^= kf7 k9L 5'6s] f zAb e/ M
s_ pgLx¿ v]tLkftL u/]/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ rnfpFy] .
v_ o;n] xfd|f] ufpFsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ slt afwf kfl//x]sf] 5 <
u_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 5f]/fx¿n] tLg cf]6f sf]bfnf lems]/ NofP .
3_ Sof ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ s/' f u5{g\ oL a9' f .
ª_ w]/} tGg]/Lx¿n] a9' f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg]/ lvNnL p8fpg vf]h] .
r_ pgLx¿ klg PsPs ub}{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;3fpg sf]bfnfsf]bfnL af]s]/ kxf8
sf6\g h'6] .
&= pQ/ b]pm M
s_ a9' fsf 5f]/fx¿ s] u/]/ hLljsf rnfpFy] <
v_ ufpFb]lv ;x/ k'Ug lsg sl7g lyof] <
u_ ufpF / ;x/larsf] kxf8n] ubf{ ufpFsf] ljsf; s;/L /f]lsPsf] lyof] <
3_ cfˆgf 5f]/fx¿n] dfq kxf8 ;Dofpg g;s] s;n] ;xof]u u5{g\ eGg] a'9fnfO{
nfu]sf] lyof] <
ª_ a'9fsf] cleofgdf lsg ;Dk"0f{ ufpFn]x¿ h6' ] <
*= nfdf] pQ/ n]v M
s_ /fd|f] sfd ug{ ;?' jft ug'k{ 5{ . ;as} f] ;fy kfOG5 eGg] s'/f kf7sf] cfwf/df
n]v .
v_ j[4 cfˆgf] p2]Zodf s;/L ;kmn eP <
(= ufpa“ f6 ;x/ k'Ug] l;wf af6f] alg;sk] l5 Ps z'e lbg kf/]/ af6f] pb\3f6g
ul/of] . pQm lbg ;a} ufp“nx] ¿, 6f9f6f9faf6 dfG5]x¿ cfPsf lyP . To; lbg pg}
j4[ n] af6fsf] pb3\ f6g u/] . ca pgn] ;an} fO{ ;Dafw] g u/]/ s] eg] xfn] fg\ < Ps
cgR' 5]bdf ltdL cfkm" j4[ eP/ pgn] eGg] s/' f n]v .
96 /fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^
Jofs/0f;DaGwL cEof;
!= tnsf gfdofu] L / ljelQm nfus] f zAb kf7af6 vfh] ]/ gbfx] f]¥ofO{ nv] . tL zAbnfO{
cfºg} jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
kl§, lt/, kN6, df, x¿sf], x¿nfO{, sf], n]
@= tnsf gfdof]uL hf8] ]/ zAb agfpm / jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
sfd ± cg';f/ Ö sfdcg';f/ j[4n] sfdcg;' f/ ;Ddfg kfP .
ltdLx¿ ± dWo] ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k};f ± lagf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
6]an ± dfly ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ o; ± kfln ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
:sn' ± glhs} ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ef]ln ± ;Dd ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
lxpF ± em}F ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ vf]nf ± tkm{ ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= …3/Ú zAbdf tnsf gfdof]uL hf8] /] n]v M
kl§, lt/, ;Dd, k5fl8, cufl8, dfly, d'lg, leq,
aflx/, cl3, kl5, glhs, tkm{, ;lxt, afkt
$= tnsf 6S' sf / cy{sf] hf8] f ldnfpm M
sDd/ s:g' s6' \g'
s/' f sf6\g' OHht /fVg'
gfs sf6\g' klv{g'
cfn' vfg' ;'g]sf] g;'g]em}+ ug'{
xft 5f8\g' cfF6 ug{'
gfs /fVg' grflxFbf] s/' f ug{'
sfg vfg' lbSs nufpg'
af6f] x]g{' c;kmn xg' '
sfgdf t]n xfNg' OHht kmfNg'
%= dflysf sg' } kf“r cf]6f 6'SsfnfO{ cfºg} jfSodf k|ofu] u/ .
97/fd|f] gk] fnL sIff ^
cEof;leqsf] kf7
;Dej
…c;Dej eGg] d"v{x¿sf] zAbsf]zdf dfq
x'G5 .Ú s;}n] eg]sf] o; egfOdf ;Totf
5 . o;sf] k|ToIf pbfx/0f cfhsf] cfw'lgs
ljZj g} xf] .
dflg; cfh r/fh:t} cfsfzdf p8g\
;S5 . kfgLdf dfG5h] :t} kf8} g ;S5 . hldgdf
lrtj' feGbf sof“} ug' f bt'| ultdf bf8} g
;S5 . o;/L cfsfzdf p8g\ ,' kfgLleq
kf8} g,' lrtj' fsf] ultnfO{ pl5Gg' klxns] f
dflg;sf nflu c;Dej g} lyof] . t/ cfh
cfºgf] b9[ OR5fzlQmsf] sf/0f dflg; oL ;a}
/ ;lhn} ug{ ;Ifd ePsf] 5 . dflg;n] s]
dfq ug{ ;S5 eGg] xfO] g sr] flx“ ug{ ;Stg}
eGg] ;jfn dxŒjk0" f{ ePsf] 5 . dflg;n]
kfgL, xfjf, ks| fz dfq xfO] g lb;flk;fa / emf/kftaf6 klg pmhf{ lgsfns] f] 5 . /, To;
pmhfa{ f6 cfkmn" ] rfxs] f] sfd ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . r§fg kmf/] /] km/flsnf af6fx¿ agfpg,'
d?el" dnfO{ xl/ofnL agfpg,' ;db' | / gbLx¿dfly 7N' 7n' f ;x/x¿ a;fpg' t dflg;sf]
nflu ;fwf/0f sfd ePsf] 5 . ca dflg; kY[ jLdf dfq xfO] g c¿ ux| x¿df dfgja:tL
a;fpg] s/' f ;fR] b} 5 . xfjfdfly dxnx¿ 78o\ fpg] ljrf/ ub{} 5 / ;aeGbf uhasf] s/' f
t ks| fzeGbf klg l56f] bf8} /] ljutsf ;dox¿df ;dt] kmsg{ ;Sg] s/' f ;fR] b} 5 .
;f“Rr}, ltdL lat]sf] ;dodf kms{g kfof} eg] s] u5f}{ x“ <
!= tnsf zAbfy{ k9 M
k|ToIf M ;fd'Gg]Ù cfFvfcufl8
cfwl' gs M clxn]sf] hdfgfsf]
b|'t M cToGt l56f]
98 /fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^
b[9 M cToGt bx|f]Ù Hofb} alnof]
OR5fzlQm M OR5f¿kL zlQm
;Ifd M ;kmn
pmhf{ M zlQm
dxn M ejg
ljut M lat]sf] ;doÙ e"tsfn
@= cEof;leqsf] kf7 dgdg} k9 / /]km / rGbl| aGb' nfu]sf rf/rf/ cf6] f zAb l6k M
/k] m nfus] f M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
rGbl| aGb' nfus] f M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= cEof;leqsf] kf7 k9L pQ/ n]v M
s_ s'g egfOdf ;Totf 5 <
v_ klxn]sf dflg;x¿sf nflu s'g s'/f c;Dej lyof] <
u_ s'g ;jfn dxŒjk"0f{ ePsf] 5 <
3_ clxn] dflg; s]s] ;f]Rb} 5 <
ª_ ltdL lat]sf] ;dodf kms{g kfof} eg] s] u5f}{ <
$= cEof;leqsf] kf7sf] klxnf] cgR' 5b] >l' tn]vg u/ .
%= tnsf zAbx¿ hf8] L ;d:t zAb agfpm M
zAbx¿sf] sf]z M zAbsf]z OR5f g} zlQm M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
lb;f / lk;fa M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ emf/ klg kft klg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
dfgjsf] a:tL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ af9Ln] kLl8t M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ux'Fem}“ uf]/f] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;'g kvfn]sf] kfgL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3/ / af/L M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xfjf vfg] 3/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
bfh' / efO M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ g/ / gf/L M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
99/fd|f] gk] fnL sIff ^
;fd"lxs lqmofsnfk
õ kf“rkfr“ hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca x/s] ;dx" n] tnsf pk;u{ nufP/ bO' {bO' { cf]6f zAb
agfpgk' g5]{ . cfºgf] ;d"xn] agfPsf zAbx¿ ;d"xsf] Ps hgfn] lzIfsnfO{ ;'gfpm .
lzIfsn] ;xL ePsf] jf gePsf] s'/f atfOlbgx' 'g]5 M
c M ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ cfM ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
k| M ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ k/fM ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
;d\M ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ lj M ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
k|ltM ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ kl/M ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
cltM ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ pkM ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
;'M ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ pt\M ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
l;hg{ fTds nv] g
õ dflg;n] g} u/s] f] jf agfPsf] t/ klg ltdLnfO{ crDd nfUg] s'g} Pp6f s/' f jf
cfljisf/sf af/d] f Ps cgR' 5b] nv] . ltdLn] nv] ]sf] cg'R5b] sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{
klg ;g' fpm M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
100 /fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^
kf7 !!
