5fy{
™ Jofs/0f;Ddt jfSo /rgf ug{ ™ zAblgdf{0f ;df;
™ ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg
™ sfnM -s_ jt{dfg -v_ e"t -u_ eljiot\
™ kIf M -s_ ;fdfGo -v_ ck"0f{ -u_ k0" f{
™ lqmlj, ;o+ f]hs, gfdof]uL, lgkft
™ zAblgdf{0f ;df;

™ zAb, jfSo / kf7sf cz+ x¿ ;'g]/ n]Vg ™ sfnM -s_ jt{dfg -v_ e"t -u_ eljiot\ ™ kfl/eflifs÷
k|fljlws
™ cfºgf] ?lrcg;' f/sf ljifodf ;–;fgf df}lns / ™ kIf M -s_ ;fdfGo -v_ ck"0f{ -u_ k"0f{
™ kfl/eflifs
rgf ug{ ™ lqmlj, ;+of]hs, gfdof]uL, lgkft zAb

™ Jofs/0f;Ddt jfSo /rgf ug{ ™ j0f{ljGof; -s_ x|:jbL3{ -O, O{, p, pm_ -3_ z÷if÷; ™ kof{ojfrL
™ ljk/LtfyL{
™ ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg ™ >'lt;d

™ zAb, jfSo / kf7sf cz+ x¿ ;'g]/ n]Vg ™ pQ/lqmof, kj" {lqmof leGgfyL{

™ cgR' 5]b, lr7L / lgj]bg l;nl;nf ldnfO{ n]Vg ™ zAblgdf{0f ;df;

™ cfºgf] ?lrcg;' f/sf ljifodf ;–;fgf df}lns /

rgf ug{

™ ljlzi6 cz+ sf] efj lj:tf/÷JofVof ug{

173/fd|f] g]kfnL sIff ^

!)= dflg;, kxf8 / ™ zAbx¿sf] z4' / :ki6 pRrf/0f ug{ ™ vfnL 7fpF eg{

;ª\sNk ™ sljtf, uLt, syf, j0f{g / hLjgL ;g' ]/ k|ltlqmof

hgfpg

™ ;–;fgf s'/fsfgL, ;+jfb, k|Zgf]Q/ cflbdf

k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] efu lng

!!= ;fyLnfO{ lr7L ™ zAbx¿df k|oS' t pRrfo{ j0f{x¿ ;'gL ltgsf] ™ dV' o d'Vo s'/f atfpg ;Sg] u/L ljleGg kf7 k9\g

leGgtf klxNofpg

™ c¿n] eg]sf] s'/f Wofgkj" {s ;G' g / eGg

™ ;fdfGo df}lvs j0f{gx¿ ;'gL d'Vo s'/f atfpg

™ cg'ejsf cfwf/df ;Gbe{ / k|;ª\u ldnfO{ df}lvs

¿kdf k|Zgf]Q/ ug{

!@= ufp“n] ™ ;–;fgf s/' fsfgL, ;j+ fb, k|Zgf]Q/ cflbdf ™ ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu lnlvt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] df}g jfrg ug{

hLjgeGbf k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] efu lng ™ ljleGg ljwfsf kf7x¿ k9L zAb e08f/ j[l4 ug{

;xl/of hLjg ™ l;nl;nf / xfpefp ldnfO{ af]Ng

/fd|f] ™ cg'ejsf cfwf/df ;Gbe{ / k|;ª\u ldnfO{ df}lvs

¿kdf k|Zgf]Q/ ug{

™ eflifs df}lnstf klxrfg ug]{ u/L jStfx¿sf]

cleJolSt ;'Gg

!#= lk“h/fsf] ;'uf ™ zAbx¿sf] z4' / :ki6 pRrf/0f ug{ ™ k|ltlqmof lbg ;Sg] u/L ljleGg ljwfsf kf7x¿ ;:j/ jfrg

™ ;~rf/ dfwodsf ;r" gfx¿ ;'Gg / eGg ug{

™ kf7df k|oS' t zAbx¿sf] cy{ ae' mL k9\g

™ vfnL 7fpF eg{

!$= 7u ;dfltof] ™ zAbx¿df k|oS' t pRrfo{ j0f{x¿ ;'gL ltgsf] ™ ljleGg ljwfsf kf7x¿ cfzocg;' f/ k9\g

leGgtf klxNofpg ™ d'Vo d'Vo s'/f atfpg ;Sg] u/L ljleGg kf7 k9\g

™ ;fdfGo df}lvs j0f{gx¿ ;g' L dV' o s'/f atfpg ™ jStf klxNofpg

™ eflifs df}lnstf klxrfg ug]{ u/L jStfx¿sf]

cleJolSt ;G' g

!%= cn]Sh]G8/ ™ ;~rf/ dfwodsf ;"rgfx¿ ;G' g / eGg ™ lnlvt ;fdu|LnfO{ ult, olt / no ldnfO{ z4' / :ki6;Fu
u|fxd a]n ™ l;nl;nf / xfpefp ldnfO{ af]Ng jfrg ug{