;fyLnfO{ lr7L
kf7 ;'? ugc{' l3
õ dflysf bZ[ ox¿nfO{ ;?' bl] v cGTo;Ddsf] 36gfqmddf ldnfpm / pkoQ' m qmdfªs\ /fv .
zAb / cy{
;f}efUo – cxfe] fUoÙ /fd|f] efUo :tDe – vDaf
k|:tfj – :jLsl[ tsf nflu /flvPsf] ljrf/ cjz]if – afFsL /xs] f] c+z
lgwf] – lg0fo{ ubu\ b\ – v';L
la3f – la; s¶f hUufsf] ofu] xif{ljef/] – cToGt v';L
af}4ljxf/ – af4} dlGb/Ù af4} :t"k kqldq – kqaf6 agfPsf] ldq
dgf/] d – dgnfO{ nfE] ofpg] snfTds – snfn] el/PsfÙ] snf bl] vg]
hGdynf] – hGd:yfg
101/fd|f] g]kfnL sIff ^
dn" kf7
;fyLnfO{ lr7L
gfdg / sf df f
f/f] f L d/
/n gf
f/fd / L f/fdsf] sfdgf dLn] k f g ] k f sf] k d d
kf k kf k fsf] Ldf / g] df k g f n] df / s] f] kf /f ] Lsf]
gsf] s/fn] dnf s n] f] f k f f] sf] k dfk dnf /]
s/f f g] f f d f] dL f] k d kf / dn] fk n] fk nf
fg]
d/ d k g /] f d ss] f] / df gk] fnnf gf g] f d sf]
d n g] fg] f f dn]sf] g fdf| ] f fs k/LIff s k dn]
nff n gL g fg] k| f /f ] dn] k sdf k k sfdf n gLsf] ]/
s/f k ]sf] df k g g]kfnL / g]kfnnf df gf g] fg k g
gkf sfd] f s fs] f] nf / s] f] f] n gL g]kfnsf] f s s f ds
k sL d sf] If] f] g
fd|f] f fs k/LIff s k ] g f/ f fdf / d Lg gf n gL
g fg] g f] f n gL fgsf nf / f fg] df s sf f
g f/ fg ] / f fg sn sL f f f] fgsf]
gf n] L k/]sf f fdf nn f] f| nf] nf f] fn] f fdf kg] gs] f f /
sf f/]df f fg f] k sf k f f]nfsf] sgf/ /f sf d
f ]nsf ] / / f k f] fdL f f] ndf f f
]/ f s f] nk s] L nf] f] fgsf] fgf f n gL fg]
df ]/ fg s / ] n gLsf] ] df k f f f f / f f fdf
n / f fdf / fdf g f] dnf f sn s f g d f nf g] f sn
k g f fdf kf f] / ] f/Lsf f g f] f]/ f] f]/ g g] gfn] dn]
f f sndf g] g f] /] g / f f sn s f
n gL If] ]/ nf] / ] f ] / fdf k n sf] n gL If]
sf f] gf ] /] d d fdL k| d sf g ] n] gf sf
102 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff ^
f f/ f f dn] g]kfn
Ln sf s f] f f f gfd
sf] / f Lg dgL f ] n] g
ndL f gf sf f d d / f/
f / s] d| f k f] f] k g ] s /fdf|
/ snf ds g L s/f ] f d
ddf d/ ]sf] f] f] s f]
f / dgf]/d f f / f d L s/f
k df g g dLnf k f sf s] L k f] f ]/]/ k g dL
f sf f/]df f n f g f k fdL f d d sf] f df
fk f
f f s/ k k f f k n] L fgdf d sf / ] g
fgsf ] df kfgLsf] kf] /L k g / ] ] df f /]
nf fs] f / ] g sf] d sk] gsf ]nf df|
f s] n] f/ f sf] d nf]df f f /]sf / ] g
d n] df / Ln sf f If] sf] nf]sgsf nf f sf nf] d
k g ] ] gk] fnL sf] f k g gs /fd|f] f] f d sf] ds fnf
f g] k/fgfk/fgf gsf ] fnf f / If /
/f sf] / ] f kf s]sf] / ] g] f ]/ dnf
g] g dg nf / ]sf] f] / d n] f f] sf ss] f] gfn] fdL
kf
d k gs nfdf] f] nf f] f f dLn] f] k kf k k s k g
k n] g] f dnf dLn] n] s] f] k f dg k df| ] gf f f
k k sk s k g] f nf k f f f fsL sf] k df n
L df| ] k d k7fpg] kfpg]
]L 5q 5]qL cd/ clwsf/L
cgfdgu/, sf7df8f+} ;fªdfu', l;s}r+ f–(
kf:] 6aS; g+= (@( tfKnh] 'ª
103/fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^
zAbe08f/;DaGwL cEof;
!= tnsf zAbx¿ kf7 x/] L z4' u//] ;f/ . ltdLn] ;f/s] f zAb z4' ;u“ pRrf/0f u/ M
Kof/f]{, lzdf, b;g{, ;f+Zs[lts, kl/5\of, dSv}, e'dL, ZtDa, ld|To'
@= cy;{ “u ldNg] zAb 5fg/] nv] M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ /fd|f] efUo
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ :jLs[ltsf nflu /flvPsf] ljrf/
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dgnfO{ nf]Eofpg]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ afFsL /x]sf] cz+
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kqaf6 agfPsf] ldq
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ af]Ng} g;Sg] cj:yf
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfjthfjtÙ cfpg]hfg]
cjfs\, cf]xf]/bf]xf]/, ;f}efUo, k|:tfj, kqldq, cjz]if, dgf]x/
#= Pp6} cy{ lbg] zAb ;u“ } nv] M
Kof/f] ldq cf/fd k/LIff lgwf] oftfoft ;fyL
ljZj hfFr lg0f{o ;jf/L dfofn' ;Grf] ;+;f/
$= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ n]v M
hGd ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ czfGt ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
gs{ ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ psfnf] ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;fFem ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ c;Gt'li6 ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u?' ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ c;/' lIft ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
a]v;' L ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ be' f{Uo ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
104 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff ^
afw] / cleJolSt;DaGwL cEof;
!= ;g' fO kf7–!! Wofgkj" s{ ;g' / l7sal] 7s 56' o\ fpm M
s_ kf7df j0fg{ ul/Psf] bZ[ o dfO{ dn] fsf] xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v_ sGsfO{ gbLsf] kn' sf] nDafO *)# ld6/ 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u_ dfO{ dn] fsf] j0fg{ ug]{ jQmf klZrd lbzflt/ kmss]{ f 5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3_ 8fodG8 ;s;{ , sfn sj' f cflb jQmfsf bflxgk] 6l\ 6 5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ª_ jQmfsf] ba] k]| 6l\ 6 7n' f] /f6] l] kª 3l' d/xs] f] 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= ;g' fO kf7–!! kml] / ;g' / pQ/ bp] m M
s_ jQmf sg' lbzflt/ kmss]{ f 5g\ <
v_ jQmfsf] bflxgk] 6l\ 6 ss] ] 5g\ <
u_ jQmfsf] ba] k]| 6l\ 6 7n' f] /f6] l] kªafxs] c¿ ss] ] 5g\ <
3_ >4fnx' ¿ sxfF kh" fcf/fwgf / ;o" { pkf;gf ul//xs] f 5g\ <
ª_ kn' sf] kfl/k6l\ 6 ss] ] 5g\ <
#= s] ltdL sg' } dn] f uPsf 5f} < 5f} eg] pQm dn] fdf ss] ] bV] of} < j0fg{ u/ .
$= ;fyLnfO{ lr7L dgdg} k9 / ltdLnfO{ sl7g nfus] f zAbx¿ l6k M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= tnsf] cgR' 5b] /fdf| cIf/df sfkLdf ;f/ M
cfheGbf sl/a klRr; ;o krf; jifk{ lxn] a4' ToxL :yfgdf hlGdPsf /x5] g\ . pQm
:yfgsf 5p] df kfgLsf] kfv] /L klg /x5] . 5p] df Pp6f :tDe /x5] . To; :tDenfO{
czfs] :tDe eGbf /x5] g\ . a4' sf] dT[ o' eO;sk] l5 pgsf rn] f ;df| 6 czfs] n] ef/taf6
a4' sf] hGdynfd] f cfO{ pQm :tDe v8f u/s] f /x5] g\ .
^= l7s pQ/df /h] f nufpm M
s_ a4' nfO{ ljZjdf s] eg]/ lrlgG5 <
c_ zflGtsf bt" cf_ n'lDagLsf b"t O_ slknj:ts' f bt" O{_ csf{sf b"t
105/fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^
v_ a4' sf] hGd:yn sxfF xf] <
c_ nl' DagL cf_ e}/xjf O_ sf7df8f}“ O{_ uof
u_ kflye/f b]jLsf] dlGb/ sg' lhNnfdf 5 <
c_ slknj:t' cf_ ;'v]{t O_ sf7df8f}F O{_ tfKn]h'ª
3_ czf]s a'4sf sf] xg' \ <
c_ 5f]/f cf_ a'af O_ r]nf O{_ ;fyL
&= pQ/ bp] m M
s_ of] lr7L slxn] n]lvPsf] xf] <
v_ of] lr7L sxfFaf6 n]lvPsf] xf] <
u_ of] lr7L s;n] s;nfO{ n]v]sf] xf] <
3_ 5q 5]qLn] s]sf] af/]df lr7L n]v]sf] 5 <
ª_ cd/ clwsf/Lsf] k/" f 7]ufgf n]v .
r_ cd/ 5q 5]qLsf] s:tf] ;fyL xf] <
*= 5q 5]qLn] k7fPsf] lr7L k9L pQ/ n]v M
s_ 5q 5]qLn] cfkm"nfO{ lsg wGo 7fg]sf] 5 <
v_ nl' DagL g]kfnsf] s:tf] If]q xf] <
u_ 5q 5]qLn] lsg ;fOsndf nl' DagL 3'Dof] <
3_ n'lDagL 3'Dbf 5q 5]qLnfO{ lsg :ju{el" ddf 3d' ]sf] h:tf] eof] <
ª_ 5q 5]qL lsg ;Gtl' i6n] ub\ub\ eof] <
r_ 5q cd/sf] ;Demgf cfpFbf s] u5{ <
(= nfdf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ n'lDagLsf] j0f{g cfˆg} efiffdf u/ .
v_ 5q 5]qLn] n'lDagLdf b]v]sf s'/fx¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .
!)= tnsf kljq tLy:{ yn s'gsg' lhNnfdf kb{5g,\ nv] M
s_ a'4sf] hGd:yn v_ kflye/f b]jLsf] dlGb/
u_ kzk' ltgfysf] dlGb/ 3_ kf6gsf] s[i0fdlGb/
ª_ b]j3f6 r_ dl' Qmgfy
!!= ltdL cfkm" 3d' s] f] 7fp“sf] j0fg{ ub}{ 5q 5]qLnfO{ Pp6f lr7L nv] .
106 /fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^
Jofs/0f;DaGwL cEof;
!= zAb hf]8L Pp6} zAb agfpm M
;:+ s[lt ± Os Ö ;f:+ s[lts k/' f0f ± Os Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
wd{ ± Os Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lbg ± Os Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;dfh ± Os Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ jif{ ± Os Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;Ktfx ± Os Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gLlt ± Os Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= kf7 k9L tnsf ljelQm ko| f]u ePsf PsPs zAb kf7af6 vfh] /] n]v M
sf], df, nfO{, n], af6, sf, nflu, /f]
#= tnsf ljelQm k|ofu] u/L PsPs jfSo agfpm M
n], nfO{, åf/f, af6, b]lv, df, sf], /f, gL
$= tnsf vfnL 7fpd“ f l7s ljelQm e/ M
s_ /fdÒÒÒ ZofdÒÒÒ af]nfof] .
v_ efOsf] lstfa 6]anÒÒÒ 5 .
u_ ;fdfg lsGgsf ÒÒÒÒ ahf/ hfpm .
3_ pm kf]v/fÒÒÒ cfof] .
ª_ p;ÒÒÒ 5f]/f] ljb]zÒÒÒ cfof] .
%= tnsf zAbsf] bO' b{ O' { cy{ nv] M
kq lr7L tx
t/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
sn ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
xf/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
j/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
s/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
^= dflysf dWo] sg' } bO' { hf]8L zAbnfO{ 5'§f5'§} jfSodf k|of]u u/ .
107/fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^
cEof;leqsf] kf7
lgjb] g
d
Ldfg k| fgf fks
L s/ df
k ] fk ] | d
f gd k| fg g g
d f]
k df fn df g/ fdL sIff ^ sf f L n]
fn gsf] /k / s] f] f f] dgdf g s dsf k n
/fk] L s/ k k f sf gf g] nf /s] f f k k f sfsf] gdf f
f fn sf] f] f g] f f f] dgsf] d] k f] g] sfn]
fdLnf k k f sf gf g] gd k| fg g g Ldfg dIf f s
g/f] f
g]s
sIff ^ sf k f f L
L s/ df
108 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff ^
!= tnsf zAb / ltgsf] cy{ k9 M
pko{'Qm M dfly elgPsf]
cWoog/t M cWoog ub}{ u/]sf
afFemf] M vghf]t gul/Psf]Ù afnL gnufOPsf]Ù ktL{
k'ikafl6sf M au}“rfÙ pBfg
;bk' of]u M ;xL pkof]u
@= cEof;leqsf] kf7af6 ;o+ 'Qm cIf/ / cfwf cIf/ k|ofu] ePsf zAbx¿ l6k M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= pQ/ n]v M
s_ of] lgj]bg cfheGbf slt dlxgfcufl8 n]lvPsf] xf] <
v_ of] lgj]bg s;n] s;nfO{ n]v]sf] xf] <
u_ >L zª\s/ df=lj= s'g 7fpFdf /x]5 <
3_ of] lgj]bg s'g ljifodf n]lvPsf] 5 <
ª_ sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{x¿n] sxfF k'ikafl6sf agfpg] ;Nnfx u/]sf 5g\ <
r_ sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{x¿n] lsg k'ikafl6sf agfpg] ljrf/ u/]sf x'g\ <
$= cEof;leqsf] kf7sf] lgjb] g ;kmf;u“ ;f/ .
%= tnsf zAb hf]8L gof“ zAb agfpm M
k|wfg ± cWofks MÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ pkl/ ± pQm MÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ljBf ± cfno MÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;t\ ± pkof]u MÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
lgDg ± cg;' f/ MÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ o; ± cy{ MÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
Olt ± cflb MÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ clt ± cfjZos MÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
k|lt ± Ps MÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k':ts± cfno MÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
109/fd|f] gk] fnL sIff ^
;fd"lxs lqmofsnfk
õ kf7 !) sf] ;fdl" xs lqmofsnfk ug{ ag]s} ;dx" n] tnsf pk;u{ nufP/ bO' b{ 'O{ cf]6f
zAb agfpgk' g{]5 . cfºgf] ;d"xn] agfPsf zAbx¿ ;d"xsf] Ps hgf -kf7 !) sf]
JolQmafx]s_ n] lzIfsnfO{ ;'gfpm . lzIfsn] ;xL ePsf] jf gePsf] atfOlbgx' g' 5] M
cg' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ lg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
cl3 M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ b;' \ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
lg;\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ck M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
a] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ lj M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ab M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ s' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
l;hg{ fTds nv] g
õ cfºgL lbbLsf] lax] ePsfn] Ps lbg ljBfnodf pkl:yt xg' g;Sg] a]xf/] f atfp“b}
cfºgf] ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksnfO{ Pp6f lgj]bg nv] M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
110 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff ^
kf7 !@
ufpn“ ] hLjgeGbf ;xl/of hLjg /fdf| ]
kf7 ;'? ugc'{ l3
õ sDKo'6/sf tLg cf6] f kmfObfx¿ n]v M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
õ sDKo6' /sf] Pp6f a]kmfObf n]v M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
zAb / cy{
;efsIf – ;ef ug{] 7fpÙF sfo{qmd:yn :jfFuL – gSsn ug{]
jStf – af]Ng] dflg; /sdL – k;} fsf cfwf/df dfq sfd ug]{
;Eotf – ljsf; ;Gt'li6 – cfgGb
cdgr}g – ;'v;'ljwf kl| ti7f – dfg;Ddfg
pb\3fi] fs – 3fi] f0ff ugÙ]{ sfoq{ md rnfpg] JolQm rt] gzLn – r]tgf ePsf
sl[ qdtf – agfj6Lkg cGwljZjf; – cj}1flgs s/' fdf ljZjf;
ljjs] – /fd|f]g/fd|f] 56' \ofpg] efj ujF f/ – c;EoÙ ufp“nÙ] kfv]
9f]FuL – cf8Da/LÙ b]vfj6L cGtdg{ – leqL dg
111/fd|f] g]kfnL sIff ^
d"n kf7
ufpn“ ] hLjgeGbf ;xl/of hLjg /fd|f]
ljBfnosf] ;efsIf ljBfyL{x¿n] vrfvr el/Psf] 5 . cfh jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutf x'“b}
5 . d~rsf] Ps 5]pdf k|wfgfWofksn] ;efsf] ;efkltŒj ug{'ePsf] 5 . csf]{ sg' fdf
tLg hgf g]kfnL u'?u?' cfdf lg0f{osf nflu a:ge' Psf] 5 . jfbljjfbdf ;xefuL jStf
Ps} 7fp“df a;]sf 5g\ . c¿ u'?u'?cfdfx¿ Psfkl§ a:ge' Psf] 5 . ;do x]g{ ;dg u?'