™ k|ltlqmof lbg ;Sg] u/L ljleGg ljwfsf kf7x¿ ;:j/ jfrg
ug{

!^= nf} eg gfgL xf] ™ zAbx¿df k|o'St pRrfo{ j0f{x¿ ;'gL ltgsf] ™ k|ltlqmof lbg ;Sg] u/L ljleGg ljwfsf kf7x¿ ;:j/ jfrg

d sf] x'“ < leGgtf klxNofpg ug{

™ c¿n] eg]sf] s'/f Wofgkj" {s ;G' g / eGg ™ ljleGg ljwfsf kf7x¿ k9L zAb e08f/ j[l4 ug{

™ sljtf, uLt, syf, j0f{g / hLjgL ;g' ]/ k|ltlqmof ™ l7sa]l7s 5'6\ofpg

hgfpg

™ cfkm"n] b]v];'g]sf, cge' j u/]sf j:t', jftfj/0f /

36gfsf ljifodf j0f{g ug{

174 /fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^

™ lxHh] ldnfO{ ;kmf / z'4;Fu n]Vg ™ lqmlj, ;+of]hs, gfdof]uL, lgkft ™ ljk/LtfyL{
™ cgR' 5]b, lr7L / lgj]bg l;nl;nf ldnfO{ n]Vg ™ pRrf/0f -j0f{ut_ -s÷u, r÷h, 6÷8, t÷b, k÷a, s÷v, r÷5, ™ 6S' sf
™ Jofs/0f;Ddt jfSo /rgf ug{ ™ n3'tfjfrL
6÷7, t÷y, k÷km_
™ zAblgdf{0f ;df; zAb
™ pk;u{ -k|, c, ;d, k|lt, kl/, cf, ;,' pg, lj_

™ lxHh] ldnfO{ ;kmf / z'4;Fu n]Vg ™ zAblgdf{0f ;df; ™ kof{ojfrL
™ ljk/LtfyL{
™ cgR' 5]b, lr7L / lgj]bg l;nl;nf ldnfO{ n]Vg ™ kToo -xLg, –O{o, –Onf], cfO_ ™ cg]sfy{s

™ pk;u{ -cg' lg, clw, b;' \, lgn\, ck, a], lj, ab\, s'_

™ jfSodf ;ª\ult ldnfO{ ltgsf] pko'St 9ª\un] ™ k?' if ™ kof{ojfrL
k|of]u ug{ ™ lqmlj, ;o+ f]hs, gfdof]uL, lgkft ™ ljk/LtfyL{
™ kfl/eflifs÷
™ ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg
k|fljlws
™ kfl/eflifs

zAb

™ Jofs/0f;Ddt jfSo /rgf ug{ ™ k'?if ™ kof{ojfrL
™ cy{ jf efj -s_ cf1fy{÷OR5fy{ ™ ljk/LtfyL{
™ kToo -xLg, –O{o, –Onf], cfO_ ™ cg]sfy{s

™ n]VolrGxx¿s]f k|of]u l7s;Fu ug{ ™ jfSo kl/jt{g -lnª\u, jrg, k?' if, cfb/ / s/0f÷cs/0fsf ™ kof{ojfrL
™ zAb, jfSo / kf7sf c+zx¿ ;'g]/ n]Vg cfwf/df_ ™ gftf;DaGw
™ cfkm"n] ;'g]b]v]sf, cg'ej u/]sf 36gf, j:t'
™ n]Vo lrGx a'emfpg]
tyf jftfj/0fsf] lnlvt j0f{g ug{ ™ -s_ k"0f{lj/fd, -v_ k|Zg lrGx, -u_ cNk lj/fd -3_ pb\uf/ lrGx
™ ;'g]sf, k9]sf ljifoj:ts' f] ;f/ n]Vg ™ k|Too -xLg, –O{o, –Onf], cfO_ ™ kof{ojfrL
™ cfuGt's zAb
™ lxHh] ldnfO{ ;kmf / z4' ;Fu n]Vg ™ -s_ jrg -v_ k?' if -u_ cfb/
™ kfl/eflifs÷
™ zAb, jfSo / kf7sf c+zx¿ ;'g]/ n]Vg ™ sfnM -s_ jt{dfg k|fljlws

™ cfºgf] ?lrcg';f/sf ljifodf ;–;fgf df}lns / ™ cy{ jf efj -s_ cf1fy{÷OR5fy{ ™ cgs' /0ffTds
™ dfp / aRrf
rgf ug{ ™ -v_ ;Defjgfy{

™ Jofs/0f;Ddt jfSo /rgf ug{ ™ k|]/0ffy{s

™ ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg ™ -u_ a÷j -3_ z÷if÷; -ª_ UoF÷1 -r_ `÷0f÷g

™ cgR' 5]b, lr7L / lgj]bg l;nl;nf ldnfO{ n]Vg ™ -v_ jrg -u_ k?' if -3_ cfb/
™ Jofs/0f;Ddt jfSo /rgf ug{ ™ sfnM -s_ jt{dfg
™ cy{ jf efj -s_ cf1fy{÷OR5fy{

-v_ ;Defjgfy{
™ lqmlj, ;+of]hs, gfdof]uL, lgkft
™ pRrf/0f -zAbut_

s/÷u/, r/f÷h/f, 6fnf], 8fnf], tx÷bx, kn÷an, sk÷vk,
rn÷5n, 6k÷7k, tn÷yn, kl;{÷km;L{ h:tf zAb hf]8Lsf]
pRrf/0f
kbof]u / kbljof]u
k|Too -xLg, –O{o, –Onf], cfO_

175/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^