38L / 306L lnP/ a:ge' Psf] 5 . dg;f sfo{qmd ;~rflnsf xg' \ . pgn] pkl:yt ;a}nfO{
cf;gu|x0f u/fp“l5g\ . sfo{qmdsf] lgod / ;xefuL ljBfyL{sf] gfd atfp“b} sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul5{g\ .
dg;f M ca ;j{ky| d ljifosf] kIfaf6 cfºgf ts{ /fVb} 5g\– wL/h >]i7 .
wL/h >i] 7 M
>Ldfg\ ;efklt,
lg0ff{osd08n,
u?' hg,
;xefuL ;fyLx¿,
;fy} pkl:yt ;Dk0" f{ ;fyLx¿ †
cfhsf] o; ufpn“ ] hLjgeGbf ;xl/of hLjg /fdf| ] eGg] jfbljjfb kl| tof]lutfdf d ljifosf
kIfaf6 cfºgf ts{ /fVg] cgd' lt rfxG5' .
;x/ ;Eotfsf] kl/ro xf] . To;n} ] ufpn“ ]x¿ ;x/ k:b5g\ . ;x/df ;'v;'ljwf 5 . cfgGb 5 .
cdgrg} 5 . ;x/df af6f3] f6fs] f] /fd|f] Joj:yf 5 . ofqf ug{ ;jf/Lsf ;fwgx¿ 5g\ . b'Mv}
gu/L ;lhn} Ps 7fpb“ l] v csf]{ 7fpd“ f kU' g ;lsG5 . s/' fsfgL ug{ 6]lnkmfg] , dfa] fOnkmf]g
112 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff ^
5g\ . dgf/] ~hg lng rnlrq, 6]lnlehg cflb 5g\ . cfkmn" fO{ rflxg] ;/;fdfg lsGg 7n' f7n' f
Jofkfl/s s]Gb|, dnx¿, l8kf6{d]G6n :6f/] x¿ 5g\ . rflxg] ;dodf k;} f lgsfNg a}s“ x¿ 5g\ .
hflu/ vfg, Jofkf/ ug{ k|z:t 7fpx“ ¿ 5g\ . la/fdL x'b“ f pkrf/ ug{ c:ktfn 5g\ . 8fS6/x¿
kof{Kt 5g\ . cfi} fwfk] rf/ 5 . k9g\ k9fpg 7'N7n' f ljBfno, ljZjljBfno 5g\ . ;x/df s]
5g} < ;a yf]s 5 . ;x/ t :ju{ xf] :ju{ . dfG5n] ] sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ g;ss] f ;'v / ;'ljwf
;x/df pknAw 5g\ .
ufp“ t cefj, b'Mv / kL8fsf] kofo{ If]q xf] . oxf“ lx“8g\ af6f]3f6f] 5g} . oftfoft / ;~rf/sf]
;'ljwf 5}g . cfkmn" fO{ rflxg] ;/;fdfg lsGg g t k;} f 5, g t 7fp“ g} . k;} f sdfpg], Jofkf/
ug{] 7fps“ f] cefjn] ufpd“ f a/] f]huf/L JofKt 5 . ufpd“ f la/fdL kbf{ cf}ifwfk] rf/sf cefjdf
sl' xP/ dg{k' 5{ . To;}n] ufpd“ f a:gx] ¿ gf/sLo hLjg latfO/x]sf 5g\ .
-hgfp 306L aH5_
cGTodf d ufp“n] hLjgeGbf ;xl/of hLjg g} /fdf| ] eGg] oL tss{ f ;fy cfºgf egfO cGTo
ub5{ ' . wGojfb †
pb\3f]ifsM ca ljifosf] ljkIfdf cfºgf ts{ /fVb} l5g\— lagL zdf{ .
lagL zdf{ M
>4]o ;efklt dxf]bo,
lgikIf lg0ffo{ sd08n,
u'?ju,{
kl| tofu] L ldqx¿,
Pjd\ pkl:yt ;Dk0" f{ dxfge' fjx¿ †
cfh ufpn“ ] hLjgeGbf ;xl/of hLjg /fd|f] eGg] ljifodf jfbljjfb k|ltofl] utf eO/xs] f] 5 .
d lagL zdf{ o; ljifosf] ljkIfdf cfºgf ts{ /fVg uO/x]sL 5' .
;efklt dxfb] o †
ufp“ ;G' b/ 5 . zfGt 5 . ufp“n] hLjgsf] t'ngfdf ;xl/of hLjg t s[lqdtf / cf8Da/n]
el/Psf] hLjg xf] . ;x/sf dfG5]x¿ dfG5]h:tf x“b' }gg\ . pgLx¿ oGqh:tf] lbg/ft 3f]l6G5g\ .
Tolt dfq xfO] g oGqh:tf] g} ljjs] zG" o x'G5g\, ;x/sf dfG5]x¿ . pgLx¿sf] Hofg x'G5 t/
hLjg xb“' }g . pgLx¿ dfgj x'g\ t/ pgLx¿df dfgjtf xb'“ g} . ;xl/of dfG5]x¿ 9fu]“ L / :jf“uL
x'G5g\ . ufp“df kf| sl[ ts 5fk kfOG5 . ufp“sf dfG5]x¿ ;x/sf dflg;x¿h:tf] ;'ljwfefu] L /
/sdL xb'“ }gg\ . pgLx¿ ;xof]uL / pbf/ ks| l[ tsf xG' 5g\ . dfG5] ;l' jwfsf] e"tn] ;dftk] l5 ;x/
k:t5g\ . To;kl5 ;x/n] dflg;nfO{ o;/L r:' t5 ls pgLx¿sf] hLjg /; lgsfn]sf] pvs' f]
vf]:6fh:tf] x'G5 . jf:tjdf ufp“ :j:y / ;Gt'li6sf] :ju{e"ld xf] . oxfs“ f dflg;x¿ ;x/df
h:tf] la/fdL xb'“ g} g\ . To;n} ] ;x/sf dflg;nfO{ rflxg]h:tf] c:ktfn, 8fS6/ / cfi} fwf]krf/
rflx“bg} .
;efklt dxf]bo †
;x/df t lrGtf 5, c;Gtfi] f 5, cg}ltstf / cljZjf; klg ;x/d} 5 . ;x/sf dfG5] w'jf,“
wn' f] / b'uG{ wn] lk/fl] nPsf 5g\ . To;}sf/0f pgLx¿sf] hLjg klg sfnf,] d}nf] / wldnf] 5 .
;x/sf dfG5n] ] g :jR5 xfjfdf ;f; kmg] { kfp“5g\ g ltvf{ nfUbf :jR5 kfgL lkpg kfp5“ g\ .
efs] nfUbf vfg] vfgfdf x'g] ld;fj6 / sl[ qdtfn] ;x/sf dfG5s] f] cfo' 36fPsf] 5 .
-hgfp 306L aH5_
113/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^
ufps“ f dfG5] xb] {d} f tGb'?:t alnofafª\uf xG' 5g\ . To;sf] tn' gfdf ;x/sf dfG5] /fd|f] aGg
ljleGg j:t' k|of]u u/L sl[ qdtfdf af“rs] f x'G5g\ . To;}n] ;fbf hLjg, pRr ljrf/, s8f
kl/>d, lgZrn Jojxf/, dfgjLo :jefj, ;xofu] L efjgf :j:y jftfj/0f g} ufpn“ ] hLjg
xf] eGb} d/] f] tsn{ fO{ oxf“ 6'ªU\ ofpg rfxG5' . wGojfb †
pb3\ fi] fs M ca ljifosf] kIfaf6 cfºgf ts{ /fVg cfp“b} 5g\— ljgfb] u?' ª
ljgfb] u?' ª M
o; sfo{qmdsf ;efkltHo",
lg0ffo{ sd08n,
pkl:yt u?' hg / ;Dk"0f{ ;fyLx¿ †
cfhsf] o; jfbljjfb kl| tof]lutfdf d ljifosf] kIfdf cfºgf ts{ /fVb} 5' . cyf{t\ d ufp“n]
hLjgeGbf ;xl/of hLjg g} pQd eGg] kIfdf afN] b} 5' .
;x/ ;a} dflg;sf] nIo xf] . kl| ti7f xf] . ;x/ /fdf| ] eP/ g} ;a} dflg;x¿ ;x/ k;]sf
5g\ . ufp“ /fd|f] eGb} ;x/ 5f8] /] sf]xL klg ufp“ k;s] f] b[i6fGt 5}g . ;x/sf dfG5]nfO{
dflg;n] hlt;'s} ufnL u/] klg, g/fd|f] eg] klg ;a} dfG5] ;xl/of hLjgs} gSsn u5g{ \ .
;x/sf dfG5] ;x/, ufp“, /fi6«, cGt/fi{ 6«sf af/d] f hfgsf/ x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ r]tgzLn /
lzlIft x'G5g\ . ;Eo / ;'Gb/ klg ;x/s} dfG5] xG' 5g\ . kqklqsf, ;~rf/, sDKo'6/, Od]n,
OG6/g6] , 6]lnkmf]g cflbn] ;x/sf dfG5]nfO{ :juLo{ :yfgdf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ufpd“ f oL ;a} s'/f
sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ ;lsb“ g} .
d/] f kl| tkIfL ;fyLnfO{ eGg rfxG5–' ufps“ f] hLjg s] hLjg < hxf“ /f]u 5, ef]s 5, clzIff
/ cGwljZjf;n] h/f] uf8]/ a;s] f] 5, hxf“ eljiosf] of]hgf 5g} . hlGdof,] vfof] hLjg
latfof] . a;, olt 5 ufpn“ ] hLjgdf . dfG5] eP/ hGd]kl5 kf| Kt x'g] ;a} ;v' ;'ljwfaf6
jl~rt x'gk' /] Tof] s] hLjg <
-hgfp 306L aH5_
ufp“n] uj“ f/ To;} elgPsf] xf]Og .
dfG5]n] clxn] rGb|df / ;d'b|df ;x/
a;fpg nflu;s] . xfdf| ;fyLx¿
eg] clxn]sf] hdfgfdf klg ufp“sf]
km;' |f] jsfnt ub}{ xg' 'x'G5 . ca cy{
g ay{sf] ufp“sf] kz| +;f gu/f“} . ;Eo
/ ;r]t aGb} ;x/lt/ nfuf“} . ;'v /
;l' jwfsf] pkofu] u/f“} . dfgjhLjg
;fys{ agfcf}“ .
To;}n] ;x/ g} lhGbfjfb eGb} d d/] f
ts{ oxL“ cGTo ug{ rfxG5' . -306L
aH5_ wGojfb .
pb\3fi] fs M ca ljkIfaf6 cfºgf
114 /fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^
ts{ /fVg cfp“b} 5g—\ hol;x+ ljZjsdf{
hol;+x ljZjsdf{ M
>Ldfg\ ;efWoIf,
Gofosf] t/fh' af]s/] a:g'ePsf
lg0ffo{ sd08n,
d]/f cfb/0fLo u'?ju,{
k|ltofl] utfdf plqPsf d/] f k|ltof]uL
ldqx¿,
;fy} ;Dk"0f{ ;fyLx¿ †
cfhsf] o; jfbljjfb k|ltofl] utfdf d ufps“ f] kIfdf cfºgf ts{ /fVb} 5' . egf“}, d ljifosf]
ljkIfdf plePsf] 5' .
d/] f] cGtd{gnfO{ ;fw] “] . ufpn“ ] hLjg /fdf| ] ls ;xl/of hLjg < ;x/ eGgl] alQs} d/] f]
dgdl:tisdf 30[ ff / ljt[i0ffn] :yfg kfof] . ufps“ f] gfdn] dfq d xlift{ eP“ . tkfO“{ klg
cfTdfnfO{ ;fW] g'xf];\ . cfTdf s] eG5 < ;fyLx¿ c¿nfO{ 9f6“ ] klg 5n] klg cfTdfnfO{ g9f6f,}“
g5nf“} lsgls xfdL cfTdfnfO{ 9f6“ \g, 5Ng ;Sbg} f“} . ufp“ g} 1fgsf] uª\uf xf] . bfz{lgs ?;fn] ]
ks| l[ ttkm{ kms{ eg/] To;} egs] f xfO] gg\ . xfd}| b]jsf]6f eG5g\–
ævN' bf] un' falar 1fg cgs] km'N5g\ .
pBfgdf a; uO{ ;a tŒj vN' 5g\ .Æ
1fg / ljBf ks| [lts} sfvdf kfOG5 . k|s[lt ;x/df xf]Og ufp“df g} x'G5 . ufp“ eGg]lalQs}
cfgGbn] cfxf eGg dg nfU5 . ;x/ eGgl] alQs} kL8fn] pkm\ eGg dg nfU5 . ca egf“,} xfdL
s] eGg] <
ufps“ f] cfºg} af/Ldf kmns] f tfhf ;fu;AhL, kmnkm"n cGgkft ;x/sf dfG5n] ] k;} fsf] vf]nf]
aufp“bf kfpb“ }gg\ . ;x/sf dfG5]h:tf] tGb'?:t aGg ufp“sf dfG5] lhdxfp;, Jofofdzfnf,
Ao6' Lkfn/{ , dlgª{ jfs hfg'kb{g} . cfºgf] dx] gtdf ufpd“ f oL ;a} kf| Kt xG' 5g\ . ;x/sf
dfG5] /fd|f] / tGb'?:t x'g vf]HbfvfH] b} cgs] /f]usf l;sf/ x'gk'us] f 5g\ . To;}n] :jf:Yo /
;fG} bos{ f b[li6n] ;xl/of hLjgeGbf ufpn“ ] hLjg g} /fdf| ] x'G5 .
-hgfp 306L aH5_
ljnf;L, pQfpnf], e8l\ snf] / cj;/jfbL hLjg ;xl/of hLjg xf] eg] z4' ;fdflhs,
k|fsl[ ts hLjg ufpn“ ] hLjg xf] . bof, dfof / ;xofu] L efjgfn] ufpn“ ] hLjg nkSs lehs] f]
5 . cem egf“} ;x/sf ;f/f b'u'{0fx¿ ufpd“ f gxg' fn] g} ufp“n] hLjg /fdf| ] 5 . ax'd"No 5,
;'vdo 5 . wGo ufpn“ ] hLjg . wGojfb .
-306L aH5_
-o;kl5 lg0ff{os d08nsf] lg0f{o ;'gfOG5 / ;efWoIfåf/f sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ;a}nfO{
wGojfb lbFb} sfo{qmd ;dfkg ul/G5 ._
115/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^
zAbe08f/;DaGwL cEof;
!= tnsf zAbx¿ pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf /fdf| cIf/df ;f/ M
;efsIf, lg0f{o, ;efkltŒj, jStf, pb\3f]ifs, s[lqdtf,
k|fs[lts, lzlIft, 9f]FuL, ;Gtl' i6, k|lti7f, ljt[i0ff
@= tnsf zAb / cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpm M
ljj]s cy{k"0f{
:jfFuL 1fg, ljBf aUg] 7fpF
/sdL /fd|f] g/fd|f] 56' \ofpg] efj
cGwljZjf; gSsn ug]{
gf/sLo kIfkft gug]{
>4]o k|of]u
lgikIf b]vfl;sL
lgZ5n k};fsf] cfwf/df sfd ug]{
gSsn cj}1flgs s'/fdf ljZjf;
pkof]u gs{sf] h:tf] bM' vk0" f{
;fy{s >4f, ;Ddfg ug{ nfos
1fgsf] uª\uf 5nsk6 gug]{
#= Pp6} cy{ lbg] zAb ;“u} n]v M
cdgr}g, k|ltof]lutf, cgd' lt, kl/>d, b[i6fGt, k|lti7f, ;Eotf, s[lqdtf,
cf8Da/L, ;Gtl' i6, uFjf/, ljsf;, agfj6Lkg, b]vfj6L, cfgGb, c;Eo,
d]xgt, :jLs[lt, ;v' ;'ljwf, xf]8afhL, pbfx/0f, dfg
$= s] elgG5, n]v M
s_ ;ef ug]{ 7fpF ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v_ ;efsf] k|dv' ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u_ lg0f{o ug]{ ;d"x ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3_ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ª_ sfo{qmddf af]Ng] dfG5] ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
r_ lj/f]wdf ts{ /fVg] ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-;efklt, ;efsIf, pb\3fi] fs, lg0ffo{ s d08n, ljkIfL, jStf_
%= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ nv] M
ljkIf, ljkof{o, c;'ljwf, /f]huf/L, bfgjtf, cg'bf/, gs{el" d,
;Gtf]if, g}ltstf, ljZjf;, ;u' Gw, cwd\, clzlIft, lg/y{s, lgGbf
116 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff ^
af]w / cleJolSt;DaGwL cEof;
!= ;g' fO kf7–!@ Wofgk"js{ ;'g / pQ/ b]pm M
s_ cltl/Qm ls|ofsnfkx¿n] ljBfyL{sf] s'gsg' kIfsf] ljsf;df dxŒjk0" f{
;xof]u u5{ <
c_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
cf_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
O_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
O_{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v_ ljBfnodf ug{ ;lsg] af/ cf]6f cltl/Qm ls|ofsnfksf] gfd n]v M
c_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cf_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
O_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ O_{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
p_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ pm_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
C_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ P_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
P_] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cf_] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
cf_} ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ c_+ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= ltdLnfO{ ;aeGbf dg kg{] cltl/Qm lso| fsnfk sg' xf] < sf/0f;lxt atfpm .
#= dflysf] kf7 sIffsf kfrF hgfn] kfnk} fnf] k9 . -o;/L k9\g] s|ddf pb3\ f]ifs dg;f,
wL/h >i] 7, lagL zdf{, ljgfb] u'?ª / hol;+x ljZjsdfs{ f el" dsfx¿ PsPs hgfn]
lgefpgk' g]{5 ._ c¿n] Wofkj" s{ ;g' .
$= tnsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{ c¿ kf“rkfr“ cf6] f s'/f n]v M
;xl/of hLjgsf /fdf| s'/f ufp“n] hLjgsf /fdf| s'/f
!= ;x/ ;Eotfsf] kof{o xf] . != ufpF ;G' b/ zfGt 5 .
@= ;x/ /fdf| ] eP/ g} dflg; ;x/ k;s] f 5g\ . @= ufpF g} 1fgsf] uª\uf xf] .
117/fd|f] gk] fnL sIff ^
#= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ %= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= tnsf cg'R5b] df ePsf c;DalGwt s'/f kQf nufpm / sfkLdf ;f/ M
s_ jfbljjfbdf ;xefuL jStf Ps} 7fpFdf a;]sf 5g\ . c¿ u'?afu?' cfdfx¿
Psfkl§ a:g'ePsf] 5 . aHof] slt < ;do x]g{ ;dg u'? 38L / 306L lnP/
a:ge' Psf] 5 . dg;f sfo{qmd ;~rflnsf xg' \ .
v_ ufpF t cefj, bM' v / kL8fsf] kof{o If]q xf] . oxfF lxF8\g af6f]3f6f] 5}g . af6fdf
glx“8 . oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] ;l' jwf 5}g . kfgL k¥of] . cfkmn" fO{ rflxg] ;fdfg
lsGg g t k};f 5 g 7fpF g} .
u_ ;x/sf dflg;nfO{ d]l;gh:tf] hLjgz}nLn] lk/f]n]sf] 5 . ToxfFsf dfG5]df
dfgjtf x/fPsf] 5 . ;x/df Pp6f dfG5]n] csf]{ dfG5]nfO{ dfG5]sf] ¿kdf
x]b}{g . a? Tof] dfG5]nfO{ p;sf] :jfy{sf] l;sf/ agfpg df}sfsf] tfsdf
a:5 . d ;x/ g} hfG5' . ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] ;x/df ;Eotf, dfgjtf 5}g . oL
;a s/' f ufpFd} 5g\ . ufpF g} /dfOnf] 5 . ;x/df ;'ljwf ePsfn] dnfO{ ;x/
dg k5{ . To;}n] xfdL sf]xL klg ;x/df ga;f}F .
^= d'Vo s/' f bO' {bO' { jfSodf n]v M
s_ wL/h >]i7n] eg]sf s/' f v_ lagL zdf{n] eg]sf s/' f
u_ ljgf]b u?' ªn] eg]sf s'/f 3_ hol;+x ljZjsdf{n] eg]sf s'/f
&= pQ/ b]pm M
s_ jfbljjfbdf af]Ng] jStfdWo] ltdLnfO{ s;sf] egfO l7s nfUof] < sf/0f lbO{
n]v .
v_ dflg;n] sNkgf;Dd ug{ g;s]sf ;l' jwf ;x/df pknAw 5g\ . ts{ lbP/
n]v .
u_ jf:tjdf ufpF :j:y / ;Gtl' i6sf] :ju{el" d xf] . k|:6 kf/ .
*= ltdLnfO{ o; jfbljjfbdf afN] g lb“bf sg' kIfdf afN] 5f} < jfbljjfbdf af]Ngsf nflu
ltdLn] af]Ng] kf7 tof/ u/ .
118 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff ^
Jofs/0f;DaGwL cEof;
!= zAbdf hg, u0f, j[Gb, d08n nufPkl5 …x¿Ú nufpg'kb{g} . tnsf zAbdf oL zAb
nufO{ ax'jrg agfpm M
s_ bz{s, >f]tf, cltly -u0f_
v_ bz{s, >f]tf, ;Hhg, dlxnf, -j[Gb_
u_ u?' , dfGo, eQm, -hg_
3_ lg0ff{os, ehg, >f]tf, ljBfyL{ -d08n_
@= zAb hf]8L Pp6} zAb agfpm M
eg\ ± cfO Ö egfO u/\ ± cfO ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
x]/\ ± cfO ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;'t\ ± cfO ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
n]v\ ± cfO ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k9\ ± cfO ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
af]n\ ± cfO ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ a;\ ± cfO ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ cGTodf cfsf/ agfO{ …x¿Ú yk]/ ax'jrg agfpm M
r/f] – r/f÷r/fx¿
5f]/f], s]6f], d;' f], la/fnf], af6f], e]8f], kf7f]
$= cfsf/ dfq yk]/ axj' rg agfpm M
/fd|f], ;fgf], af7f], 7'nf], sfnf], df]6f]
%= tnsf ;j{gfdnfO{ axj' rgdf abn M
d, tF, ltdL, pm, Tof]
^= tnsf lqmofkbnfO{ ax'jrgdf abn M
u5{, k9\5, n]V5, cfof], uYof]{, cfpnf
&= tnsf jfSosf] jrg kl/jt{g u/ M
s_ d]/f] 5f]/f] cfof] . -axj' rg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v_ d]/L 5f]/L cfO{ . -axj' rg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u_ d]/f alxgLx¿ cfP . -Psjrg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3_ d/] f bfhx' ¿ cfpge' of] . -Psjrg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ª_ ufO{ 3fF; vfG5 . -ax'jrg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
119/fd|f] g]kfnL sIff ^
cEof;leqsf] kf7
s] ux[ sfo{ cfjZos 5 <
oxf“ sx] L ljBfyLx{ ¿ ux[ sfo{sf af/d] f s'/f ul//x]sf 5g\ M
d/] f] ljrf/df ux[ sfo{ t xfdLnfO{ /fdf| ] agfpg lbOPsf] dnfO{ nfU5 u[xsfo{ Hofb} dxŒjk0" f{ s/' f xf] . xfdLn]
xf] t/ dnfO{ of] lbgk} 5{ eGg] nfUb}g lsgeg] d :sn' d} :sn' df s] l;Sof}“ / s] u¥of“} eGg] s/' f ;Demg
k|z:t} ldx]gt u5'{ . cfjZos x'G5 / u[xsfon{ ] o;df xfdLnfO{ k|z:t
d 5Ss k5'{ ls xfdLnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofp5F .
lsg u[xsfo{ lbOG5 <
xfdL lbgel/ :s'nd}
xG' 5fF} / :sn' d} w/] }
sfd u5f+{} clg a]n'sL
Ps l5g km;' {bsf] ;do
ldN5 . Tolt an] f klg
l6eL xg] { gkfpg] < of]
rflxF clt g} eof] .
ux[ sfo{ xfdL ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu /fd|} xf]nf t/ dn" ux[ sfo{ xfd|f] l;sfOsf] Pp6f dxŒjk0" f{ c+z xf] . lgoldt
;d:of s] xf] eg] of] clt w]/} xG' 5 . dnfO{ slxn]sfxLF u[xsfo{ ug]{ ljBfyL{sf] :t/ klg lgoldt u[xsfo{ gug]{
t ux[ sfo{ l;Wofpg lzIfsn] sIffdf k9fPsfeGbf klg ljBfyLs{ f] eGbf /fd|f] xG' 5 lsgeg] l;ss] f s'/fnfO{ nfdf]
a9L ;do nfU5 . ;do;Dd ;lDem/fVg / sltko l;kx¿df bIf aGg
k'gcE{ of; ul//fVg'kg{] x'G5 . jf:tjdf u[xsfo{ k'gcE{ of;
g} t xf] lg .
120 /fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^
!= tnsf cy;{ u“ ldNg] zAbx¿ cEof;leqsf] kf7af6 vf]h/] n]v M
kl/>d ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;xof]u ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ crDddf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ljBfno ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;do ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ l;kfn' ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;w}“ ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ tx ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ bL3{ ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
efu ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ snf ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ d'Vo ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= cEof;leqsf] kf7sf cfwf/df ux[ sfos{ f] kIf / ljkIfdf lbOPsf tLgtLg cf6] f
tsx{ ¿ l6k M
zLif{sM s] u[xsfo{ cfjZos 5 < ljkIf
kIf
!= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ != ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= ux[ sfo{ cfjZos 5 jf 5g} eGg] ljifodf ts;{ lxt sIffdf cfºgf] ljrf/ /fv .
$= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ ;'xfp“lbnf ;o+ f]hs /fvL Pp6} jfSo agfpm M
s_ ljBfyL{nfO{ u[xsfo{ cfjZos 5 . u[xsfo{n] :sn' df l;s]sf] s'/f ;Demg ;3fp
k¥' ofpF5 .
v_ u[xsfo{ ljBfyL{sf nflu /fd|} xf]nf . slxn]sfxLF u[xsfo{ Hofb} w]/} xG' 5 .
u_ xfdLn] lgoldt u[xsfo{ ug{'k5{ . lgoldt u[xsfo{ ug]{ ljBfyL{sf] :t/ /fd|f] x'G5 .
3_ xfdL d]xgtkj" {s k9\gk' 5{ . xfdLn] k/LIffdf /fd|f] cª\s Nofpgk' 5{ .
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s;sf] 3/df sxf“, s] /fvs] f] 5 eGg]
s'/f ufp“aflx/sf] dfG5]nfO{ ;lhn}
yfxf x'b“ }g eGg] pgn] /fd/| L a'em]sf
lyP . ufp“a'9fn] ufpn“ ]x¿ ;an} fO{ rft} f/fdf rf/ ah] en] f x'g] pbL{ lbP . rf/ ah]
ufp“sf ;a} dflg;x¿ rf}tf/fdf e]nf eP . To;kl5 pgn] eg] æx/] ufpn“ ] xf] † xfd|f]
ufpd“ f slxNo} gePsf] rf]/L xg' yfns] f] 5 . of] xfdf| ] nflu ;fx|} nfhdbf{] s/' f xf] .
To;}n] xfdLdWo] s;n} ] of] sfd ul//xs] f eP oxL en] fdf cfºgf] uNtL l:jsf//] dfkmL
dfuf}“ .Æ
ufp“a'9fn] olt eg] / ;a} ufp“nn] fO{ x/] ] . sf]xL ufpn“ ] klg dn} ] uNtL u/“] eg/] dfkmL dfUg
cl3 ;/]g . To;n} ] pgn] ;an} fO{ Pp6f v'§f rf}tf/fsf] l8ndf /fVg] cfb]z lbP . pgsf]
cfbz] cg';f/ ;a}n] v§' f l8ndf /fvk] l5 pgL Pp6f 7'nf] t/af/ lnP/ cl3 a9] . s]xL
a]/ ca s] xg' ] xf]nf eg/] rf}tf/fdf ;Ggf6f 5fof] . To;kl5 pgL PSsfl; t/af/ xfjfdf
prfNb} uh{], ærf/] sf] v'§f sf6\ †Æ
ufp“a9' fsf] of] uhg{ ;G' g]lalQs} aN8o\ fª\u]|n] cfºgf] v§' f rf}tf/fsf] l8naf6 em6k6 tn
emf¥of] . c¿ ;a}sf] v§' f l8ndfly g} lyof] .
s]xL l5gsf] s]/sf/kl5 aN8o\ fªu\ |]n] cfºgf] uNtL l:jsfof{] / cfOGbf slxNo} grfg] ]{ s;d
vfb“ } dfkmL dfUof] . cfkmn" ] rf]/]sf] ;a} wgdfn klg ufpn“ n] fO{ lkmtf{ lbof] .
140 /fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^
!= tnsf zAb / cy{lar s v u==== n]vL hf]8f ldnfpm M
s_ t/ª\u - _ ;g' ;fgÙ cfjfhljxLg
v_ c8\snafhL - _ ;f]wk'5
u_ pbL{ lbg' - _ em8\sf
3_ ;Ggf6f - _ cfb]z hf/L ug{'Ù x'sd' lbg'
ª_ s]/sf/ - _ cGbfh
@= tnsf jfSox¿ sg' cgR' 5]baf6 lemlsPsf 5g\ < kQf nufO{ n]v M
s_ s]xL a]/ ca s] x'g] xf]nf eg]/ rf}tf/fdf ;Ggf6f 5fof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v_ xfd|f] ufpFdf slxNo} gePsf] rf]/L xg' yfn]sf] 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u_ c¿ ;a}sf] v'§f l8ndfly g} lyof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3_ cfOGbf slxNo} grf]g]{ s;d vfFb} dfkmL dfUof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ª_ oxL lgxF'df s]xL l5d]sLlar emu8f klg x'g yfNof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= cEof;leqsf] kf7 dfg} jfrg u/ .
$= cEof;leqsf] kf7af6 v6' 6\ f] sfl6Psf cIf/ ePsf zAb dfq gbf]xf]¥ofO{ tnsf] vfnL
7fpdF f ;f/ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= tnsf jfSonfO{ sfi] 7ssf ;ª\st] sf cfwf/df kl/jt{g u/ M
s_ dfG5]x¿n] cg]s c8\snafhL u/] . -cs/0f_
v_ ufpFsf ;a} dflg;x¿ rf}tf/fdf e]nf eP . -jt{dfgsfn_
u_ pgL t/af/ xfjfdf prfNb} uh]{ . -eljiot\sfn_
3_ sfG5fn] ;a};fd' dfkmL dfu]5 . -:qLlnª\u_
ª_ Tof] s]6f] rf]/ /x]5 . -axj' rg_
141/fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff ^
;fd"lxs lqmofsnfk
õ tLgtLg hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca kT| os] ;d"xn] sDtLdf krf; cf6] f 7fps“ f gfd nv] .
tL 7fps“ f afl;GbfnfO{ s] elgG5 < Tof] klg n]v M
pbfx/0fM
7fpF afl;Gbf 7fpF afl;Gbf
sNof0fk/' sNof0fk'/] emfkf emfkfnL
kf]v/f kf]v/]nL efbufpF efbufpFn]
u'NdL u'Nd]nL bfª bª\ufnL
l;h{gfTds nv] g
õ kf7 ;?' ug{c' l3sf] lrqdf ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ syfsf] ¿kdf nv] M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
142 /fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^
kf7–!%
cn]ShG] 8/ u|fxd an]
kf7 ;'? ugc'{ l3
õ dflysf j:tx' ¿sf cfljisf/ssf] gfd nv] M
sf]D6] 8] l;e|fs cfl] e{n /fO6 / ljNe/ /fO6 cn]Sh]G8/ uf| xd a]n Uoflnlnof] UoflnnL dfsf]g{ L
zAb / cy{
pkofu] L – sfd nfUg] efif0fsnf – efif0f ug{] snf
cfljisf/s – gofF s/' f kQf nufpg] dfG5] efifflzIf0f – efiff l;sfpg] snf
ljz]if1 – sg' } ljifodf hfGg] cWoogkZrft\– kl9;s]kl5
;ªs\ 6 – b'MvÒ cfklQ ds] flgs – dl] ;g, kf6kh' f{ agfpg]
Ifo/f]u – 6L=aLÒ l6aL /f]u k|;f/0f – Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpdF f
kf| Wofks – sn]hsf ljBfyL{nfO{ k9fpg] lzIfs k7fpg] sfd
cg';Gwfg – vfh] cxf]/fq – /ftlbgÒ nuftf/
duh – lbdfu ljZjrlr{t – ljZjdf rrf{ ul/g]
143/fd|f] g]kfnL sIff ^
dn" kf7
cn]Sh]G8/ uf| xd an]
– ljsn a:tL
dfG5] PSn} afn] s] f] jf af]Nb} lx8“ s] f] bl] vof] eg] xfdL To;nfO{
duh v':s]sf] 7fG5f“} . t/, cfhsn o;/L PSn} afN] b} lx8“ ]sf
w/] } dfG5x] ¿ el] 6G5g\ t/ klg xfdL pgLx¿nfO{ duh v:' ss] f]
dfG5] 7fGb}gf“} lsgeg] pgLx¿ 6l] nkmf]gdf s/' f ub{} lxl“ 8/x]sf
xG' 5g\ . o:tf] pkof]uL 6]lnkmf]gsf cfljisf/s cnS] h]G8/
u|fxd an] x'g\ .
cnS] hG] 8/ uf| xd an] sf] hGd # dfr{ !*$& df :s6NofG8sf]
Pl8gau{ eGg] 7fpd“ f ePsf] lyof] . pgL cnS] hG] 8/ dn] efOn
an] / Pln;f u;]| ;fOdG8;\ an] sf tLg 5f/] fdWo] dflxnf 5f/] f
lyP . pgsf lktf efif0fsnf / efifflj1fgsf lzIfs lyP .
pgn] Ps jifh{ lt Pp6f lghL ljBfnodf cWoog u/] . To;kl5
Pl8gaus{ } /fo] n xfO{ :sn' df bO' { jifh{ lt cWoog u/L rfw} jifd{ }
:sn' ] lzIff k/" f u/] . :sn' ] lzIff k/" f u/k] l5 pgL sx] L ;do Pl8gau{ ljZjljBfnodf / sx] L
;do nG8gsf] ljZjljBfno snh] df cWoog ug{ ku' ] . pgn] hdg{ Lsf] ah' au{ ljZjljBfnoaf6
ljBfjfl/lw -kL=Pr=\ 8L=_ klg xfl“ ;n u/s] f lyP .
cnS] h]G8/ u|fxd a]n cfºgf] cWoogkZrft\ Pl8gaud{ } cfºgf lktfn] h:t} efif0fsnf /
efifflzIf0f u/fpg yfn] t/ pgsf] kl/jf/df cg]s ;ª\s6 cfOkg{ yfNof] . pgsf h7] f
bfh'sf] Ifo/fu] sf] sf/0f lgwg eof] . pgsf sfG5f efOnfO{ klg Ifo/f]un] ;dfTof] .
To;n} ] pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/ cu:6 !*&) df Sofg8fsf] af| G8kmf8] { cfG] 6fl/ofd] f a;fO“ ;¥of] .
Sofg8f a;fO“ ;/s] f] Ps jif{kl5 pgL PSn} cdl] /sf uP . cdl] /sfsf] af:] 6g ;x/df pgn]
cfºgf lktfsf] kl| ;4 k':ts …lelhan l:krÚ -b]Vg ;lsg] efif0f_ df cfwfl/t ljifodf
yk' |} JofVofgx¿ lbP . tL JofVofgx¿ d"ntM alx/fx¿nfO{ efif0fsnf l;sfpg] tl/sf;u“
;DalGwt lyof] . ;g\ !*&@ df pgL cfkmn}“ ] af:] 6gdf alx/fx¿nfO{ k9fpg] k|lzIf0f ;:+ yf
vf]n] . ;g\ !*&# df pgL af:] 6g ljZjljBfnodf efs] n lkmlhofn] f]hL ljifosf k|fWofksdf
lgoQ' m eP .
;g\ !*&% lt/ pgL dlN6kn 6]lnuf| kmL -Pp6} tf/af6 w]/} ;dfrf/ k7fpg] oGq_ sf
ljifodf cg;' Gwfg ul//xs] f lyP . To;}a]nf pgsf] e]6 yfd] ; jf6\;g gfd u/s] f Ps
hgf ds] flgs;u“ eof] . pgLx¿ ;u“ } sfd ug{ yfn] . o:t}df kml] / u|fxd a]nsf] :jf:Yodf
;d:of cfOk¥of] t/ v';Lsf] s'/f s] lyof] eg] pgsf] :jf:Yodf ;'wf/;“u} clkn| ^,!*&%
df dlN6kn 6]lnuf| kmLsf] cfljisf/ pgsf] gfddf btf{ eof] . dlN6kn 6]lnu|fkmLsf] sfd
144 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff ^
ul//x]s} a]nf pgnfO{ lah'nLsf] tf/af6
af]nL klg k;| f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 ls eGg]
nfu]sf] lyof] . To;n} ] cf7gf} dlxgf
cxf]/fq v6]/ pgn] Pp6f o:tf] oGqsf]
cfljisf/ u/] h;sf] b'a}lt/ ;G' g] /
afN] g] 5§' f5§' } oGqx¿ lyP /] . Psfkl§sf]
af]Ng] oGqaf6 afl] nPsf] cfjfh :ki6 /
;kmf;“u csf{]kl§sf] ;G' g] oGqdfkm{t ;'Gg
;lsGYof] . xf,] ToxL cfljisf/sf] gfd
6l] nkmf]g lyof] / dfr{ &, !*&^ df of] dxŒjk0" f{ cfljisf/ klg pgsf] gfddf btf{ xg'
kU' of] . pgL cToGt pkofu] L 6l] nkmfg] sf cfljisf/ssf ¿kdf bl/P . o;sf] Ps jifk{ l5
cyft{ \ ;g\ !*&& df pgn] dan] xAaf8{ gfd u/s] L s6] L;u“ lax] u/] . dan] xAaf8{ alx/L t/
af7L s6] L lyOg\ .
pgn] 6]lnkmf]gsf] cfljisf/kl5 klg c¿ w/] } s/' fx¿sf] cfljisf/ u/] . ks| fzsf]
;xfotfaf6 cfjfh k|;f/0f ug]{ oGq kmf6] f]kmfg] sf] cfljisf/ pgsf] csf]{ cfljisf/ xf] .
o;nfO{ dl] 8sn cg';Gwfg tyf alx/fx¿nfO{ cfjfh l;sfpg] sfddf ko| fu] ul/G5 . To;}
u/L cfjfh /s] 8{ ug]{ oGq uf| dfk] mf]g klg pg}n] cfljisf/ u/s] f xg' \ .
cn]Sh]G8/ uf| xd an] cfºgf] hLjgsf] kl5Nnf jifx{ ¿df alx/f tyf nf6fx¿nfO{ af]nL
l;sfpg] snfsf] ljsf;df nflu/x] . pgsf] ?lr rª\uf p8fgdf lyof] . To;}n] pgn]
dfG5]x¿nfO{ afS] g ;Sg] 7'N7'nf rªu\ fx¿ klg agfPsf lyP .
cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]nn] c¿ klg w/] } dxŒjk"0f{
sfox{ ¿ u/]sf lyP . tk} lg pgnfO{ 6l] nkmf]gsf]
cfljisf/n] g} ljZjrlr{t agfof] . pgnfO{
;g\ !**) df k|mfG;n] …ef]N6f k/' :sf/Ú
åf/f ;Ddfg u¥of] . pgL g];gn hfu] f| lkms
;f;] fO6Lsf cWoIf ;dt] ag] .
cn]Sh]G8/ uf| xd a]nn] cfºgf] hLjgsf] nfdf]
/ dxŒjk"0f{ ;do cdl] /sfdf latfP . tk} lg
pgL cfºgf] dft[el" dnfO{ c;fWo dfof uy{] .
o;y{ pgL cfºgf] hLjgsf] clGtd ;dosf]
sx] L dlxgf Pl8gaud{ f latfpg cfOku' ]sf
lyP . Pl8gau{af6 Sofg8f kms]s{ f] bO' { jifd{ }
cu:6 @, !(@@ df pgsf] cfºg} lgjf; gf]ef
:sl6ofdf lgwg eof] .
145/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff ^
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Ramro Nepali 6
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